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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_gardens_that_borrow_scenery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chinese gardens that borrow scenery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_gardens_that_borrow_scenery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_gardens_that_borrow_scenery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_gardens_that_borrow_scenery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Japanese gardens that borrow scenery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_gardens_that_borrow_scenery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borrowed_scenery_and_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowed_scenery_and_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Borrowed scenery and modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowed_scenery_and_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borrowed_scenery_in_the_Chinese_garden_manual_Yuanye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowed_scenery_in_the_Chinese_garden_manual_Yuanye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Borrowed scenery in the Chinese garden manual <i>Yuanye</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowed_scenery_in_the_Chinese_garden_manual_Yuanye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borrowed_scenery_and_the_Japanese_garden_manual_Sakuteiki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowed_scenery_and_the_Japanese_garden_manual_Sakuteiki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Borrowed scenery and the Japanese garden manual <i>Sakuteiki</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowed_scenery_and_the_Japanese_garden_manual_Sakuteiki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technique in east Asian garden design</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Borrowed scenery</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_in_NPM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Garden_in_NPM.JPG/285px-Garden_in_NPM.JPG" decoding="async" width="285" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Garden_in_NPM.JPG/428px-Garden_in_NPM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Garden_in_NPM.JPG/570px-Garden_in_NPM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="654" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Borrowed scenery in the style of Song and Ming Dynasty gardens located at the <a href="/wiki/Zhishan_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhishan Garden">Zhishan Garden</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">借景</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">jièjǐng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">借景</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">shakkei</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Borrowed scenery</b> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">借景</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shakkei</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><i>jièjǐng</i></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-stepanova162_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stepanova162-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the principle of "incorporating background landscape into the composition of a garden" found in traditional East Asian <a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">garden design</a>. The term borrowing of scenery ("shakkei") is Chinese in origin, and appears in the 17th century garden treatise <i><a href="/wiki/The_Craft_of_Gardens" title="The Craft of Gardens">Yuanye</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genkyuen03s3000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Genkyuen03s3000.jpg/220px-Genkyuen03s3000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Genkyuen03s3000.jpg/330px-Genkyuen03s3000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Genkyuen03s3000.jpg/440px-Genkyuen03s3000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="3645" /></a><figcaption><i>Shakkei</i> example of <a href="/wiki/Hikone_Castle" title="Hikone Castle">Hikone Castle</a> in the background of Genkyū Garden (玄宮園)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borrowed_scenery_in_garden_design">Borrowed scenery in garden design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_scenery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Borrowed scenery in garden design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A garden that borrows scenery is viewed from a building and designed as a composition with four design essentials: 1) The garden should be within the premises of the building; 2) <i>Shakkei</i> requires the presence of an object to be captured alive as borrowed scenery, i.e. a view on a distant mountain for example; 3) The designer edits the view to reveal only the features they wish to show; and 4) The borrowed scenery is linked with and reflects the foreground of the garden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_gardens_that_borrow_scenery">Chinese gardens that borrow scenery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_scenery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chinese gardens that borrow scenery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humble_Administrator%27s_Garden" title="Humble Administrator's Garden">Humble Administrator's Garden</a>, Suzhou</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a>, Beijing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Nets_Garden" title="Master of the Nets Garden">Master of the Nets Garden</a>, Suzhou</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_gardens_that_borrow_scenery">Japanese gardens that borrow scenery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_scenery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Japanese gardens that borrow scenery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murin-an" title="Murin-an">Murin-an</a> garden, Kyoto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugaku-in_Imperial_Villa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shugaku-in Imperial Villa">Shugaku-in Imperial Villa</a>, Kyoto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isuien_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Isuien Garden">Isuien Garden</a>, Nara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritsurin_Garden" title="Ritsurin Garden">Ritsurin Garden</a>, Takamatsu</li> <li>Genkyu-en, <a href="/wiki/Hikone_Castle" title="Hikone Castle">Hikone Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adachi_Museum_of_Art" title="Adachi Museum of Art">Adachi Museum of Art</a>, Yasugi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengan-en" title="Sengan-en">Sengan-en</a>, Kagoshima</li> <li>Joju-in garden, Kyoto<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borrowed_scenery_and_modernism">Borrowed scenery and modernism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_scenery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Borrowed scenery and modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Borrowing scenery, as a technique of design was conceptualized in modernist architectural theory in the 1960s. This understanding was made explicit among Japanese architects, for whom it was the utmost effort to design continuity of interior and exterior space, a major topic in modernist architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Architects from the <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> acclaimed things like simplicity and space in Japanese architecture. Seen from the perspective of architecture theory borrowing scenery was seen as a fixed three-dimensional plasticity, whence <i>shakkei</i> is usually translated as "borrowed" scenery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borrowed_scenery_in_the_Chinese_garden_manual_Yuanye">Borrowed scenery in the Chinese garden manual <i>Yuanye</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_scenery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Borrowed scenery in the Chinese garden manual Yuanye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 1635 CE Chinese garden manual <i><a href="/wiki/The_Craft_of_Gardens" title="The Craft of Gardens">Yuanye</a></i> (園冶), there are four categories of borrowed scenery, namely: <i>yuanjie</i> (遠借 "distant borrowing", e.g., mountains, lakes), <i>linjie</i> (隣借 "adjacent borrowing", neighboring buildings and features), <i>yangjie</i> (仰借 "upward borrowing", clouds, stars), and <i>fujie</i> (俯借 "downward borrowing", rocks, ponds). The <i>Yuanye</i> has a last chapter titled "Jiejing", "Borrowed Scenery". This chapter makes clear that borrowing scenery is not a single design idea but the essence of landscape design philosophy in its entirety. The ever-changing moods and appearances of landscape in full action are an independent function that becomes an agent for garden making. To be able to make a garden, the garden maker needs to meld with the landscape on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is about the ecology of nature, including man that moves design. This extended meaning of borrowing scenery <i>jiejing</i> is recently getting attention in landscape architecture theory in China.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borrowed_scenery_and_the_Japanese_garden_manual_Sakuteiki">Borrowed scenery and the Japanese garden manual <i>Sakuteiki</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_scenery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Borrowed scenery and the Japanese garden manual Sakuteiki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>borrowed scenery</i> is not mentioned in the oldest extant Japanese garden manual, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sakuteiki" title="Sakuteiki">Sakuteiki</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">作庭記</span></span>, "Records of Garden Making")</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this text, which is attributed to Tachibana Toshitsuna (橘俊綱, 1028–1094 CE), a son of the <a href="/wiki/Byodoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Byodoin">Byodoin</a>'s designer <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yorimichi" title="Fujiwara no Yorimichi">Fujiwara no Yorimichi</a> (藤原頼通, 990–1074 CE), records as one of the first principles of garden making: </p> <blockquote><p>According to the lay of the land, and depending upon the aspect of the water landscape, you should design each part of the garden tastefully, recalling your memories of how nature presented itself for each feature. (tr. Inaji 1998:13) </p></blockquote> <p>Three principle tenets guiding Japanese garden organization are<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, </p> <ul><li><i>shōtoku no sansui</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">生得の山水</span></span>, "natural landscape")</span> intending to create in the likeness of nature</li> <li><i>kohan ni shitagau</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">湖畔に従う</span></span>, "follow the lakeshore")</span> planning in accordance with the site topography</li> <li><i>fuzei</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">風情</span></span>, "appearance; air")</span> capturing and presenting the ambiance</li></ul> <p><i>Shakkei</i>, which attempts to capture nature alive rather than create a less spectacular version, can be taken as to allude to the first of these categories. </p><p>The origins of an interest in the landscape outside the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> gardens, <a href="/wiki/Shinden-zukuri" title="Shinden-zukuri">Shinden-zukuri</a> gardens, lie in the increased local travel of the Japanese elite, a layered endeavor involving the bolstering of a national identity separate from China and the display of personal wealth. When they returned from their travels they would want to physically manifest these travels at home in a more ostentatious way than could be accomplished solely with art, weapons, or ceramics. Thus, <i>borrowed scenery</i> was introduced to incorporate the foreign landscapes seen in northern Japan into the southern cities of <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_scenery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stepanova162-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stepanova162_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStepanova2010" class="citation book cs1">Stepanova, Jekaterina (2010). Kraushaar, Frank (ed.). <i>Eastwards: Western views on East Asian culture</i>. Bern: Peter Lang. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0040-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0040-7"><bdi>978-3-0343-0040-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastwards%3A+Western+views+on+East+Asian+culture&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-0343-0040-7&rft.aulast=Stepanova&rft.aufirst=Jekaterina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorrowed+scenery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuitert2002" class="citation book cs1">Kuitert, Wybe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVr1-YSziUIC&pg=PA177"><i>Themes in the history of Japanese garden art</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2312-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2312-2"><bdi>978-0-8248-2312-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themes+in+the+history+of+Japanese+garden+art&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2312-2&rft.aulast=Kuitert&rft.aufirst=Wybe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVr1-YSziUIC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorrowed+scenery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itoh, T. (1973), <i>Space and Illusion in the Japanese Garden</i> (New York, Tokyo and Kyoto: Weatherhill / Tankosha, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-1522-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-1522-3">978-0-8348-1522-3</a> pp. 29-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wybe Kuitert: <i>The Stone and the Moon, Joju-in</i>. In: <i>Shakkei</i>, Vol.16 Nr. 4, Spring 2010, pp. 2–7 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wybekuitert.nl/gfx10/Kuitert_Stone_Moon_Joju-in.pdf">Online as PDF</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wybe Kuitert (2015) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/18626033.2015.1058570?journalCode=rjla20">Borrowing scenery and the landscape that lends – the final chapter of <i>Yuanye</i></a>", <i>Journal of Landscape Architecture</i>, 10:2, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wybe Kuitert (2015) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/18626033.2015.1058570?journalCode=rjla20">Borrowing scenery and the landscape that lends – the final chapter of <i>Yuanye</i></a>", <i>Journal of Landscape Architecture</i>, 10:2, 32–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jchla.com/?Index_Magazine---3691.html"><i>Zhong Guo Yuanlin</i> 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuitert, Wybe. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVr1-YSziUIC&pg=PA30&dq="><i>Themes in the History of Japanese Garden Art,</i> pp. 30–52</a>.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313236651_Themes_in_the_History_of_Japanese_Garden_Art">Online as PDF</a>)(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2312-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2312-5">0-8248-2312-5</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_scenery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese gardens">Japanese gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_scenery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wybe Kuitert Borrowing scenery and the landscape that lends - the final chapter of Yuanye, <i>Journal of Landscape Architecture</i>, 2015, 10:2, 32-43,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuitert2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kuitert, Wybe (2015). "Borrowing scenery and the landscape that lends—the final chapter ofYuanye". <i>Journal of Landscape Architecture</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 32–43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JLaAr..10b..32K">2015JLaAr..10b..32K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F18626033.2015.1058570">10.1080/18626033.2015.1058570</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1862-6033">1862-6033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142773793">142773793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Landscape+Architecture&rft.atitle=Borrowing+scenery+and+the+landscape+that+lends%E2%80%94the+final+chapter+ofYuanye&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=32-43&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F18626033.2015.1058570&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142773793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1862-6033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JLaAr..10b..32K&rft.aulast=Kuitert&rft.aufirst=Wybe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABorrowed+scenery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Slawson, David A. <i>Secret Teachings in the Art of Japanese Gardens</i>. New York: Kodansha International Ltd., 1987</li> <li>Takei, Jiro and Mark Peter Keane. <i>The Sakuteiki: Visions of the Japanese Garden</i>. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2001.</li> <li>Tsu, Frances Ya-sing. <i>Landscape Design in Chinese Gardens</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrowed_scenery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/%7Ejaanus/deta/s/shakkei.htm">shakkei 借景</a>, Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System</li> <li>Examples of borrowed scenery in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zen-garden.org/html/page_obj_shakkei.htm">Tsubo-en and some other Japanese gardens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100225081920/http://www.zen-garden.org/html/page_obj_shakkei.htm">Archived</a> 2010-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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