CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134c4e86dd03e14',cH: 't7lV70x2vzS6_QgEU5mXL01a9bYk581Ds6rd0s2B3ZE-1739784736-1.2.1.1-8U08zlQwk5jKCv5IFOZpea3_XI9vvL5b1obvAxtOfoLzxb.kFEqXNK_C1ouuDN.2',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=spirogyra%20algae&__cf_chl_tk=E.PKWXAZiFT5xTkFO8AJiDAuMq54AKq3XXeJFLnQOPM-1739784736-1.0.1.1-fxq_DQpvNLN0_O2aYD.KpdI0_wWhLLob7O6GvFgcpMw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739784736',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=spirogyra%20algae&__cf_chl_f_tk=E.PKWXAZiFT5xTkFO8AJiDAuMq54AKq3XXeJFLnQOPM-1739784736-1.0.1.1-fxq_DQpvNLN0_O2aYD.KpdI0_wWhLLob7O6GvFgcpMw",md: "N2LGNuUiORfxnSL._q27Gx53hqct5GMFzBc98n5nSdI-1739784736-1.2.1.1-OcikpGdRlhxIiLBc1cAtPR0VEzHZChd9Q5e599dqqpiwUTZyNpCgkus6O3j1C5FrO.DiYFhyzDt90Gx1hvvhs6TRY1em4tKALGYeORT7QhdT_Q5i00Y6hGLOtqeRWknnniqq9PZYNt2ncyr5KKPpmlJ4q4MZ9QFT9ydzpJLSTqvpooXp2g1bhHEohEjjYKogbBNgb60VwBq5ssGMzsap.kdhWcKZV8JtfebCckol.raTgM.7d3AOI8PQJvB1P7PW7Wdbtrf1gkl6S_xu98JQfoGoZuMveMTb_PEGp24FAzwm0RcGLmp688ATBOkSphHM5hsQuXTdDn6YIoPX3p7Q23nuKw03VwfDP0GRTEqDUd.Mhni4R1XesLBcvc5wArKECSryVBIZRUNopXsSnbHYi6MXjax4b9A_zTZPpyFvHQ4yPEka6du9F1EYlVmMY0FZ2PgohtQ.BsF74b3auG3aQzGggn2aae.x5DHaWMBtB_mdCoMafCcLyXJMb735CR.fx4oA_FUcZ4jRPedgh5kYqkJp0vvsapNt9gNfCI4TemnTsibr4BpHsPKjRsz4XkImc5GFzj1FcUiW7nr2_K3kzuZAnAGJ9OWCpI41tnEUoqRKkVGlMh00EysnNkpwbfXZN1gHcOmSwY_Cl4ndcvb9CeKV59mA7fve3lzvIflii50n0sBE34nnk_dTja6RWA0GzG53QNagKHvlh8GED51VK_klAnAHB8yUkMNAVtQgA_sGa9C2Xjjfr3HsxyG2c8AZ0OeElfGZRZXdSFRwo4.wcNwL1f3CvLsz_sbLq5rfKR5Hv_6yYa08s6E3hKCLe7nDA9IJ1FB41dSQcpYrU9h2krKKDW5IFghZMlyQCtvD7PGXzCAunnsviIOYL6SU4ue3p19QKJeLkgGnI58CLtoqppZhhggj.VhRb4cyx5Wd3GhhomOk9GDMBSzTC_kg2qJnWnIvXvUdy8_1QprQJ2nVE8aKkAuXwAmr3_75AG04PpSlWBqYvVHcQqdYbApEh_BiPRma.MEk.kkv7v8BjFc1PPrZA_qbgEHsku_CoIjPq2tKKz86IL3ip2upTeQBYP1q_GMFqYKHy3uJe7wv6uWVO9oWRov91RQhwgRcxgtgIvXmjluAkm_c2R0_d5yLhfriIoNpJFKNcUKY1L66WG7v63NUOJu5yMQQGDr9ozr7oH3sF7p9QjoUFxT1B9o8pIEpLNadkdanuZIGEQevZSOe1dMNzOuYDyBSZK0yMrdlbIrA24wr46M0JIPTqPZXktbQiExxGTzltcrmiP._CkMSxgxfqm9qTxtmwFtzeOZqoMFPB6fS787QP0QGuUBQtvxqRa4pyU9oOEQpUcU6Dw7kaLZ7bYX11wO8Ji_agaooGfUBS3N62myu4DJF9giMPWwaJIbL9vLtDoYdJIb59tLVjOAeYx_nGn4XJmgrRIL5f9T_wVTeDe6XtO744xs7jj8rvGlrzpM.Gosdd6_96lsUxy7Ru2es4ZbZSV6TJoEiAv4Bv4Ksz9UbGgSdgEZp7EJKaHab.mNvmEkGCEu02euE4BO2grmPIks8YcQ4ElJ21BoEx3o_bCbJKDO47FMGUvwpCYwzNKurSwPpfRQhBxpbPZ8h827glEvDdcGmBIVJJMuEB8kHC02l41LU47TC_k4y_NX6OStkZtYHhldTWiqgXtrVamVLtBqnA0F54DZyClIDeXDj.BmWv424KaCzEuihmTNl1KO3xPSkSnBJIy4iodW8siBEKeuZtt1EDrDs1HeykKGPH0FntgyzKW.HZyXpnYbzSZw15YRbkJ2wrte9raqPx0RhrzACzuFkouq132O.duqki7LQ9tsRD5aGtKTA.uO6gBaBQZRZRjt.NmuSnM17VAApApdpEORxJc8RRxKAtX1aU54jIRdLDjtg.hLDTQAST0GPnGHbqo9FtCbTkxqCrT2CJ8yLKFjBp27rDEg",mdrd: "H7Th1cmodfhg7WSH16YSOmjdtxka_McU8jNhP8cx_e0-1739784736-1.2.1.1-Bls6W1B38hZVdx8gxLw7cmx04s3zHNMyKgqOfGDP3ZeWc3UVld6XCuEV_dveKoXxPNKPSfAnbelQiZoL14IlG1DHB6aBawGruwU0v_hDgN8NU4Fw8reacGYvawjEqPHC9rMqwiGfgJC6kfM_Xiw7_XnZtMkdoLnDal.Rop2qnUoCvqFqCqf5u6qsd3nnP6VTxnvffmeCslYuZekvOmKL3dB5XFWFri33tCfdbnPQUAjvPbwHBSaFHF1CVHfdQY7You2spWgqHSIaYJfK17QQY5EbO1YFIX4CRDImjYOBf_Gk1rAPcPGuP7m1jjwD1MvtXEJW32wHNYbEU5vMfslJQlneqa2txhdQo6rS58oSSNSDzEY1OWYZ.zSqaizvjECE3KObMAU.d9zQuTPilPdc9P1nxY2LmtMfRrS4.q91hkZDr1OIvOqz8fvhfPlajp7x1RVnHbwnMmd0P2pqd_J4gxRt1d3vW7x51THlt9UEEAE8S5a7naDsQrddvILm7.rIUToY44w__QPmrT.8UHMytNT1YlofChoyBFMJe4xhadH6Ba.GF3AG.sp.axrMeiXFAbUEvbQMTTe.4CREnoq_D.jsWB3iPhdf3SnWugsC6D9wMXf5noY7CdAeidskdUk74dRHZD6z.CsGsMFps9wvg03GsuZvhzFQqETpYMw2M78HFYPl53vahfXNSEY8e3fBVtykCtgV52vp2.UrxfN4ZGbObr_4lOK5qI.HN8V3Ax6.b8ptXCyL1HxzhXkieW0_MOnIFZ4sm7GLBc1WvpYdl7Ixex4GNvMi3aaObHRE7emv7AiIEUAnpKlNKnTGcOzdw5FD24islMT_TpBrOVywjyUUNXIijMSjvtZwrBOAHA2os8hWFps74IcHOT9fs_1BZBSdKBUWD7dEYdGD.2WObEgGF8u85EfS0x3NZk9aNDFx0_1uYC3tjuPL87rhgoieD2b0rd.Kzc2gcd9dzw6g5Cw97Y53SS5DuQD6VwSGgvmlaWeepvd.1JhcPzT5SWV8xhvyMl96QPCCu0ZRUg0mNnaR9fmpKFR.Mp35RvhKrTCP6RU4vz5jVKxIOQZRMgTwqZTlPfJzZe4t_TQp33kj9..zsGKULZ_bz_zgQnHEWYd_l8RZc7E0ZJ2lpSvVrI40I.k.Al7WohMHVylxPDz2bYcuTaFLq2J1uoiFgNZWbtSjx9zAa9w0U_V.tRrXq72i9Km9xPEyZxmess6LeUhkyax0k7l_BWEB5MCXHrl0RRvLzWSCS.qJ2AXHxYV.M0v_k1m8NVAG_ztItBHk64ZaWiOUSMO37rplFyjHYcRnSf9f32YaYWxTUt8RD93VRbwsE1KJlL4ha6e9J_.jVgwCpuYSDQqGjbZVBa5ggG0.d8FZ7Cb6Krndu8aAhsti3K6pEz4liFYRVCe7j0V1woo45b2fGbPt8WBafbnxBRq9hyOZJG7WfTmZ3Py34B7tL7hnUWxYH.UU3ATspnfGI7tldXT3e7VktvI2oii7X7lKb1YyWVTd76fP97QjUJzQeTvvMN88s2n8UeVnsFnulizaiCrkQHqcyJT_AZ1mt5GK_K8P4cScxfEZhDNiz9LejGnjJ.pFEcj8XbQfar8gzYj6352tys30YeX9PaUj8cv8KhCULyYqVH64d.6bgiG2qrUb6bAks4A5lLzj_sMo7ligXVINoqTah4ZAn1nvAiB.jMHwG2Flw9KrdhrHYqnr7MCNzD1YGJu9YOuPNzZ6o5RpczEs7fF8pHA6ZiiD7DtO4mXJvXQUtCRbclc_ZeeXXMrRKsV9hP_jGEdPJR6RjeLi9jwD1QWjmzXQbAIkNR_VNrEM7hnlNpgGb8YGzUnPcEFwFXBBPuaxAaSOWQ03lK7tW.MwE0bU6QrD9TcraJzJOzY26WzYcvJlLAiVVODnuJTrcx8yqHD__P1zU_gtdfITdtZk0FKeDlGGO9kYaXagPHT1yhUU4xtgR5IUTiwf2wIasXXHc79PDOW_ZgZ4Z.3I1Q"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134c4e86dd03e14';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=spirogyra%20algae&__cf_chl_rt_tk=E.PKWXAZiFT5xTkFO8AJiDAuMq54AKq3XXeJFLnQOPM-1739784736-1.0.1.1-fxq_DQpvNLN0_O2aYD.KpdI0_wWhLLob7O6GvFgcpMw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>