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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Owahan anyar</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mirunggan:Kaca_anyar"><span>Kaca anyar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mirunggan:Kaca_sembarang" title="Mot sembarang kaca [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Kaca sembarang</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pitulung:Isi" title="Papan kanggo golèk pitulung"><span>Pitulung</span></a></li><li id="n-Angkringan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Angkringan"><span>Angkringan</span></a></li><li id="n-sandboxlink-portlet-label" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Bak_wedhi"><span>Bak wedhi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Praèn"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Praèn" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance 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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Mirunggan:Gaw%C3%A9_akun&returnto=Grafem" title="Panjenengan prayogané nggawé akun lan mlebu log, sanajan ora kudu" class=""><span>Gawé akun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Mirunggan:Mlebu_log&returnto=Grafem" title="Panjenengan prayogané mlebu log, sanajan ora kudu [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mlebu log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Pilihan liya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Piranti pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" 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title="Panjenengan prayogané nggawé akun lan mlebu log, sanajan ora kudu"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gawé akun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirunggan:Mlebu_log&returnto=Grafem" title="Panjenengan prayogané mlebu log, sanajan ora kudu [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mlebu log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Kaca pambesut kang metu log <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Sugeng_rawuh" aria-label="Sinaoni luwih jangkep babagan pambesutan"><span>sinaoni candhaké</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mirunggan:Pasumbangku" title="Pratélan 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pratélaning isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">lih menyang wilah sisih</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dhelikaké</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Wiwitan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pratélan_tetembungan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pratélan_tetembungan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pratélan tetembungan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pratélan_tetembungan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Pratélaning isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grafem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ngalih menyang artikel jroning basa liya. Ana 62 basa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 basa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeem" title="Grafeem – Afrika" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grafeem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphem" title="Graphem – Jerman Swiss" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Graphem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Swiss" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وحدة خطية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة خطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafemenn" title="Grafemenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Grafemenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Katala" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A9m" title="Grafém – Ceska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grafém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphem" title="Graphem – Jérman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Graphem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jérman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grapheme" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafemo" title="Grafemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grafemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeem" title="Grafeem – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grafeem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="تک‌نگاره – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تک‌نگاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeemi" title="Grafeemi – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grafeemi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%C3%A8me" title="Graphème – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Graphème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myn-screeu" title="Myn-screeu – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Myn-screeu" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%94" title="גרפמה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרפמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A8m" title="Grafèm – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grafèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A9ma" title="Graféma – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Graféma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%98%E7%B4%A0" title="書記素 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="書記素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="გრაფემა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრაფემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%86%8C_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99)" title="자소 (언어학) – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자소 (언어학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – Kirgis" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C4%93ma" title="Grafēma – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grafēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeem" title="Grafeem – Walanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grafeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Walanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A8ma" title="Grafèma – Ossitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grafèma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ossitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjaimikko" title="Kirjaimikko – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjaimikko" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95" title="ਲਿਪਾਂਕ – Punjab" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਪਾਂਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – Polandia" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="අක්ෂරීමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අක්ෂරීමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grapheme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A9ma" title="Graféma – Slowakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Graféma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowakia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வரிவடிவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரிவடிவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="หน่วยอักขระ – Thailand" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยอักขระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thailand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9)" title="اکائی (فانٹ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اکائی (فانٹ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%8D" title="字位 – Tyonghwa Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="字位" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Tyonghwa Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%8D" title="字位 – Tyonghwa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="字位" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tyonghwa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-k%C3%AC-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Su-kì-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-kì-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="文字素 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文字素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2545446#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Besut pranala antarabasa" class="wbc-editpage">Besut pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Mandhala aran"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grafem" title="Deleng kaca kontèn [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parembugan:Grafem&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Rembugan bab kaca kontèn (kaca ora ana) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Parembugan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Owahi werna basa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Jawa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Praèn"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grafem"><span>Waca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&veaction=edit" title="Besut kaca iki [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Besut</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&action=edit" title="Besut kodhe sumberé kaca iki [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Besut sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&action=history" title="Owahan sadurungé saka kaca iki [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Deleng sajarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Piranti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Piranti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Piranti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">lih menyang wilah sisih</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dhelikaké</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laku </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grafem"><span>Waca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&veaction=edit" title="Besut kaca iki [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Besut</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&action=edit" title="Besut kodhe sumberé kaca iki [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Besut sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&action=history"><span>Deleng sajarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mirunggan:Pranala_mr%C3%A9n%C3%A9/Grafem" title="Pratélan kabèh kaca wiki kang nggayut mréné [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala mréné</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mirunggan:Owahan_magepokan/Grafem" rel="nofollow" title="Owah-owahan anyar saka kaca-kaca kang nggayut kaca iki [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Owahan magepokan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=jv" title="Ngunggahaken gambar utawi berkas médhia [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Unggah</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mirunggan:Kaca_mirunggan" title="Pratélaning kabèh kaca mirunggan [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Kaca mirunggan</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&oldid=1069585" title="Pranala permanèn saka owahan iki"><span>Pranala permanèn</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&action=info" title="Katerangan liyané ngenani kaca iki"><span>Katerangan kaca</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirunggan:Kutip&page=Grafem&id=1069585&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Katerangan bab carané nyitir kaca iki"><span>Nyitir kaca iki</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirunggan:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGrafem"><span>URL cekak</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirunggan:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGrafem"><span>Undhuh kodhe QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cithak/kirim </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirunggan:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Grafem"><span>Gawé buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirunggan:DownloadAsPdf&page=Grafem&action=show-download-screen"><span>Undhuh dadi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&printable=yes" title="Vèrsi cithak kaca iki [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Vèrsi cithak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ing proyèk liya </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Graphemes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2545446" title="Pranala menyang wiji répositori kang kagayut [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wiji Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Praèn"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Praèn</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">lih menyang wilah sisih</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dhelikaké</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Saka Wikipédia Jawa, bauwarna mardika basa Jawa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="jv" dir="ltr"><p>Ing babagan <a href="/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik">linguistik</a>, <b>grafem</b> iku unit paling cilik sajeroning <a href="/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara">aksara</a> sing dianggo ing sawiji basa.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sawiji grafem ora kudu ngemu surasa lan ora kudu gathuk karo fonem, sing dianggo tumrap basa caturan. Grafem nglimputi huruf-huruf ing alfabèt, ligatur-ligatur ing tipografi, <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cinten" title="Aksara Cinten">karakter-karakter Cina</a>, dhigit-dhigit wilangan, tandha-tandha waca, lan simbol-simbol liyané. </p><p>Tembung <i>grafem </i>ing basa Jawa iku serapan saka tembung Inggris <i>grapheme</i>. Tembung <i>grapheme</i> mono tumurun saka tembung <a href="/wiki/Basa_Yunani" class="mw-redirect" title="Basa Yunani">Yunani</a> <i>γράφω</i> (gráphō), tegesé "nulis" lan ater-ater <i>-eme</i>. Tembung iki digawé lumantar analogi karo tembung <i>phoneme</i> (fonem) lan istilah-istilah liya sing kalebu ing unit em. Kajian bab grafem ingaran grafemik. </p><p>Grafem iku gantha abstrak kaya ta karakter sing uga gantha abstrak ing babagan <a href="/wiki/Komputasi" title="Komputasi">komputasi</a>. Sawaliké, wangun sing nglambangaké grafem ing sawiji rupa huruf iku aran glif. Contoné, grafem sing ngandhut gantha abstrak "wilangan Arab <i>siji</i>" duwé rong glif sing béda (alograf) sajeroning fon Times New Roman lan Helvetica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pratélan_tetembungan"><span id="Prat.C3.A9lan_tetembungan"></span>Pratélan tetembungan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Besut pérangan: Pratélan tetembungan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>besut</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pratélan tetembungan"><span>besut sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ana ing ngisor iki tembung-tembung Jawa sing dianggo ing artikel iki, dikanthèni jarwané ing basa Indonésia lan Inggris. </p> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ol><li>aksara - <i>writing system</i></li> <li>basa caturan - <i>spoken language</i></li> <li>fon - <i>font</i></li> <li>gantha - <i>concept</i></li> <li>rupa huruf - <i>typeface</i></li> <li>surasa - <i>meaning</i></li> <li>tumurun - <i>derive</i></li> <li>wangun - <i>shape</i></li> <li>wilangan - <i>numeral</i></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Besut pérangan: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>besut</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafem&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rujukan"><span>besut sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulmas, F. (1996), The Blackwell's Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, Oxford: Blackwells, p.174</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dijupuk saka "<a dir="ltr" href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafem&oldid=1069585">https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafem&oldid=1069585</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mirunggan:Kategori" title="Mirunggan:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Grafem" title="Kategori:Grafem">Grafem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tipografi" title="Kategori:Tipografi">Tipografi</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Kaca iki pungkasan diowah nalika 14.04, 10 Agustus 2016.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tèks iki cumepak kanthi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Lisènsi Atribusi-DumSaèmper Creative Commons</a>; paugeran tambahan bokmanawa uga lumaku. 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