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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_and_explanation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_and_explanation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition and explanation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_explanation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retail_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Retail strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retail_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Retail marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopper_profiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopper_profiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Shopper profiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopper_profiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_retail_outlets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_retail_outlets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Types of retail outlets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_retail_outlets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_top_ten_retailers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_top_ten_retailers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Global top ten retailers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_top_ten_retailers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics_for_national_retail_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_for_national_retail_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Statistics for national retail sales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_for_national_retail_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.3</span> <span>World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Retail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="تجارة التجزئة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجارة التجزئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorista" title="Minorista – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Minorista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99rak%C9%99nd%C9%99" title="Pərakəndə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pərakəndə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancarikinan" title="Pancarikinan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pancarikinan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B3-b%C4%93" title="Sió-bē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sió-bē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D2%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Ваҡлап һатыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ваҡлап һатыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рознічны гандаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рознічны гандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingi" title="Tingi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tingi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Търговия на дребно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Търговия на дребно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C3%A7_al_detall" title="Comerç al detall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comerç al detall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloobchod" title="Maloobchod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maloobchod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detailhandel" title="Detailhandel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Detailhandel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einzelhandel" title="Einzelhandel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einzelhandel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaem%C3%BC%C3%BCk" title="Jaemüük – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaemüük" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Λιανικό εμπόριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιανικό εμπόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorista" title="Minorista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minorista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podetala_komerco" title="Podetala komerco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Podetala komerco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txikizkari" title="Txikizkari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txikizkari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="خرده‌فروشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرده‌فروشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_de_d%C3%A9tail" title="Commerce de détail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commerce de détail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miond%C3%ADol" title="Miondíol – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miondíol" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9th" title="Bùth – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bùth" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retallista" title="Retallista – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Retallista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%A4_(%EC%83%81%EC%97%85)" title="소매 (상업) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소매 (상업)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="खुदरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खुदरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloprodaja" title="Maloprodaja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maloprodaja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eceran" title="Eceran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eceran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A1sala" title="Smásala – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Smásala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendita_al_dettaglio" title="Vendita al dettaglio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vendita al dettaglio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="קמעונאות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קמעונאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಚಿಲ್ಲರೆ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿಲ್ಲರೆ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Бөлшек сауда – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бөлшек сауда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duka" title="Duka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Duka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A8s_an_detay" title="Komès an detay – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Komès an detay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komers_di_d%C3%A9tay" title="Komers di détay – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Komers di détay" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Чекене товар жүгүртүү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чекене товар жүгүртүү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazumtirdzniec%C4%ABba" title="Mazumtirdzniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mazumtirdzniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%BEmenin%C4%97_prekyba" title="Mažmeninė prekyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mažmeninė prekyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiskereskedelem" title="Kiskereskedelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kiskereskedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="किरकोळ व्यवसाय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="किरकोळ व्यवसाय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%89" title="بيع قطاعى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيع قطاعى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruncitan" title="Peruncitan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peruncitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detailhandel" title="Detailhandel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Detailhandel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A3%B2" title="小売 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="小売" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detaljhandel" title="Detaljhandel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Detaljhandel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detaljhandel" title="Detaljhandel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Detaljhandel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakana_savdo" title="Chakana savdo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chakana savdo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="پرچون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرچون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_detaliczny" title="Handel detaliczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Handel detaliczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varejo" title="Varejo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Varejo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C8%9B_cu_am%C4%83nuntul" title="Comerț cu amănuntul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comerț cu amănuntul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Розничная торговля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Розничная торговля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail" title="Retail – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Retail" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitja_me_pakic%C3%AB" title="Shitja me pakicë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shitja me pakicë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dittagghianti" title="Dittagghianti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dittagghianti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8" title="සිල්ලර වෙළෙඳාම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිල්ලර වෙළෙඳාම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail" title="Retail – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Retail" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دڪان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دڪان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloobchod" title="Maloobchod – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maloobchod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="تاکفرۆشی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تاکفرۆشی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Малопродаја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Малопродаја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloprodaja" title="Maloprodaja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maloprodaja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4hitt%C3%A4iskauppa" title="Vähittäiskauppa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vähittäiskauppa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detaljhandel" title="Detaljhandel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Detaljhandel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Ваклап сату – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ваклап сату" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81" title="การค้าปลีก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การค้าปลีก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perakendecilik" title="Perakendecilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Perakendecilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Роздрібна торгівля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роздрібна торгівля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cekgai" title="Cekgai – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cekgai" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_l%E1%BA%BB" title="Bán lẻ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bán lẻ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE" title="零售 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="零售" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="קליינהאנדל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קליינהאנדל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E6%B2%BD" title="零沽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="零沽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE" title="零售 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="零售" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Retail&id=1271659654&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRetail"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRetail"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Retail&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retail" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126793" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> 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href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/40px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/60px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/80px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's citations <b>lack bibliographical information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">guide to citations</a> and add information such as author, title, date of publication, publisher, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>, pages cited, etc.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Retail" title="Special:EditPage/Retail">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Retail%22">"Retail"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Retail%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Retail%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Retail%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Retail%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Retail%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the comic strip by Norm Feuti, see <a href="/wiki/Retail_(comic_strip)" title="Retail (comic strip)">Retail (comic strip)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comercio_en_la_plaza_del_9_de_abril_de_1947,_T%C3%A1nger,_Marruecos,_2015-12-11,_DD_78.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Comercio_en_la_plaza_del_9_de_abril_de_1947%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_78.JPG/220px-Comercio_en_la_plaza_del_9_de_abril_de_1947%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_78.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Comercio_en_la_plaza_del_9_de_abril_de_1947%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_78.JPG/330px-Comercio_en_la_plaza_del_9_de_abril_de_1947%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_78.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Comercio_en_la_plaza_del_9_de_abril_de_1947%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_78.JPG/440px-Comercio_en_la_plaza_del_9_de_abril_de_1947%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_78.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4335" data-file-height="5687" /></a><figcaption>A grocery and cosmetics store in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Retail</b> is the sale of <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a> to <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Wholesaling" title="Wholesaling">wholesaling</a>, which is the sale to business or <a href="/wiki/Institutional_customers" title="Institutional customers">institutional customers</a>. A <b>retailer</b> purchases goods in large quantities from <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturers</a>, directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells in smaller quantities to consumers for a <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>. Retailers are the final link in the <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> from producers to consumers. </p><p>Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Some of the earliest retailers were itinerant <a href="/wiki/Peddler" title="Peddler">peddlers</a>. Over the centuries, retail shops were transformed from little more than "rude booths" to the sophisticated shopping malls of the modern era. In the <a href="/wiki/Digital_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital age">digital age</a>, an increasing number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels, including both <a href="/wiki/Bricks_and_mortar_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Bricks and mortar store">bricks and mortar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online retailing</a>. Digital technologies are also affecting the way that <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a> pay for goods and services. Retailing support services may also include the provision of credit, delivery services, advisory services, stylist services and a range of other supporting services. Retail workers are the employees of such stores. </p><p>Most modern retailers typically make a variety of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate strategy">strategic level</a> decisions including the type of store, the <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> to be served, the optimal <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a> assortment, <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a>, supporting services, and the store's overall market positioning. Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel, and presentation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>retail</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> verb <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">retaillier</i></span>, meaning "to shape by cutting" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1365</span>). It was first recorded as a noun in 1433 with the meaning of "a sale in small quantities" from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> verb <i>retailler</i> meaning "a piece cut off, shred, scrap, paring".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present, the meaning of the word <i>retail</i> (in English, French, Dutch, German and Spanish) refers to the sale of small quantities of items to consumers (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesale</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_explanation">Definition and explanation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition and explanation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retail refers to the activity of selling goods or services directly to consumers or end-users.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some retailers may sell to business customers, and such sales are termed <i>non-retail activity.</i> In some jurisdictions or regions, legal definitions of retail specify that at least 80 percent of sales activity must be to end-users.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Retailing often occurs in retail stores or service establishments, but may also occur through direct selling such as through <a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machines</a>, door-to-door sales or electronic channels.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the idea of retail is often associated with the purchase of goods, the term may be applied to service providers that sell to consumers. Retail service providers include retail banking, tourism, insurance, private healthcare, private education, private security firms, legal firms, publishers, public transport, and others. For example, a tourism provider might have a retail division that books travel and accommodation for consumers plus a wholesale division that purchases blocks of accommodation, hospitality, transport, and sightseeing which are subsequently packaged into a holiday tour for sale to retail travel agents. </p><p>Some retailers badge their stores as "wholesale outlets" offering "wholesale prices." While this practice may encourage consumers to imagine that they have access to lower prices, while being prepared to trade-off reduced prices for cramped in-store environments, in a strictly legal sense, a store that sells the majority of its merchandise directly to consumers, is defined as a retailer rather than a wholesaler. Different jurisdictions set parameters for the ratio of consumer to business sales that define a retail business. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_retail" title="History of retail">History of retail</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercati_di_Traiano_-_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mercati_di_Traiano_-_Roma.jpg/220px-Mercati_di_Traiano_-_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mercati_di_Traiano_-_Roma.jpg/330px-Mercati_di_Traiano_-_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mercati_di_Traiano_-_Roma.jpg/440px-Mercati_di_Traiano_-_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8384" data-file-height="5355" /></a><figcaption>Marketplace at Trajan's Forum, the earliest known example of permanent retail shopfronts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-01-02_Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2013-01-02_Grand_Bazaar%2C_Istanbul_04.jpg/220px-2013-01-02_Grand_Bazaar%2C_Istanbul_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2013-01-02_Grand_Bazaar%2C_Istanbul_04.jpg/330px-2013-01-02_Grand_Bazaar%2C_Istanbul_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2013-01-02_Grand_Bazaar%2C_Istanbul_04.jpg/440px-2013-01-02_Grand_Bazaar%2C_Istanbul_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Grand Bazaar, Istanbul (interior). Established in 1455, it is thought to be the oldest continuously operating covered market.</figcaption></figure><p>Retail markets have existed since ancient times. Archaeological evidence for trade, probably involving barter systems, dates back more than 10,000 years. As civilizations grew, barter was replaced with retail trade involving coinage. Selling and buying are thought to have emerged in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) in around the 7th-millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, markets operated within the <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a>, an open space where, on market days, goods were displayed on mats or temporary stalls.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">ancient Rome</a>, trade took place in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail shop-front.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research from July 2008 suggests that China exhibited a rich history of early retail systems.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From as early as 200 BCE, Chinese packaging and branding were used to signal family, place names and product quality, and the use of government imposed product branding was used between 600 and 900 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eckhart and Bengtsson have argued that during the Song dynasty (960–1127), Chinese society developed a consumerist culture, where a high level of consumption was attainable for a wide variety of ordinary consumers rather than just the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, relatively few permanent shops were to be found; instead, customers walked into the tradesman's workshops where they discussed purchasing options directly with tradesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the more populous cities, a small number of shops were beginning to emerge by the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the major cities, most consumable purchases were made through markets or fairs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Market-places appear to have emerged independently outside Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Grand Bazaar, Istanbul">Grand Bazaar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> is often cited as the world's oldest continuously operating market; its construction began in 1455. The Spanish conquistadors wrote glowingly of markets in the Americas. In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a>) market of <a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_(altepetl)" title="Tlatelolco (altepetl)">Tlatelolco</a> was the largest in all the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ana_Marie_Wirth_Apotheke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ana_Marie_Wirth_Apotheke.jpg/220px-Ana_Marie_Wirth_Apotheke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ana_Marie_Wirth_Apotheke.jpg/330px-Ana_Marie_Wirth_Apotheke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ana_Marie_Wirth_Apotheke.jpg/440px-Ana_Marie_Wirth_Apotheke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The retail service counter was an innovation of the 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 17th century, permanent shops with more regular trading hours were beginning to supplant markets and fairs as the main retail outlet. Provincial shopkeepers were active in almost every English market town.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the number of shops grew, they underwent a transformation. The trappings of a modern shop, which had been entirely absent from the 16th- and early 17th-century store, gradually made way for store interiors and shopfronts that are more familiar to modern shoppers. Prior to the 18th century, the typical retail store had no counter, display cases, chairs, mirrors, changing rooms, etc. However, the opportunity for the customer to browse merchandise, touch and feel products began to be available, with retail innovations from the late 17th and early 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galeries_de_bois_(ancien_camp_des_Tartares),_au_Palais-Royal,_1825.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Galeries_de_bois_%28ancien_camp_des_Tartares%29%2C_au_Palais-Royal%2C_1825.jpg/220px-Galeries_de_bois_%28ancien_camp_des_Tartares%29%2C_au_Palais-Royal%2C_1825.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Galeries_de_bois_%28ancien_camp_des_Tartares%29%2C_au_Palais-Royal%2C_1825.jpg/330px-Galeries_de_bois_%28ancien_camp_des_Tartares%29%2C_au_Palais-Royal%2C_1825.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Galeries_de_bois_%28ancien_camp_des_Tartares%29%2C_au_Palais-Royal%2C_1825.jpg/440px-Galeries_de_bois_%28ancien_camp_des_Tartares%29%2C_au_Palais-Royal%2C_1825.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5175" data-file-height="3058" /></a><figcaption>Galeries de bois at au Palais-Royal, one of the earliest shopping arcades in Europe</figcaption></figure><p> By the late 18th century, grand shopping arcades began to emerge across Europe and in the Antipodes. A shopping arcade refers to a multiple-vendor space, operating under a covered roof. Typically, the roof was constructed of glass to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or electric lighting. Some of the earliest examples of shopping arcade appeared in Paris, due to its lack of pavement for pedestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the arcades were the province of the bourgeoisie, a new type of retail venture emerged to serve the needs of the working poor. <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> wrote about the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">co-operative</a> retail store, which he witnessed first-hand in the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AA446b_copy.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AA446b_copy.jpeg/220px-AA446b_copy.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AA446b_copy.jpeg/330px-AA446b_copy.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AA446b_copy.jpeg/440px-AA446b_copy.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Department stores, such as <a href="/wiki/Le_Bon_March%C3%A9" title="Le Bon Marché">Le Bon Marché</a> of France, appeared from the mid-19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern era of retailing is defined as the period from the industrial revolution to the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In major cities, the <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a> emerged in the mid- to late 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits, and redefined concepts of service and luxury.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the early department stores were more than just a retail emporium; rather they were venues where shoppers could spend their leisure time and be entertained.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retail, using mail order, came of age during the mid-19th century. Although catalogue sales had been used since the 15th century, this method of retailing was confined to a few industries such as the sale of books and seeds. However, improvements in transport and postal services led several entrepreneurs on either side of the Atlantic to experiment with catalogue sales.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the post-war period, an American architect, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gruen" title="Victor Gruen">Victor Gruen</a> developed a concept for a shopping mall; a planned, self-contained shopping complex complete with an indoor plaza, statues, planting schemes, piped music, and car-parking. Gruen's vision was to create a shopping atmosphere where people felt so comfortable, they would spend more time in the environment, thereby enhancing opportunities for purchasing. The first of these malls opened at <a href="/wiki/Northland_Center_(Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northland Center (Michigan)">Northland Mall</a> near Detroit in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the twentieth century, a trend towards larger store footprints became discernible. The average size of a U.S. supermarket grew from 31,000 square feet (2,900 m<sup>2</sup>) square feet in 1991 to 44,000 square feet (4,100 m<sup>2</sup>) square feet in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the twentieth century, stores were using labels such as "mega-stores" and "warehouse" stores to reflect their growing size.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upward trend of increasing retail space was not consistent across nations and led in the early 21st century to a 2-fold difference in square footage per capita between the United States and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the 21st century takes shape, some indications suggest that large retail stores have come under increasing pressure from <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">online sales models</a> and that reductions in store size are evident.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under such competition and other issues such as business debt,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there has been a noted business disruption called the <a href="/wiki/Retail_apocalypse" title="Retail apocalypse">retail apocalypse</a> in recent years which several retail businesses, especially in North America, are sharply reducing their number of stores, or going out of business entirely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retail_strategy">Retail strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Retail strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">Strategic planning</a></div> <p>The distinction between "strategic" and "managerial" decision-making is commonly used to distinguish "two phases having different goals and based on different conceptual tools. Strategic planning concerns the choice of policies aiming at improving the competitive position of the firm, taking account of challenges and opportunities proposed by the competitive environment. On the other hand, managerial decision-making is focused on the implementation of specific targets."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In retailing, the strategic plan is designed to set out the <a href="/wiki/Vision_statement" title="Vision statement">vision</a> and provide guidance for retail decision-makers and provide an outline of how the product and service mix will optimize customer satisfaction. As part of the strategic planning process, it is customary for strategic planners to carry out a detailed environmental scan which seeks to identify trends and opportunities in the competitive environment, market environment, economic environment and statutory-political environment. The retail strategy is normally devised or reviewed every three to five years by the chief executive officer. The profit margins of retailers depend largely on their ability to achieve market competitive transaction costs. </p><p>The strategic <a href="/wiki/Financial_analysis" title="Financial analysis">retail analysis</a> typically includes following elements:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanvin_Monte_Carlo_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lanvin_Monte_Carlo_2004.jpg/220px-Lanvin_Monte_Carlo_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lanvin_Monte_Carlo_2004.jpg/330px-Lanvin_Monte_Carlo_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lanvin_Monte_Carlo_2004.jpg/440px-Lanvin_Monte_Carlo_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2357" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption>The retailer also considers the overall strategic position and retail image.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_analysis" title="Market analysis">Market analysis</a> – Market size, stage of market, market competitiveness, market attractiveness, market trends</li> <li>Customer analysis – <a href="/wiki/Market_segmentation" title="Market segmentation">Market segmentation</a>, demographic, geographic, and psychographic profile, values and attitudes, shopping habits, brand preferences, analysis of needs and wants, and media habits</li> <li>Internal analysis – Other capacities including human resource capability, technological capability, financial capability, ability to generate <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">scale economies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scope" title="Economies of scope">economies of scope</a>, trade relations, reputation, positioning, and past performance</li> <li>Competition analysis – Availability of substitutes, competitor's strengths and weaknesses, perceptual mapping, competitive trends</li> <li>Review of product mix – :: Sales per square foot, stock-turnover rates, profitability per product line</li> <li>Review of distribution channels – Lead-times between placing order and delivery, cost of distribution, cost efficiency of intermediaries</li> <li>Evaluation of the economics of the strategy – Cost-benefit analysis of planned activities</li></ul> <p>At the conclusion of the retail analysis, retail marketers should have a clear idea of which groups of customers are to be the target of marketing activities. Not all elements are, however, equal, often with demographics, shopping motivations, and spending directing consumer activities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retail research studies suggest that there is a strong relationship between a store's positioning and the socio-economic status of customers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the retail strategy, including service quality, has a significant and positive association with customer loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A marketing strategy effectively outlines all key aspects of firms' targeted audience, demographics, preferences. In a highly competitive market, the retail strategy sets up long-term sustainability. It focuses on customer relationships, stressing the importance of added value, customer satisfaction and highlights how the store's market positioning appeals to targeted groups of customers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retail_marketing">Retail marketing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Retail marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Retail_marketing" title="Retail marketing">Retail marketing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retail_mix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Retail_mix.jpg/260px-Retail_mix.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Retail_mix.jpg/390px-Retail_mix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Retail_mix.jpg/520px-Retail_mix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>The retail marketing mix or the 6 Ps of retailing</figcaption></figure><p> A retail mix is devised for the purpose of coordinating day-to-day tactical decisions. The retail marketing mix typically consists of six broad decision layers including product decisions, place decisions, promotion, price, personnel and presentation (also known as physical evidence). The retail mix is loosely based on the <a href="/wiki/Marketing_mix" title="Marketing mix">marketing mix</a>, but has been expanded and modified in line with the unique needs of the retail context. A number of scholars have argued for an expanded marketing, mix with the inclusion of two new Ps, namely, <i>Personnel</i> and <i>Presentation</i> since these contribute to the customer's unique retail experience and are the principal basis for retail differentiation. Yet other scholars argue that the <i>Retail Format</i> (i.e. retail formula) should be included.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modified retail marketing mix that is most commonly cited in textbooks is often called the <i>6 Ps of retailing</i> (see diagram at right).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supermarket_full_of_goods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Supermarket_full_of_goods.jpg/220px-Supermarket_full_of_goods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Supermarket_full_of_goods.jpg/330px-Supermarket_full_of_goods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Supermarket_full_of_goods.jpg/440px-Supermarket_full_of_goods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5640" data-file-height="3995" /></a><figcaption>A typical supermarket carries an assortment of between 30,000 and 60,000 different products.</figcaption></figure><p>The primary <a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">product-related decisions</a> facing the retailer are the product assortment (what product lines, how many lines and which brands to carry); the type of customer service (high contact through to self-service) and the availability of support services (e.g. credit terms, delivery services, after sales care). These decisions depend on careful analysis of the market, demand, competition as well as the retailer's skills and expertise. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a> is the "sum of acts and elements that allow consumers to receive what they need or desire from [the] retail establishment." Retailers must decide whether to provide a full service outlet or minimal service outlet, such as no-service in the case of vending machines; self-service with only basic sales assistance or a full service operation as in many boutiques and speciality stores. In addition, the retailer needs to make decisions about sales support such as customer delivery and after sales customer care. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Souvenir.london.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Souvenir.london.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Souvenir.london.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Souvenir.london.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Souvenir.london.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Souvenir.london.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Souvenir.london.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Sellers of souvenirs are typically located in high traffic areas such as this London souvenir stand situated near a railway station on a busy street corner.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Site_selection" title="Site selection">Place decisions</a> are primarily concerned with consumer access and may involve location, space utilisation and operating hours. Retailers may consider a range of both qualitative and quantitative factors to evaluate to potential sites under consideration. Macro factors include market characteristics (demographic, economic and socio-cultural), demand, competition and infrastructure (e.g. the availability of power, roads, public transport systems). Micro factors include the size of the site (e.g. availability of parking), access for delivery vehicles. A major retail trend has been the shift to multi-channel retailing. To counter the disruption caused by online retail, many bricks and mortar retailers have entered the online retail space, by setting up online catalogue sales and <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> websites. However, many retailers have noticed that consumers behave differently when shopping online. For instance, in terms of choice of <a href="/wiki/Online_marketing_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Online marketing platform">online platform</a>, shoppers tend to choose the online site of their preferred retailer initially, but as they gain more experience in online shopping, they become less loyal and more likely to switch to other retail sites.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online stores</a> are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers across the globe have Internet access both at work and at home. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fan-Tankstelle_von_Dynamo_Dresden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fan-Tankstelle_von_Dynamo_Dresden.JPG/170px-Fan-Tankstelle_von_Dynamo_Dresden.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fan-Tankstelle_von_Dynamo_Dresden.JPG/255px-Fan-Tankstelle_von_Dynamo_Dresden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fan-Tankstelle_von_Dynamo_Dresden.JPG/340px-Fan-Tankstelle_von_Dynamo_Dresden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Extensive use of the terminal digit 'nine' suggests that psychological pricing is at play.</figcaption></figure> <p>The broad <a href="/wiki/Pricing_strategies" title="Pricing strategies">pricing strategy</a> is normally established in the company's overall strategic plan. In the case of chain stores, the pricing strategy would be set by head office. Broadly, there are six approaches to pricing strategy mentioned in the marketing literature: operations-oriented,<sup id="cite_ref-Dibb,_S._2013_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dibb,_S._2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revenue-oriented,<sup id="cite_ref-Dibb,_S._2013_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dibb,_S._2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> customer-oriented,<sup id="cite_ref-Dibb,_S._2013_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dibb,_S._2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Value-based_pricing" title="Value-based pricing">value-based</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Relationship-based_pricing" title="Relationship-based pricing">relationship-oriented</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and socially-oriented.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When decision-makers have determined the broad approach to pricing (i.e., the pricing strategy), they turn their attention to pricing tactics. Tactical pricing decisions are shorter term prices, designed to accomplish specific short-term goals. Pricing tactics that are commonly used in retail include discount pricing,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Everyday_low_price" title="Everyday low price">everyday low prices</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hoch_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoch-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high-low pricing,<sup id="cite_ref-hoch_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoch-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Loss_leader" title="Loss leader">loss leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">product bundling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promotional pricing, and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_pricing" title="Psychological pricing">psychological pricing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two strategies to entice the buyer, <a href="/wiki/Money_back_guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Money back guarantee">money back guarantee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buy_one,_get_one_free" title="Buy one, get one free">buy one get one free</a>, were devised by 18th-century retail entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retailers must also plan for customer preferred payment modes – e.g. cash, credit, lay-by, Electronic Funds Transfer at Point-of-Sale (EFTPOS). All payment options require some type of handling and attract costs.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" title="List of common misconceptions">common misconception</a>, price is not the most important factor for consumers, when deciding to buy a product.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mcdonald%27s_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mcdonald%27s_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Mcdonald%27s_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mcdonald%27s_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Mcdonald%27s_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mcdonald%27s_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Mcdonald%27s_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>One of the most well-known cross-selling sales scripts comes from McDonald's. "Would you like fries with that?"</figcaption></figure> <p>Because patronage at a retail outlet varies, flexibility in <a href="/wiki/Schedule_(workplace)" title="Schedule (workplace)">scheduling</a> is desirable. <a href="/wiki/Employee_scheduling_software" title="Employee scheduling software">Employee scheduling software</a> is sold, which, using known patterns of customer patronage, more or less reliably predicts the need for staffing for various functions at times of the year, day of the month or week, and time of day. Usually needs vary widely. Conforming staff utilization to staffing needs requires a flexible workforce which is available when needed but does not have to be paid when they are not, <a href="/wiki/Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">part-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workers</a>; as of 2012 70% of retail workers in the United States were part-time. This may result in financial problems for the workers, who while they are required to be available at all times if their work hours are to be maximized, may not have sufficient income to meet their family and other obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retailers can employ different techniques to enhance sales volume and to improve the customer experience, such as Add-on, Upsell or Cross-sell; Selling on value;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and knowing when to close the sale.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transactional marketing aims to find target consumers, then negotiate, trade, and finally end relationships to complete the transaction. In this one-time transaction process, both parties aim to maximize their own interests. As a result, transactional marketing raises follow-up problems such as poor after-sales service quality and a lack of feedback channels for both parties. In addition, because retail enterprises needed to redevelop client relationships for each transaction, marketing costs were high and customer retention was low. All these downsides to transactional marketing gradually pushed the retail industry towards establishing long-term cooperative relationships with customers. Through this lens, enterprises began to focus on the process from transaction to relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While expanding the sales market and attracting new customers is very important for the retail industry, it is also important to establish and maintain long term good relationships with previous customers, hence the name of the underlying concept, "relational marketing". Under this concept, retail enterprises value and attempt to improve relationships with customers, as customer relationships are conducive to maintaining stability in the current competitive retail market, and are also the future of retail enterprises. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_the_way_you_WiFi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Change_the_way_you_WiFi.jpg/220px-Change_the_way_you_WiFi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Change_the_way_you_WiFi.jpg/330px-Change_the_way_you_WiFi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Change_the_way_you_WiFi.jpg/440px-Change_the_way_you_WiFi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Modern technologies are often displayed in clean environments with much empty space.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrods_Food_Department_Halls_(8473364801).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Harrods_Food_Department_Halls_%288473364801%29.jpg/220px-Harrods_Food_Department_Halls_%288473364801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Harrods_Food_Department_Halls_%288473364801%29.jpg/330px-Harrods_Food_Department_Halls_%288473364801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Harrods_Food_Department_Halls_%288473364801%29.jpg/440px-Harrods_Food_Department_Halls_%288473364801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>The retail servicescape includes the appearance, equipment, display space, retail counters, signage, layout and functionality of a retail outlet. Pictured: <a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a> food court</figcaption></figure> <p>Presentation refers to the physical evidence that signals the retail image. Physical evidence may include a diverse range of elements – the store itself including premises, offices, exterior facade and interior layout, websites, delivery vans, warehouses, staff uniforms. The environment in which the retail service encounter occurs is sometimes known as the <i>retail <a href="/wiki/Servicescape" title="Servicescape">servicescape</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The store environment consists of many elements such as aromas, the physical environment (furnishings, layout, and functionality), ambient conditions (lighting, air temperature, and music) as well as signs, symbols, and artifacts (e.g. sales promotions, shelf space, sample stations, visual communications). Retail designers pay close attention to the front of the store, which is known as the <i>decompression zone</i>. In order to maximize the number of selling opportunities, retailers generally want customers to spend more time in a retail store. However, this must be balanced against customer expectations surrounding convenience, access and realistic waiting times.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way that brands are displayed is also part of the overall retail design. Where a product is placed on the shelves has implications for purchase likelihood as a result of visibility and access.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ambient conditions, such as lighting, temperature and music, are also part of the overall retail environment.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common for a retail store to play music that relates to their target market.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="Kinds_of_retailers"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shopper_profiles">Shopper profiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shopper profiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two different strands of research have investigated shopper behaviour. One is primarily concerned with shopper motivations. The other stream of research seeks to segment shoppers according to common, shared characteristics. To some extent, these streams of research are inter-related, but each stream offers different types of insights into shopper behaviour. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embroidery_and_lace-_their_manufacture_and_history_from_the_remotest_antiquity_to_the_present_day._A_handbook_for_amateurs,_collectors_and_general_readers_(1888)_(14593807460).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Embroidery_and_lace-_their_manufacture_and_history_from_the_remotest_antiquity_to_the_present_day._A_handbook_for_amateurs%2C_collectors_and_general_readers_%281888%29_%2814593807460%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Embroidery_and_lace-_their_manufacture_and_history_from_the_remotest_antiquity_to_the_present_day._A_handbook_for_amateurs%2C_collectors_and_general_readers_%281888%29_%2814593807460%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Embroidery_and_lace-_their_manufacture_and_history_from_the_remotest_antiquity_to_the_present_day._A_handbook_for_amateurs%2C_collectors_and_general_readers_%281888%29_%2814593807460%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>People who shop for pleasure are known as recreational shoppers. The recreational shopper has its origins in the grand European shopping arcades. Pictured: The gentry in a Dutch lace shop in the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Babin et al. carried out some of the earliest investigations into shopper motivations and identified two broad motives: <i>utilitarian</i> and <i>hedonic.</i> Utilitarian motivations are task-related and rational. For the shopper with utilitarian motives, purchasing is a work-related task that is to be accomplished in the most efficient and expedient manner. On the other hand, hedonic motives refer to pleasure. The shopper with hedonic motivations views shopping as a form of escapism where they are free to indulge fantasy and freedom. Hedonic shoppers are more involved in the shopping experience.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many different shopper profiles can be identified. Retailers develop customised segmentation analyses for each unique outlet. However, it is possible to identify a number of broad shopper profiles. One of the most well-known and widely cited shopper typologies is that developed by Sproles and Kendal in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sproles and Kendall's consumer typology has been shown to be relatively consistent across time and across cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their typology is based on the consumer's approach to making purchase decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Quality conscious/Perfectionist: Quality-consciousness is characterised by a consumer's search for the very best quality in products; quality conscious consumers tend to shop systematically making more comparisons and shopping around.</li> <li>Brand-conscious: Brand-consciousness is characterised by a tendency to buy expensive, well-known brands or designer labels. Those who score high on brand-consciousness tend to believe that the higher prices are an indicator of quality and exhibit a preference for department stores or top-tier retail outlets.</li> <li>Recreation-conscious/Hedonistic: Recreational shopping is characterised by the consumer's engagement in the purchase process. Those who score high on recreation-consciousness regard shopping itself as a form of enjoyment.</li> <li>Price-conscious: A consumer who exhibits price-and-value consciousness. Price-conscious shoppers carefully shop around seeking lower prices, sales or discounts and are motivated by obtaining the best value for money.</li> <li>Novelty/fashion-conscious: characterised by a consumer's tendency to seek out new products or new experiences for the sake of excitement; who gain excitement from seeking new things; they like to keep up-to-date with fashions and trends, variety-seeking is associated with this dimension.</li> <li>Impulsive: Impulsive consumers are somewhat careless in making purchase decisions, buy on the spur of the moment and are not overly concerned with expenditure levels or obtaining value. Those who score high on impulsive dimensions tend not to be engaged with the object at either a cognitive or emotional level.</li> <li>Confused (by <a href="/wiki/Overchoice" title="Overchoice">overchoice</a>): characterised by a consumer's confusion caused by too many product choices, too many stores or an overload of product information; tend to experience information overload.</li> <li>Habitual/brand loyal: characterised by a consumer's tendency to follow a routine purchase pattern on each purchase occasion; consumers have favourite brands or stores and have formed habits in choosing; the purchase decision does not involve much evaluation or shopping around.</li></ul> <p>Some researchers have adapted Sproles and Kendall's methodology for use in specific countries or cultural groups.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumer decision styles are important for retailers and marketers because they describe behaviours that are relatively stable over time and for this reason, they are useful for market segmentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_retail_outlets"><span class="anchor" id="retail_format"></span><span class="anchor" id="retail_outlet"></span><span class="anchor" id="retail_shop"></span><span class="anchor" id="retail_store"></span>Types of retail outlets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of retail outlets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Retail_format" title="Retail format">Retail format</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfficeworks_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pfficeworks_inside.jpg/220px-Pfficeworks_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pfficeworks_inside.jpg/330px-Pfficeworks_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pfficeworks_inside.jpg/440px-Pfficeworks_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6549" data-file-height="4477" /></a><figcaption>Australia's <a href="/wiki/Officeworks" title="Officeworks">Officeworks</a> is a category killer, retailing everything for the home office or small commercial office; stationery, furniture, electronics, communications devices, copying, printing and photography services, coffee, tea and light snacks.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Store,_Op%C3%A9ra_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Apple_Store%2C_Op%C3%A9ra_1.jpg/220px-Apple_Store%2C_Op%C3%A9ra_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Apple_Store%2C_Op%C3%A9ra_1.jpg/330px-Apple_Store%2C_Op%C3%A9ra_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Apple_Store%2C_Op%C3%A9ra_1.jpg/440px-Apple_Store%2C_Op%C3%A9ra_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Apple's concept stores include video walls, Wi-Fi and desks to provide an immersive customer experience.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScarsdaleGeneralStore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ScarsdaleGeneralStore.JPG/220px-ScarsdaleGeneralStore.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ScarsdaleGeneralStore.JPG/330px-ScarsdaleGeneralStore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ScarsdaleGeneralStore.JPG/440px-ScarsdaleGeneralStore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A general store in Scarsdale, Victoria, Australia operates as a post-office, newsagent, petrol station, video hire, grocer and take-away food retailer. This type of store is referred to locally as a <a href="/wiki/Milk_bar" title="Milk bar">milk bar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luovon_puoji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Luovon_puoji.jpg/220px-Luovon_puoji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Luovon_puoji.jpg/330px-Luovon_puoji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Luovon_puoji.jpg/440px-Luovon_puoji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A local store named "Luovon puoji" in the <a href="/wiki/Hailuoto_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailuoto Island">Hailuoto Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure><p><i>Retail formats</i> (also known as <i>retail formulas</i>) influence the consumer's store choice and addresses the consumer's expectations. At its most basic level, a retail format is a simple <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplace</a>, that is; a location where goods and services are exchanged. In some parts of the world, the retail sector is still dominated by small family-run stores, but large <a href="/wiki/Retail_chains" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail chains">retail chains</a> are increasingly dominating the sector, because they can exert considerable buying power and pass on the savings in the form of lower prices. Many of these large retail chains also produce their own private labels which compete alongside manufacturer brands. Considerable consolidation of retail stores has changed the retail landscape, transferring power away from wholesalers and into the hands of the large retail chains.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain and Europe, the retail sale of goods is designated as a <i><a href="/wiki/Services_marketing" title="Services marketing">service activity</a>.</i> The European Service Directive applies to all retail trade including periodic markets, street traders and peddlers. </p><p>Retail stores may be classified by the type of product carried. Softline retailers sell goods that are consumed after a <a href="/wiki/Disposable_product" title="Disposable product">single-use</a>, or have a limited life (typically under three years) in they are normally consumed. Soft goods include <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Fabrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrics">fabrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toiletries" class="mw-redirect" title="Toiletries">toiletries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicines">medicines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">stationery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grocery_store" title="Grocery store">Grocery stores</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Supermarkets" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermarkets">supermarkets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypermarkets" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermarkets">hypermarkets</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Convenience_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenience stores">convenience stores</a> carry a mix of food products and consumable household items such as detergents, cleansers, personal hygiene products. Retailers selling consumer durables are sometimes known as <i>hardline retailers</i><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">appliances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporting_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting goods">sporting goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>, etc., and parts for them. Specialist retailers operate in many industries such as the arts e.g. green grocers, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary art galleries">contemporary art galleries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bookstores" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookstores">bookstores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handicrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicrafts">handicrafts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">musical instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gift_shops" class="mw-redirect" title="Gift shops">gift shops</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To achieve and maintain a foothold in an existing market, a prospective retail establishment must <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">overcome the following hurdles</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulations">regulatory</a> barriers including: <ul><li>restrictions on real-estate purchases, especially as imposed by <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">local governments</a> and against "big-box" <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">chain retailers</a></li> <li>restrictions on foreign investment in retailers, in terms of both absolute amount of financing provided and percentage share of voting stock (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Common_stock" title="Common stock">common stock</a>) purchased</li></ul></li> <li>unfavorable <a href="/wiki/Tax_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax code">taxation structures</a>, especially those designed to penalize or keep out "big box" retailers (see "Regulatory" above)</li> <li>absence of developed supply-chain and integrated IT management</li> <li>high <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competitiveness</a> among existing market participants and resulting low <a href="/wiki/Profit_margin" title="Profit margin">profit margins</a>, caused in part by: <ul><li>constant advances in product design resulting in constant threat of product obsolescence and price declines for existing <a href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">inventory</a></li></ul></li> <li>partially due to loss in business: lack of work-force, often including management, that is properly educated and trained <ul><li>lack of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">educational infrastructure</a> enabling prospective market entrants to respond to the above challenges</li></ul></li> <li>direct <a href="/wiki/E-tailing" class="mw-redirect" title="E-tailing">e-tailing</a> (for example, through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>) and direct delivery to consumers from manufacturers and suppliers, cutting out any retail <a href="/wiki/Reseller" title="Reseller">middle man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When discussing the impact of technology on shopping and retail, e-commerce is often the first thing that comes to mind for retailers. However, technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, computer vision and the Internet of Things have used data to transform every part of the shopping experience, from browsing to checkout.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is important for organizations to embrace digital disruption in order to gain a competitive advantage. When an industry experiences digital disruption, it typically signals that consumer needs are shifting. Retailers enhance their analytics process and make better informed decisions thanks to big data, artificial intelligence, computer vision, and the Internet of Things. The use of data by retailers is mostly evident in the following aspects, based on the above-mentioned new technologies:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Enhance marketing by Personalizing customer experience</li> <li>Optimize supply chain management</li> <li>Adjust prices to maximize profits</li></ul> <p>Many leading brands choose to target tourists who specifically travel to shop or spend money while on vacation. According to the Global Retail Tourism Market Report 2019–2023,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the value of the global shopping tourism market was estimated to be around $1.2 trillion in 2018. The report also forecasts that the market will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7% from 2019 to 2023. In 2023 <a href="/wiki/Kogan_Page" title="Kogan Page">Kogan Page</a> published a critically acclaimed<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> book "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Leading-Travel-Tourism-Retail-Sustainably/dp/1398609501/ref=sr_1_1?crid=26IRSF5THA0ZK&keywords=Sacha+zackariya&qid=1681085236&sprefix=sacha+zackariya%2Caps%2C91&sr=8-1">Leading Travel and Tourism Retail</a>", which researched in depth the travel retail sector post <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among retailers and retails chains a lot of consolidation has appeared over the last couple of decades. Between 1988 and 2010, worldwide 40,788 <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> with a total known value of US$2.255 trillion have been announced.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest transactions with involvement of retailers in/from the United States have been: the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Albertsons_(SuperValu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albertsons (SuperValu)">Albertson's Inc.</a> for US$17 billion in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the merger between Federated Department Stores Inc with <a href="/wiki/The_May_Department_Stores_Company" title="The May Department Stores Company">May Department Stores</a> valued at 16.5 bil. USD in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – now <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s,_Inc." title="Macy's, Inc.">Macy's</a>, and the merger between <a href="/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kmart (United States)">Kmart Holding Corp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears Roebuck & Co</a> with a value of US$10.9 billion in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1985 and 2018 there have been 46,755 mergers or acquisitions conducted globally in the retail sector (either acquirer or target from the retail industry). These deals cumulate to an overall known value of around US$2,561 billion. The three major Retail M&A waves took place in 2000, 2007 and lately in 2017. However the all-time high in terms of number of deals was in 2016 with more than 2,700 deals. In terms of added value 2007 set the record with the US$225 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here is a list of the top ten largest deals (ranked by volume) in the Retail Industry:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Date Announced</b> </td> <td><b>Acquiror Name</b> </td> <td><b>Acquiror Mid Industry</b> </td> <td><b>Acquiror Nation</b> </td> <td><b>Target Name</b> </td> <td><b>Target Mid Industry</b> </td> <td><b>Target Nation</b> </td> <td><b>Value of Transaction ($mil)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 January 2006 </td> <td>CVS Corp </td> <td>Other Retailing </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Caremark Rx Inc </td> <td>Healthcare Providers & Services (HMOs) </td> <td>United States </td> <td>26,293.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 September 2007 </td> <td>AB Acquisitions Ltd </td> <td>Other Financials </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Alliance Boots PLC </td> <td>Other Retailing </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>19,604.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 December 2000 </td> <td>Shareholders </td> <td>Other Financials </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Granada Compass-Hospitality </td> <td>Food & Beverage Retailing </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>17,914.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 January 2006 </td> <td>AB Acquisition LLC </td> <td>Other Financials </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Albertsons Inc </td> <td>Food & Beverage Retailing </td> <td>United States </td> <td>17,543.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 February 2013 </td> <td>Home Depot Inc </td> <td>Home Improvement Retailing </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Home Depot Inc </td> <td>Home Improvement Retailing </td> <td>United States </td> <td>17,000.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 February 2005 </td> <td>Federated Department Stores </td> <td>Discount and Department Store Retailing </td> <td>United States </td> <td>May Department Stores Co </td> <td>Non Residential </td> <td>United States </td> <td>16,465.87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 August 1999 </td> <td>Carrefour SA </td> <td>Food & Beverage Retailing </td> <td>France </td> <td>Promodes </td> <td>Food & Beverage Retailing </td> <td>France </td> <td>15,837.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 June 2012 </td> <td>Walgreen Co </td> <td>Other Retailing </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Alliance Boots GmbH </td> <td>Other Retailing </td> <td>Switzerland </td> <td>15,292.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 February 2007 </td> <td>Wesfarmers Ltd </td> <td>Food & Beverage Retailing </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>Coles Group Ltd </td> <td>Food & Beverage Retailing </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>15,287.79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 March 2011 </td> <td>Wal-Mart Stores Inc </td> <td>Discount and Department Store Retailing </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Wal-Mart Stores Inc </td> <td>Discount and Department Store Retailing </td> <td>United States </td> <td>14,288.00 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_top_ten_retailers">Global top ten retailers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Global top ten retailers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_retail_companies" title="List of largest retail companies">List of largest retail companies</a></div> <p>As of 2016, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> was the largest retail market in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-www.emarketer.com_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.emarketer.com-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:80%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Worldwide top ten retailers<sup id="cite_ref-NRF_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRF-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Company </th> <th>Headquarters </th> <th>2020 total revenue (US$ billion)<sup id="cite_ref-NRF_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRF-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Business foundation </th> <th>Number of countries of operation 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>$519.93 </td> <td>Hypermarket/supercenter/superstore</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>$280.52</td> <td>Ecommerce</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>$163.22</td> <td>Cash & carry/warehouse club</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwarz_Gruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarz Gruppe">Schwarz Gruppe</a> (Lidl)</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>$133.89</td> <td>Discount grocery store</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aldi" title="Aldi">Aldi</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>$116.06</td> <td>Discount grocery store</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/JD.com" title="JD.com">JD.com</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>$82.86</td> <td>Ecommerce</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carrefour" title="Carrefour">Carrefour</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>$82.60</td> <td>Hypermarket/supermarket</td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahold_Delhaize" title="Ahold Delhaize">Ahold Delhaize</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>$78.17</td> <td>Grocery store</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>$71.99</td> <td>Ecommerce</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>$45.18</td> <td>Furniture</td> <td>60 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics_for_national_retail_sales">Statistics for national retail sales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Statistics for national retail sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Retail_Sales.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/US_Retail_Sales.png/290px-US_Retail_Sales.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/US_Retail_Sales.png/435px-US_Retail_Sales.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/US_Retail_Sales.png/580px-US_Retail_Sales.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Monthly Retail Sales, 1992–2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Retail_Federation" title="National Retail Federation">National Retail Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kantar_Group" title="Kantar Group">Kantar</a> annually rank the nation's top retailers according to sales.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Retail Federation also separately ranks the 100 fastest-growing U.S. retailers based on increases in domestic sales.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1951, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> has published the Retail Sales report every month. It is a measure of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a>, an important indicator of the US <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>. Retail firms provide data on the dollar value of their retail sales and inventories. A <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">sample</a> of 12,000 firms is included in the final <a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">survey</a> and 5,000 in the advanced one. The advanced estimated data is based on a subsample from the US CB complete retail and <a href="/wiki/Food_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Food service">food services</a> sample.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Retail is the largest private-sector employer in the United States, supporting 52 million working Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the grocery market in six countries of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> was worth nearly €107bn, 2.8% more than the previous year when expressed in local currencies. The increase was generated foremost by the discount stores and supermarket segments, and was driven by the skyrocketing prices of foodstuffs. This information is based on the latest PMR report entitled Grocery retail in Central Europe 2012<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World">World</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:016_Coca-Cola_vending_machine_at_Kyoto_Station,_Japan_-_%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9_%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E6%A9%9F.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/016_Coca-Cola_vending_machine_at_Kyoto_Station%2C_Japan_-_%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9_%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E6%A9%9F.JPG/170px-016_Coca-Cola_vending_machine_at_Kyoto_Station%2C_Japan_-_%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9_%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E6%A9%9F.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/016_Coca-Cola_vending_machine_at_Kyoto_Station%2C_Japan_-_%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9_%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E6%A9%9F.JPG/255px-016_Coca-Cola_vending_machine_at_Kyoto_Station%2C_Japan_-_%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9_%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E6%A9%9F.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/016_Coca-Cola_vending_machine_at_Kyoto_Station%2C_Japan_-_%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9_%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E6%A9%9F.JPG/340px-016_Coca-Cola_vending_machine_at_Kyoto_Station%2C_Japan_-_%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9_%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E6%A9%9F.JPG 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> has the largest number of vending machines per capita.</figcaption></figure> <p>National accounts show a combined total of retail and wholesale trade, with hotels and restaurants. in 2012 the sector provides over a fifth of GDP in tourist-oriented island economies, as well as in other major countries such as Brazil, Pakistan, Russia, and Spain. In all four of the latter countries, this fraction is an increase over 1970, but there are other countries where the sector has declined since 1970, sometimes in absolute terms, where other sectors have replaced its role in the economy. In the United States the sector has declined from 19% of GDP to 14%, though it has risen in absolute terms from $4,500 to $7,400 per capita per year. In China the sector has grown from 7.3% to 11.5%, and in India even more, from 8.4% to 18.7%. Emarketer predicts China will have the largest retail market in the world in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> became the largest retail market in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-www.emarketer.com_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.emarketer.com-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Republic of Armenia, retail trade has been increasing recently. In October 2022, it increased by 23.1% year by year, which was the most considerable rise since April 2021, faster than the 20.7 per cent increase recorded a month earlier. Retail dropped by 1.9% after accumulating 2.1%in the earlier month. For the first 10 months of 2022, retail sales increased by 15.5% by measuring the exact time of 2021. Among its bordering countries, on retail trade percentage of GDP, Armenia ranks more increased than Turkey, but it is still lower than Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Economy">Economy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Automated retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-to-consumer" title="Direct-to-consumer">Direct-to-consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">Business-to-business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-to-government" title="Business-to-government">B2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">Convenience store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">Department store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar store">Dollar store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_goods_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry goods store">Dry goods store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Final goods">Final goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_and_dime" class="mw-redirect" title="Five and dime">Five and dime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">General store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_pound" title="Grey pound">Grey pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_marketing" title="History of marketing">History of marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyper market">Hyper market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_for_like" title="Like for like">Like for like</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_department_stores_by_country" title="List of department stores by country">List of department stores by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of sales">Point of sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Sales promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_concentration" title="Retail concentration">Retail concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailtainment" title="Retailtainment">Retailtainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_buying" title="Revenge buying">Revenge buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_density" title="Sales density">Sales density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_manager" title="Store manager">Store manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Super market">Super market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Super store">Super store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_store" title="Variety store">Variety store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord#Licensed_victualler" title="Landlord">Licensed victualler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wardrobing">Wardrobing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_shopping" title="Window shopping">Window shopping</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=retail">"retail"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=retail&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dretail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/retail">"retail"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811173951/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/retail">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2018</span> – via The Free Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=retail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fretail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pride, W.M., Ferrell, O.C. Lukas, B.A., Schembri, S. Niininen, O. and Cassidy, R., <i>Marketing Principles</i>, 3rd Asia-Pacific ed., Cengage, 2018, pp. 449–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pride, W.M., Ferrell, O.C. Lukas, B.A., Schembri, S. 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If the Internet allows producers to reach customers directly, why would any role for retailing 'middlemen' remain?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perfect+Competition+in+a+Single+Market&rft.btitle=Intermediate+Microeconomics+and+Its+Application&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=300&rft.edition=12&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781133189022&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Christopher+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTr4TCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Cuimin (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2021%2F9916304">"Analyzing the Effects of Cross-Border E-Commerce Industry Transfer Using Big Data"</a>. <i>Mobile Information Systems</i>. <b>2021</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2021%2F9916304">10.1155/2021/9916304</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-905X">1875-905X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=Analyzing+the+Effects+of+Cross-Border+E-Commerce+Industry+Transfer+Using+Big+Data&rft.volume=2021&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2021%2F9916304&rft.issn=1875-905X&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Cuimin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2021%252F9916304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentonRhinehart2011" class="citation web cs1">Kenton, Will; Rhinehart, Charlene (4 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/retail-inventory-method.asp">"Retail Inventory Method: Definition, Calculation, and Example"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Investopedia" title="Investopedia">Investopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728013907/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/retail-inventory-method.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=view.publitas.com&rft.atitle=My+publications+-+Global+Travel+Retail+Market+Research+Report+and+Forecast+to+2019-2023+-+Page+1+-+Created+with+Publitas.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.publitas.com%2F9460a897-7068-442c-b76b-4e8711cc9b9e%2Fglobal-travel-retail-market-research-report-and-forecast-to-2019-2023%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/changegroup-ceo-sacha-zackariya-publishes-book-on-travel-and-tourism-leadership/.html">"MoodieDavitt Report"</a>. 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MoodieDavitt+Report&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moodiedavittreport.com%2Fchangegroup-ceo-sacha-zackariya-publishes-book-on-travel-and-tourism-leadership%2F.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106045040/http://www.imaa-institute.org/statistics-mergers-acquisitions.html#M&A_Ind_Retail">"Statistics on Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) – M&A Courses | Company Valuation Courses | Mergers & Acquisitions Courses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Mergers,_Acquisitions_and_Alliances" title="Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances">Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.census.gov&rft.atitle=US+Census+Bureau+Monthly+%26+Annual+Retail+Trade&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fretail%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portnews.ru/news/294177/">"Estimated March imports at major U.S. retail container ports hit five-year low, declines expected to continue amid pandemic"</a>. <i>PortNews</i>. 8 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523011354/https://portnews.ru/news/294177/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmrpublications.com/product/Grocery-retail-Central-Europe-2012">the original</a> on 2 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PMR+Ltd&rft.atitle=Grocery+retail+in+Central+Europe+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmrpublications.com%2Fproduct%2FGrocery-retail-Central-Europe-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2016" class="citation web cs1">Millward, Steven (18 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techinasia.com/asia-ecommerce-spending-1-trillion-dollars-2016">"Asia's ecommerce spending to hit record $1 trillion this year – but most of that is China"</a>. <i>Tech in Asia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819043228/https://www.techinasia.com/asia-ecommerce-spending-1-trillion-dollars-2016">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+in+Asia&rft.atitle=Asia%27s+ecommerce+spending+to+hit+record+%241+trillion+this+year+%E2%80%93+but+most+of+that+is+China&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techinasia.com%2Fasia-ecommerce-spending-1-trillion-dollars-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/armenia-fast-moving-consumer-goods">"Fast Moving Consumer Goods"</a>. 18 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140710/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/armenia-fast-moving-consumer-goods">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fast+Moving+Consumer+Goods&rft.date=2022-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Farmenia-fast-moving-consumer-goods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adburgham, A., <i>Shopping in Style: London from the Restoration to Edwardian Elegance</i>, London, Thames and Hudson, 1979</li> <li>Alexander, A., "The Study of British Retail History: Progress and Agenda", in <i>The Routledge Companion to Marketing History</i>, D.G. Brian Jones and Mark Tadajewski (eds.), Oxon, Routledge, 2016, pp. 155–72</li> <li>Feinberg, R.A. and Meoli, J., [Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/7196/volumes/v18/NA-18%7C">"A A Brief History of the Mall</a> Brief History of the Mall"], in <i>Advances in Consumer Research</i>, Volume 18, Rebecca H. Holman and Michael R. Solomon (eds.), Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1991, pp. 426–27</li> <li>Hollander, S. C., "Who and What are Important in Retailing and Marketing History: A Basis for Discussion", in S.C. Hollander and R. Savitt (eds.) <i>First North American Workshop on Historical Research in Marketing</i>, Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 1983, pp. 35–40.</li> <li>Jones, F., "Retail Stores in the United States, 1800–1860", <i>Journal of Marketing</i>, October 1936, pp. 135–40</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrafftMantrala2006" class="citation book cs1">Krafft, Manfred; Mantrala, Murali K., eds. (2006). <i>Retailing in the 21st Century: Current and Future Trends</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-28399-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-28399-7"><bdi>978-3-540-28399-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retailing+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Current+and+Future+Trends&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-540-28399-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kowinski, W. S., <i>The Malling of America: An Inside Look at the Great Consumer Paradise</i>, New York, William Morrow, 1985</li> <li>Furnee, J. H., and Lesger, C. (eds), <i>The Landscape of Consumption: Shopping Streets and Cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900</i>, Springer, 2014</li> <li>MacKeith, M., <i>The History and Conservation of Shopping Arcades</i>, Mansell Publishing, 1986</li> <li>Nystrom, P. H., "Retailing in Retrospect and Prospect", in H.G. Wales (ed.) <i>Changing Perspectives in Marketing</i>, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 19951, pp. 117–38.</li> <li>Stobard, J., <i>Sugar and Spice: Grocers and Groceries in Provincial England, 1650–1830</i>, Oxford University Press, 2016</li> <li>Underhill, Paco, <i>Call of the Mall: The Author of Why We Buy on the Geography of Shopping</i>, Simon & Schuster, 2004</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retailing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:retailing">retailing</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retail" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:retail">retail</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Marketing" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Marketing">Marketing</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retail" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Retail">Retail</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecr-all.org/">ECRoPEDIA – Free Global Collection of Retail/FMCG Best practices by ECR Community</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/retail.asp">Investopedia.The Industry Handbook: The Retailing Industry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrf.com/National-Retail-Federation">National Retail Federation</a> (U.S.-based trade association)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Companies_by_industry338" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Companies_by_industry" title="Template:Companies by industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Companies_by_industry" title="Template talk:Companies by industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Companies_by_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Companies by industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Companies_by_industry338" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_companies" title="Lists of companies">Companies by industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fitness_wear_brands" title="List of fitness wear brands">Fitness wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands" title="List of lingerie brands">Lingerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sock_manufacturers" title="List of sock manufacturers">Socks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sporting_goods_manufacturers" title="List of sporting goods manufacturers">Sporting goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swimwear_brands" title="List of swimwear brands">Swimwear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_energy_companies" title="List of largest energy companies">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_chemical_producers" title="List of largest chemical producers">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_oil_and_gas_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest oil and gas companies by revenue">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">Oil exploration and production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">Oilfield service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_utilities" title="List of public utilities">Public utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_concentrating_solar_thermal_power_companies" title="List of concentrating solar thermal power companies">Solar thermal power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asset_management_firms" title="List of asset management firms">Asset management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banks" title="Lists of banks">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_banking_institutions" title="List of international banking institutions">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investment_banks" title="List of investment banks">investment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hedge_funds" title="List of hedge funds">Hedge funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_equity_firms" title="List of private equity firms">Private equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_stock_exchanges" title="List of major stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venture_capital_firms" title="List of venture capital firms">Venture capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food and beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beer_and_breweries_by_region" title="List of beer and breweries by region">Beer and breweries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casual_dining_restaurant_chains" title="List of casual dining restaurant chains">Casual dining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Champagne_houses" title="List of Champagne houses">Champagne houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheesemakers" title="List of cheesemakers">Cheesemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bean-to-bar_chocolate_manufacturers" title="List of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_companies" title="List of coffee companies">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains" title="List of coffeehouse chains">Coffeehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fast_food_restaurant_chains" title="List of fast food restaurant chains">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_companies" title="List of food companies">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ice_cream_parlor_chains" title="List of ice cream parlor chains">Ice cream parlors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pizza_chains" title="List of pizza chains">Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_restaurant_chains" title="List of restaurant chains">Restaurant chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolving_restaurants" title="List of revolving restaurants">Revolving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soft_drink_producers" title="List of soft drink producers">Soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_companies" title="List of tea companies">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyards_and_wineries" title="List of vineyards and wineries">Vineyards and wineries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Healthcare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_biomedical_companies_by_market_capitalization" title="List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_club_chains" title="List of health club chains">Health club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_companies" title="List of pharmaceutical companies">Pharmaceutical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_manufacturers" title="Category:Lists of manufacturers">Manufacturing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerial_lift_manufacturers" title="List of aerial lift manufacturers">Aerial lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_manufacturers" title="List of aircraft manufacturers">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomical_instrument_makers" title="List of astronomical instrument makers">Astronomical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers" title="List of automobile manufacturers">Automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bicycle_brands_and_manufacturing_companies" title="List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies">Bicycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CIGS_companies" title="List of CIGS companies">CIGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cymbal_manufacturers" title="List of cymbal manufacturers">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dump_truck_manufacturers" title="List of dump truck manufacturers">Dump trucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horn_makers" title="List of horn makers">Horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_locomotive_builders" title="List of locomotive builders">Locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microphone_manufacturers" title="List of microphone manufacturers">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_armament_manufacturers" title="List of modern armament manufacturers">Modern armament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorcycle_manufacturers" title="List of motorcycle manufacturers">Motorcycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio-controlled_model_aircraft_kit_manufacturers" title="List of radio-controlled model aircraft kit manufacturers">Radio-controlled model aircraft kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rolling_stock_manufacturers" title="List of rolling stock manufacturers">Rolling stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motor_scooter_manufacturers_and_brands" title="List of motor scooter manufacturers and brands">Scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_silicon_producers" title="List of silicon producers">Silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steel_producers" title="List of steel producers">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stuffed_toy_manufacturers" title="List of stuffed toy manufacturers">Stuffed toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traction_motor_manufacturers" title="List of traction motor manufacturers">Traction motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tractor_manufacturers" title="List of tractor manufacturers">Tractors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_builders" title="List of tram builders">Tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_turbine_manufacturers" title="List of wind turbine manufacturers">Wind turbines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cable_television_companies" title="List of cable television companies">Cable television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishers_of_children%27s_books" title="List of publishers of children's books">Children's book publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_production_companies" title="List of film production companies">Film production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pornography_companies" title="List of pornography companies">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_record_labels" title="Lists of record labels">Record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellite_television_companies" title="List of satellite television companies">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_networks_by_country" title="List of television networks by country">Television networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_production_companies" title="List of television production companies">Television production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_video_game_companies" title="Lists of video game companies">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_retail_companies" title="Category:Lists of retail companies">Retail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book_sales_clubs" title="List of book sales clubs">Book clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_bookstores" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of bookstores">Bookstores</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bookstore_chains" title="List of bookstore chains">chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_independent_bookstores" title="List of independent bookstores">independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_bookstores" title="List of LGBT bookstores">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convenience_stores" title="List of convenience stores">Convenience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_retailers%27_cooperatives" title="List of retailers' cooperatives">Cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_department_stores_by_country" title="List of department stores by country">Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_manufacturers" title="List of game manufacturers">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypermarkets" title="List of hypermarkets">Hypermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacies" title="List of pharmacies">Pharmacies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains" title="List of supermarket chains">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superstores" title="List of superstores">Superstores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos" title="List of casinos">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chained-brand_hotels" title="List of chained-brand hotels">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_law_firms_by_profits_per_partner" title="List of largest law firms by profits per partner">Law firms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_management_consulting_firms" title="List of management consulting firms">Management consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marketing_research_firms" title="List of marketing research firms">Marketing research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bicycle_brands_and_manufacturing_companies" title="List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disc_golf_brands_and_manufacturers" title="List of disc golf brands and manufacturers">Disc golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_golf_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of golf equipment manufacturers">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbing_and_mountaineering_equipment_brands" title="List of climbing and mountaineering equipment brands">Mountaineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skateboarding_brands" title="List of skateboarding brands">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ski_brands" title="List of ski brands">Skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swimwear_brands" title="List of swimwear brands">Swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest technology companies by revenue">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_advertising_technology_companies" title="List of advertising technology companies">Advertising technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies" title="List of artificial intelligence companies">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CAx_companies" title="List of CAx companies">Computer-aided design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_system_manufacturers" title="List of computer system manufacturers">Computer systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laptop_brands_and_manufacturers" title="List of laptop brands and manufacturers">laptops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronics_brands" title="List of electronics brands">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_vehicle_battery_manufacturers" title="List of electric vehicle battery manufacturers">Electric vehicle batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_EDA_companies" title="List of EDA companies">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_memory_controller_manufacturers" title="List of flash memory controller manufacturers">Flash memory controllers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphics_chips_and_card_companies" title="List of graphics chips and card companies">Graphics chips and cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hard_disk_manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hard disk manufacturers">Hard disk drives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_hard_disk_manufacturers" title="List of defunct hard disk manufacturers">defunct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies" title="List of photovoltaics companies">Photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_printer_companies" title="List of printer companies">Printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry#Largest_companies" title="Semiconductor industry">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_IP_core_vendors" title="List of semiconductor IP core vendors">IP core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid-state_drive_manufacturers" title="List of solid-state drive manufacturers">Solid-state drives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_companies" title="List of telecommunications companies">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_touch_input_manufacturers" title="List of touch input manufacturers">Touch input</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VoIP_companies" title="List of VoIP companies">VoIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_airlines" title="Lists of airlines">Airlines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charter_airlines" title="List of charter airlines">charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines" title="List of defunct airlines">defunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">holding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">low-cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">passenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_operating_companies" title="List of bus operating companies">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruise_lines" title="List of cruise lines">Cruise lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ferry_operators" title="List of ferry operators">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_companies" title="List of ship companies">Ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_auto_shipping_companies" title="List of international auto shipping companies">automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freight_ship_companies" title="List of freight ship companies">freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_ship_companies" title="List of passenger ship companies">passenger</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Business_marketing22" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_marketing" title="Template:Business marketing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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many">Business-to-many</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-to-government" title="Business-to-government">Business-to-government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_industries631" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Industries" title="Template:Industries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Industries" title="Template talk:Industries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Industries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Industries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_industries631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Natural_sector631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">Natural sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Arable farming">Arable farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereal#Production" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume#Uses" title="Legume">Legumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_farming" title="Vegetable farming">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oilseeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_crop" title="Permanent crop">Permanent crops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Apples et al.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry#Commercial_production" title="Berry">Berries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Stone fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits#Tropical_and_tropical-like_fruit" title="List of culinary fruits">Tropical fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean#Cultivation" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee industry">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea#Production" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)#Production" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture_industry" title="Horticulture industry">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floral_industry" title="Floral industry">Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_company" title="Seed company">Seeds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">Beef cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming#Market" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Other livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool#Production" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Farming" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk#Production_process" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Fur trapping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan#Economic_and_environmental_issues" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Tree tapping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense#Production" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic#Production" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha#Uses" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup#Production" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)#Cultivation" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber#Production" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_syrup" title="Palm syrup">syrup</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores_industry" title="Naval stores industry">Pine resin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Wild mushrooms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungiculture" title="Fungiculture">Fungiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy#Fisheries" title="Anchovy">Anchovies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring#Fisheries" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine#Fisheries" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock#Fisheries" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock#Fisheries" title="Alaska pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel#Fisheries" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark#Fishery" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#Fisheries" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Fishing_industry" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid#Commercial_fishing" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Farming" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">Pearls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Both <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clam_digging" title="Clam digging">Clams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Seafood_industry" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp#Human_uses" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel industry">Fossil fuels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal industry">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_industry" title="Oil shale industry">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">Tar sands</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mining of ores <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium#Production_and_refinement" title="Aluminium">Aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper#Production" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_ore#Production_and_consumption" title="Iron ore">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_mining" title="Silver mining">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum#Production" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium#Production" title="Lithium">Lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element#Global_rare-earth_production" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other minerals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Production" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash#Production" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt#Production" title="Salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur#Production" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_pit" title="Gravel pit">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_mining" title="Chalk mining">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_pit" title="Clay pit">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum#Mining" title="Gypsum">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone#Uses" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone#Production" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite#Industry" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble#Production" title="Marble">Marble</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Industrial_sector631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">Industrial sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">Light industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_manufacturing" title="Feed manufacturing">Animal feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baking#Commercial_baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li>Dairy products</li> <li>Flour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Prepared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preserved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_making" title="Candy making">Sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil#Production" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_industry" title="Drink industry">Beverages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewing industry">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">Bottled water</a></li> <li>Liquor</li> <li>Soft drinks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linens" title="Linens">Linens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressmaker" title="Dressmaker">Dressmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">Hatmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">Tailoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">Embossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Secure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li></ul></li> <li>Media reproduction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">Cassette tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_phonograph_records" title="Production of phonograph records">Phonographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">Optical discs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Metal fabrication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Boilermaking">Boilermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builders_hardware" title="Builders hardware">Builders'</a> & <a href="/wiki/Household_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Household hardware">household hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locksmithing" title="Locksmithing">Locksmithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">Machining</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">Powder metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">Prefabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_finishing" title="Surface finishing">Surface finishing</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other fabrication <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)" title="Drawing (manufacturing)">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">Glassblowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">Sintering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Furniture</li> <li>Other goods <ul><li>Baggage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_industry" title="Bicycle industry">Bicycles</a></li> <li>Jewellery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">Medical supplies</a></li> <li>Musical instruments</li> <li>Office supplies</li> <li>Outdoors & sports equipment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy#Economics" title="Toy">Toys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electrical <br /> & optical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board#Manufacturing" title="Printed circuit board">Circuit boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">Semiconductors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer industry">Computers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_system_manufacturers" title="List of computer system manufacturers">Computer systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">Parts & peripherals</a></li> <li>Blank <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Storage_media" title="Computer data storage">storage media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Communications equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone#Sales" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_equipment_provider" title="Network equipment provider">Network infrastructure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics#Products" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_set#Major_manufacturers" title="Television set">Televisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console#Market" title="Video game console">Video game consoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</a> <ul><li>Clocks and watches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device#Consumer_applications" title="Satellite navigation device">GPS devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_instrument#List_of_scientific_instruments_manufacturers" title="Scientific instrument">Scientific instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging#Industry" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_instrument" title="Optical instrument">Optical instruments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Cameras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Gun</a> & <a href="/wiki/Spotting_scope" title="Spotting scope">spotting scopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_construction" title="Laser construction">Laser construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_manufacturing_and_testing" title="Optical manufacturing and testing">Lens grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescopes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_device" title="Electrical device">Electrical equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">Electrical</a> & <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic</a> cables</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">Chemicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Coal & <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">Bitumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">Fuel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">Mineral oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">Petroleum jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_oil" title="Synthetic oil">Synthetic oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">Tar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_chemicals" title="Commodity chemicals">Commodity chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer#Production" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">Industrial gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Allotropes" title="Chemical element">Pure elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciality_chemicals" title="Speciality chemicals">Speciality chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">Agrochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">Aroma compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_agent" title="Cleaning agent">Cleaning products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paints</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">Perfumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toiletries" class="mw-redirect" title="Toiletries">Toiletries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_chemical" title="Fine chemical">Fine chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">Pharmaceuticals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics" title="Production of antibiotics">Antibiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">Blood products</a></li> <li>Chemical & hormonal <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">Generic drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">Leather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liming_(leather_processing)" title="Liming (leather processing)">Liming</a> & <a href="/wiki/Deliming" title="Deliming">deliming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currier" title="Currier">Currying</a> & <a href="/wiki/Oiling_(leather_processing)" title="Oiling (leather processing)">oiling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Composite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sizing#Papermaking" title="Sizing">Sizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">Rubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tire_manufacturing" title="Tire manufacturing">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">Vulcanized rubber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">Specialty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelletizing" title="Pelletizing">Pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">Synthetic fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastics</a> & <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermosets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">Borosilicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">Fused quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda%E2%80%93lime_glass" title="Soda–lime glass">Soda-lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">Glass wool</a> & <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickworks" title="Brickworks">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain#Other_uses" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">Refractory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement#Cement_industry_in_the_world" title="Cement">Cement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">Plaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready-mix_concrete" title="Ready-mix concrete">Ready-mix concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other mineral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a> & <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">advanced materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_wool" title="Mineral wool">Mineral wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_gem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic gem">Synthetic gems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">Metal refining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_smelting" title="Aluminium smelting">Aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">Copper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_(metalworking)" title="Forming (metalworking)">Formed metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">Rolled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">Forged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">Cast metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">Heavy industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_industry" title="Machine industry">Machinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool_builder" title="Machine tool builder">Machine tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_generator" title="Turbo generator">Power</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automobiles</a></li> <li>Other heavy <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace industry">Aerospace</a> & <a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Ships</a> & <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">offshore platforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas#Domestic_use" title="Natural gas">Gas distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_industry" title="Water industry">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_industry" title="Waste management industry">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">Telecom networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">Telephone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_property" title="Commercial property">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Residential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge building">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadbuilding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadbuilding">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Construction" title="Tunnel">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal#Construction" title="Canal">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging#Major_dredging_companies" title="Dredging">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbors</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specialty trades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_wiring" title="Electrical wiring">Electrical wiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_mechanic" title="Elevator mechanic">Elevators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning#HVAC_industry_and_standards" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator" title="House painter and decorator">Painting and decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Site preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Service_sector631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Service sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Retail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_dealership" title="Car dealership">Car dealership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast-moving_consumer_goods" title="Fast-moving consumer goods">Consumer goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">General store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grocery_store" title="Grocery store">Grocery store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">Department store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">Mail order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_store" title="Specialty store">Specialty store</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholesaling" title="Wholesaling">Wholesale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">Auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broker" title="Broker">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">Distribution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a> <br /> & Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">Intermodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_company" title="Moving company">Moving company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_transport" title="Rail freight transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trucking">Trucking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger transport">Passenger transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_rental" title="Car rental">Car rentals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger rail">Passenger rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">Warehousing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self_storage" title="Self storage">Self storage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">Hospitality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodservice" title="Foodservice">Foodservice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drink service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">Food delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">Hotels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">Financial services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_adviser" title="Financial adviser">Financial advice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">Money transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_card_industry" title="Payment card industry">Payment cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Securities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">Pension funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">Reinsurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_agent" title="Real estate agent">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_services" title="Professional services">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_network" title="Accounting network">Accounting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_services" title="Assurance services">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">Bookkeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_advisor" title="Tax advisor">Tax advice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_firm" title="Architectural firm">Architecture</a> & <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspection" title="Inspection">Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_test" title="Physical test">Physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_testing" title="Product testing">product</a>, & <a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">system testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Product</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulting_firm" title="Consulting firm">Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_industry" title="Advertising industry">Advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_industry" title="Language industry">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Basic research</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_industry" title="Healthcare industry">Healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Medicine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentist_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentist office">Dentist offices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_care" title="Residential care">Residential care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entertainment#Industry" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a><br /> & <a href="/wiki/Leisure_industry" title="Leisure industry">leisure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Audio-visual <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_industry" title="Radio industry">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television#Content" title="Television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Sport</a></li> <li>Travel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_travel" title="Business travel">Business travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_line" title="Cruise line">Cruise lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">Gambling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusement_arcade" title="Amusement arcade">Arcades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">Amusement parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">Fairgrounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game_industry" title="Tabletop game industry">Tabletop games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <br /> & <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Written <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">Hosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">Websites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoring" title="Tutoring">Tutoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">Leasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">Renting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_agency" title="Employment agency">Staffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">Private investigation</a> & <a href="/wiki/Security_company" title="Security company">security</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maintenance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">Janitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_maintenance" title="Landscape maintenance">Landscaping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">Repairs</a></li> <li>Personal services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_salon" title="Beauty salon">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">Dry cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral industry">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maid_service" title="Maid service">Maid service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_industry" title="Pet industry">Pet care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_industry" title="Poverty industry">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_classification" title="Industry classification">Classification <br /> standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Production-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification">ANZSIC</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="International Standard Industrial Classification">ISIC</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_Classification_of_Economic_Activities_in_the_European_Community" title="Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community">NACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Industry_Classification_System" title="North American Industry Classification System">NAICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Standard Industrial Classification">SIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Standard_Industrial_Classification_of_Economic_Activities" title="United Kingdom Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities">UKSIC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Market-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Industry_Classification_Standard" title="Global Industry Classification Standard">GICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Classification_Benchmark" title="Industry Classification Benchmark">ICB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Refinitiv_Business_Classification" title="The Refinitiv Business Classification">TRBC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">Inputs</a> <br /> & <a href="/wiki/Output_(economics)" title="Output (economics)">outputs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding" title="Funding">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">Goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_good" title="Intermediate good">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">Raw material</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li>Primary inputs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_capital" title="Physical capital">Physical capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">Centralization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">Horizontal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopsony" title="Monopsony">Monopsony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">Vertical integration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Enforced breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">Freelancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesteading" title="Homesteading">Homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system" title="Putting-out system">Putting-out system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">Spinning-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary work</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_(economics)" title="Category:Industry (economics)"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Industries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Industries"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_industry" title="Outline of industry"><b>Outline</b></a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126793#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1926" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126793#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1926" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126793#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Einzelhandel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127747-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Retail trade"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85113295">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Commerce de détail"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938536s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Commerce de détail"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938536s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566845">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="maloobchod"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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