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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbot_of_Bec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbot_of_Bec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Abbot of Bec </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbot_of_Bec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Early years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 In England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archbishop_of_Canterbury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archbishop_of_Canterbury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Archbishop of Canterbury </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archbishop_of_Canterbury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts_with_William_Rufus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_with_William_Rufus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Conflicts with William Rufus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_with_William_Rufus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 First exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_with_Henry_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_with_Henry_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Conflicts with Henry I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_with_Henry_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Second exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.5 Final years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Writings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monologion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monologion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Monologion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monologion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proslogion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proslogion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Proslogion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proslogion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responsio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Responsio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Dialogues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cur_Deus_Homo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cur_Deus_Homo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Cur Deus Homo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cur_Deus_Homo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Other works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Veneration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions_of_Anselm's_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_of_Anselm's_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Editions of Anselm's works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_of_Anselm's_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anselm of Canterbury</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmus_van_Kantelberg" title="Anselmus van Kantelberg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anselmus van Kantelberg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="أنسلم من كانتربري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنسلم من كانتربري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8rmo_de_Cantorb%C3%A8ri" title="Sèrmo de Cantorbèri – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sèrmo de Cantorbèri" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kenterberili" title="Anselm Kenterberili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anselm Kenterberili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ансельм Кентэрберыйскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ансельм Кентэрберыйскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Анселм Кентърбърийски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анселм Кентърбърийски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_vo_Canterbury" title="Anselm vo Canterbury – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Anselm vo Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_Kenterberijski" title="Anselmo Kenterberijski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anselmo Kenterberijski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_de_Canterbury" title="Anselm de Canterbury – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anselm de Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_z_Canterbury" title="Anselm z Canterbury – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anselm z Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_af_Canterbury" title="Anselm af Canterbury – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anselm af Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_von_Canterbury" title="Anselm von Canterbury – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anselm von Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Anselm" title="Canterbury Anselm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Canterbury Anselm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Άνσελμος Καντουαρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνσελμος Καντουαρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_de_Canterbury" title="Anselmo de Canterbury – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anselmo de Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_de_Canterbury" title="Anselmo de Canterbury – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anselmo de Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antselmo_Canterburykoa" title="Antselmo Canterburykoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antselmo Canterburykoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85" title="انسلم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسلم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_de_Cantorb%C3%A9ry" title="Anselme de Cantorbéry – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anselme de Cantorbéry" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainseilm_Canterbury" title="Ainseilm Canterbury – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainseilm Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_de_Canterbury" title="Anselmo de Canterbury – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anselmo de Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%85%80%EB%AC%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B9%B8%ED%88%AC%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="안셀무스 칸투아리엔시스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안셀무스 칸투아리엔시스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Անսելմ Քենթրբերցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անսելմ Քենթրբերցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzelmo_Canterburyjski" title="Anzelmo Canterburyjski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anzelmo Canterburyjski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmus" title="Anselmus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anselmus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_d%27Aosta" title="Anselmo d'Aosta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anselmo d'Aosta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99" title="אנסלם מקנטרברי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנסלם מקנטרברי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmus_saka_Canterbury" title="Anselmus saka Canterbury – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anselmus saka Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಸೇಂಟ್ ಆನ್ಸೆಲ್ಮ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೇಂಟ್ ಆನ್ಸೆಲ್ಮ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ანსელმ კენტერბერიელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანსელმ კენტერბერიელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Кентерберилік Ансельм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кентерберилік Ансельм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_wa_Canterbury" title="Anselm wa Canterbury – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Anselm wa Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ансельм Кентерберийлик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ансельм Кентерберийлик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmus_Cantuariensis" title="Anselmus Cantuariensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anselmus Cantuariensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenterberijas_Anselms" title="Kenterberijas Anselms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kenterberijas Anselms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzelmas_Kenterberietis" title="Anzelmas Kenterberietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anzelmas Kenterberietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterburyi_Szent_Anzelm" title="Canterburyi Szent Anzelm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Canterburyi Szent Anzelm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Анселмо Кентербериски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анселмо Кентербериски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="കാന്റർബറിയിലെ അൻസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാന്റർബറിയിലെ അൻസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="انسلم من كانتربرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انسلم من كانتربرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmus_van_Canterbury" title="Anselmus van Canterbury – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anselmus van Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9" title="アンセルムス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンセルムス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_av_Canterbury" title="Anselm av Canterbury – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anselm av Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85" title="انسلم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انسلم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_d%27Osta" title="Anselm d'Osta – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anselm d'Osta" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzelm_z_Canterbury" title="Anzelm z Canterbury – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anzelm z Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_de_Cantu%C3%A1ria" title="Anselmo de Cantuária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anselmo de Cantuária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_de_Canterbury" title="Anselm de Canterbury – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anselm de Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ансельм Кентерберийский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ансельм Кентерберийский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_de_Aosta" title="Anselmo de Aosta – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Anselmo de Aosta" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_o_Canterbury" title="Anselm o Canterbury – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Anselm o Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmi_i_Aost%C3%ABs" title="Anselmi i Aostës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anselmi i Aostës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Anzermu_d%27Aosta" title="Sant'Anzermu d'Aosta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sant'Anzermu d'Aosta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anselm of Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_z_Canterbury" title="Anselm z Canterbury – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anselm z Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Anzelm" title="Sveti Anzelm – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti Anzelm" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Анселмо Кентерберијски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анселмо Кентерберијски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_Canterburyjski" title="Anselmo Canterburyjski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anselmo Canterburyjski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Canterburylainen" title="Anselm Canterburylainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anselm Canterburylainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_av_Canterbury" title="Anselm av Canterbury – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anselm av Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கேன்டர்பரி நகரின் அன்சலேம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கேன்டர்பரி நகரின் அன்சலேம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="แอนเซล์มแห่งแคนเทอร์เบอรี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอนเซล์มแห่งแคนเทอร์เบอรี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmus" title="Anselmus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anselmus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ансельм Кентерберійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ансельм Кентерберійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm%C3%B4_th%C3%A0nh_Canterbury" title="Anselmô thành Canterbury – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anselmô thành Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Ansele_di_Cantorbereye" title="Sint Ansele di Cantorbereye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sint Ansele di Cantorbereye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_han_Canterbury" title="Anselmo han Canterbury – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Anselmo han Canterbury" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7%E4%B8%AA%E5%AE%89%E7%91%9F%E8%8E%AB" title="坎特伯雷个安瑟莫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="坎特伯雷个安瑟莫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E7%91%9F%E8%8E%AB" title="坎特伯雷的安瑟莫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="坎特伯雷的安瑟莫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Anselm_of_Canterbury" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Saint Anselm" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anselm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Anselm (disambiguation)">Saint Anselm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">Anselm</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">OSB</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Anselm_of_Canterbury,_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Anselm_of_Canterbury%2C_seal.svg/220px-Anselm_of_Canterbury%2C_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Anselm_of_Canterbury%2C_seal.svg/330px-Anselm_of_Canterbury%2C_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Anselm_of_Canterbury%2C_seal.svg/440px-Anselm_of_Canterbury%2C_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="900" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Anselm depicted on his seal</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archdiocese</th><td class="infobox-data">Canterbury</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">See</th><td class="infobox-data">Canterbury</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">1093</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 1109</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_d%27Escures" title="Ralph d'Escures">Ralph d'Escures</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot of Bec">Abbot of Bec</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December 1093</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Anselme d'Aoste</div> c. 1033 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles">Kingdom of Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 1109 <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data">Gundulph Ermenberge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Monk, prior, abbot, archbishop</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data">21 April</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_Pension_Fund2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title as Saint</th><td class="infobox-data">Bishop, <a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> (Doctor Magnificus)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canonized</th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1494 <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data">His <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">crozier</a> His books A ship, representing the spiritual independence of the Church.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Proslogion</a> <a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200323–24-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Argument from degree</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction theory of atonement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Anselm of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">OSB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈænsɛlm/</a>; 1033/4–1109), also called Anselm of Aosta (French: Anselme d'Aoste, Italian: Anselmo d'Aosta) after <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">his birthplace</a> and Anselm of Bec (French: Anselme du Bec) after his <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Bec">monastery</a>, was an Italian<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine monk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, who held the office of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> from 1093 to 1109. After his death, he was <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian saint">saint</a>; his <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is 21 April. He was proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a> in 1720. As Archbishop of Canterbury, he defended the church's interests in England amid the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a>. For his resistance to the English kings <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>, he was exiled twice: once from 1097 to 1100 and then from 1105 to 1107. While in exile, he helped guide the Greek Catholic bishops of southern Italy to adopt Roman rites at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Bari" title="Council of Bari">Council of Bari</a>. He worked for the <a href="/wiki/Primate_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate bishop">primacy</a> of Canterbury over the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">archbishop of York</a> and over the bishops of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Wales">Wales</a> but, though at his death he appeared to have been successful, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a> later reversed papal decisions on the matter and restored York's earlier status. Beginning at <a href="/wiki/Bec_Abbey" title="Bec Abbey">Bec</a>, Anselm composed dialogues and treatises with a rational and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> approach, which have sometimes caused him to be credited as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>. Despite his lack of recognition in this field in his own time, Anselm is now famous as the originator of the <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">ontological argument</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">satisfaction theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_StAnselme_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maison_StAnselme_2.JPG/170px-Maison_StAnselme_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maison_StAnselme_2.JPG/255px-Maison_StAnselme_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maison_StAnselme_2.JPG/340px-Maison_StAnselme_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A plaque commemorating the supposed birthplace of Anselm in Anselm street, <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, Italy. (The identification may be spurious.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen18_2–3]-8">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Anselm was born in or <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">around</a> <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Upper Burgundy</a> sometime between April 1033 and April 1034.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1–2]-9">[9]</a> The area now forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Italy">Republic of Italy</a>, but Aosta had been part of the post-<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles">Kingdom of Burgundy</a> until the death of the childless <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_III_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph III of Burgundy">Rudolph III</a> in 1032.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern19907-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Conrad II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odo_II,_Count_of_Blois" title="Odo II, Count of Blois">Odo II, Count of Blois</a> then went to war over the succession. <a href="/wiki/Humbert_the_White-Handed" class="mw-redirect" title="Humbert the White-Handed">Humbert the White-Handed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Maurienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Maurienne">Count of Maurienne</a>, so distinguished himself that he was granted a <a href="/wiki/County_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aosta">new county</a> carved out of the secular holdings of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Aosta">bishop of Aosta</a>. Humbert's son <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Count of Savoy">Otto</a> was subsequently permitted to inherit the extensive <a href="/wiki/March_of_Susa" class="mw-redirect" title="March of Susa">March of Susa</a> through his wife <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Susa" title="Adelaide of Susa">Adelaide</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1912155-11">[11]</a> in preference to her uncle's families, who had supported the effort to establish an independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(HRE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (HRE)">Kingdom of Italy</a> under <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William V, Duke of Aquitaine">William V, Duke of Aquitaine</a>. Otto and Adelaide's unified lands<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsch1911-12">[12]</a> then controlled the most important passes in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Alps" title="Western Alps">Western Alps</a> and formed the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">county of Savoy</a> whose <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">dynasty</a> would later rule the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">kingdoms of Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillari1911254–257-14">[14]</a> Records during this period are scanty, but both sides of Anselm's immediate family appear to have been dispossessed by these decisions<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1–4]-15">[15]</a> in favour of their extended relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern19908-16">[16]</a> His father Gundulph<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> or Gundulf<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson1996-18">[18]</a> or Gondulphe<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivolin2009-19">[19]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> noble,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA73_73]-20">[20]</a> probably one of Adelaide's <a href="/wiki/Arduinici" title="Arduinici">Arduinici</a> uncles or cousins;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1]-21">[21]</a> his mother Ermenberge<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivolin2009-19">[19]</a> was almost certainly the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad the Peaceful">Conrad the Peaceful</a>, related both to the Anselmid bishops of Aosta and to the heirs of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_(HRE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry II (HRE)">Henry II</a> who had been passed over in favour of Conrad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1]-21">[21]</a> The marriage was thus probably arranged for political reasons but proved ineffective in opposing Conrad after his successful annexation of Burgundy on 1 August 1034.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen18_2]-22">[22]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burchard,_bishop_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchard, bishop of Aosta">Bishop Burchard</a> subsequently revolted against imperial control but was defeated and was ultimately <a href="/wiki/Translation_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation (bishop)">translated</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Lyon">diocese of Lyon</a>.) Ermenberge appears to have been the wealthier partner in the marriage. Gundulph moved to his wife's town,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern19907-10">[10]</a> where she held a palace, most likely near the cathedral, along with a villa in the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen20_4–7]-23">[23]</a> Anselm's father is sometimes described as having a harsh and violent temper<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> but contemporary accounts merely portray him as having been overgenerous or careless with his wealth;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen23_7–8]-24">[24]</a> Meanwhile, Anselm's mother Ermenberge, patient and devoutly religious,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> made up for her husband's faults by her prudent management of the family estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen23_7–8]-24">[24]</a> In later life, there are records of three relations who visited Bec: Folceraldus, Haimo, and Rainaldus. The first repeatedly attempted to exploit Anselm's renown, but was rebuffed since he already had his ties to another monastery, whereas Anselm's attempts to persuade the other two to join the Bec community were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern19909-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Anselme,_rue_De_Maistre_AO.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Saint-Anselme%2C_rue_De_Maistre_AO.JPG/220px-Saint-Anselme%2C_rue_De_Maistre_AO.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Saint-Anselme%2C_rue_De_Maistre_AO.JPG/330px-Saint-Anselme%2C_rue_De_Maistre_AO.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Saint-Anselme%2C_rue_De_Maistre_AO.JPG/440px-Saint-Anselme%2C_rue_De_Maistre_AO.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Monument to St Anselm in Aosta, Xavier de Maistre street.</figcaption></figure> At the age of fifteen, Anselm felt the call to enter a monastery but, failing to obtain his father's consent, he was refused by the abbot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> The illness he then suffered has been considered by some a <a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosomatic illness">psychosomatic</a> effect of his disappointment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> but upon his recovery he gave up his studies and for a time lived a carefree life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> Following the death of his mother, probably at the birth of his sister Richera,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot-Buxton1915Ch.&nbsp;3-27">[27]</a> Anselm's father repented his own earlier lifestyle but professed his new faith with a severity that the boy found likewise unbearable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853365–366-28">[28]</a> When Gundulph entered a monastery,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853366-29">[29]</a> Anselm, at age 23,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth20039-30">[30]</a> left home with a single attendant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, and wandered through <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy" title="Kingdom of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> for three years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[a]</a> His countryman <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> was then <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Bec">abbey of Bec</a> in Normandy. Attracted by Lanfranc's reputation, Anselm reached <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> in 1059.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> After spending some time in <a href="/wiki/Avranches" title="Avranches">Avranches</a>, he returned the next year. His father having died, he consulted with Lanfranc as to whether to return to his estates and employ their income in providing <a href="/wiki/Almsgiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Almsgiving">alms for the poor</a> or to renounce them, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> or a monk at Bec or <a href="/wiki/Cluny" title="Cluny">Cluny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§1-32">[31]</a> Given what he saw as his own conflict of interest, Lanfranc sent Anselm to <a href="/wiki/Maurilius" title="Maurilius">Maurilius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rouen">archbishop of Rouen</a>, who convinced him to enter Bec as a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_novitiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic novitiate">novice</a> at the age of 27.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> Probably in his first year, he wrote his first work on philosophy, a treatment of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> paradoxes called the <a href="#Dialogues">Grammarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> Over the next decade, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a> reshaped his thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern199032-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbot_of_Bec">Abbot of Bec</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abbot of Bec">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_years">Early years</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moine_de_l%27abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Moine_de_l%27abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouni.jpg/220px-Moine_de_l%27abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Moine_de_l%27abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouni.jpg/330px-Moine_de_l%27abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Moine_de_l%27abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouni.jpg/440px-Moine_de_l%27abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2518" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bec_Abbey" title="Bec Abbey">Bec Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></figcaption></figure> Three years later, in 1063, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">Duke William II</a> summoned Lanfranc to serve as the abbot of his new <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-%C3%89tienne,_Caen" title="Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen">abbey of St Stephen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> and the monks of Bec, despite the initial hesitation of some on account of his youth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> elected Anselm prior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200310-35">[34]</a> A notable opponent was a young monk named Osborne. Anselm overcame his hostility first by praising, indulging, and privileging him in all things despite his hostility and then, when his affection and trust were gained, gradually withdrawing all preference until he upheld the strictest obedience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853366–367-36">[35]</a> Along similar lines, he remonstrated with a neighbouring abbot who complained that his charges were incorrigible despite being beaten "night and day".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853367–368-37">[36]</a> After fifteen years, in 1078, Anselm was unanimously elected as Bec's abbot following the death of its founder,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853368-38">[37]</a> the warrior-monk <a href="/wiki/Herluin_of_Bec" title="Herluin of Bec">Herluin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> He was blessed as abbot by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_d%27Arques" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert d'Arques">Gilbert d'Arques</a>, Bishop of Évreux, on 22 February 1079.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975282-39">[38]</a> Under Anselm's direction, Bec became the foremost seat of learning in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> attracting students from France, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Italy">Italy</a>, and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200315-40">[39]</a> During this time, he wrote the <a href="#Monologion">Monologion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Proslogion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> He then composed a series of <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogues</a> on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Satan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Satan">fall of Satan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Roscelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscelin">Roscelin</a> attempted to appeal to the authority of <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a> and Anselm at his trial for the heresy of <a href="/wiki/Tritheism" title="Tritheism">tritheism</a> at <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Soissons" title="Council of Soissons">Soissons</a> in 1092,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA483_483]-41">[40]</a> Anselm composed the first draft of <a href="#Other_works">De Fide Trinitatis</a> as a rebuttal and as a defence of <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universals" class="mw-redirect" title="Universals">universals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">[41]</a> The fame of the monastery grew not only from his intellectual achievements, however, but also from his good example<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§1-32">[31]</a> and his loving, kindly method of discipline,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> particularly with the younger monks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> There was also admiration for his spirited defence of the abbey's independence from lay and archiepiscopal control, especially in the face of <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Beaumont,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester</a> and the new Archbishop of Rouen, <a href="/wiki/William_Bona_Anima" title="William Bona Anima">William Bona Anima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975281-43">[42]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_England">In England</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In England">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouin_-_croix_anglicane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouin_-_croix_anglicane.jpg/220px-Abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouin_-_croix_anglicane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouin_-_croix_anglicane.jpg/330px-Abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouin_-_croix_anglicane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouin_-_croix_anglicane.jpg/440px-Abbaye_du_Bec-Hellouin_-_croix_anglicane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A cross at <a href="/wiki/Bec_Abbey" title="Bec Abbey">Bec Abbey</a> commemorating the connection between it and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a>, Anselm, and <a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bec" title="Theobald of Bec">Theobald</a> were all priors at Bec before serving as <a href="/wiki/Primate_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate bishop">primates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman Conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">England</a> in 1066, devoted lords had given the abbey extensive lands across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> Anselm occasionally visited to oversee the monastery's property, to wait upon his sovereign <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I of England</a> (formerly Duke William II of Normandy),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853369-44">[43]</a> and to visit Lanfranc, who had been installed as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a> in 1070.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200316-45">[44]</a> He was respected by William I<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200574-46">[45]</a> and the good impression he made while in Canterbury made him the favourite of its cathedral chapter as a future successor to Lanfranc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> Instead, upon the archbishop's death in 1089, <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">King William II</a>—William Rufus or William the Red—refused the appointment of any successor and appropriated the see's lands and revenues for himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> Fearing the difficulties that would attend being named to the position in opposition to the king, Anselm avoided journeying to England during this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> The gravely ill <a href="/wiki/Hugh_d%27Avranches,_Earl_of_Chester" title="Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester">Hugh, Earl of Chester</a>, finally lured him over with three pressing messages in 1092,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853370-47">[46]</a> seeking advice on how best to handle the establishment of a new monastery at <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St_Werburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St Werburgh">St Werburgh's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> Hugh was recovered by the time of Anselm's arrival,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> but he was occupied four<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> or five months by his assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> He then travelled to his former pupil <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Crispin" title="Gilbert Crispin">Gilbert Crispin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Westminster" title="Abbot of Westminster">abbot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster</a>, and waited, apparently delayed by the need to assemble the donors of Bec's new lands in order to obtain royal approval of the grants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA189_189]-48">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_118_-_Anselm_Made_Archbishop_of_Canterbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_118_-_Anselm_Made_Archbishop_of_Canterbury.jpg/220px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_118_-_Anselm_Made_Archbishop_of_Canterbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_118_-_Anselm_Made_Archbishop_of_Canterbury.jpg/330px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_118_-_Anselm_Made_Archbishop_of_Canterbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_118_-_Anselm_Made_Archbishop_of_Canterbury.jpg/440px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_118_-_Anselm_Made_Archbishop_of_Canterbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century portrayal of Anselm being dragged to the cathedral by the English bishops</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/110px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> At Christmas, William II pledged by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Lucca" title="Holy Face of Lucca">Holy Face of Lucca</a> that neither Anselm nor any other would sit at Canterbury while he lived<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853371-49">[48]</a> but in March he fell seriously ill at <a href="/wiki/Alveston" title="Alveston">Alveston</a>. Believing his <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sinful</a> behavior was responsible,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1983298–299-50">[49]</a> he summoned Anselm to hear his <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)">confession</a> and administer <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA189_189]-48">[47]</a> He published a proclamation releasing his captives, discharging his debts, and promising to henceforth govern according to the law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> On 6 March 1093, he further nominated Anselm to fill the vacancy at Canterbury; the clerics gathered at court acclaiming him, forcing the <a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">crozier</a> into his hands, and bodily carrying him to a nearby church amid a <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA189_189–190]-51">[50]</a> Anselm tried to refuse on the grounds of age and ill-health for months<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200316-45">[44]</a> and the monks of Bec refused to give him permission to leave them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA191_191–192]-52">[51]</a> Negotiations were handled by the recently restored <a href="/wiki/William_de_St-Calais" title="William de St-Calais">Bishop William</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Durham" title="Diocese of Durham">Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Beaumont,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert, count of Meulan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1983306-53">[52]</a> On 24 August, Anselm gave King William the conditions under which he would accept the position, which amounted to the agenda of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a>: the king would have to return the Catholic Church lands which had been seized, accept his spiritual counsel, and forswear <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III" title="Antipope Clement III">Antipope Clement III</a> in favour of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1974246-54">[53]</a> William Rufus was exceedingly reluctant to accept these conditions: he consented only to the first<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975286-55">[54]</a> and, a few days afterwards, reneged on that, suspending preparations for Anselm's <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">investiture</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Public pressure forced William to return to Anselm and in the end they settled on a partial return of Canterbury's lands as his own concession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1974248-56">[55]</a> Anselm received <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensation (canon law)">dispensation</a> from his duties in Normandy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">[17]</a> did <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> to William, and—on 25 September 1093—was <a href="/wiki/Enthronement" title="Enthronement">enthroned</a> at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200317-57">[56]</a> The same day, William II finally returned the lands of the see.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975286-55">[54]</a> From the mid-8th century, it had become the custom that <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishops</a> could not be <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a> without a woollen <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a> given or sent by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoniface747Letter_to_Cuthbert-58">[57]</a> Anselm insisted that he journey to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> for this purpose but William would not permit it. Amid the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Henry IV</a> had <a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">deposed</a> each other twice; bishops loyal to Henry finally elected <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III" title="Antipope Clement III">Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna</a>, as a second pope. In France, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a> had recognized Gregory and his successors <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a>, but Guibert (as "Clement III") held Rome after 1084.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1911683-59">[58]</a> William had not chosen a side and maintained his right to prevent the acknowledgement of either pope by an English subject prior to his choice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1907-60">[59]</a> In the end, a ceremony was held to <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrate</a> Anselm as archbishop on 4 December, without the pallium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975286-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archbishop_of_Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Archbishop of Canterbury">edit</a>]</div> As archbishop, Anselm maintained his monastic ideals, including stewardship, prudence, and proper instruction, prayer and contemplation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1988218-61">[60]</a> Anselm advocated for <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">reform</a> and interests of Canterbury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978357-62">[61]</a> As such, he repeatedly pressed the English monarchy for support of the reform agenda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975293-63">[62]</a> His principled opposition to royal prerogatives over the Catholic Church, meanwhile, twice led to his exile from England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891–92-64">[63]</a> The traditional view of historians has been to see Anselm as aligned with the papacy against lay authority and Anselm's term in office as the English theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> begun by Pope Gregory VII and the emperor Henry IV.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891–92-64">[63]</a> By the end of his life, he had proven successful, having freed Canterbury from submission to the English king,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198082-65">[64]</a> received papal recognition of the submission of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury%E2%80%93York_dispute" title="Canterbury–York dispute">wayward</a> <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of York">York</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198083-66">[65]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Welsh bishops</a>, and gained strong authority over the Irish bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975298-67">[66]</a> He died before the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury%E2%80%93York_dispute" title="Canterbury–York dispute">Canterbury–York dispute</a> was definitively settled, however, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Pope Honorius II</a> finally found in favour of York instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuggan196598–99-68">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_1174b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Canterbury_Cathedral_1174b.png/300px-Canterbury_Cathedral_1174b.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Canterbury_Cathedral_1174b.png/450px-Canterbury_Cathedral_1174b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Canterbury_Cathedral_1174b.png/600px-Canterbury_Cathedral_1174b.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> following <a href="/wiki/Ernulf" title="Ernulf">Ernulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conrad_(prior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad (prior)">Conrad</a>'s expansions<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen60_38]-69">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> Although the work was largely handled by <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Church Cathedral Priory">Christ Church's priors</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernulf" title="Ernulf">Ernulf</a> (1096–1107) and <a href="/wiki/Conrad_(prior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad (prior)">Conrad</a> (1108–1126), Anselm's episcopate also saw the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> from Lanfranc's initial plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen39_17–18]-70">[69]</a> The eastern end was demolished and an expanded <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> placed over a large and well-decorated <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a>, doubling the cathedral's length.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook194949-71">[70]</a> The new choir formed a church unto itself with its own <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a> and a semicircular <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> opening into three <a href="/wiki/Side_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Side chapel">chapels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen67_45–47]-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflicts_with_William_Rufus">Conflicts with William Rufus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conflicts with William Rufus">edit</a>]</div> Anselm's vision was of a Catholic Church with its own internal authority, which clashed with William II's desire for royal control over both church and State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975293-63">[62]</a> One of Anselm's first conflicts with William came in the month he was consecrated. William II was preparing to wrest <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> from his elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert II, Duke of Normandy">Robert II</a>, and needed funds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975287-73">[72]</a> Anselm was among those expected to pay him. He offered <a href="/wiki/GBP" class="mw-redirect" title="GBP">£</a>500 but William refused, encouraged by his courtiers to insist on £1000 as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Annates" title="Annates">annates</a> for Anselm's elevation to archbishop. Anselm not only refused, he further pressed the king to fill England's other vacant positions, permit bishops to meet freely in councils, and to allow Anselm to resume enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>, particularly against <a href="/wiki/Incest#Christian" title="Incest">incestuous marriages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> until he was ordered to silence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA482_482]-74">[73]</a> When a group of bishops subsequently suggested that William might now settle for the original sum, Anselm replied that he had already <a href="/wiki/Almsgiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Almsgiving">given the money to the poor</a> and "that he disdained to purchase his master's favour as he would a horse or ass".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA483_483]-41">[40]</a> The king being told this, he replied Anselm's blessing for his invasion would not be needed as "I hated him before, I hate him now, and shall hate him still more hereafter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA482_482]-74">[73]</a> Withdrawing to Canterbury, Anselm began work on the <a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA483_483]-41">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnselmP136.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AnselmP136.gif/220px-AnselmP136.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AnselmP136.gif/330px-AnselmP136.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AnselmP136.gif/440px-AnselmP136.gif 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>"Anselm Assuming the <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>" from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethel_Mary_Wilmot-Buxton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethel Mary Wilmot-Buxton (page does not exist)">E. M. Wilmot-Buxton</a>'s 1915 Anselm<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot-Buxton1915136-75">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> Upon William's return, Anselm insisted that he travel to the court of Urban II to secure the pallium that legitimized his office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA483_483]-41">[40]</a> On 25 February 1095, the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Temporal</a> of England met in a council at <a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Northamptonshire" title="Rockingham, Northamptonshire">Rockingham</a> to discuss the issue. The next day, William ordered the bishops not to treat Anselm as their primate or as Canterbury's archbishop, as he openly adhered to Urban. The bishops sided with the king, the <a href="/wiki/William_de_St-Calais" title="William de St-Calais">Bishop of Durham</a> presenting his case<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_&_al.196852-76">[75]</a> and even advising William to depose and exile Anselm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987182–185-77">[76]</a> The nobles siding with Anselm, the conference ended in deadlock and the matter was postponed. Immediately following this, William secretly sent <a href="/wiki/William_Warelwast" title="William Warelwast">William Warelwast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Gerard (archbishop of York)">Gerard</a> to Italy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978357-62">[61]</a> prevailing on Urban to send a <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">legate</a> bearing Canterbury's pallium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975289-78">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Albano" title="Walter of Albano">Walter, bishop of Albano</a>, was chosen and negotiated in secret with William's representative, the Bishop of Durham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantor195892-79">[78]</a> The king agreed to publicly support Urban's cause in exchange for acknowledgement of his rights to accept no legates without invitation and to block clerics from receiving or obeying papal letters without his approval. William's greatest desire was for Anselm to be removed from office. Walter said that "there was good reason to expect a successful issue in accordance with the king's wishes" but, upon William's open acknowledgement of Urban as pope, Walter refused to depose the archbishop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1983342–344-80">[79]</a> William then tried to sell the pallium to others, failed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideIADAAAAQAAJpgPA73_73]-81">[80]</a> tried to extract a payment from Anselm for the pallium, but was again refused. William then tried to personally bestow the pallium to Anselm, an act connoting the church's subservience to the throne, and was again refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA485_485]-82">[81]</a> In the end, the pallium was laid on the altar at Canterbury, whence Anselm took it on 10 June 1095.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA485_485]-82">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> was declared at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a> in November.<a href="#cite_note-84">[b]</a> Despite his service for the king which earned him rough treatment from Anselm's biographer <a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantor195897-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987188-86">[84]</a> upon the grave illness of the <a href="/wiki/William_de_St-Calais" title="William de St-Calais">Bishop of Durham</a> in December, Anselm journeyed to console and bless him on his deathbed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987194-87">[85]</a> Over the next two years, William opposed several of Anselm's efforts at reform—including his right to convene a council<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200574-46">[45]</a>—but no overt dispute is known. However, in 1094, the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Wales">Welsh</a> had begun to recover their lands from the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lords">Marcher Lords</a> and William's 1095 invasion had accomplished little; two larger forays were made in 1097 against <a href="/wiki/Cadwgan_ap_Bleddyn" title="Cadwgan ap Bleddyn">Cadwgan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Cynan" title="Gruffudd ap Cynan">Gruffudd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>. These were also unsuccessful and William was compelled to erect a series of border fortresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidh_zW8TBBVQkCpgPA47_47]-88">[86]</a> He charged Anselm with having given him insufficient knights for the campaign and tried to fine him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975291-89">[87]</a> In the face of William's refusal to fulfill his promise of church reform, Anselm resolved to proceed to Rome—where an army of French crusaders had finally installed Urban—in order to seek the counsel of the pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975293-63">[62]</a> William again denied him permission. The negotiations ended with Anselm being "given the choice of exile or total submission": if he left, William declared he would seize Canterbury and never again receive Anselm as archbishop; if he were to stay, William would impose his fine and force him to swear never again to appeal to the papacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975292-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_exile">First exile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First exile">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanelli_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Countess_Matilda_and_Anselm_of_Canterbury_in_the_Presence_of_Pope_Urban_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Romanelli_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Countess_Matilda_and_Anselm_of_Canterbury_in_the_Presence_of_Pope_Urban_II.jpg/220px-Romanelli_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Countess_Matilda_and_Anselm_of_Canterbury_in_the_Presence_of_Pope_Urban_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Romanelli_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Countess_Matilda_and_Anselm_of_Canterbury_in_the_Presence_of_Pope_Urban_II.jpg/330px-Romanelli_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Countess_Matilda_and_Anselm_of_Canterbury_in_the_Presence_of_Pope_Urban_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Romanelli_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Countess_Matilda_and_Anselm_of_Canterbury_in_the_Presence_of_Pope_Urban_II.jpg/440px-Romanelli_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Countess_Matilda_and_Anselm_of_Canterbury_in_the_Presence_of_Pope_Urban_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Romanelli" title="Giovanni Francesco Romanelli">Romanelli</a>'s c. 1640 Meeting of <a href="/wiki/Countess_Matilda" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess Matilda">Countess Matilda</a> and Anselm of Canterbury in the Presence of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></figcaption></figure> Anselm chose to depart in October 1097.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975293-63">[62]</a> Although Anselm retained his nominal title, William immediately seized the revenues of his bishopric and retained them til death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978360-91">[89]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, Anselm wrote to Urban, requesting that he be permitted to resign his office. Urban refused but commissioned him to prepare a defence of the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Western doctrine of the procession of the Holy Spirit</a> against representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcimpTwnAjxwCpgPA279_279]-92">[90]</a> Anselm arrived in Rome by April<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcimpTwnAjxwCpgPA279_279]-92">[90]</a> and, according to his biographer <a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a>, lived beside the pope during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Capua_(1098)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Capua (1098)">Siege of Capua</a> in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1963-93">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Count Roger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Saracen</a> troops supposedly offered him food and other gifts but the count actively resisted the clerics' attempts to convert them to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1963-93">[91]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Bari" title="Council of Bari">Council of Bari</a> in October, Anselm delivered his defence of the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">unleavened bread</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> before 185 bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd1927[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtc5FAAAAQBAJpgPA252_252–3]-94">[92]</a> Although this is sometimes portrayed as a failed <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical dialogue</a>, it is more likely that the "Greeks" present were the local bishops of Southern Italy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGu5d7_bByvICpgPA203_203]-95">[93]</a> some of whom had been ruled by <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> as recently as 1071.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd1927[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtc5FAAAAQBAJpgPA252_252–3]-94">[92]</a> The formal acts of the council have been lost and Eadmer's account of Anselm's speech principally consists of descriptions of the bishops' <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a>, but Anselm later collected his arguments on the topic as <a href="#Other_works">De Processione Spiritus Sancti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGu5d7_bByvICpgPA203_203]-95">[93]</a> Under pressure from their <a href="/wiki/Norman_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Italy">Norman lords</a>, the Italian Greeks seem to have accepted papal supremacy and Anselm's theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGu5d7_bByvICpgPA203_203]-95">[93]</a> The council also condemned William II. Eadmer credited Anselm with restraining the pope from excommunicating him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcimpTwnAjxwCpgPA279_279]-92">[90]</a> although others attribute Urban's politic nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> Anselm was present in a <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of honour">seat of honour</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Council" title="Easter Council">Easter Council</a> at <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Peter%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Old St Peter's">St Peter's</a> in Rome the next year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990280-97">[95]</a> There, amid an outcry to address Anselm's situation, Urban renewed bans on <a href="/wiki/Lay_investiture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay investiture">lay investiture</a> and on clerics doing homage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990281-98">[96]</a> Anselm departed the next day, first for <a href="/wiki/Schiavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiavi">Schiavi</a>—where he completed his work <a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a>—and then for <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpe2009-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflicts_with_Henry_I">Conflicts with Henry I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conflicts with Henry I">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_025.jpg/220px-Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_025.jpg/330px-Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_025.jpg/440px-Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2892" data-file-height="5091" /></a><figcaption>The life of St Anselm told in 16 <a href="/wiki/Medaillon_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medaillon (architecture)">medallions</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Stained-glass_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained-glass window">stained-glass window</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quimper_Cathedral" title="Quimper Cathedral">Quimper Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, in France</figcaption></figure> William Rufus <a href="/wiki/Walter_Tirel#Death_of_William_II" title="Walter Tirel">was killed hunting in the New Forest</a> on 2 August 1100. His brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry</a> was present and moved quickly to secure the throne before the return of his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert, Duke of Normandy</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. Henry invited Anselm to return, pledging in his letter to submit himself to the archbishop's counsel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198063-100">[98]</a> The cleric's support of Robert would have caused great trouble but Anselm returned before establishing any other terms than those offered by Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA291_291]-101">[99]</a> Once in England, Anselm was ordered by Henry to do homage for his Canterbury estates<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister1983120-102">[100]</a> and to receive his investiture by <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal ring">ring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">crozier</a> anew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198067-103">[101]</a> Despite having done so under William, the bishop now refused to violate <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>. Henry for his part refused to relinquish a right possessed by his predecessors and even sent an embassy to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a> to present his case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> Paschal reaffirmed Urban's bans to that mission and the one that followed it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> Meanwhile, Anselm publicly supported Henry against the claims and threatened invasion of his brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a>. Anselm wooed wavering barons to the king's cause, emphasizing the religious nature of their oaths and duty of loyalty;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister2003137–138-104">[102]</a> he supported the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Ranulf_Flambard" title="Ranulf Flambard">Ranulf Flambard</a>, the disloyal new <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">bishop of Durham</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister2003135–136-105">[103]</a> and he threatened Robert with excommunication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975295-106">[104]</a> The lack of popular support greeting his invasion near <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> compelled Robert to accept the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alton" title="Treaty of Alton">Treaty of Alton</a> instead, renouncing his claims for an annual payment of 3000 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a>. Anselm held a council at <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> which found that Henry's beloved <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Matilda</a> had not technically become a <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a> and was thus eligible to wed and become queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister2003128–129-107">[105]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> in 1102, Anselm was finally able to convene a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_London_in_1102" title="Council of London in 1102">general church council at London</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a> within England. The council prohibited marriage, <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>, and drunkenness to all those in holy orders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartner1973467–475,_468-108">[106]</a> condemned <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoswell1980215-109">[107]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975295-106">[104]</a> and regulated <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">clerical dress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975295-106">[104]</a> Anselm also obtained a resolution against the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the British Isles">British slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawley1910-110">[108]</a> Henry supported Anselm's reforms and his authority over the English Church but continued to assert his own authority over Anselm. Upon their return, the three bishops he had dispatched on his second delegation to the pope claimed—in defiance of Paschal's sealed letter to Anselm, his public acts, and the testimony of the two monks who had accompanied them—that the pontiff had been receptive to Henry's counsel and secretly approved of Anselm's submission to the crown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA489_489–91]-111">[109]</a> In 1103, then, Anselm consented to journey himself to Rome, along with the king's envoy <a href="/wiki/William_Warelwast" title="William Warelwast">William Warelwast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198071-112">[110]</a> Anselm supposedly travelled in order to argue the king's case for a dispensation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]-113">[111]</a> but, in response to this third mission, Paschal fully excommunicated the bishops who had accepted investment from Henry, though sparing the king himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_exile">Second exile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second exile">edit</a>]</div> After this ruling, Anselm received a letter forbidding his return and withdrew to Lyon to await Paschal's response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> On 26 March 1105, Paschal again excommunicated prelates who had accepted investment from Henry and the advisors responsible, this time including <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Beaumont,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert de Beaumont</a>, Henry's chief advisor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198074-114">[112]</a> He further finally threatened Henry with the same;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200319–20-115">[113]</a> in April, Anselm sent messages to the king directly<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA496_496–97]-116">[114]</a> and through his sister <a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Normandy" title="Adela of Normandy">Adela</a> expressing his own willingness to excommunicate Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> This was probably a negotiation tactic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198075-117">[115]</a> but it came at a critical period in Henry's reign<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> and it worked: a meeting was arranged and a compromise concluded at <a href="/wiki/L%27Aigle" title="L'Aigle">L'Aigle</a> on 22 July 1105. Henry would forsake lay investiture if Anselm obtained Paschal's permission for clerics to do homage for their lands;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978367-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198076-119">[117]</a> Henry's bishops'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> and counsellors' excommunications were to be lifted provided they advise him to obey the papacy (Anselm performed this act on his own authority and later had to answer for it to Paschal);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978367-118">[116]</a> the revenues of Canterbury would be returned to the archbishop; and priests would no longer be permitted to marry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198076-119">[117]</a> Anselm insisted on the agreement's ratification by the pope before he would consent to return to England, but wrote to Paschal in favour of the deal, arguing that Henry's forsaking of lay investiture was a greater victory than the matter of homage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198077-120">[118]</a> On 23 March 1106, Paschal wrote Anselm accepting the terms established at L'Aigle, although both clerics saw this as a temporary compromise and intended to continue pressing for reforms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA497_497–98]-121">[119]</a> including the ending of homage to lay authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975296–297-122">[120]</a> Even after this, Anselm refused to return to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198080-123">[121]</a> Henry travelled to <a href="/wiki/Le_Bec-Hellouin" title="Le Bec-Hellouin">Bec</a> and met with him on 15 August 1106. Henry was forced to make further concessions. He restored to Canterbury all the churches that had been seized by William or during Anselm's exile, promising that nothing more would be taken from them and even providing Anselm with a security payment.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Henry had initially taxed married clergy and, when their situation had been outlawed, had made up the lost revenue by controversially extending the tax over all Churchmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975297-124">[122]</a> He now agreed that any prelate who had paid this would be exempt from taxation for three years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These compromises on Henry's part strengthened the rights of the church against the king. Anselm returned to England before the new year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_years">Final years</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Final years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterburycathedralanselmtomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canterburycathedralanselmtomb.jpg/220px-Canterburycathedralanselmtomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canterburycathedralanselmtomb.jpg/330px-Canterburycathedralanselmtomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canterburycathedralanselmtomb.jpg/440px-Canterburycathedralanselmtomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="2166" /></a><figcaption>The Altar of St Anselm in his chapel at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>. It was constructed by English sculptor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cox_(sculptor)" title="Stephen Cox (sculptor)">Stephen Cox</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a> marble donated by <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">its regional government</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> and consecrated on 21 April 2006 at a ceremony including the <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Anfossi" title="Giuseppe Anfossi">Bishop of Aosta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paul-Emmanuel_Cl%C3%A9net" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul-Emmanuel Clénet">Abbot of Bec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> The location of Anselm's relics, however, remains uncertain.</figcaption></figure> In 1107, the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordat of London">Concordat of London</a> formalized the agreements between the king and archbishop,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198082-65">[64]</a> Henry formally renounced the right of English kings to invest the bishops of the church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> The remaining two years of Anselm's life were spent in the duties of his archbishopric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> He succeeded in getting <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal</a> to send the pallium for the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">archbishop of York</a> to Canterbury so that future archbishops-elect would have to profess obedience before receiving it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198083-66">[65]</a> The incumbent archbishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_II_of_York" title="Thomas II of York">Thomas II</a> had received his own pallium directly and insisted on <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of York">York</a>'s independence. From his deathbed, Anselm <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathematized</a> all who failed to recognize Canterbury's primacy over all the English Church. This ultimately forced Henry to order Thomas to confess his obedience to Anselm's successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975298-67">[66]</a> On his deathbed, he announced himself content, except that he had a treatise in mind on the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> and did not know, once he was gone, if another was likely to compose it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA498_498]-127">[125]</a> He died on <a href="/wiki/Holy_Wednesday" title="Holy Wednesday">Holy Wednesday</a>, 21 April 1109.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]-113">[111]</a> His remains were <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translated</a> to <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen68_46]-128">[126]</a> and laid at the head of Lanfranc at his initial resting place to the south of the Altar of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">St Thomas</a>'s Chapel).<a href="#cite_note-SS-131">[129]</a> During the church's reconstruction after the disastrous fire of the 1170s, his remains were relocated,<a href="#cite_note-SS-131">[129]</a> although it is now uncertain where. On 23 December 1752, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Archbishop Herring</a> was contacted by <a href="/wiki/Count_Perron" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Perron">Count Perron</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Italo-British_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-British relations">ambassador</a>, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel I of Sardinia">King Charles Emmanuel</a>, who requested permission to translate Anselm's <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllard_&_al.1931[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnWsX2dhAONACpgPA20_App.&nbsp;D,_p.&nbsp;20]-132">[130]</a> (Charles had been <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aosta" title="Duke of Aosta">duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Aosta</a> during his minority.) Herring ordered <a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(Dean_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lynch (Dean of Canterbury)">his dean</a> to look into the matter, saying that while "the parting with the rotten Remains of a Rebel to his King, a Slave to the Popedom, and an Enemy to the married Clergy (all this Anselm was)" would be no great matter, he likewise "should make no Conscience of palming on the Simpletons any other old Bishop with the Name of Anselm".<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> The ambassador insisted on witnessing the excavation, however,<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> and resistance on the part of the prebendaries seems to have quieted the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllard_&_al.1931[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnWsX2dhAONACpgPA21_App.&nbsp;D,_p.&nbsp;21]-129">[127]</a> They considered the state of the cathedral's crypts would have offended the sensibilities of a Catholic and that it was probable that Anselm had been removed to near the altar of SS <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Paul</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Side_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Side chapel">side chapel</a> to the right (i.e., south) of the high altar took Anselm's name following his canonization. At that time, his relics would presumably have been placed in a <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> and its contents "disposed of" during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SS-131">[129]</a> The ambassador's own investigation was of the opinion that Anselm's body had been confused with <a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bec" title="Theobald of Bec">Archbishop Theobald</a>'s and likely remained entombed near the altar of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-perron-138">[136]</a> but in the uncertainty nothing further seems to have been done then or when inquiries were renewed in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-perron2-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnselmCanterbury2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AnselmCanterbury2_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-AnselmCanterbury2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AnselmCanterbury2_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-AnselmCanterbury2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AnselmCanterbury2_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-AnselmCanterbury2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>A late 16th-century engraving of Anselm</figcaption></figure> Anselm has been called "the most luminous and penetrating intellect between <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">St Thomas Aquinas</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]-113">[111]</a> and "the father of <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena">Scotus Erigena</a> having employed more <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> in his arguments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> Anselm's works are considered philosophical as well as theological since they endeavour to render <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> tenets of faith, traditionally taken as a <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revealed</a> truth, as a <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">rational</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLeftow2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ8zGpbpwRhICpgPA2_2]-141">[139]</a> Anselm also studiously analyzed the language used in his subjects, carefully distinguishing the meaning of the terms employed from the verbal forms, which he found at times wholly inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006Introduction-142">[140]</a> His worldview was broadly <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a>, as it was reconciled with Christianity in the works of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200323–24-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[c]</a> with his understanding of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian logic">Aristotelian logic</a> gathered from the works of <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius">Boethius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA14_14]-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§2-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">[41]</a> He or the thinkers in northern France who shortly followed him—including <a href="/wiki/Abelard" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelard">Abelard</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Conches" title="William of Conches">William of Conches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_of_Poitiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert of Poitiers">Gilbert of Poitiers</a>—inaugurated "one of the most brilliant periods of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>", innovating <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, and other areas of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophical theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrq2qXlegt4CpgPA169_169–170]-147">[144]</a> Anselm held that faith necessarily precedes reason, but that reason can expand upon faith:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister1982302-148">[145]</a> "And I do not seek to understand that I may believe but believe that I might understand. For this too I believe since, unless I first believe, I shall not understand."<a href="#cite_note-149">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182-150">[146]</a> This is possibly drawn from Tractate XXIX of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St Augustine</a>'s Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John: regarding <a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">John 7</a>:14–18, Augustine counseled "Do not seek to understand in order to believe but believe that thou may understand".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff2005-151">[147]</a> Anselm rephrased the idea repeatedly<a href="#cite_note-152">[e]</a> and Thomas Williams (<a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP 2007</a>) considered that his aptest motto was the original title of the <a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Proslogion</a>, "faith seeking understanding", which intended "an active love of God seeking a deeper knowledge of God."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007-153">[148]</a> Once the faith is held fast, however, he argued an attempt must be made to demonstrate its truth by means of reason: "To me, it seems to be negligence if, after confirmation in the faith, we do not study to understand that which we believe."<a href="#cite_note-154">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182-150">[146]</a> Merely rational proofs are always, however, to be tested by scripture<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselm_of_Canterbury''Cur_Deus_Homo'',_Vol.&nbsp;I,_§2-155">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselm_of_Canterbury''De_Fide_Trinitatis'',_§2-156">[150]</a> and he employs Biblical passages and "what we believe" (quod credimus) at times to raise problems or to present erroneous understandings, whose inconsistencies are then resolved by reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> Stylistically, Anselm's treatises take two basic forms, dialogues and sustained meditations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> In both, he strove to state the rational grounds for central aspects of Christian doctrines as a pedagogical exercise for his initial audience of fellow monks and correspondents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> The subjects of Anselm's works were sometimes dictated by contemporary events, such as his speech at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Bari" title="Council of Bari">Council of Bari</a> or the need to refute his association with the thinking of <a href="/wiki/Roscelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscelin">Roscelin</a>, but he intended for his books to form a unity, with his letters and latter works advising the reader to consult his other books for the arguments supporting various points in his reasoning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLeftow2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ8zGpbpwRhICpgPA201_201]-158">[152]</a> It seems to have been a recurring problem that early drafts of his works were copied and circulated without his permission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anselmus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Anselmus_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Anselmus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Anselmus_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Anselmus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Anselmus_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Anselmus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>A mid-17th century engraving of Anselm</figcaption></figure> While at Bec, Anselm composed:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> <ul><li><a href="#Dialogues">De Grammatico</a></li> <li><a href="#Monologion">Monologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Proslogion</a></li> <li><a href="#Dialogues">De Veritate</a></li> <li><a href="#Dialogues">De Libertate Arbitrii</a></li> <li><a href="#Dialogues">De Casu Diaboli</a></li> <li><a href="#Other_works">De Fide Trinitatis</a>, also known as De Incarnatione Verbi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">[41]</a></li></ul> While archbishop of Canterbury, he composed:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a></li> <li><a href="#Other_works">De Conceptu Virginali</a></li> <li><a href="#Other_works">De Processione Spiritus Sancti</a></li> <li><a href="#Other_works">De Sacrificio Azymi et Fermentati</a></li> <li><a href="#Other_works">De Sacramentis Ecclesiae</a></li> <li><a href="#Other_works">De Concordia</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illuminated_initial_from_Anselm%27s_Monologion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Illuminated_initial_from_Anselm%27s_Monologion.jpg/220px-Illuminated_initial_from_Anselm%27s_Monologion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Illuminated_initial_from_Anselm%27s_Monologion.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuscript illumination">illuminated</a> beginning of an 11th-century manuscript of the Monologion</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monologion">Monologion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Monologion">edit</a>]</div> The Monologion (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Monologium, "Monologue"), originally entitled A Monologue on the Reason for Faith (Monoloquium de Ratione Fidei)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA85_85]-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[g]</a> and sometimes also known as An Example of Meditation on the Reason for Faith (Exemplum Meditandi de Ratione Fidei),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuscombe1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_T2cAQAAQBAJpgPA44_44]-162">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[h]</a> was written in 1075 and 1076.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> It follows St Augustine to such an extent that <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gibson_(historian)" title="Margaret Gibson (historian)">Gibson</a> argues neither Boethius nor Anselm state anything which was not already dealt with in greater detail by Augustine's <a href="/wiki/De_Trinitate" class="mw-redirect" title="De Trinitate">De Trinitate</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson1981214-165">[157]</a> Anselm even acknowledges his debt to that work in the Monologion's prologue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA21_21]-166">[158]</a> However, he takes pains to present his reasons for belief in God without appeal to scriptural or patristic authority,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA21_21–22]-167">[159]</a> using new and bold arguments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a> He attributes this style—and the book's existence—to the requests of his fellow monks that "nothing whatsoever in these matters should be made convincing by the authority of Scripture, but whatsoever... the necessity of reason would concisely prove".<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> In the first chapter, Anselm begins with a statement that anyone should be able to convince themselves of the existence of God through reason alone "if he is even moderately intelligent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.1-170">[162]</a> He argues that many different things are known as "good", in many varying kinds and degrees. These must be understood as being judged relative to a single attribute of goodness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006loc._??-171">[163]</a> He then argues that goodness is itself very good and, further, is good through itself. As such, it must be the highest good and, further, "that which is supremely good is also supremely great. There is, therefore, some one thing that is supremely good and supremely great—in other words, supreme among all existing things."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.2-172">[164]</a> Chapter 2 follows a similar argument, while Chapter 3 argues that the "best and greatest and supreme among all existing things" must be responsible for the existence of all other things.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.2-172">[164]</a> Chapter 4 argues that there must be the highest level of dignity among existing things and that the highest level must have a single member. "Therefore, there is a certain nature or substance or essence who through himself is good and great and through himself is what he is; through whom exists whatever truly is good or great or anything at all; and who is the supreme good, the supreme great thing, the supreme being or subsistent, that is, supreme among all existing things."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.2-172">[164]</a> The remaining chapters of the book are devoted to consideration of the attributes necessary to such a being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.2-172">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a>, although not addressed by that name, is dealt with as a <a href="/wiki/False_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="False dichotomy">false dichotomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers20088-173">[165]</a> God is taken to neither conform to nor invent the moral order but to embody it:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers20088-173">[165]</a> in each case of his attributes, "God having that attribute is precisely that attribute itself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§6-174">[166]</a> A letter survives of Anselm responding to Lanfranc's criticism of the work. The elder cleric took exception to its lack of appeals to scripture and authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA21_21]-166">[158]</a> The preface of the Proslogion records his own dissatisfaction with the Monologion's arguments, since they are rooted in <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">a posteriori</a> evidence and <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proslogion">Proslogion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Proslogion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Proslogion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Proslogion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Proslogium, "Discourse"), originally entitled Faith Seeking Understanding (Fides Quaerens Intellectum) and then An Address on God's Existence (Alloquium de Dei Existentia),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA85_85]-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForshall1840[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqvNfAAAAcAAJpgPA74_74]-175">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[i]</a> was written over the next two years (1077–1078).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> It is written in the form of an extended direct address to God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> It grew out of his dissatisfaction with the <a href="#Monologion">Monologion</a>'s interlinking and contingent arguments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> His "single argument that needed nothing but itself alone for proof, that would by itself be enough to show that God really exists"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3-177">[168]</a> is commonly<a href="#cite_note-178">[j]</a> taken to be merely the second chapter of the work. In it, Anselm reasoned that even atheists can imagine the greatest being, having such attributes that nothing greater could exist (id quo nihil maius cogitari possit).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]-113">[111]</a> However, if such a being's attributes did not include existence, a still greater being could be imagined: one with all of the attributes of the first and existence. Therefore, the truly greatest possible being must necessarily exist. Further, this necessarily-existing greatest being must be God, who therefore necessarily exists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a> This reasoning was known to the Scholastics as "Anselm's argument" (ratio Anselmi) but it became known as the <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">ontological argument</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> following <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>'s treatment of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3-177">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[k]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12th-century_painters_-_Meditations_of_St_Anselm_-_WGA15732.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/12th-century_painters_-_Meditations_of_St_Anselm_-_WGA15732.jpg/220px-12th-century_painters_-_Meditations_of_St_Anselm_-_WGA15732.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/12th-century_painters_-_Meditations_of_St_Anselm_-_WGA15732.jpg/330px-12th-century_painters_-_Meditations_of_St_Anselm_-_WGA15732.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/12th-century_painters_-_Meditations_of_St_Anselm_-_WGA15732.jpg/440px-12th-century_painters_-_Meditations_of_St_Anselm_-_WGA15732.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A 12th-century illumination from the Meditations of St. Anselm</figcaption></figure> More probably, Anselm intended his "single argument" to include most of the rest of the work as well,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> wherein he establishes the attributes of God and their compatibility with one another. Continuing to construct a being greater than which nothing else can be conceived, Anselm proposes such a being must be "just, truthful, happy, and whatever it is better to be than not to be".<a href="#cite_note-182">[171]</a> Chapter 6 specifically enumerates the additional qualities of awareness, omnipotence, mercifulness, impassibility (inability to suffer),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4-181">[170]</a> and immateriality;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§3.1-183">[172]</a> Chapter 11, self-existent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§3.1-183">[172]</a> wisdom, goodness, happiness, and permanence; and Chapter 18, unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4-181">[170]</a> Anselm addresses the <a href="/wiki/Beg_the_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Beg the question">question-begging</a> nature of "greatness" in this formula partially by appeal to intuition and partially by independent consideration of the attributes being examined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§3.1-183">[172]</a> The incompatibility of, e.g., omnipotence, justness, and mercifulness are addressed in the abstract by reason, although Anselm concedes that specific acts of God are a matter of revelation beyond the scope of reasoning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§3.2-184">[173]</a> At one point during the 15th chapter, he reaches the conclusion that God is "not only that than which nothing greater can be thought but something greater than can be thought".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> In any case, God's unity is such that all of his attributes are to be understood as facets of a single nature: "all of them are one and each of them is entirely what [God is] and what the other[s] are".<a href="#cite_note-185">[174]</a> This is then used to argue for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">triune</a> nature of the God, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, and "the one love common to [God] and [his] Son, that is, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> who proceeds from both".<a href="#cite_note-186">[175]</a> The last three chapters are a digression on what God's goodness might entail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> Extracts from the work were later compiled under the name Meditations or The Manual of St Austin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responsio">Responsio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Responsio">edit</a>]</div> The argument presented in the Proslogion has rarely seemed satisfactory<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[l]</a> and was swiftly opposed by <a href="/wiki/Gaunilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunilo">Gaunilo</a>, a monk from the <a href="/wiki/Marmoutier_Abbey,_Tours" title="Marmoutier Abbey, Tours">abbey of Marmoutier in Tours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§5-191">[179]</a> His book "for the fool" (Liber pro Insipiente)<a href="#cite_note-194">[m]</a> argues that we cannot arbitrarily pass from idea to reality<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a> (de posse ad esse not fit illatio).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">[41]</a> The most famous of Gaunilo's objections is a parody of Anselm's argument involving an island greater than which nothing can be conceived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3-177">[168]</a> Since we can conceive of such an island, it exists in our understanding and so must exist in reality. This is, however, absurd, since its shore might arbitrarily be increased and in any case varies with the tide. Anselm's reply (Responsio) or apology (Liber Apologeticus)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a> does not address this argument directly, which has led <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyula_Klima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyula Klima (page does not exist)">Klima</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlima2000-195">[182]</a> Grzesik,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">[41]</a> and others to construct replies for him and led <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Wolterstorff</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolterstorff1993-196">[183]</a> and others to conclude that Gaunilo's attack is definitive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3-177">[168]</a> Anselm, however, considered that Gaunilo had misunderstood his argument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3-177">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§5-191">[179]</a> In each of Gaunilo's four arguments, he takes Anselm's description of "that than which nothing greater can be thought" to be equivalent to "that which is greater than everything else that can be thought".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§5-191">[179]</a> Anselm countered that anything which does not actually exist is necessarily excluded from his reasoning and anything which might or probably does not exist is likewise aside the point. The Proslogion had already stated "anything else whatsoever other than [God] can be thought not to exist".<a href="#cite_note-197">[184]</a> The Proslogion's argument concerns and can only concern the single greatest entity out of all existing things. That entity both must exist and must be God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3-177">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialogues">Dialogues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dialogues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Littlemore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="MS Auct. D2. 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Littlemore.jpg/220px-Littlemore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Littlemore.jpg/330px-Littlemore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Littlemore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>An illuminated archbishop—presumably Anselm—from a 12th-century edition of his Meditations</figcaption></figure> All of Anselm's <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogues</a> take the form of a lesson between a gifted and inquisitive student and a knowledgeable teacher. Except for in <a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a>, the student is not identified but the teacher is always recognizably Anselm himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> Anselm's De Grammatico ("On the Grammarian"), of uncertain date,<a href="#cite_note-199">[n]</a> deals with eliminating various <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradoxes</a> arising from the grammar of Latin nouns and adjectives<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuscombe1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_T2cAQAAQBAJpgPA44_44]-162">[155]</a> by examining the <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogisms</a> involved to ensure the terms in the premises agree in meaning and not merely expression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§8-200">[186]</a> The treatment shows a clear debt to <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>'s treatment of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA14_14]-145">[142]</a> Between 1080 and 1086, while still at Bec, Anselm composed the dialogues De Veritate ("On Truth"), De Libertate Arbitrii ("On the Freedom of Choice"), and De Casu Diaboli ("On the Devil's Fall").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> De Veritate is concerned not merely with the truth of statements but with correctness in will, action, and essence as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.1-201">[187]</a> Correctness in such matters is understood as doing what a thing ought or was designed to do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.1-201">[187]</a> Anselm employs <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian logic">Aristotelian logic</a> to affirm the existence of an absolute truth of which all other truth forms separate kinds. He identifies this absolute truth with God, who therefore forms the fundamental principle both in the existence of things and the correctness of thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a> As a corollary, he affirms that "everything that is, is rightly".<a href="#cite_note-203">[189]</a> De Libertate Arbitrii elaborates Anselm's reasoning on correctness with regard to <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. He does not consider this a capacity to sin but a capacity to do good for its own sake (as opposed to owing to coercion or for self-interest).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.1-201">[187]</a> God and the good <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> therefore have free will despite being incapable of sinning; similarly, the non-coercive aspect of free will enabled man and the rebel angels to sin, despite this not being a necessary element of free will itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.2-204">[190]</a> In De Casu Diaboli, Anselm further considers the case of the fallen angels, which serves to discuss the case of rational agents in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§11-205">[191]</a> The teacher argues that there are two forms of good—justice (justicia) and benefit (commodum)—and two forms of evil: injustice and harm (incommodum). All rational beings seek benefit and shun harm on their own account but independent choice permits them to abandon bounds imposed by justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§11-205">[191]</a> Some angels chose their own happiness in preference to justice and were punished by God for their injustice with less happiness. The angels who upheld justice were rewarded with such happiness that they are now incapable of sin, there being no happiness left for them to seek in opposition to the bounds of justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.2-204">[190]</a> Humans, meanwhile, retain the theoretical capacity to will justly but, owing to <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">the Fall</a>, they are incapable of doing so in practice except by divine grace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.3-206">[192]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ms_224_anselm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ms_224_anselm.jpg/220px-Ms_224_anselm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ms_224_anselm.jpg/330px-Ms_224_anselm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Ms_224_anselm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>The beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a>'s prologue, from a 12th-century manuscript held at <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cur_Deus_Homo">Cur Deus Homo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cur Deus Homo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction theory of atonement</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a> ("Why God was a Man") was written from 1095 to 1098 once Anselm was already archbishop of Canterbury<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> as a response for requests to discuss the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§7-207">[193]</a> It takes the form of a dialogue between Anselm and Boso, one of his students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_&_7-208">[194]</a> Its core is a purely rational argument for the necessity of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">mystery of atonement</a>, the belief that <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Jesus's crucifixion</a> was necessary to <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atone</a> for mankind's sin. Anselm argues that, owing to <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">the Fall</a> and mankind's fallen nature ever since, humanity has offended God. Divine justice demands restitution for sin but human beings are incapable of providing it, as all the actions of men are already obligated to the furtherance of God's glory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191183-209">[195]</a> Further, God's infinite justice demands infinite restitution for the impairment of his infinite dignity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.3-206">[192]</a> The enormity of the offence led Anselm to reject personal acts of atonement, even <a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Flagellants" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellants">flagellation</a>, as inadequate<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7NEzHGR24wwCpgPA176_176]-210">[196]</a> and ultimately vain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7NEzHGR24wwCpgPA178_178]-211">[197]</a> Instead, full recompense could only be made by God, which His infinite mercy inclines Him to provide. Atonement for humanity, however, could only be made through the figure of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, as a sinless being both fully divine and fully human.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§7-207">[193]</a> Taking it upon himself to offer his own life on our behalf, his crucifixion accrues infinite worth, more than redeeming mankind and permitting it to enjoy a just will in accord with its intended nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.3-206">[192]</a> This interpretation is notable for permitting divine justice and mercy to be entirely compatible<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006loc._??-171">[163]</a> and has exercised immense influence over church doctrine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley1909-212">[198]</a> largely supplanting the earlier theory developed by <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]-113">[111]</a> that had focused primarily on <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>'s power over <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">fallen man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a> Cur Deus Homo is often accounted Anselm's greatest work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]-113">[111]</a> but the legalist and amoral nature of the argument, along with its neglect of the individuals actually being redeemed, has been criticized both by comparison with the treatment by <a href="/wiki/Abelard" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelard">Abelard</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a> and for its subsequent development in <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Christianity">Protestant</a> theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley1909256–7-213">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XII_c._French_manuscript_of_Anselm%27s_%27De_Concordia%27_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/XII_c._French_manuscript_of_Anselm%27s_%27De_Concordia%27_%282%29.jpg/170px-XII_c._French_manuscript_of_Anselm%27s_%27De_Concordia%27_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/XII_c._French_manuscript_of_Anselm%27s_%27De_Concordia%27_%282%29.jpg/255px-XII_c._French_manuscript_of_Anselm%27s_%27De_Concordia%27_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/XII_c._French_manuscript_of_Anselm%27s_%27De_Concordia%27_%282%29.jpg/340px-XII_c._French_manuscript_of_Anselm%27s_%27De_Concordia%27_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The first page of a 12th-century manuscript of the De Concordia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other works">edit</a>]</div> Anselm's De Fide Trinitatis et de Incarnatione Verbi Contra Blasphemias Ruzelini ("On Faith in the Trinity and on the Incarnation of the Word Against the Blasphemies of Roscelin"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">[41]</a> also known as Epistolae de Incarnatione Verbi ("Letters on the Incarnation of the Word"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> was written in two drafts in 1092 and 1094.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">[41]</a> It defended <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a> and Anselm from association with the supposedly <a href="/wiki/Tritheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tritheist">tritheist</a> heresy espoused by <a href="/wiki/Roscelin_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscelin of Compiègne">Roscelin of Compiègne</a>, as well as arguing in favour of <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universals" class="mw-redirect" title="Universals">universals</a>. De Conceptu Virginali et de Originali Peccato ("On the Virgin Conception and Original Sin") was written in 1099.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> He claimed to have written it out of a desire to expand on an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a> for his student and friend Boso and takes the form of Anselm's half of a conversation with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> Although Anselm denied belief in <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Mary</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanaro200651-214">[200]</a> his thinking laid two principles which formed the groundwork for that dogma's development. The first is that it was proper that Mary should be so pure that—apart from God—no purer being could be imagined. The second was his treatment of original sin. Earlier theologians had held that it was transmitted from generation to generation by the sinful nature of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sex</a>. As in his earlier works, Anselm instead held that <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>'s sin was borne by his descendants through the change in human nature which occurred during the Fall. Parents were unable to establish a just nature in their children which they had never had themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanaro200652-215">[201]</a> This would subsequently be addressed in Mary's case by dogma surrounding the circumstances of her own birth. De Processione Spiritus Sancti Contra Graecos ("On the Procession of the Holy Spirit Against the Greeks"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForshall1840[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqvNfAAAAcAAJpgPA74_74]-175">[167]</a> written in 1102,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> is a recapitulation of Anselm's treatment of the subject at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Bari" title="Council of Bari">Council of Bari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGu5d7_bByvICpgPA203_203]-95">[93]</a> He discussed the Trinity first by stating that human beings could not know God from Himself but only from analogy. The analogy that he used was the self-consciousness of man. The peculiar double nature of consciousness, memory, and intelligence represents the relation of the Father to the Son. The mutual love of these two (memory and intelligence), proceeding from the relation they hold to one another, symbolizes the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">[160]</a> De Concordia Praescientiae et Praedestinationis et Gratiae Dei cum Libero Arbitrio ("On the Harmony of Foreknowledge and Predestination and the Grace of God with Free Choice") was written from 1107 to 1108.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> Like the De Conceptu Virginali, it takes the form of a single narrator in a dialogue, offering presumable objections from the other side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> Its treatment of free will relies on Anselm's earlier works, but goes into greater detail as to the ways in which there is no actual incompatibility or paradox created by the divine attributes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLeftow2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ8zGpbpwRhICpgPA201_201]-158">[152]</a> In its 5th chapter, Anselm reprises his consideration of <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternity</a> from the <a href="#Monologion">Monologion</a>. "Although nothing is there except what is present, it is not the temporal present, like ours, but rather the eternal, within which all times altogether are contained. If in a certain way, the present time contains every place and all the things that are in any place, likewise, every time is encompassed in the eternal present, and everything that is in any time."<a href="#cite_note-217">[203]</a> It is an overarching present, all beheld at once by God, thus permitting both his "foreknowledge" and genuine free choice on the part of mankind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido3oNBQAAQBAJpgPT43_43]-218">[204]</a> Fragments survive of the work Anselm left unfinished at his death, which would have been a dialogue concerning certain pairs of opposites, including ability/inability, possibility/impossibility, and necessity/freedom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§13-219">[205]</a> It is thus sometimes cited under the name De Potestate et Impotentia, Possibilitate et Impossibilitate, Necessitate et Libertate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">[41]</a> Another work, probably left unfinished by Anselm and subsequently revised and expanded, was De Humanis Moribus per Similitudines ("On Mankind's Morals, Told Through Likenesses") or De Similitudinibus ("On Likenesses").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinkova-Bruun2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpA6yCQAAQBAJpgPA85_85]-220">[206]</a> A collection of his sayings (Dicta Anselmi) was compiled, probably by the monk Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§14-221">[207]</a> He also composed prayers to various saints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA73_73]-20">[20]</a> Anselm wrote nearly 500 surviving letters (Epistolae) to clerics, monks, relatives, and others,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853361-222">[208]</a> the earliest being those written to the Norman monks who followed Lanfranc to England in 1070.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA73_73]-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Southern">Southern</a> asserts that all of Anselm's letters "even the most intimate" are statements of his religious beliefs, consciously composed so as to be read by many others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990396-223">[209]</a> His long letters to <a href="/wiki/Waltram" class="mw-redirect" title="Waltram">Waltram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Naumburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Naumburg">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Naumburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Naumburg">Naumberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Germany</a> (Epistolae ad Walerannum) De Sacrificio Azymi et Fermentati ("On Unleavened and Leavened Sacrifice") and De Sacramentis Ecclesiae ("On the Church's Sacraments") were both written between 1106 and 1107 and are sometimes bound as separate books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> Although he seldom asked others to pray for him, two of his letters to hermits do so, "evidence of his belief in their spiritual prowess".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes-Edwards2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPFSuBwAAQBAJpgPA19_19]-224">[210]</a> His letters of guidance—one to Hugh, a hermit near <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, and two to a community of lay nuns—endorse their lives as a refuge from the difficulties of the political world with which Anselm had to contend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes-Edwards2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPFSuBwAAQBAJpgPA19_19]-224">[210]</a> Many of Anselm's letters contain passionate expressions of attachment and affection, often addressed "to the beloved lover" (dilecto dilectori). While there is wide agreement that Anselm was personally committed to the monastic ideal of <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a>, some academics such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_P._McGuire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian P. McGuire (page does not exist)">McGuire</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuire1985-225">[211]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell">Boswell</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoswell1980218–219-226">[212]</a> have characterized these writings as expressions of a <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> inclination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoe200018-227">[213]</a> The general view, expressed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Olsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn Olsen (page does not exist)">Olsen</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsen1988-228">[214]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Southern">Southern</a>, sees the expressions as representing a "wholly spiritual" affection "nourished by an incorporeal ideal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990157-229">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eadmer_of_Canterbury_Writing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eadmer_of_Canterbury_Writing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Eadmer_of_Canterbury_Writing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eadmer_of_Canterbury_Writing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Eadmer_of_Canterbury_Writing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eadmer_of_Canterbury_Writing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Eadmer_of_Canterbury_Writing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>A 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illumination</a> of Eadmer composing Anselm's biography</figcaption></figure> Two biographies of Anselm were written shortly after his death by his chaplain and secretary <a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a> (Vita et Conversatione Anselmi Cantuariensis) and the monk Alexander (Ex Dictis Beati Anselmi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§1-32">[31]</a> Eadmer also detailed Anselm's struggles with the English monarchs in his history (Historia Novorum). Another was compiled about fifty years later by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a> at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853361-222">[208]</a> The historians <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis" title="Orderic Vitalis">Orderic Vitalis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> all left full accounts of his struggles against the second and third Norman kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853361-222">[208]</a> Anselm's students included <a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a>, Alexander, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Crispin" title="Gilbert Crispin">Gilbert Crispin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honorius_Augustodunensis" title="Honorius Augustodunensis">Honorius Augustodunensis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a>. His works were copied and disseminated in his lifetime and exercised an influence on the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Duns_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§2-146">[143]</a> His thoughts have guided much subsequent discussion on the procession of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a>. His work also anticipates much of the later controversies over <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1907-60">[59]</a> An extensive debate occurred—primarily among French scholars—in the early 1930s about "nature and possibility" of <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a>, which drew strongly on Anselm's work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§2-146">[143]</a> Modern scholarship remains sharply divided over the nature of Anselm's episcopal leadership. Some, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Fr%C3%B6hlich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Fröhlich (page does not exist)">Fröhlich</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFröhlich199037–52-230">[216]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dom_Schmitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dom Schmitt (page does not exist)">Schmitt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGale2010-231">[217]</a> argue for Anselm's attempts to manage his reputation as a devout scholar and cleric, minimizing the worldly conflicts he found himself forced into.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGale2010-231">[217]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sally_Vaughn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sally Vaughn (page does not exist)">Vaughn</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987-232">[218]</a> and others argue that the "carefully nurtured image of simple holiness and profound thinking" was precisely employed as a tool by an adept, disingenuous political operator,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGale2010-231">[217]</a> while the traditional view of the pious and reluctant church leader recorded by <a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a>—one who genuinely "nursed a deep-seated horror of worldly advancement"—is upheld by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Southern">Southern</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990459–481-233">[219]</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes-Edwards2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPFSuBwAAQBAJpgPA19_19]-224">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGale2010-231">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anselm-CanterburyVit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Anselm-CanterburyVit.jpg/220px-Anselm-CanterburyVit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Anselm-CanterburyVit.jpg/330px-Anselm-CanterburyVit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Anselm-CanterburyVit.jpg/440px-Anselm-CanterburyVit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century stained-glass window depicting Anselm as archbishop, with his <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">crozier</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Veneration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Becca_di_Nona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Becca_di_Nona.jpg/220px-Becca_di_Nona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Becca_di_Nona.jpg/330px-Becca_di_Nona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Becca_di_Nona.jpg/440px-Becca_di_Nona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Becca_di_Nona" title="Becca di Nona">Becca di Nona</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, the site of a <a href="#Veneration">supposed mystical vision</a> during Anselm's childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen28_12–14]-234">[220]</a></figcaption></figure> Anselm's <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> records that, when a child, he had a <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">miraculous vision</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> on the summit of the <a href="/wiki/Becca_di_Nona" title="Becca di Nona">Becca di Nona</a> near his home, with God asking his name, his home, and his quest before sharing bread with him. Anselm then slept, awoke, returned to Aosta, and then retraced his steps before returning to speak to his mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen28_12–14]-234">[220]</a> Anselm's <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> was requested of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Tours_1163" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Tours 1163">Council of Tours in 1163</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853361-222">[208]</a> He may have been formally canonized before Becket's murder in 1170: no record of this has survived but he was subsequently listed among the saints at Canterbury and elsewhere.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is usually reckoned, however, that his cult was only formally sanctioned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> in 1494<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990xxix-235">[221]</a> or 1497<a href="#cite_note-perron-138">[136]</a> at the request of <a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">Archbishop Morton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-perron-138">[136]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_the_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of the saints">feast day</a> is commemorated on the day of his death, 21 April, by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, much of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§1-32">[31]</a> and some forms of High Church <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The location of his <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> <a href="#Final_years">is uncertain</a>. His most common attribute is a ship, representing the spiritual independence of the church.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_Sant_Anselmo_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Roma_Sant_Anselmo_01.jpg/220px-Roma_Sant_Anselmo_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Roma_Sant_Anselmo_01.jpg/330px-Roma_Sant_Anselmo_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Roma_Sant_Anselmo_01.jpg/440px-Roma_Sant_Anselmo_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anselmo_all%27Aventino" title="Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino">Sant'Anselmo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Primate" title="Abbot Primate">Abbot Primate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Confederation" title="Benedictine Confederation">Benedictine Confederation</a></figcaption></figure> Anselm was proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a> in 1720;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">[26]</a> he is known as the doctor magnificus ("Magnificent Doctor")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">[41]</a> or the doctor Marianus ("<a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">Marian</a> doctor").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1909-236">[222]</a> A chapel of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> south of the high altar is dedicated to him; it includes a modern stained-glass representation of the saint, flanked by his mentor Lanfranc and his steward <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldwin_of_Tournai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldwin of Tournai (page does not exist)">Baldwin</a> and by kings William II and Henry I.<a href="#cite_note-237">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Atheneum_of_St._Anselm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm">Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm</a>, named in his honor, was established in Rome by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> in 1887. The adjacent <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anselmo_all%27Aventino" title="Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino">Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Primate" title="Abbot Primate">Abbot Primate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Confederation" title="Benedictine Confederation">Federation of Black Monks</a> (all the monks under the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St Benedict">Rule of St Benedict</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a>), was dedicated to him in 1900. 800 years after his death, on 21 April 1909, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> issued the encyclical "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communium_Rerum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communium Rerum (page does not exist)">Communium Rerum</a>" praising Anselm, his ecclesiastical career, and his writings. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anselm_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Anselm Abbey">Saint Anselm Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anselm_College" title="Saint Anselm College">its associated college</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>; they held a celebration in 2009 commemorating the 900th anniversary of Anselm's death. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a>, created the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Saint_Anselm" title="Community of Saint Anselm">Community of Saint Anselm</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Anglican religious order</a> that resides at <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> and is devoted to "<a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayer</a> and service to the poor".<a href="#cite_note-Lodge2015-239">[225]</a> Anselm is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a> on <a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">21 April</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[226]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProtestant_Episcopal_Church2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-241">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_of_Anselm's_works">Editions of Anselm's works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Editions of Anselm's works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGerberon1675" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gerberon" title="Gabriel Gerberon">Gerberon, Gabriel</a> (1675), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W65eJETCMyQC">Sancti Anselmi ex Beccensi Abbate Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi Opera, nec non Eadmeri Monachi Cantuariensis Historia Novorum, et Alia Opuscula [The Works of St Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury and Former Abbot of Bec, and the History of New Things and Other Minor Works of Eadmer, monk of Canterbury]</a> (in Latin), Paris: Louis Billaine & Jean du Puis (2d ed. published by François Montalant in 1721</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sancti+Anselmi+ex+Beccensi+Abbate+Cantuariensis+Archiepiscopi+Opera%2C+nec+non+Eadmeri+Monachi+Cantuariensis+Historia+Novorum%2C+et+Alia+Opuscula+%5BThe+Works+of+St+Anselm%2C+Archbishop+of+Canterbury+and+Former+Abbot+of+Bec%2C+and+the+History+of+New+Things+and+Other+Minor+Works+of+Eadmer%2C+monk+of+Canterbury%5D&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Louis+Billaine+%26+Jean+du+Puis+%282d+ed.+published+by+Fran%C3%A7ois+Montalant+in+1721&rft.date=1675&rft.aulast=Gerberon&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW65eJETCMyQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988">; republished with errors by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Migne" title="Jacques Paul Migne">Jacques Paul Migne</a> as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_1815-1875__Migne__Patrologia_Latina_158_(AD_1853)_Harvard_College_Library__MLT.pdf.html">Vols. CLVIII</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_1815-1875__Migne__Patrologia_Latina_159_(AD_1854)_Universite_Catholique_Lille__MLT.pdf.html">CLIX</a> of the 2nd series of his <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrologia Latina</a> in 1853 & 1854)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUbaghs1854" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ubaghs, Gerard Casimir [Gerardus Casimirus] (1854), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3oIPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1">De la Connaissance de Dieu, ou Monologue et Prosloge avec ses Appendices, de Saint Anselme, Archevêque de Cantorbéry et Docteur de l'Église [On Knowing God, or the Monologue and Proslogue with their Appendices, by Saint Anselme, Archbishop of Canterbury and Doctor of the Church]</a> (in Latin and French), Louvain: Vanlinthout & Cie</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+Connaissance+de+Dieu%2C+ou+Monologue+et+Prosloge+avec+ses+Appendices%2C+de+Saint+Anselme%2C+Archev%C3%AAque+de+Cantorb%C3%A9ry+et+Docteur+de+l%27%C3%89glise+%26%2391%3BOn+Knowing+God%2C+or+the+Monologue+and+Proslogue+with+their+Appendices%2C+by+Saint+Anselme%2C+Archbishop+of+Canterbury+and+Doctor+of+the+Church%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pub=Vanlinthout+%26+Cie&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Ubaghs&rft.aufirst=Gerard+Casimir+%5BGerardus+Casimirus%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3oIPAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagey1883" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ragey, Philibert (1883), Mariale seu Liber precum Metricarum ad Beatam Virginem Mariam Quotidie Dicendarum (in Latin), London: Burns & Oates</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mariale+seu+Liber+precum+Metricarum+ad+Beatam+Virginem+Mariam+Quotidie+Dicendarum&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Ragey&rft.aufirst=Philibert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeane1903" class="citation cs2">Deane, Sidney Norton (1903), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/ans/ans000.htm">St. Anselm: Proslogium, Monologium, an Appendix in Behalf of the Fool by Gaunilon, and Cur Deus Homo with an Introduction, Bibliography, and Reprints of the Opinions of Leading Philosophers and Writers on the Ontological Argument</a>, Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co. (Republished and expanded as St. Anselm: Basic Writings in 1962)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Anselm%3A+Proslogium%2C+Monologium%2C+an+Appendix+in+Behalf+of+the+Fool+by+Gaunilon%2C+and+Cur+Deus+Homo+with+an+Introduction%2C+Bibliography%2C+and+Reprints+of+the+Opinions+of+Leading+Philosophers+and+Writers+on+the+Ontological+Argument&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Co.+%28Republished+and+expanded+as+St.+Anselm%3A+Basic+Writings+in+1962%29&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=Sidney+Norton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fchr%2Fans%2Fans000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1903" class="citation cs2">Webb, Clement Charles Julian (1903), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/devotionssainta00ansegoog#page/n9/mode/2up">The Devotions of Saint Anselm Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, London: Methuen & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devotions+of+Saint+Anselm+Archbishop+of+Canterbury&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Clement+Charles+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdevotionssainta00ansegoog%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"> (Translating the Proslogion, the "Meditations", and some prayers and letters)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1936" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitt, Franz Sales [Franciscus Salesius] (1936), "Ein neues unvollendetes Werk des heilige Anselm von Canterbury [A New Unfinished Work by St Anselm of Canterbury]", Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters [Contributions on the History of the Philosophy and Theology of the Middle Ages], Vol. XXXIII, No. 3 (in Latin and German), Munster: Aschendorf, pp. 22–43</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EEin+neues+unvollendetes+Werk+des+heilige+Anselm+von+Canterbury%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text+%5BA+New+Unfinished+Work+by+St+Anselm+of+Canterbury%5D&rft.btitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Geschichte+der+Philosophie+und+Theologie+des+Mittelalters+%5BContributions+on+the+History+of+the+Philosophy+and+Theology+of+the+Middle+Ages%5D%2C+Vol.+XXXIII%2C+No.+3&rft.place=Munster&rft.pages=22-43&rft.pub=Aschendorf&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Franz+Sales+%5BFranciscus+Salesius%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1964" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Henry, Desmond Paul (1964), The De Grammatico of St Anselm (in Latin and English), South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+De+Grammatico+of+St+Anselm&rft.place=South+Bend&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Desmond+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth1965" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Charlesworth, Maxwell John (1965), St. Anselm's Proslogion (in Latin and English), South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Anselm%27s+Proslogion&rft.place=South+Bend&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1968" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitt, Franz Sales [Franciscus Salesius] (1968), S. Anselmi Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi Opera Omnia [The Complete Works of St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury] (in Latin), Stuttgart: Friedrich Fromann Verlag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.+Anselmi+Cantuariensis+Archiepiscopi+Opera+Omnia&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Friedrich+Fromann+Verlag&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Franz+Sales+%5BFranciscus+Salesius%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern_&_al.1969" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard W. Southern">Southern, Richard W.</a>; et al. (1969), Memorials of St. Anselm (in Latin and English), Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+of+St.+Anselm&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Franz+Sales+%5BFranciscus+Salesius%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1973" class="citation cs2">Ward, Benedicta (1973), The Prayers and Meditations of Saint Anselm, New York: Penguin Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prayers+and+Meditations+of+Saint+Anselm&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Benedicta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasper_&_al.1976" class="citation cs2">Hopkins, Jasper; et al. (1976), Anselm of Canterbury, Edwin Mellen (A reprint of earlier separate translations; republished by Arthur J. Banning Press as The Complete Philosophical and Theological Treatises of Anselm of Canterbury in 2000)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+of+Canterbury&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+%28A+reprint+of+earlier+separate+translations%3B+republished+by+Arthur+J.+Banning+Press+as+The+Complete+Philosophical+and+Theological+Treatises+of+Anselm+of+Canterbury+in+2000%29&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"> (Hopkins's translations available here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://jasper-hopkins.info/">[1]</a>.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFröhlich1990–1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fröhlich, Walter (1990–1994), The Letters of Saint Anselm of Canterbury (in Latin and English), Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Saint+Anselm+of+Canterbury&rft.place=Kalamazoo&rft.pub=Cistercian+Publications&rft.date=1990%2F1994&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B6hlich&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesEvans1998" class="citation cs2">Davies, Brian; et al. (1998), Anselm of Canterbury: The Major Works, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+of+Canterbury%3A+The+Major+Works&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Evans%2C+Gillian+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation cs2">Williams, Thomas (2007), Anselm: Basic Writings, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing (A reprint of earlier separate translations)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm%3A+Basic+Writings&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+%28A+reprint+of+earlier+separate+translations%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fides_quaerens_intellectum" title="Fides quaerens intellectum">Fides quaerens intellectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anselm (disambiguation)">Other Anselms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anselm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Anselm (disambiguation)">Saint Anselms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anselm%27s_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Saint Anselm's (disambiguation)">Saint Anselm's</a>, various places named in Anselm's honor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury%E2%80%93York_dispute" title="Canterbury–York dispute">Canterbury–York dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/April_21" title="Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/April 21">Saint Anselm of Canterbury, patron saint archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the British Isles">Slavery in the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> An entry concerning Anselm's parents in the records of Christ Church in Canterbury leaves open the possibility of a later reconciliation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson1996-18">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Anselm did not publicly condemn the Crusade but replied to an Italian whose brother was then in Asia Minor that he would be better off in a monastery instead. <a href="/wiki/R._W._Southern" title="R. W. Southern">Southern</a> summarized his position in this way: "For him, the important choice was quite simply between the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavenly Jerusalem">heavenly Jerusalem</a>, the true vision of Peace signified by the name Jerusalem, which was to be found in the monastic life, and the carnage of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages">earthly Jerusalem</a> in this world, which under whatever name was nothing but a vision of destruction".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990169-83">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Direct knowledge of Plato's works was still quite limited. <a href="/wiki/Calcidius" title="Calcidius">Calcidius</a>'s incomplete Latin translation of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> was available and a staple of 12th-century philosophy but "seems not to have interested" Anselm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrq2qXlegt4CpgPA170_170]-143">[141]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Neque enim quaero intelligere ut credam, sed <a href="/wiki/Credo_ut_intelligam" title="Credo ut intelligam">credo ut intelligam</a>. Nam et hoc credo, quia, nisi credidero, non intelligam. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Other examples include "The Christian ought to go forth to understanding through faith, not journey to faith through understanding" (Christianus per fidem debet ad intellectum proficere, non per intellectum ad fidem accedere) and "The correct order demands that we believe the depths of the Christian faith before we presume to discuss it with reason" (Rectus ordo exigit, ut profunda Christianae fidei credamus, priusquam ea praesumamus ratione discutere).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Negligentise mihi esse videtur, si, postquam confirmatius in fide, non studemus quod credimus, intelligere. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Anselm requested the works be retitled in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Archbishop_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh, Archbishop of Lyon">Hugh, Archbishop of Lyon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselm_of_Canterbury''Letters'',_No.&nbsp;109-160">[154]</a> but didn't explain why he chose to use the Greek forms. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Logan" title="Ian Logan">Logan</a> conjectures it may have derived from Anselm's secondhand acquaintance with <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> terms used by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St Augustine</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA85_85]-159">[153]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meditandus" class="extiw" title="wikt:meditandus">meditandus</a> is usually translated as "<a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>", Anselm was not using the term in its modern sense of "self-reflection" or "consideration" but instead as a philosophical <a href="/wiki/Term_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Term of art">term of art</a> which described the more active process of silently "reaching out into the unknown".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA86_86]-163">[156]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> See note above on the renaming of Anselm's works. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> As by Thomas Williams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3-177">[168]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Various scholars have disputed the use of the term "ontological" in reference to Anselm's argument. A list up to his own time is provided by <a href="/wiki/James_McEvoy_(philosopher)" title="James McEvoy (philosopher)">McEvoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy1994-179">[169]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Variations of the argument were elaborated and defended by <a href="/wiki/John_Duns_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Gödel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Malcolm" title="Norman Malcolm">Malcolm</a>. In addition to Gaunilo, other notable objectors to its reasoning include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, with the most thorough analysis having been done by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_E._Oppenheimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul E. Oppenheimer (page does not exist)">Oppenheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimerZalta1991-187">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimerZalta2007-188">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimerZalta2011-189">[178]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> The title is a reference to Anselm's invocation of the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>' "The fool has said in his heart, 'There is no God'".<a href="#cite_note-192">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[181]</a> Gaunilo offers that, if Anselm's argument were all that supported the existence of God, the fool would be correct in rejecting his reasoning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3-177">[168]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Southern">Southern</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern199065-198">[185]</a> and Thomas Williams<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">[32]</a> date it to 1059–60, while <a href="/wiki/John_Marenbon" title="John Marenbon">Marenbon</a> places it "probably... shortly after" 1087.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrq2qXlegt4CpgPA170_170]-143">[141]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_Pension_Fund2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_Pension_Fund2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChurch_Pension_Fund2010">Church Pension Fund (2010)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516024927/http://www.resurrectionpeople.org/saints.html">"Notable Lutheran Saints"</a>. Resurrectionpeople.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resurrectionpeople.org/saints.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resurrectionpeople.org&rft.atitle=Notable+Lutheran+Saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resurrectionpeople.org%2Fsaints.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200323–24-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200323–24_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200323–24_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth2003">Charlesworth (2003)</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201466-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201466_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith (2014)</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLeftow2004120-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesLeftow2004120_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesLeftow2004">Davies & Leftow (2004)</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarrone2014146-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarrone2014146_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarrone2014">Marrone (2014)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Anselm-of-Canterbury">"Saint Anselm of Canterbury"</a>. Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Anselm+of+Canterbury&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Anselm-of-Canterbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen18_2–3]-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen18_2–3]_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRule1883">Rule (1883)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimessta01ansegoog/page/n18">2–3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1–2]-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1–2]_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRule1883">Rule (1883)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimessta01ansegoog/page/n34">1–2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern19907-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern19907_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern19907_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1912155-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1912155_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrevité-Orton1912">Previté-Orton (1912)</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsch1911-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirsch1911_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirsch1911">Kirsch (1911)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack_Smith1989">Mack Smith (1989)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillari1911254–257-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillari1911254–257_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillari1911">Villari (1911)</a>, pp. 254–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1–4]-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1–4]_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRule1883">Rule (1883)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimessta01ansegoog/page/n34">1–4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern19908-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern19908_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891_17-18">s</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1878">EB (1878)</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson1996-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson1996_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson1996_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobson1996">Robson (1996)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivolin2009-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivolin2009_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivolin2009_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRivolin2009">Rivolin (2009)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA73_73]-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA73_73]_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA73_73]_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA73_73]_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone (2005)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">73</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1]-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1]_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen34_1]_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRule1883">Rule (1883)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimessta01ansegoog/page/n34">1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen18_2]-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen18_2]_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRule1883">Rule (1883)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimessta01ansegoog/page/n18">2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen20_4–7]-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen20_4–7]_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRule1883">Rule (1883)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimessta01ansegoog/page/n20">4–7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen23_7–8]-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen23_7–8]_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen23_7–8]_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRule1883">Rule (1883)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimessta01ansegoog/page/n23">7–8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern19909-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern19909_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1864-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1864_26-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFButler1864">Butler (1864)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot-Buxton1915Ch.&nbsp;3-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot-Buxton1915Ch.&nbsp;3_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot-Buxton1915">Wilmot-Buxton (1915)</a>, Ch. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853365–366-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853365–366_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. 365–366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853366-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853366_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth20039-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharlesworth20039_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth2003">Charlesworth (2003)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§1-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§1_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§1_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§1_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§1_32-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§1_33-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP (2007)</a>, §1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern199032-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern199032_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200310-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200310_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth2003">Charlesworth (2003)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853366–367-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853366–367_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, pp. 366–367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853367–368-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853367–368_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. 367–368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853368-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853368_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975282-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975282_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200315-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200315_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth2003">Charlesworth (2003)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA483_483]-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA483_483]_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA483_483]_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA483_483]_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA483_483]_41-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xw4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA483">483</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000_42-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000_42-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000_42-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000_42-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesik2000_42-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrzesik2000">Grzesik (2000)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975281-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975281_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853369-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853369_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200316-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200316_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200316_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth2003">Charlesworth (2003)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200574-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200574_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200574_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone (2005)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853370-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853370_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA189_189]-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA189_189]_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA189_189]_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxf-LvQvvwIC&pg=PA189">189</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853371-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853371_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1983298–299-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1983298–299_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarlow1983">Barlow (1983)</a>, pp. 298–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA189_189–190]-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA189_189–190]_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxf-LvQvvwIC&pg=PA189">189–190</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA191_191–192]-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA191_191–192]_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxf-LvQvvwIC&pg=PA191">191–192</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1983306-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1983306_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarlow1983">Barlow (1983)</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1974246-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1974246_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1974">Vaughn (1974)</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975286-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975286_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975286_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975286_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1974248-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1974248_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1974">Vaughn (1974)</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200317-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200317_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth2003">Charlesworth (2003)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoniface747Letter_to_Cuthbert-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoniface747Letter_to_Cuthbert_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoniface747">Boniface (747)</a>, Letter to Cuthbert. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1911683-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1911683_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes1911">Hayes (1911)</a>, p. 683. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1907-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent1907_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent1907_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent1907">Kent (1907)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1988218-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1988218_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1988">Vaughn (1988)</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978357-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978357_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978357_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1978">Vaughn (1978)</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975293-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975293_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975293_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975293_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975293_63-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891–92-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891–92_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187891–92_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1878">EB (1878)</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198082-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198082_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198082_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1980">Vaughn (1980)</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198083-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198083_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198083_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1980">Vaughn (1980)</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975298-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975298_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975298_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuggan196598–99-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuggan196598–99_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuggan1965">Duggan (1965)</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen60_38]-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen60_38]_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillis1845">Willis (1845)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecturalhi03willgoog/page/n60">38</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen39_17–18]-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen39_17–18]_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillis1845">Willis (1845)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecturalhi03willgoog/page/n39">17–18</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook194949-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook194949_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1949">Cook (1949)</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen67_45–47]-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen67_45–47]_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillis1845">Willis (1845)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecturalhi03willgoog/page/n67">45–47</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975287-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975287_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA482_482]-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA482_482]_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA482_482]_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xw4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA482">482</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot-Buxton1915136-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot-Buxton1915136_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmot-Buxton1915">Wilmot-Buxton (1915)</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell_&_al.196852-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell_&_al.196852_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell_&_al.1968">Powell & al. (1968)</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987182–185-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987182–185_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1987">Vaughn (1987)</a>, pp. 182–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975289-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975289_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECantor195892-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantor195892_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCantor1958">Cantor (1958)</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1983342–344-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1983342–344_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarlow1983">Barlow (1983)</a>, pp. 342–344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideIADAAAAQAAJpgPA73_73]-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideIADAAAAQAAJpgPA73_73]_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1874">Davies (1874)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIADAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA73">73</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA485_485]-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA485_485]_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA485_485]_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xw4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA485">485</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990169-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990169_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECantor195897-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantor195897_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCantor1958">Cantor (1958)</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987188-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987188_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1987">Vaughn (1987)</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987194-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987194_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1987">Vaughn (1987)</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidh_zW8TBBVQkCpgPA47_47]-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidh_zW8TBBVQkCpgPA47_47]_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotter2009">Potter (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_zW8TBBVQkC&pg=PA47">47</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975291-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975291_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975292-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975292_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978360-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978360_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1978">Vaughn (1978)</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcimpTwnAjxwCpgPA279_279]-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcimpTwnAjxwCpgPA279_279]_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcimpTwnAjxwCpgPA279_279]_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcimpTwnAjxwCpgPA279_279]_92-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cimpTwnAjxwC&pg=PA279">279</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1963-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1963_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1963_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1963">Southern (1963)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidd1927[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtc5FAAAAQBAJpgPA252_252–3]-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd1927[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtc5FAAAAQBAJpgPA252_252–3]_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidd1927[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtc5FAAAAQBAJpgPA252_252–3]_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKidd1927">Kidd (1927)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tc5FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA252">252–3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGu5d7_bByvICpgPA203_203]-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGu5d7_bByvICpgPA203_203]_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGu5d7_bByvICpgPA203_203]_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGu5d7_bByvICpgPA203_203]_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGu5d7_bByvICpgPA203_203]_95-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortescue1907">Fortescue (1907)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu5d7_bByvIC&pg=PA203">203</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187892_96-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1878">EB (1878)</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990280-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990280_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990281-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990281_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpe2009-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharpe2009_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharpe2009">Sharpe (2009)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198063-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198063_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1980">Vaughn (1980)</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA291_291]-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlxf-LvQvvwICpgPA291_291]_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxf-LvQvvwIC&pg=PA291">291</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister1983120-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollister1983120_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollister1983">Hollister (1983)</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198067-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198067_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1980">Vaughn (1980)</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister2003137–138-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollister2003137–138_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollister2003">Hollister (2003)</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister2003135–136-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollister2003135–136_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollister2003">Hollister (2003)</a>, pp. 135–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975295-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975295_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975295_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975295_106-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister2003128–129-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollister2003128–129_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollister2003">Hollister (2003)</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartner1973467–475,_468-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartner1973467–475,_468_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPartner1973">Partner (1973)</a>, pp. 467–475, 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoswell1980215-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoswell1980215_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoswell1980">Boswell (1980)</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawley1910-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawley1910_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrawley1910">Crawley (1910)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA489_489–91]-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA489_489–91]_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xw4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA489">489–91</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198071-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198071_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1980">Vaughn (1980)</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]_113-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]_113-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfUqcAQAAQBAJpgPA74_74]_113-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone (2005)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">74</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198074-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198074_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1980">Vaughn (1980)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200319–20-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharlesworth200319–20_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth2003">Charlesworth (2003)</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA496_496–97]-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA496_496–97]_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xw4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA496">496–97</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198075-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198075_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1980">Vaughn (1980)</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978367-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978367_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1978367_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1978">Vaughn (1978)</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198076-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198076_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198076_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1980">Vaughn (1980)</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198077-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198077_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1980">Vaughn (1980)</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA497_497–98]-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA497_497–98]_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xw4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA497">497–98</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975296–297-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975296–297_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, pp. 296–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn198080-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn198080_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1980">Vaughn (1980)</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975297-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1975297_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1975">Vaughn (1975)</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross" class="citation cs2">Cross, Michael, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canterbury-buildings.org.uk/#/altar-anselm/4567028795">"Altar in St Anselm Chapel"</a>, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 30 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Altar+in+St+Anselm+Chapel&rft.btitle=Canterbury+Historical+and+Archaeological+Society&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanterbury-buildings.org.uk%2F%23%2Faltar-anselm%2F4567028795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMEAPF_St_Anselms_Chapel_Altar_Canterbury_Cathedral_Canterbury_Kent_UK">"St Anselm's Chapel Altar"</a>, Waymarking, Seattle: Groundspeak, 28 April 2012, retrieved 30 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Anselm%27s+Chapel+Altar&rft.btitle=Waymarking&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Groundspeak&rft.date=2012-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWMEAPF_St_Anselms_Chapel_Altar_Canterbury_Cathedral_Canterbury_Kent_UK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA498_498]-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Xw4AQAAMAAJpgPA498_498]_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xw4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA498">498</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen68_46]-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis1845[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchitecturalhi03willgoogpagen68_46]_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillis1845">Willis (1845)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecturalhi03willgoog/page/n68">46</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllard_&_al.1931[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnWsX2dhAONACpgPA21_App.&nbsp;D,_p.&nbsp;21]-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllard_&_al.1931[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnWsX2dhAONACpgPA21_App.&nbsp;D,_p.&nbsp;21]_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllard_&_al.1931[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnWsX2dhAONACpgPA21_App.&nbsp;D,_p.&nbsp;21]_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOllard_&_al.1931">Ollard & al. (1931)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWsX2dhAONAC&pg=PA21">App. D, p. 21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA227_227–228]-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA227_227–228]_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHMC1901">HMC (1901)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA227">227–228</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-SS-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SS_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS_131-2">c</a> A letter of 9 January 1753 by "S.S." (probably <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shuckford" title="Samuel Shuckford">Samuel Shuckford</a> but possibly Samuel Stedman)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllard_&_al.1931[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnWsX2dhAONACpgPA21_App.&nbsp;D,_p.&nbsp;21]-129">[127]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA227_227–228]-130">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllard_&_al.1931[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnWsX2dhAONACpgPA20_App.&nbsp;D,_p.&nbsp;20]-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllard_&_al.1931[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnWsX2dhAONACpgPA20_App.&nbsp;D,_p.&nbsp;20]_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOllard_&_al.1931">Ollard & al. (1931)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWsX2dhAONAC&pg=PA20">App. D, p. 20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA226_226]-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA226_226]_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHMC1901">HMC (1901)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA226">226</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> A letter of 23 December 1752 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(Dean_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lynch (Dean of Canterbury)">John Lynch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA226_226]-133">[131]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA227_227]-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA227_227]_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHMC1901">HMC (1901)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA227">227</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> A letter of 6 January 1753 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(Dean_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lynch (Dean of Canterbury)">John Lynch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA227_227]-135">[133]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA229_229–230]-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA229_229–230]_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHMC1901">HMC (1901)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA229">229–230</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-perron-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perron_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-perron_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-perron_138-2">c</a> A letter of 31 March 1753 by P. Bradley to <a href="/wiki/Count_Perron" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Perron">Count Perron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA229_229–230]-137">[135]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA230_230–231]-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA230_230–231]_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHMC1901">HMC (1901)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA230">230–231</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-perron2-140"><a href="#cite_ref-perron2_140-0">^</a> A letter of 16 August 1841 by Lord Bolton, possibly to W. R. Lyall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMC1901[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGWcpAAAAYAAJpgPA230_230–231]-139">[137]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLeftow2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ8zGpbpwRhICpgPA2_2]-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesLeftow2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ8zGpbpwRhICpgPA2_2]_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesLeftow2004">Davies & Leftow (2004)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8zGpbpwRhIC&pg=PA2">2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006Introduction-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006Introduction_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrq2qXlegt4CpgPA170_170]-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrq2qXlegt4CpgPA170_170]_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrq2qXlegt4CpgPA170_170]_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2005">Marenbon (2005)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrq2qXlegt4C&pg=PA170">170</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA14_14]-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA14_14]_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA14_14]_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLogan2009">Logan (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KO0zKJuNi4C&pg=PA14">14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§2-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§2_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§2_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§2_146-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrq2qXlegt4CpgPA169_169–170]-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqrq2qXlegt4CpgPA169_169–170]_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2005">Marenbon (2005)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrq2qXlegt4C&pg=PA169">169–170</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollister1982302-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollister1982302_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollister1982">Hollister (1982)</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191182_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm (1911)</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff2005-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff2005_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaff2005">Schaff (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP (2007)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselm_of_Canterbury''Cur_Deus_Homo'',_Vol.&nbsp;I,_§2-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselm_of_Canterbury''Cur_Deus_Homo'',_Vol.&nbsp;I,_§2_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, Cur Deus Homo, Vol. I, §2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselm_of_Canterbury''De_Fide_Trinitatis'',_§2-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselm_of_Canterbury''De_Fide_Trinitatis'',_§2_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, De Fide Trinitatis, §2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_157-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLeftow2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ8zGpbpwRhICpgPA201_201]-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesLeftow2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ8zGpbpwRhICpgPA201_201]_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesLeftow2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ8zGpbpwRhICpgPA201_201]_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesLeftow2004">Davies & Leftow (2004)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8zGpbpwRhIC&pg=PA201">201</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA85_85]-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA85_85]_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA85_85]_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA85_85]_159-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLogan2009">Logan (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KO0zKJuNi4C&pg=PA85">85</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselm_of_Canterbury''Letters'',_No.&nbsp;109-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselm_of_Canterbury''Letters'',_No.&nbsp;109_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, Letters, No. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuscombe1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_T2cAQAAQBAJpgPA44_44]-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuscombe1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_T2cAQAAQBAJpgPA44_44]_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuscombe1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_T2cAQAAQBAJpgPA44_44]_162-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuscombe1997">Luscombe (1997)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_T2cAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA44">44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA86_86]-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA86_86]_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLogan2009">Logan (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KO0zKJuNi4C&pg=PA86">86</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson1981214-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson1981214_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson1981">Gibson (1981)</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA21_21]-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA21_21]_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA21_21]_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLogan2009">Logan (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KO0zKJuNi4C&pg=PA21">21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA21_21–22]-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4KO0zKJuNi4CpgPA21_21–22]_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLogan2009">Logan (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KO0zKJuNi4C&pg=PA21">21–22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''187893_168-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1878">EB (1878)</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, Monologion, p. 7, translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Sadler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Sadler (page does not exist)">Sadler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3-157">[151]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.1-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.1_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP (2007)</a>, §2.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006loc._??-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006loc._??_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006loc._??_171-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, loc. ??. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.2-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.2_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.2_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.2_172-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.2_172-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP (2007)</a>, §2.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers20088-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers20088_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers20088_173-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2008">Rogers (2008)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§6-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§6_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForshall1840[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqvNfAAAAcAAJpgPA74_74]-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForshall1840[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqvNfAAAAcAAJpgPA74_74]_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForshall1840[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqvNfAAAAcAAJpgPA74_74]_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFForshall1840">Forshall (1840)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvNfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA74">74</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3_177-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3_177-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3_177-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3_177-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§2.3_177-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP (2007)</a>, §2.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy1994-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy1994_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy1994">McEvoy (1994)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4_181-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4_181-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4_181-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4_181-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §4. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, Proslogion, p. 104, translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Sadler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Sadler (page does not exist)">Sadler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4-181">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§3.1-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§3.1_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§3.1_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§3.1_183-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP (2007)</a>, §3.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§3.2-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§3.2_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP (2007)</a>, §3.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, Proslogion, p. 115, translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Sadler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Sadler (page does not exist)">Sadler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4-181">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, Proslogion, p. 117, translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Sadler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Sadler (page does not exist)">Sadler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4-181">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimerZalta1991-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppenheimerZalta1991_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppenheimerZalta1991">Oppenheimer & Zalta (1991)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimerZalta2007-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppenheimerZalta2007_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppenheimerZalta2007">Oppenheimer & Zalta (2007)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimerZalta2011-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppenheimerZalta2011_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppenheimerZalta2011">Oppenheimer & Zalta (2011)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§5-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§5_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§5_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§5_191-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §5. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Psalm 14:1. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Psalm 53:1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlima2000-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlima2000_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlima2000">Klima (2000)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolterstorff1993-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolterstorff1993_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolterstorff1993">Wolterstorff (1993)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, Proslogion, p. 103, translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Sadler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Sadler (page does not exist)">Sadler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§4-181">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern199065-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern199065_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§8-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§8_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.1-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.1_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.1_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.1_201-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP (2007)</a>, §4.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§9-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§9_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §9. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, De Veritate, p. 185, translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Sadler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Sadler (page does not exist)">Sadler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§9-202">[188]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.2-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.2_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.2_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP (2007)</a>, §4.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§11-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§11_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§11_205-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.3-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.3_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.3_206-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''SEP''2007§4.3_206-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSEP2007">SEP (2007)</a>, §4.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§7-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§7_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§7_207-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_&_7-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§3_&_7_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §3 & 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191183-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191183_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm (1911)</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7NEzHGR24wwCpgPA176_176]-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulton2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7NEzHGR24wwCpgPA176_176]_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulton2002">Fulton (2002)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7NEzHGR24wwC&pg=PA176">176</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7NEzHGR24wwCpgPA178_178]-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulton2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7NEzHGR24wwCpgPA178_178]_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulton2002">Fulton (2002)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7NEzHGR24wwC&pg=PA178">178</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley1909-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley1909_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoley1909">Foley (1909)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley1909256–7-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley1909256–7_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoley1909">Foley (1909)</a>, pp. 256–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanaro200651-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanaro200651_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJanaro2006">Janaro (2006)</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanaro200652-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanaro200652_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJanaro2006">Janaro (2006)</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§12-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§12_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §12. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, De Concordia, p. 254, translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Sadler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Sadler (page does not exist)">Sadler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§12-216">[202]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido3oNBQAAQBAJpgPT43_43]-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido3oNBQAAQBAJpgPT43_43]_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland2012">Holland (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3oNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT43">43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§13-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§13_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinkova-Bruun2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpA6yCQAAQBAJpgPA85_85]-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinkova-Bruun2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpA6yCQAAQBAJpgPA85_85]_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDinkova-Bruun2015">Dinkova-Bruun (2015)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pA6yCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">85</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler2006§14-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler2006§14_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadler2006">Sadler (2006)</a>, §14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853361-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853361_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853361_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853361_222-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Rambler''1853361_222-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambler1853">Rambler (1853)</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990396-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990396_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes-Edwards2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPFSuBwAAQBAJpgPA19_19]-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Edwards2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPFSuBwAAQBAJpgPA19_19]_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Edwards2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPFSuBwAAQBAJpgPA19_19]_224-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Edwards2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPFSuBwAAQBAJpgPA19_19]_224-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes-Edwards2012">Hughes-Edwards (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFSuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">19</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGuire1985-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGuire1985_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGuire1985">McGuire (1985)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoswell1980218–219-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoswell1980218–219_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoswell1980">Boswell (1980)</a>, pp. 218–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoe200018-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoe200018_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoe2000">Doe (2000)</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsen1988-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsen1988_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlsen1988">Olsen (1988)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990157-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990157_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFröhlich199037–52-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFröhlich199037–52_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFröhlich1990">Fröhlich (1990)</a>, pp. 37–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGale2010-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGale2010_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGale2010_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGale2010_231-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGale2010_231-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGale2010">Gale (2010)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn1987_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughn1987">Vaughn (1987)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990459–481-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990459–481_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, pp. 459–481. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen28_12–14]-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen28_12–14]_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERule1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandtimessta01ansegoogpagen28_12–14]_234-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRule1883">Rule (1883)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimessta01ansegoog/page/n28">12–14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1990xxix-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1990xxix_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1990">Southern (1990)</a>, p. xxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1909-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1909_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1909">Jackson (1909)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aclerkofoxford.blogspot.com/2011/04/stained-glass-of-canterbury-modern.html/2011/04/stained-glass-of-canterbury-modern.html">"The Stained Glass of Canterbury, Modern Edition"</a>, 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Tableau de la vie monastique, et de la lutte du pouvoir spirituel avec le pouvoir temporel au onzième siècle. Par M.C. de Remusat. Didier, Paris, 1853", The Rambler, A Catholic Journal and Review, Vol. XII, No. 71 & 72, London: Levey, Robson, & Franklyn for Burns & Lambert, 1853, pp. 360–374, 480–499</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reviews%3A+St.+Gregory+and+St.+Anselm%3A+Saint+Anselme+de+Cantorbery.+Tableau+de+la+vie+monastique%2C+et+de+la+lutte+du+pouvoir+spirituel+avec+le+pouvoir+temporel+au+onzi%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle.+Par+M.C.+de+Remusat.+Didier%2C+Paris%2C+1853&rft.btitle=The+Rambler%2C+A+Catholic+Journal+and+Review%2C+Vol.+XII%2C+No.+71+%26+72&rft.place=London&rft.pages=360-374%2C+480-499&rft.pub=Levey%2C+Robson%2C+%26+Franklyn+for+Burns+%26+Lambert&rft.date=1853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSEP2007" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anselm/">"Saint Anselm"</a>, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 2000 [Revised 2007]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Anselm&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fanselm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnselm_of_Canterbury" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anselm of Canterbury, De Concordia (in Latin), (<a href="#Further_reading">Schmitt edition</a>)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Concordia&rft.pub=%28Schmitt+edition%29&rft.au=Anselm+of+Canterbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (1983), William Rufus, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04936-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04936-5"><bdi>0-520-04936-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Rufus&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-520-04936-5&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Baynes, T. 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Fairweather">Fairweather, Eugene</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.co.uk/LHomme-destin-dapres-penseurs-moyen-age-AA.VV/31721918435/bd#&gid=1&pid=1">"Truth, Justice and Moral Responsibility in the Thought of St. Anselm"</a>. 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href="http://www.fordham.edu/gsas/phil/klima/anselm.htm">"Saint Anselm's Proof: A Problem of Reference, Intentional Identity and Mutual Understanding"</a>, Medieval Philosophy and Modern Times (Proceedings of "Medieval and Modern Philosophy of Religion", Boston University, 25–27 August 1992), Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 69–88</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Anselm%27s+Proof%3A+A+Problem+of+Reference%2C+Intentional+Identity+and+Mutual+Understanding&rft.btitle=Medieval+Philosophy+and+Modern+Times+%28Proceedings+of+%22Medieval+and+Modern+Philosophy+of+Religion%22%2C+Boston+University%2C+25%E2%80%9327+August+1992%29&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=69-88&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Klima&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fgsas%2Fphil%2Fklima%2Fanselm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link 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In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 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Shrimpton for Parker</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architectural+History+of+Canterbury+Cathedral&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=I.+Shrimpton+for+Parker&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1kgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmot-Buxton1915" class="citation cs2">Wilmot-Buxton, Ethel Mary (1915), Anselm, Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Morris_Meredith_Williams" title="Morris Meredith Williams">Morris Meredith Williams</a>, London: George G. Harrap & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+G.+Harrap+%26+Co.&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Wilmot-Buxton&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolterstorff1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Wolterstorff, Nicholas</a> (1993), "In Defense of Gaunilo's Defense of the Fool", Christian Perspectives on Religious Knowledge, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>: William B. Eerdmans Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Gaunilo%27s+Defense+of+the+Fool&rft.btitle=Christian+Perspectives+on+Religious+Knowledge&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Wolterstorff&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cousin" title="Victor Cousin">Cousin, M. Victor</a> (1852), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fO7jAAAAMAAJ">Course of the History of Modern Philosophy, Vol. II, Lecture IX: Scholastic Philosophy</a>, New York: D. Appleton & Co. (translated from the French by O.W. Wight, reprinted 1869)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Course+of+the+History+of+Modern+Philosophy%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Lecture+IX%3A+Scholastic+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Co.+%28translated+from+the+French+by+O.W.+Wight%2C+reprinted+1869%29&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Cousin&rft.aufirst=M.+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfO7jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Anselm of Canterbury, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo">Cur Deus Homo </a>, (<a href="#Further_reading">Deane translation</a>)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cur+Deus+Homo&rft.pub=%28Deane+translation%29&rft.au=Anselm+of+Canterbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anselm of Canterbury, Monologion (in Latin), (<a href="#Further_reading">Schmitt edition</a>)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monologion&rft.pub=%28Schmitt+edition%29&rft.au=Anselm+of+Canterbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anselm of Canterbury, Proslogion (in Latin), (<a href="#Further_reading">Schmitt edition</a>)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proslogion&rft.pub=%28Schmitt+edition%29&rft.au=Anselm+of+Canterbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anselm of Canterbury, De Veritate (in Latin), (<a href="#Further_reading">Schmitt edition</a>)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Veritate&rft.pub=%28Schmitt+edition%29&rft.au=Anselm+of+Canterbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Sweeney, Eileen C. (2012), Anselm of Canterbury and the Desire for the Word, Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America_Press" title="The Catholic University of America Press">The Catholic University of America Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2873-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2873-0"><bdi>978-0-8132-2873-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+of+Canterbury+and+the+Desire+for+the+Word&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-2873-0&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Eileen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Canterbury&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anselm_of_Canterbury" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation cs2">Lewis, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canterbury-buildings.org.uk/#/anselm-biog/4566624626">"St Anselm (1033–1109) The most eminent thinker and theologian of his age"</a>, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 30 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Anselm+%281033%E2%80%931109%29+The+most+eminent+thinker+and+theologian+of+his+age&rft.btitle=Canterbury+Historical+and+Archaeological+Society&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanterbury-buildings.org.uk%2F%23%2Fanselm-biog%2F4566624626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988">, a treatment of the locations around the cathedral honoring St Anselm, including the icon of Our Lady of Bec, Anselm, and Lanfranc donated by the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Bec">abbey of Bec</a> in 1999 on the 50th anniversary of its refounding.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSDUK1843" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5VUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA852">"Saint Anselm"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5VUAAAAYAAJ">The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Vol. II, Pt. II</a>, London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans, 1843, pp. 852–858</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Anselm&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Society+for+the+Diffusion+of+Useful+Knowledge%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Pt.+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=852-858&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+%26+Longmans&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Scratchley&rft.aufirst=Charles+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5VUAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li>St Anselm's works at <a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Scriptor:Anselmus_Cantuariensis">Vicifons</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/anselm.html">Latin Library</a> (in Latin)</li> <li>St Anselm's works at <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Anselm_of_Canterbury">Wikisource</a>; the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/anselm">Christian Classics Ethereal Library</a>; and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/saint-anselm">Online Library of Liberty</a> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jasper-hopkins.info/">St Anselm's works and related essays</a> at Prof. Jasper Hopkin's homepage. (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4400">Works by Anselm of Canterbury</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall1998" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/anselm-critics.asp">"Philosophers' Criticisms of Anselm's Ontological Argument for the Being of God"</a>, Medieval Sourcebook, New York: Fordham University, 1998</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophers%27+Criticisms+of+Anselm%27s+Ontological+Argument+for+the+Being+of+God&rft.btitle=Medieval+Sourcebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2Fanselm-critics.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+of+Canterbury" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_005.html">Lewis E 5 De casu diaboli (On the Fall of the Devil) at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academiestanselme.eu/">Académie Saint Anselme d'Aoste</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Herluin</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Bec_Abbey" title="Bec Abbey">Abbot of Bec</a> 1078–1093 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Guillaume de Montfort-sur-Risle</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> 1093–1109 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_d%27Escures" title="Ralph d'Escures">Ralph d'Escures</a> (in 1114)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/140px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="479" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/70px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/105px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/140px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(Scheler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ressentiment (Scheler)">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_of_emotional_life_(Scheler)" title="Stratification of emotional life (Scheler)">Stratification of emotional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Platonists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Platonists" title="Template:Platonists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Platonists" title="Template talk:Platonists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Platonists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Platonists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Platonists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonists</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristonymus_of_Athens" title="Aristonymus of Athens">Aristonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriscus_of_Scepsis" title="Coriscus of Scepsis">Coriscus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Scepsis" title="Erastus of Scepsis">Erastus of Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Amphipolis" title="Demetrius of Amphipolis">Demetrius of Amphipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaeon_of_Lampsacus" title="Euaeon of Lampsacus">Euaeon of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_of_Aenus" title="Heraclides of Aenus">Heraclides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Python_of_Aenus" title="Python of Aenus">Python of Aenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestiaeus_of_Perinthus" title="Hestiaeus of Perinthus">Hestiaeus of Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lastheneia_of_Mantinea" title="Lastheneia of Mantinea">Lastheneia of Mantinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaus_of_Cyzicus" title="Timolaus of Cyzicus">Timolaus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiothea_of_Phlius" title="Axiothea of Phlius">Axiothea of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus_of_Pyrrha" title="Menedemus of Pyrrha">Menedemus of Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crantor" title="Crantor">Crantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_(scholarch)" title="Polemon (scholarch)">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Athens" title="Crates of Athens">Crates of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Skeptics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Cnidus" title="Diocles of Cnidus">Diocles of Cnidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecles" title="Telecles">Telecles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evander_(philosopher)" title="Evander (philosopher)">Evander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesinus_of_Pergamon" title="Hegesinus of Pergamon">Hegesinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagnon_of_Tarsus" title="Hagnon of Tarsus">Hagnon of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Stratonicea" title="Metrodorus of Stratonicea">Metrodorus of Stratonicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmadas" title="Charmadas">Charmadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeschines_of_Neapolis" title="Aeschines of Neapolis">Aeschines of Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_of_Alexandria" title="Dio of Alexandria">Dio of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(philosopher)" title="Albinus (philosopher)">Albinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Peloplaton" title="Alexander Peloplaton">Alexander Peloplaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticus_(philosopher)" title="Atticus (philosopher)">Atticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Tyre" title="Maximus of Tyre">Maximus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Longinus_(philosopher)" title="Cassius Longinus (philosopher)">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen_the_Pagan" title="Origen the Pagan">Origen the Pagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcidius" title="Calcidius">Calcidius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelius" title="Amelius">Amelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater_of_Apamea" title="Sopater of Apamea">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Cappadocia" title="Eustathius of Cappadocia">Eustathius of Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipatra" title="Sosipatra">Sosipatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesius" title="Aedesius">Aedesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexippus_(philosopher)" title="Dexippus (philosopher)">Dexippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthius" title="Chrysanthius">Chrysanthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Asine" title="Theodorus of Asine">Theodorus of Asine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Ephesus" title="Maximus of Ephesus">Maximus of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Myndus" title="Eusebius of Myndus">Eusebius of Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_of_Epirus" title="Priscus of Epirus">Priscus of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_(philosopher)" title="Antoninus (philosopher)">Antoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_Victorinus" title="Gaius Marius Victorinus">Gaius Marius Victorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepigenia" title="Asclepigenia">Asclepigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocles_of_Alexandria" title="Hierocles of Alexandria">Hierocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermias_(philosopher)" title="Hermias (philosopher)">Hermias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesia" title="Aedesia">Aedesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Alexandria" title="Isidore of Alexandria">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiodotus_of_Alexandria" title="Asclepiodotus of Alexandria">Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegias" title="Hegias">Hegias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodotus_(philosopher)" title="Zenodotus (philosopher)">Zenodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Athens" title="Agapius of Athens">Agapius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian_of_Lydia" title="Priscian of Lydia">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_the_Invincible" title="David the Invincible">David the Invincible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Freiberg" title="Theodoric of Freiberg">Theodoric of Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Moosburg" title="Berthold of Moosburg">Berthold of Moosburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florentine_Academy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Florentine Academy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Landino" title="Cristoforo Landino">Cristoforo Landino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth" title="Ralph Cudworth">Ralph Cudworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">Henry More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Losev" title="Aleksei Losev">Aleksei Losev</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kaplan_(philosopher)" title="David Kaplan (philosopher)">David Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Wright" title="Crispin Wright">Crispin Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archbishops_of_Canterbury" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Template:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Template talk:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archbishops_of_Canterbury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishops of Canterbury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="List of archbishops of Canterbury">List of archbishops of Canterbury</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Conquest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_of_Canterbury" title="Honorius of Canterbury">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wighard" title="Wighard">Wighard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatwine" title="Tatwine">Tatwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_of_Canterbury" title="Cuthbert of Canterbury">Cuthbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregowine" title="Bregowine">Bregowine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A6nberht" title="Jænberht">Jænberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelhard" title="Æthelhard">Æthelhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfred" title="Wulfred">Wulfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feologild" title="Feologild">Feologild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolnoth" title="Ceolnoth">Ceolnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_(archbishop)" title="Æthelred (archbishop)">Æthelred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plegmund" title="Plegmund">Plegmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athelm" title="Athelm">Athelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhelm" title="Wulfhelm">Wulfhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfsige" title="Ælfsige">Ælfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhthelm_(bishop_of_Wells)" title="Byrhthelm (bishop of Wells)">Byrhthelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeric_(bishop)" title="Sigeric (bishop)">Sigeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Abingdon" title="Ælfric of Abingdon">Ælfric of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyfing_(Archbishop_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyfing (Archbishop of Canterbury)">Lyfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadsige" title="Eadsige">Eadsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert of Jumièges">Robert of Jumièges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conquest to <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_d%27Escures" title="Ralph d'Escures">Ralph d'Escures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Corbeil" title="William de Corbeil">William de Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bec" title="Theobald of Bec">Theobald of Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Bailleul" title="Roger de Bailleul">Roger de Bailleul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Dover" title="Richard of Dover">Richard of Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde" title="Baldwin of Forde">Baldwin of Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fitz_Jocelin" title="Reginald Fitz Jocelin">Reginald Fitz Jocelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_(sub-prior)" title="Reginald (sub-prior)">Reginald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Gray" title="John de Gray">John de Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">Stephen Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_d%27Eynsham" title="Walter d'Eynsham">Walter d'Eynsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_le_Grant" title="Richard le Grant">Richard le Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville" title="Ralph Neville">Ralph Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Sittingbourne" title="John of Sittingbourne">John of Sittingbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blund" title="John Blund">John Blund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Abingdon" title="Edmund of Abingdon">Edmund of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Savoy_(bishop)" title="Boniface of Savoy (bishop)">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chillenden" title="William Chillenden">William Chillenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burnell" title="Robert Burnell">Robert Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winchelsey" title="Robert Winchelsey">Robert Winchelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cobham" title="Thomas Cobham">Thomas Cobham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reynolds" title="Walter Reynolds">Walter Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mepeham" title="Simon Mepeham">Simon Mepeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Stratford" title="John de Stratford">John de Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ufford" title="John de Ufford">John de Ufford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Islip" title="Simon Islip">Simon Islip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edington" title="William Edington">William Edington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Langham" title="Simon Langham">Simon Langham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whittlesey" title="William Whittlesey">William Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sudbury" title="Simon Sudbury">Simon Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Walden" title="Roger Walden">Roger Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chichele" title="Henry Chichele">Henry Chichele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stafford_(bishop)" title="John Stafford (bishop)">John Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Thomas Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langton" title="Thomas Langton">Thomas Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Deane_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury)">Henry Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">George Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a></li> <li>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon" title="Gilbert Sheldon">Gilbert Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">William Sancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tillotson" title="John Tillotson">John Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tenison" title="Thomas Tenison">Thomas Tenison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Potter_(bishop)" title="John Potter (bishop)">John Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of Canterbury)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secker" title="Thomas Secker">Thomas Secker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="John Moore (archbishop of Canterbury)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners-Sutton" title="Charles Manners-Sutton">Charles Manners-Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howley" title="William Howley">William Howley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bird_Sumner" title="John Bird Sumner">John Bird Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Tait" title="Archibald Campbell Tait">Archibald Campbell Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_White_Benson" title="Edward White Benson">Edward White Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Davidson" title="Randall Davidson">Randall Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Runcie" title="Robert Runcie">Robert Runcie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_philosophers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template talk:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_philosophers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">11–12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>"</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor" title="Richard of Saint Victor">Richard of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">13–14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Aureolus">Petrus Aureolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Inghen" title="Marsilius of Inghen">Marsilius of Inghen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hennon" title="John Hennon">John Hennon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medieval" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">al-Nazzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi (Alkindus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Matta ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Abd al-Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al-Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali (Algazel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">Athir al-Din al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div> (by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800 1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920 postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970 1990 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121451191">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100187025">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/8160/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjqYbGQBxdfVFyh7hFVt8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118503278">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50024763">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11888917g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11888917g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431573">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV076848">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35007269">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990000204&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1033045">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/25342">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069230706">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90116663">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:anselm-of-canterbury.">zbMATH</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7a2f850d-34d3-4c98-9239-7a852320671c">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/787463">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/santo-anselmo-d-aosta_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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