CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><script async="" src="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:es-module-shims@1.10.0/dist/es-module-shims.js"></script><script type="importmap" data-turbo-track="reload">{ "imports": { "application": "/assets/application-fe0fbdd14241aa7361c81722892327189b9083d1a4ea75cdc9ecafbeb59ab819.js", "@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-918a6cf2f2be8ed9555c9a11eee69c7dc2f01770802815576efc931876b327fb.js", "@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-dd364f16ec9504dfb72672295637a1c8838773b01c0b441bd41008124c407894.js", "@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-3576ce92b149ad5d6959438c6f291e2426c86df3b874c525b30faad51b0d96b3.js", "stripe": "https://js.stripe.com/v3/", "jquery": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:jquery@3.7.0/dist/jquery.js", "parsleyjs": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:parsleyjs@2.9.2/dist/parsley.js", "dropcap.js": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:dropcap.js@1.0.1/dropcap.js", "foundation-sites": "/assets/foundation-sites-7310dc6470bc992009222f334d26583ebe72bd9d436799b421479467efb1a911.js", "lodash": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:lodash@4.17.21/lodash.js", "select2": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:select2@4.1.0-rc.0/dist/js/select2.js", "sortable": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:sortablejs@1.15.0/modular/sortable.esm.js", "chart.js": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:chart.js@4.2.0/dist/chart.js", "@kurkle/color": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:@kurkle/color@0.3.2/dist/color.esm.js", "chartkick": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:chartkick@5.0.1/dist/chartkick.esm.js", "webfont": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:webfontloader@1.6.28/webfontloader.js", "@rails/actioncable": "/assets/actioncable.esm-06609b0ecaffe2ab952021b9c8df8b6c68f65fc23bee728fc678a2605e1ce132.js", "simplelightbox": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:simplelightbox@2.14.1/dist/simple-lightbox.modules.js", "controllers/admin/accounts/subscription/gift_controller": "/assets/controllers/admin/accounts/subscription/gift_controller-3b4b56969d106b9d1c0f0a38f1c6e62ffe328938884e87abe4f149c1eaea3a69.js", "controllers/admin/accounts/subscriptions_controller": "/assets/controllers/admin/accounts/subscriptions_controller-fddb19356cbf5d6038876ab9cc36160e174fb780c05aa8b6fd844cea3715cc02.js", "controllers/admin/republication_permissions_form_controller": "/assets/controllers/admin/republication_permissions_form_controller-c0ab8c5c832e86ec72a755454d6207e588a82b7d3878d26018ed603bdfbd1e68.js", "controllers/admin/republication_permissions_index_controller": "/assets/controllers/admin/republication_permissions_index_controller-5a3b869247d534dc542dcba547d077dfc7d3bd0be257d86ee861435d645096b6.js", "controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-63f22ce6291b2c336b75954c09c8cd9ea9eb031e3204088e4035fcb63140d74a.js", "controllers/articles_controller": "/assets/controllers/articles_controller-8e47d301bccdc1856f315def5bdcdbaffd283b0f32bf9db5ca41877f37bd4cb2.js", "controllers/autocomplete_controller": "/assets/controllers/autocomplete_controller-90106809a7ea05b8f877cd6db5d24718f0463bbaac1c40a39ebe66e9136a1ad1.js", "controllers/blog/export_controller": "/assets/controllers/blog/export_controller-c3818bd5afb25bf35694bd455933ea3b970766c56a2a49c0cd849f189a8f2135.js", "controllers/blog/posts_controller": "/assets/controllers/blog/posts_controller-67e764b24edbbcb285ac433f914993da1588dd08488b0859d5a191f61eefdb5e.js", "controllers/carousel_controller": "/assets/controllers/carousel_controller-803a8e71bbc3ce81e9b46bf948f5bb8a150e52bee9b45790922136a32ea1e119.js", "controllers/colour_input_controller": "/assets/controllers/colour_input_controller-67cd09eba0db7fa123148ce18db1e7c8bda4315018593e4a1d05b7e216ce83fe.js", "controllers/donations_controller": "/assets/controllers/donations_controller-f10b11d87a3cdfc30735a054be54b1d35f322aa0e4a1f15666a59984ef12901f.js", "controllers/file_input_controller": "/assets/controllers/file_input_controller-43b84ef005287547880f63c97003616d9a8157292508efe8fb6f28a4b1c07857.js", "controllers/foundation_controller": "/assets/controllers/foundation_controller-4c4e844e93411eb0d11c79708cf3b372502775a8063c9dae6c2e0b9e800b33fd.js", "controllers": "/assets/controllers/index-4c24b382dd25b508bb71b6832c879db5d24ad450f8546d87f4860c63610689ac.js", "controllers/lightbox_controller": "/assets/controllers/lightbox_controller-32481e0e4b442415a12a23b9e22555a8fb66eae554b47dd74eb7cdcc11fc4eae.js", "controllers/lookup_controller": "/assets/controllers/lookup_controller-6936a993e2ebf7abec820ddb07c5b01423c561f1a43e4c1f061429d3a4a7c16e.js", "controllers/parsley_controller": "/assets/controllers/parsley_controller-ed69cace8c3ae4710f6f1bf40c9545ac8eb5c3bda02a07689cef148a0bd670c2.js", "controllers/payment_monitor_controller": "/assets/controllers/payment_monitor_controller-f97e94cdc70f60676af3a78033f980ad34ebbe851732af9e9a0215f695381d88.js", "controllers/price_controller": "/assets/controllers/price_controller-4212732a33e7ead790bca190b6d7a148e72ad6905ec066231fd6395573559d98.js", "controllers/quick_searches_controller": "/assets/controllers/quick_searches_controller-8fd6f4dead6e19f2a4f2116999377fce637458f0b1ceddfa8589d2a8dc778a9e.js", "controllers/search_and_add_controller": "/assets/controllers/search_and_add_controller-252551d0609ce17e9f16a39315a515ecab88efd85ceabec478046da8dd89e0c6.js", "controllers/searches_controller": "/assets/controllers/searches_controller-b5ef9d52f183012a9d04a6d25ca90a5dacacb7da5b8133c31b8edda4575f95e4.js", "controllers/sortable_controller": "/assets/controllers/sortable_controller-7cc2e5fa0e0b8ae0852bcfce5b0572b236d8c0ed54995b9c708d3be267c5ca66.js", "controllers/stripe_controller": "/assets/controllers/stripe_controller-ccc0cdf9ea3204001f158798053eff9b049a5293561be6058152b5c71a4d00a3.js", "controllers/subscription/gift_controller": "/assets/controllers/subscription/gift_controller-a558a273a277188026ec3e56df1e7625e4ab15b4ead2b938fdb37eebad2d62ec.js", "controllers/subscription": "/assets/controllers/subscription/index-04024382391bb910584145d8113cf35ef376b55d125bb4516cebeb14ce788597.js", "controllers/subscription/plan_controller": "/assets/controllers/subscription/plan_controller-e49f2b7c638831d1ecd40c4f7aa6228cd0e88a7c228027d809722b32ecd6a012.js", "controllers/subscription/priority_mail_controller": "/assets/controllers/subscription/priority_mail_controller-3d4fe6341aa018107a00d734da0b48dc9b398574751eca06be60b42692131432.js", "controllers/subscription/student_controller": "/assets/controllers/subscription/student_controller-28c1668701074e921763eea4c04acc48ecb00bf1cd0b562b7c1c24bbeffcb698.js", "controllers/subscriptions_controller": "/assets/controllers/subscriptions_controller-bd30b36480b250bfdf7555d271857a5e0f50e8b0ec3e34d69672437b52d90670.js", "controllers/toggle_controller": "/assets/controllers/toggle_controller-01bb4089a2baf06513eca47090bd4ca5567cc4432db636ed3f54091095cfcad1.js", "constants": "/assets/constants/index-e3f2b29368d3ce5b540adf8aef816802c7a9fa0836d6b93c92326ef2ab60fa40.js", "view_models/countries": "/assets/view_models/countries-742ea74854f2f9adce842ee893289833a3cded393d3ad420b14e3898e552d6f7.js", "view_models/customer": "/assets/view_models/customer-44cba2b999465f3786479e64c1fca24668224691be6a949ef1a81af5faf08f12.js", "view_models": "/assets/view_models/index-04024382391bb910584145d8113cf35ef376b55d125bb4516cebeb14ce788597.js", "view_models/subscription_plans": "/assets/view_models/subscription_plans-8df1e121bb83c7c51adbbef76e982beececb48c458cfc765bb2d5a59bc32a496.js", "lib/api": "/assets/lib/api-05a9d87f9cc2fd30cc16a5f164a0fa3ae0ae1f6fd7a9de22627c65866b3ff241.js", "lib/collection_validator": "/assets/lib/collection_validator-c7efdd42b528fe73895a4c3144377387ac63c099c6a5853cb33fa7a13660f86b.js", "lib/formy": "/assets/lib/formy-82b9095e09e2f71861d2e6ec23713c0634b7225f306e1cc1f0377c61a6606162.js", "lib/hacks": "/assets/lib/hacks-d126d6be25ef0cf537f15fc604e68fe5e37dc93ca488801ddc7bde8346d8a3f6.js", "lib": "/assets/lib/index-713e037c4a3cc3b05f4898435c6d4ed08a957cbb7672ff42b2ac719f059742bb.js", "lib/label_parser": "/assets/lib/label_parser-a3b4715f63a20c8ecd8d2bb45e7a3543b4a2cbfc16804668beb9c5b705de33bc.js", "lib/republication_price_calculators": "/assets/lib/republication_price_calculators-f572a0cee2e75334d4d8c7dfa7646a4bdab8d7d0f51e5327f05c2bba73f40274.js", "lib/republication_property_select": "/assets/lib/republication_property_select-94781da66b56372879b3b69c4f2a22887d98ed414b2fd10effdfccc29182fe0e.js", "lib/select2_factory": "/assets/lib/select2_factory-8dfcb994653d678495e104fbaa3ef8dde705cbf20896dd4b513899f349b47725.js", "lib/util": "/assets/lib/util-ccb8cec2071811b8ae9c42894a9beb0f9435883dbc98f3d70dae1debf9d5c5aa.js", "channels/consumer": "/assets/channels/consumer-a81831895c5e410f6e17da457b495390176082e6cd70628a893e7f4dfc09fdc0.js", "channels": "/assets/channels/index-2983a1503d73f62703fe53d06f8d3b4d6829d995276142c70e1a4acf1ab7e65a.js", "channels/payment_monitor_channel": "/assets/channels/payment_monitor_channel-abc85bf8040a59087c7c69df1660c2e606fde447d4b8ba6533039db7e218fdb6.js" } }</script> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/application-fe0fbdd14241aa7361c81722892327189b9083d1a4ea75cdc9ecafbeb59ab819.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/turbo.min-918a6cf2f2be8ed9555c9a11eee69c7dc2f01770802815576efc931876b327fb.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/stimulus.min-dd364f16ec9504dfb72672295637a1c8838773b01c0b441bd41008124c407894.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/stimulus-loading-3576ce92b149ad5d6959438c6f291e2426c86df3b874c525b30faad51b0d96b3.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://js.stripe.com/v3/"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:jquery@3.7.0/dist/jquery.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:parsleyjs@2.9.2/dist/parsley.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:dropcap.js@1.0.1/dropcap.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/foundation-sites-7310dc6470bc992009222f334d26583ebe72bd9d436799b421479467efb1a911.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:lodash@4.17.21/lodash.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:select2@4.1.0-rc.0/dist/js/select2.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:sortablejs@1.15.0/modular/sortable.esm.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:chart.js@4.2.0/dist/chart.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:@kurkle/color@0.3.2/dist/color.esm.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:chartkick@5.0.1/dist/chartkick.esm.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:webfontloader@1.6.28/webfontloader.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/actioncable.esm-06609b0ecaffe2ab952021b9c8df8b6c68f65fc23bee728fc678a2605e1ce132.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm:simplelightbox@2.14.1/dist/simple-lightbox.modules.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/admin/accounts/subscription/gift_controller-3b4b56969d106b9d1c0f0a38f1c6e62ffe328938884e87abe4f149c1eaea3a69.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/admin/accounts/subscriptions_controller-fddb19356cbf5d6038876ab9cc36160e174fb780c05aa8b6fd844cea3715cc02.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/admin/republication_permissions_form_controller-c0ab8c5c832e86ec72a755454d6207e588a82b7d3878d26018ed603bdfbd1e68.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/admin/republication_permissions_index_controller-5a3b869247d534dc542dcba547d077dfc7d3bd0be257d86ee861435d645096b6.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/application-63f22ce6291b2c336b75954c09c8cd9ea9eb031e3204088e4035fcb63140d74a.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/articles_controller-8e47d301bccdc1856f315def5bdcdbaffd283b0f32bf9db5ca41877f37bd4cb2.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/autocomplete_controller-90106809a7ea05b8f877cd6db5d24718f0463bbaac1c40a39ebe66e9136a1ad1.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/blog/export_controller-c3818bd5afb25bf35694bd455933ea3b970766c56a2a49c0cd849f189a8f2135.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/blog/posts_controller-67e764b24edbbcb285ac433f914993da1588dd08488b0859d5a191f61eefdb5e.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/carousel_controller-803a8e71bbc3ce81e9b46bf948f5bb8a150e52bee9b45790922136a32ea1e119.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/colour_input_controller-67cd09eba0db7fa123148ce18db1e7c8bda4315018593e4a1d05b7e216ce83fe.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/donations_controller-f10b11d87a3cdfc30735a054be54b1d35f322aa0e4a1f15666a59984ef12901f.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/file_input_controller-43b84ef005287547880f63c97003616d9a8157292508efe8fb6f28a4b1c07857.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/foundation_controller-4c4e844e93411eb0d11c79708cf3b372502775a8063c9dae6c2e0b9e800b33fd.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/index-4c24b382dd25b508bb71b6832c879db5d24ad450f8546d87f4860c63610689ac.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/lightbox_controller-32481e0e4b442415a12a23b9e22555a8fb66eae554b47dd74eb7cdcc11fc4eae.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/lookup_controller-6936a993e2ebf7abec820ddb07c5b01423c561f1a43e4c1f061429d3a4a7c16e.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/parsley_controller-ed69cace8c3ae4710f6f1bf40c9545ac8eb5c3bda02a07689cef148a0bd670c2.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/payment_monitor_controller-f97e94cdc70f60676af3a78033f980ad34ebbe851732af9e9a0215f695381d88.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/price_controller-4212732a33e7ead790bca190b6d7a148e72ad6905ec066231fd6395573559d98.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/quick_searches_controller-8fd6f4dead6e19f2a4f2116999377fce637458f0b1ceddfa8589d2a8dc778a9e.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/search_and_add_controller-252551d0609ce17e9f16a39315a515ecab88efd85ceabec478046da8dd89e0c6.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/searches_controller-b5ef9d52f183012a9d04a6d25ca90a5dacacb7da5b8133c31b8edda4575f95e4.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/sortable_controller-7cc2e5fa0e0b8ae0852bcfce5b0572b236d8c0ed54995b9c708d3be267c5ca66.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/stripe_controller-ccc0cdf9ea3204001f158798053eff9b049a5293561be6058152b5c71a4d00a3.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/subscription/gift_controller-a558a273a277188026ec3e56df1e7625e4ab15b4ead2b938fdb37eebad2d62ec.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/subscription/index-04024382391bb910584145d8113cf35ef376b55d125bb4516cebeb14ce788597.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/subscription/plan_controller-e49f2b7c638831d1ecd40c4f7aa6228cd0e88a7c228027d809722b32ecd6a012.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/subscription/priority_mail_controller-3d4fe6341aa018107a00d734da0b48dc9b398574751eca06be60b42692131432.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/subscription/student_controller-28c1668701074e921763eea4c04acc48ecb00bf1cd0b562b7c1c24bbeffcb698.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/subscriptions_controller-bd30b36480b250bfdf7555d271857a5e0f50e8b0ec3e34d69672437b52d90670.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/controllers/toggle_controller-01bb4089a2baf06513eca47090bd4ca5567cc4432db636ed3f54091095cfcad1.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/constants/index-e3f2b29368d3ce5b540adf8aef816802c7a9fa0836d6b93c92326ef2ab60fa40.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/view_models/countries-742ea74854f2f9adce842ee893289833a3cded393d3ad420b14e3898e552d6f7.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/view_models/customer-44cba2b999465f3786479e64c1fca24668224691be6a949ef1a81af5faf08f12.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/view_models/index-04024382391bb910584145d8113cf35ef376b55d125bb4516cebeb14ce788597.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/view_models/subscription_plans-8df1e121bb83c7c51adbbef76e982beececb48c458cfc765bb2d5a59bc32a496.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/lib/api-05a9d87f9cc2fd30cc16a5f164a0fa3ae0ae1f6fd7a9de22627c65866b3ff241.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/lib/collection_validator-c7efdd42b528fe73895a4c3144377387ac63c099c6a5853cb33fa7a13660f86b.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/lib/formy-82b9095e09e2f71861d2e6ec23713c0634b7225f306e1cc1f0377c61a6606162.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/lib/hacks-d126d6be25ef0cf537f15fc604e68fe5e37dc93ca488801ddc7bde8346d8a3f6.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/lib/index-713e037c4a3cc3b05f4898435c6d4ed08a957cbb7672ff42b2ac719f059742bb.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/lib/label_parser-a3b4715f63a20c8ecd8d2bb45e7a3543b4a2cbfc16804668beb9c5b705de33bc.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/lib/republication_price_calculators-f572a0cee2e75334d4d8c7dfa7646a4bdab8d7d0f51e5327f05c2bba73f40274.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/lib/republication_property_select-94781da66b56372879b3b69c4f2a22887d98ed414b2fd10effdfccc29182fe0e.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/lib/select2_factory-8dfcb994653d678495e104fbaa3ef8dde705cbf20896dd4b513899f349b47725.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/lib/util-ccb8cec2071811b8ae9c42894a9beb0f9435883dbc98f3d70dae1debf9d5c5aa.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/channels/consumer-a81831895c5e410f6e17da457b495390176082e6cd70628a893e7f4dfc09fdc0.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/channels/index-2983a1503d73f62703fe53d06f8d3b4d6829d995276142c70e1a4acf1ab7e65a.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/channels/payment_monitor_channel-abc85bf8040a59087c7c69df1660c2e606fde447d4b8ba6533039db7e218fdb6.js"> <script type="module">import "application"</script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-KF8XF989Q2"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-KF8XF989Q2'); </script> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var _rollbarConfig = {"accessToken":"e41bb2b581fb4cacbd6ee146e266b0e2","captureUncaught":true,"captureUnhandledRejections":true,"payload":{"environment":"production","person":{"id":null,"username":null,"email":null}}};</script> <script>!function(r){var e={};function o(n){if(e[n])return e[n].exports;var t=e[n]={i:n,l:!1,exports:{}};return r[n].call(t.exports,t,t.exports,o),t.l=!0,t.exports}o.m=r,o.c=e,o.d=function(r,e,n){o.o(r,e)||Object.defineProperty(r,e,{enumerable:!0,get:n})},o.r=function(r){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(r,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(r,"__esModule",{value:!0})},o.t=function(r,e){if(1&e&&(r=o(r)),8&e)return r;if(4&e&&"object"==typeof r&&r&&r.__esModule)return r;var n=Object.create(null);if(o.r(n),Object.defineProperty(n,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:r}),2&e&&"string"!=typeof r)for(var t in r)o.d(n,t,function(e){return r[e]}.bind(null,t));return n},o.n=function(r){var e=r&&r.__esModule?function(){return r.default}:function(){return r};return o.d(e,"a",e),e},o.o=function(r,e){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,e)},o.p="",o(o.s=0)}([function(r,e,o){"use strict";var n=o(1),t=o(5);_rollbarConfig=_rollbarConfig||{},_rollbarConfig.rollbarJsUrl=_rollbarConfig.rollbarJsUrl||"https://cdn.rollbar.com/rollbarjs/refs/tags/v2.26.1/rollbar.min.js",_rollbarConfig.async=void 0===_rollbarConfig.async||_rollbarConfig.async;var a=n.setupShim(window,_rollbarConfig),l=t(_rollbarConfig);window.rollbar=n.Rollbar,a.loadFull(window,document,!_rollbarConfig.async,_rollbarConfig,l)},function(r,e,o){"use strict";var n=o(2),t=o(3);function a(r){return function(){try{return r.apply(this,arguments)}catch(r){try{console.error("[Rollbar]: Internal error",r)}catch(r){}}}}var l=0;function i(r,e){this.options=r,this._rollbarOldOnError=null;var o=l++;this.shimId=function(){return o},"undefined"!=typeof window&&window._rollbarShims&&(window._rollbarShims[o]={handler:e,messages:[]})}var s=o(4),d=function(r,e){return new i(r,e)},c=function(r){return new s(d,r)};function u(r){return a((function(){var e=this,o=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0),n={shim:e,method:r,args:o,ts:new Date};window._rollbarShims[this.shimId()].messages.push(n)}))}i.prototype.loadFull=function(r,e,o,n,t){var l=!1,i=e.createElement("script"),s=e.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],d=s.parentNode;i.crossOrigin="",i.src=n.rollbarJsUrl,o||(i.async=!0),i.onload=i.onreadystatechange=a((function(){if(!(l||this.readyState&&"loaded"!==this.readyState&&"complete"!==this.readyState)){i.onload=i.onreadystatechange=null;try{d.removeChild(i)}catch(r){}l=!0,function(){var e;if(void 0===r._rollbarDidLoad){e=new Error("rollbar.js did not load");for(var o,n,a,l,i=0;o=r._rollbarShims[i++];)for(o=o.messages||[];n=o.shift();)for(a=n.args||[],i=0;i<a.length;++i)if("function"==typeof(l=a[i])){l(e);break}}"function"==typeof t&&t(e)}()}})),d.insertBefore(i,s)},i.prototype.wrap=function(r,e,o){try{var n;if(n="function"==typeof e?e:function(){return e||{}},"function"!=typeof r)return r;if(r._isWrap)return r;if(!r._rollbar_wrapped&&(r._rollbar_wrapped=function(){o&&"function"==typeof o&&o.apply(this,arguments);try{return r.apply(this,arguments)}catch(o){var e=o;throw e&&("string"==typeof e&&(e=new String(e)),e._rollbarContext=n()||{},e._rollbarContext._wrappedSource=r.toString(),window._rollbarWrappedError=e),e}},r._rollbar_wrapped._isWrap=!0,r.hasOwnProperty))for(var t in r)r.hasOwnProperty(t)&&(r._rollbar_wrapped[t]=r[t]);return r._rollbar_wrapped}catch(e){return r}};for(var p="log,debug,info,warn,warning,error,critical,global,configure,handleUncaughtException,handleAnonymousErrors,handleUnhandledRejection,captureEvent,captureDomContentLoaded,captureLoad".split(","),f=0;f<p.length;++f)i.prototype[p[f]]=u(p[f]);r.exports={setupShim:function(r,e){if(r){var o=e.globalAlias||"Rollbar";if("object"==typeof r[o])return r[o];r._rollbarShims={},r._rollbarWrappedError=null;var l=new c(e);return a((function(){e.captureUncaught&&(l._rollbarOldOnError=r.onerror,n.captureUncaughtExceptions(r,l,!0),e.wrapGlobalEventHandlers&&t(r,l,!0)),e.captureUnhandledRejections&&n.captureUnhandledRejections(r,l,!0);var a=e.autoInstrument;return!1!==e.enabled&&(void 0===a||!0===a||function(r){return!("object"!=typeof r||void 0!==r.page&&!r.page)}(a))&&r.addEventListener&&(r.addEventListener("load",l.captureLoad.bind(l)),r.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",l.captureDomContentLoaded.bind(l))),r[o]=l,l}))()}},Rollbar:c}},function(r,e,o){"use strict";function n(r,e,o,n){r._rollbarWrappedError&&(n[4]||(n[4]=r._rollbarWrappedError),n[5]||(n[5]=r._rollbarWrappedError._rollbarContext),r._rollbarWrappedError=null);var t=e.handleUncaughtException.apply(e,n);o&&o.apply(r,n),"anonymous"===t&&(e.anonymousErrorsPending+=1)}r.exports={captureUncaughtExceptions:function(r,e,o){if(r){var t;if("function"==typeof e._rollbarOldOnError)t=e._rollbarOldOnError;else if(r.onerror){for(t=r.onerror;t._rollbarOldOnError;)t=t._rollbarOldOnError;e._rollbarOldOnError=t}e.handleAnonymousErrors();var a=function(){var o=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);n(r,e,t,o)};o&&(a._rollbarOldOnError=t),r.onerror=a}},captureUnhandledRejections:function(r,e,o){if(r){"function"==typeof r._rollbarURH&&r._rollbarURH.belongsToShim&&r.removeEventListener("unhandledrejection",r._rollbarURH);var n=function(r){var o,n,t;try{o=r.reason}catch(r){o=void 0}try{n=r.promise}catch(r){n="[unhandledrejection] error getting `promise` from event"}try{t=r.detail,!o&&t&&(o=t.reason,n=t.promise)}catch(r){}o||(o="[unhandledrejection] error getting `reason` from event"),e&&e.handleUnhandledRejection&&e.handleUnhandledRejection(o,n)};n.belongsToShim=o,r._rollbarURH=n,r.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",n)}}}},function(r,e,o){"use strict";function n(r,e,o){if(e.hasOwnProperty&&e.hasOwnProperty("addEventListener")){for(var n=e.addEventListener;n._rollbarOldAdd&&n.belongsToShim;)n=n._rollbarOldAdd;var t=function(e,o,t){n.call(this,e,r.wrap(o),t)};t._rollbarOldAdd=n,t.belongsToShim=o,e.addEventListener=t;for(var a=e.removeEventListener;a._rollbarOldRemove&&a.belongsToShim;)a=a._rollbarOldRemove;var l=function(r,e,o){a.call(this,r,e&&e._rollbar_wrapped||e,o)};l._rollbarOldRemove=a,l.belongsToShim=o,e.removeEventListener=l}}r.exports=function(r,e,o){if(r){var t,a,l="EventTarget,Window,Node,ApplicationCache,AudioTrackList,ChannelMergerNode,CryptoOperation,EventSource,FileReader,HTMLUnknownElement,IDBDatabase,IDBRequest,IDBTransaction,KeyOperation,MediaController,MessagePort,ModalWindow,Notification,SVGElementInstance,Screen,TextTrack,TextTrackCue,TextTrackList,WebSocket,WebSocketWorker,Worker,XMLHttpRequest,XMLHttpRequestEventTarget,XMLHttpRequestUpload".split(",");for(t=0;t<l.length;++t)r[a=l[t]]&&r[a].prototype&&n(e,r[a].prototype,o)}}},function(r,e,o){"use strict";function n(r,e){this.impl=r(e,this),this.options=e,function(r){for(var e=function(r){return function(){var e=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);if(this.impl[r])return this.impl[r].apply(this.impl,e)}},o="log,debug,info,warn,warning,error,critical,global,configure,handleUncaughtException,handleAnonymousErrors,handleUnhandledRejection,_createItem,wrap,loadFull,shimId,captureEvent,captureDomContentLoaded,captureLoad".split(","),n=0;n<o.length;n++)r[o[n]]=e(o[n])}(n.prototype)}n.prototype._swapAndProcessMessages=function(r,e){var o,n,t;for(this.impl=r(this.options);o=e.shift();)n=o.method,t=o.args,this[n]&&"function"==typeof this[n]&&("captureDomContentLoaded"===n||"captureLoad"===n?this[n].apply(this,[t[0],o.ts]):this[n].apply(this,t));return this},r.exports=n},function(r,e,o){"use strict";r.exports=function(r){return function(e){if(!e&&!window._rollbarInitialized){for(var o,n,t=(r=r||{}).globalAlias||"Rollbar",a=window.rollbar,l=function(r){return new a(r)},i=0;o=window._rollbarShims[i++];)n||(n=o.handler),o.handler._swapAndProcessMessages(l,o.messages);window[t]=n,window._rollbarInitialized=!0}}}}]);</script><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /><meta content="ie=edge" http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" /><meta name="action-cable-url" content="wss://newleftreview.org/cable" /><title>Nicos Poulantzas, Towards a Democratic Socialism, NLR I/109, May–June 1978</title><meta content=" The question of socialism and democracy, of the democratic road to socialism, is today posed with reference to two historical experiences, which in a way serve as examples of the twin limits or dangers to be avoided: the traditional social-democratic experience, as illustrated in a number of West . . . " name="description" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/application-deaf103fc77fd40509ad2d3a4bb47d835b2f03c4b67a168cb2366acaa6dcf489.css" data-turbo-track="true" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/adobe-68b0c4d11d5fa251d4cef110a7ea2323e4e17eb29f5592f097e396e7a9ad8252.css" data-turbo-track="true" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/print-dffa43a419e617e72be45822f7ed41234ad29fc55ec252cb048a28430c8c8b98.css" media="print" data-turbo-track="true" /><meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="IZ_vCQ6dyM2gKvPOOT3FkmvYwpssVb1V4AbIqeOkWSZd9e4ivDWh5lsOi9wwZc2_liCAUtqy5G-sKuInv6Rwbg" /><link href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57-335ad3515a4d2e700008ca5a1ca3fd0209840c5155fda7bb90d20e115f2d495a.png" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" /><link href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114-065cc4cd353db39a62f923a7bdd755a891818b9779208d2b37aa6d7a40fc8ab7.png" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" /><link href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72-fa8799e4f37f271bb5dc1f86a7ce5bdadf1d4d2c35d9ad735f2c785d53e9900d.png" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" /><link href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144-08c4539a49c5501da1efc1f25c898a3fbd0142f2596216c171bd0bd5f1bc1d7e.png" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" /><link href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60-9aa47e18d0e4d87c7d5fe7585829d77a55e44a8bf39d6b12030f02d3bf6b6b3c.png" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" /><link href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120-ffe0858f31d84cde81abea5564921809725c9097417b7e19e799d293833d8602.png" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" /><link href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76-197ecf0ecc3f6de0b5fc12445bb5577736dc4d7027a8c5656335e6b68a4640f5.png" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" /><link href="/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152-1fb4fb80f11537438426afceef43979c9b2e048d130de1f1313b115e23562665.png" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" /><link href="/assets/favicons/favicon-196x196-8d1603cc3441d61d439f5b012ee0154775c3c4babba7aa6a4fe2698f4fcfd754.png" rel="icon" sizes="196x196" type="image/png" /><link href="/assets/favicons/favicon-96x96-89f5af03232e6a2fd3cbe79f0b73a19c58633108ee05a3d2a0f69f976f90b636.png" rel="icon" sizes="96x96" type="image/png" /><link href="/assets/favicons/favicon-32x32-63530010cb05c352604fafe0d81c181b3be04010d258aade778c78eb8496de31.png" rel="icon" sizes="32x32" type="image/png" /><link href="/assets/favicons/favicon-16x16-826d5ca1a21fe46849cadb8144e03e5481b15dce38a414f4f3254131c05aed00.png" rel="icon" sizes="16x16" type="image/png" /><link href="/assets/favicons/favicon-128-75fbe66f87d823778b36003882e886bd8e76dadf9e79df54cd54ab682b53269a.png" rel="icon" sizes="128x128" type="image/png" /><meta content="New Left Review" name="application-name" /><meta content="#FFFFFF" name="msapplication-TileColor" /><meta content="/assets/favicons/mstile-144x144-08c4539a49c5501da1efc1f25c898a3fbd0142f2596216c171bd0bd5f1bc1d7e.png" name="msapplication-TileImage" /><meta content="/assets/favicons/mstile-70x70-75fbe66f87d823778b36003882e886bd8e76dadf9e79df54cd54ab682b53269a.png" name="msapplication-square70x70logo" /><meta content="/assets/favicons/mstile-150x150-c65f8d3517b0f83833d70af33346fc11b157c1ff57794b899c44537bbb93662a.png" name="msapplication-square150x150logo" /><meta content="/assets/favicons/mstile-310x150-54891b82c6d2c95cfe2cf233fc4cf4bd49e576e36d3338493395a82b285e9276.png" name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" /><meta content="/assets/favicons/mstile-310x310-d7cf34d723a1817874867eed9084336cbbcd775d2ebc449e7397775cb180e246.png" name="msapplication-square310x310logo" /><meta content="1787705818145668" property="fb:app_id" /><meta content="Nicos Poulantzas, Towards a Democratic Socialism, NLR I/109, May–June 1978" property="og:title" /><meta content="https://newleftreview.org/issues/i109/articles/nicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism" property="og:url" /><meta content="https://newleftreview.org/assets/social_media/nlr_default_card-023912cb7a0dd8c076b5f719e60aaa3cd5d1753c885f9df8bd772bb756d7e428.png" property="og:image" /><meta content=" The question of socialism and democracy, of the democratic road to socialism, is today posed with reference to two historical experiences, which in a way serve as examples of the twin limits or dangers to be avoided: the traditional social-democratic experience, as illustrated in a number of West . . . " property="og:description" /><meta content="New Left Review" property="og:site_name" /><meta content="website" property="og:type" /><meta content="summary_large_image" name="twitter:card" /><meta content="@newleftreview" name="twitter:site" /><meta content="@newleftreview" name="twitter:creator" /><meta content="Nicos Poulantzas, Towards a Democratic Socialism, NLR I/109, May–June 1978" name="twitter:title" /><meta content=" The question of socialism and democracy, of the democratic road to socialism, is today posed with reference to two historical experiences, which in a way serve as examples of the twin limits or dangers to be avoided: the traditional social-democratic experience, as illustrated in a number of West . . . " name="twitter:description" /><meta content="https://newleftreview.org/assets/social_media/nlr_default_card-023912cb7a0dd8c076b5f719e60aaa3cd5d1753c885f9df8bd772bb756d7e428.png" name="twitter:image" /><meta content="Towards a Democratic Socialism" name="citation_title" /><meta content="Nicos Poulantzas" name="citation_author" /><meta content="1978-06-01 00:00:00 UTC" name="citation_publication_date" /><meta content="New Left Review" name="citation_journal_title" /><meta content="I" name="citation_volume" /><meta content="109" name="citation_issue" /><meta content="75" name="citation_firstpage" /><meta content="87" name="citation_lastpage" /><meta content="/issues/i109/articles/nicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism.pdf" name="citation_pdf_url" /><link href="/feed" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" /></head><body class="bg-colour-issue-web-bg production locale-en guest-user c-articles a-show site-section-nlr" data-action="turbo:load@document->foundation#configure turbo:visit@document->foundation#onVisit resize@window->foundation#onResize" data-controller="foundation"><style type="text/css" data-turbolinks-clear> :root { --issue-background: #30434F; --issue-web-background: rgb(14.400000000000006, 20.1, 23.700000000000003); --issue-text: #ffffff; --issue-n: #ffffff; --issue-l: #ffffff; --issue-r: #ffffff; --button-primary-color: #ffffff; --button-primary-background-color: #30434F; --button-primary-hover-background-color: rgb(31.200000000000003, 43.55, 51.35); } .colour-issue-text { color: #ffffff; fill: #ffffff; } .bg-colour-issue-bg { color: white; background-color: #30434F; } .bg-colour-issue-web-bg { color: white; background-color: rgb(14.400000000000006, 20.1, 23.700000000000003); } .bg-colour-issue-n { color: black; background-color: #48B775; } .bg-colour-issue-l { color: black; background-color: #FF8E66; } .bg-colour-issue-r { color: black; background-color: #48B775; } .fill-colour-issue-n { fill: #48B775; } .fill-colour-issue-l { fill: #FF8E66; } .fill-colour-issue-r { fill: #48B775; } .button.primary, .button.primary:hover { color: #ffffff; background-color: #30434F; box-shadow: 2px 2px white; } </style> <div id="body-wrapper"><header class="site-header colour-issue-text bg-colour-issue-bg hide-for-print" data-action="click@document->quick-searches#hide" data-controller="quick-searches" data-foundation-target="siteHeader" data-quick-searches-target="siteHeader" data-sticky-container="" id="site-header"><nav data-options="marginTop:0;" data-sticky="" data-sticky-on="small" style="width:100%;"><div class="top-bar-container"><div class="top-bar colour-issue-text bg-colour-issue-bg" data-foundation-target="topBar"><div class="text-left"><span data-action="click->foundation#toggleMenu" data-foundation-target="menuToggle" data-hide-for="large" data-responsive-toggle="main-menu" id="menu-toggle"><button class="colour-issue-text" data-toggle="" type="button"></button><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="burger-icon" width="25" height="21" viewBox="0 0 25 21" class="open_menu icon"> <g transform="translate(-25 -19.5)"> <line x2="25" transform="translate(25 40)" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="1"></line> <line x2="25" transform="translate(25 30)" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="1"></line> <line x2="25" transform="translate(25 20)" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="1"></line> </g> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="x-icon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 19.68 19.68" style="enable-background:new 0 0 19.68 19.68;" xml:space="preserve" class="close_menu icon"> <rect x="-3.12" y="9.41" transform="matrix(0.7071 -0.7071 0.7071 0.7071 -4.0814 9.895)" width="26.04" height="0.94"></rect> <rect x="-3.12" y="9.41" transform="matrix(-0.7071 -0.7071 0.7071 -0.7071 9.9244 23.8592)" width="26.04" height="0.94"></rect> </svg> </span></div><div class="top-bar-over"><a class="logo-link" data-turbo="true" href="/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="New Left Review masthead" data-name="Group 53" width="494.745" height="46.95" viewBox="0 0 494.745 46.95" class="logo cell"> <title>New Left Review</title> <path class="logo_new fill-colour-issue-n" id="logo_n" data-name="Logo n" d="M1196.911,1971.917l-19.714-29.745-1.532-2.785a7.073,7.073,0,0,1-.625-1.6V1971.5h-8.359v-45.975h10.1l18.6,29.117a24.639,24.639,0,0,1,2.437,5.015v-34.132h8.289v46.393Z" transform="translate(-1166.68 -1925.524)"></path> <path class="logo_new fill-colour-issue-n" id="logo_e" data-name="Logo e" d="M1189.3,1965.244v-34.2h22.78v6.341h-14.491v7.243H1209.5v6.34h-11.912v7.941h15.257v6.339Z" transform="translate(-1141.03 -1919.269)"></path> <path class="logo_new fill-colour-issue-n" id="logo_w" data-name="Logo w" d="M1237.169,1965.939h-5.922l-4.736-12.12-4.738,12.12H1216.2l-13.654-34.9h8.639l8.567,23.755,3.414-8.707-6.129-15.047h7.662l2.23,6.827,1.948-6.827h6.479l-5.015,14.561,3.551,9.473,8.359-24.034h7.873Z" transform="translate(-1126.002 -1919.269)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-l" id="logo_l" data-name="Logo l" d="M1236.361,1971.5v-45.975h8.778v38.52h18.808v7.454Z" transform="translate(-1087.655 -1925.524)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-l" id="logo_e" data-name="Logo e" d="M1252.68,1965.244v-34.2h22.777v6.341h-14.488v7.243h11.913v6.34h-11.913v7.941h15.254v6.339Z" transform="translate(-1069.147 -1919.269)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-l" id="logo_f" data-name="Logo f" d="M1275.428,1937.381v7.593h12.26v6.338h-12.26v13.932h-8.289v-34.2h23.2v6.341Z" transform="translate(-1052.749 -1919.269)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-l" id="logo_t" data-name="Logo t" d="M1299.357,1937.381v27.863H1291v-27.863h-10.378v-6.341h29.117v6.341Z" transform="translate(-1037.462 -1919.269)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-r" id="logo_r" data-name="Logo r" d="M1329.205,1971.5l-10.52-18.39H1314.3v18.39h-8.778v-45.975h15.326c6.686,0,9.751.836,12.467,3.412,2.51,2.3,3.763,5.645,3.763,9.962a13.978,13.978,0,0,1-2.507,8.639c-1.742,2.228-3.344,3.2-7.175,4.249l11.424,19.713Zm-9.2-38.521H1314.3v12.677h5.711c5.572,0,8.011-1.951,8.011-6.547C1328.021,1934.72,1325.723,1932.978,1320.01,1932.978Z" transform="translate(-1009.219 -1925.524)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-r" id="logo_e" data-name="Logo e" d="M1324.255,1965.244v-34.2h22.777v6.341h-14.488v7.243h11.912v6.34h-11.912v7.941H1347.8v6.339Z" transform="translate(-987.974 -1919.269)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-r" id="logo_v" data-name="Logo v" d="M1356.876,1966.219h-6.061l-13.374-35.179h8.916l8.01,22.571,7.245-22.571h8.639Z" transform="translate(-973.02 -1919.269)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-r" id="logo_i" data-name="Logo i" d="M1355.457,1965.244v-34.2h8.36v34.2Z" transform="translate(-952.588 -1919.269)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-r" id="logo_e" data-name="Logo e" d="M1363.126,1965.244v-34.2h22.779v6.341h-14.489v7.243h11.911v6.34h-11.911v7.941h15.255v6.339Z" transform="translate(-943.89 -1919.269)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-r" id="logo_w" data-name="Logo w" d="M1410.836,1965.939h-5.922l-4.735-12.12-4.738,12.12h-5.572l-13.655-34.9h8.639l8.569,23.755,3.412-8.707-6.129-15.047h7.661l2.23,6.827,1.949-6.827h6.479l-5.015,14.561,3.553,9.473,8.357-24.034h7.873Z" transform="translate(-929.047 -1919.269)"></path> </svg> </a></div><div class="colour-issue-text grid-x" data-foundation-target="mainMenu" id="main-menu"><div class="top-bar-primary"><a id="minimised_masthead" class="logo-link" data-turbo="true" href="/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64.181" height="23.736" viewBox="0 0 64.181 23.736" class="logo"> <g transform="translate(-2003.861 -2722.738)"> <path class="logo_new fill-colour-issue-n" data-name="N" d="M2019.439,2746.474l-10.158-15.218-.79-1.426a3.569,3.569,0,0,1-.322-.82v17.25h-4.307v-23.522h5.2l9.584,14.9a12.6,12.6,0,0,1,1.256,2.566v-17.463h4.271v23.736Z" transform="translate(0)"></path> <path class="logo_left fill-colour-issue-l" data-name="L" d="M2122.614,2746.259v-23.521h4.523v19.707h9.691v3.814Z" transform="translate(-91.796 0)"></path> <path class="logo_review fill-colour-issue-r" data-name="R" d="M2223.335,2746.259l-5.42-9.408h-2.26v9.408h-4.523v-23.521h7.9c3.445,0,5.025.427,6.424,1.746a6.556,6.556,0,0,1,1.938,5.1A7.108,7.108,0,0,1,2226.1,2734a5.876,5.876,0,0,1-3.7,2.174l5.886,10.086Zm-4.738-19.707h-2.943v6.485h2.943c2.871,0,4.127-1,4.127-3.35C2222.725,2727.442,2221.541,2726.552,2218.6,2726.552Z" transform="translate(-160.246 0)"></path> </g> </svg> </a><ul class="menu vertical large-horizontal"><li class="show-for-large"><a data-turbo="true" href="/">Home</a></li><li class="show-for-large"><a data-turbo="true" href="/pages/about">About</a></li><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/issues">Archive</a></li><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/sidecar">Sidecar</a></li><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/authors/A">Contributors</a></li><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/subscriptions/new">Subscribe</a></li><li><a id="menu-account-link" data-turbo="true" href="/sign_in">Log in</a></li><li class="hide-for-large"><div class="search-opener" data-action="click->quick-searches#show click->quick-searches#focus:stop" data-target="#primary-search-small" id="primary-search-small-opener"><button name="" type="submit" class="button" id="search-button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="magnifying-glass-icon" data-name="Magnifying Glass Icon" width="25.985" height="25.9" viewBox="0 0 25.985 25.9" class="icon colour-issue-text"> <path d="M25.63,24.011a1.038,1.038,0,0,1-.067,1.619,1,1,0,0,1-.742.27,1.1,1.1,0,0,1-.809-.337l-7.149-7.217a10.1,10.1,0,0,1-6.542,2.293A9.9,9.9,0,0,1,3,17.6,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,0,10.32,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,3,3.035,9.9,9.9,0,0,1,10.32,0a9.9,9.9,0,0,1,7.318,3.035,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,3,7.284,9.923,9.923,0,0,1-2.226,6.408ZM4.586,16.053a7.805,7.805,0,0,0,5.733,2.361,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,5.733-2.361,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,2.361-5.733,7.805,7.805,0,0,0-2.361-5.733A7.805,7.805,0,0,0,10.32,2.226,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,4.586,4.586,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,2.226,10.32,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,4.586,16.053ZM25.9,25.9"></path> </svg> </button></div><div class="site-search" id="primary-search-small"><form data-turbo="true" action="/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input type="search" name="query[q]" id="query_q" data-quick-searches-target="input" data-action="click->quick-searches#focus:stop" class="input-group-field colour-issue-text" placeholder="Quick search..." /><button name="" type="submit" class="button" id="search-button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="magnifying-glass-icon" data-name="Magnifying Glass Icon" width="25.985" height="25.9" viewBox="0 0 25.985 25.9" class="icon colour-issue-text"> <path d="M25.63,24.011a1.038,1.038,0,0,1-.067,1.619,1,1,0,0,1-.742.27,1.1,1.1,0,0,1-.809-.337l-7.149-7.217a10.1,10.1,0,0,1-6.542,2.293A9.9,9.9,0,0,1,3,17.6,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,0,10.32,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,3,3.035,9.9,9.9,0,0,1,10.32,0a9.9,9.9,0,0,1,7.318,3.035,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,3,7.284,9.923,9.923,0,0,1-2.226,6.408ZM4.586,16.053a7.805,7.805,0,0,0,5.733,2.361,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,5.733-2.361,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,2.361-5.733,7.805,7.805,0,0,0-2.361-5.733A7.805,7.805,0,0,0,10.32,2.226,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,4.586,4.586,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,2.226,10.32,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,4.586,16.053ZM25.9,25.9"></path> </svg> </button></form></div></li><li class="hide-for-large"><a data-turbo="true" href="/search">Advanced search</a></li></ul><div class="search-opener show-for-large" data-action="click->quick-searches#show click->quick-searches#focus:stop" data-target="#primary-search-large" id="primary-search-large-opener"><button name="" type="submit" class="button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="magnifying-glass-icon" data-name="Magnifying Glass Icon" width="25.985" height="25.9" viewBox="0 0 25.985 25.9" class="icon colour-issue-text"> <path d="M25.63,24.011a1.038,1.038,0,0,1-.067,1.619,1,1,0,0,1-.742.27,1.1,1.1,0,0,1-.809-.337l-7.149-7.217a10.1,10.1,0,0,1-6.542,2.293A9.9,9.9,0,0,1,3,17.6,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,0,10.32,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,3,3.035,9.9,9.9,0,0,1,10.32,0a9.9,9.9,0,0,1,7.318,3.035,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,3,7.284,9.923,9.923,0,0,1-2.226,6.408ZM4.586,16.053a7.805,7.805,0,0,0,5.733,2.361,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,5.733-2.361,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,2.361-5.733,7.805,7.805,0,0,0-2.361-5.733A7.805,7.805,0,0,0,10.32,2.226,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,4.586,4.586,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,2.226,10.32,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,4.586,16.053ZM25.9,25.9"></path> </svg> </button></div></div></div><div class="site-search show-for-large" id="primary-search-large"><form action="/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><a data-turbo="true" id="advanced-search-link" href="/search">Advanced search</a><input type="search" name="query[q]" id="query_q" class="input-group-field colour-issue-text" placeholder="Quick search..." data-quick-searches-target="input" data-action="click->quick-searches#focus:stop" /><button name="" type="submit" class="button" id="search-button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="magnifying-glass-icon" data-name="Magnifying Glass Icon" width="25.985" height="25.9" viewBox="0 0 25.985 25.9" class="icon colour-issue-text"> <path d="M25.63,24.011a1.038,1.038,0,0,1-.067,1.619,1,1,0,0,1-.742.27,1.1,1.1,0,0,1-.809-.337l-7.149-7.217a10.1,10.1,0,0,1-6.542,2.293A9.9,9.9,0,0,1,3,17.6,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,0,10.32,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,3,3.035,9.9,9.9,0,0,1,10.32,0a9.9,9.9,0,0,1,7.318,3.035,9.991,9.991,0,0,1,3,7.284,9.923,9.923,0,0,1-2.226,6.408ZM4.586,16.053a7.805,7.805,0,0,0,5.733,2.361,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,5.733-2.361,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,2.361-5.733,7.805,7.805,0,0,0-2.361-5.733A7.805,7.805,0,0,0,10.32,2.226,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,4.586,4.586,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,2.226,10.32,7.805,7.805,0,0,0,4.586,16.053ZM25.9,25.9"></path> </svg> </button></form></div></div></div></nav></header><div class="grid-x align-center"><section class="flash-messages"></section></div><div class="grid-x align-center"><section class="alert-messages"></section></div><div data-foundation-target="main" id="main"><section class="content"><a class="back-to-issue hide-for-large hide-for-print" data-turbo="true" href="/issues/i109"><div class="grid-x align-top"><div class="cell small-1 text-right"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="11.876" height="22.339" viewBox="0 0 11.876 22.339" class="icon"> <path id="backward_icon" data-name="backward icon" d="M2008,4372l10.816,10.816L2008,4393.632" transform="translate(2019.523 4393.985) rotate(180)" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="1"></path> </svg> </div><div class="cell small-5"><h1>Back to issue</h1></div><div class="cell small-6 text-right"><div class="back-to-issue__name">I/109<span class="divider">•</span>May/June 1978</div></div></div></a><div class="show-for-print text-center">NLR I/109, May–June 1978</div><div class="grid-x"><div class="cell large-9"><article class="article article--summary article--article" data-articles-article-type-value="article" data-controller="articles" id="article_1242" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><meta content="Towards a Democratic Socialism" itemprop="name" /><meta content="Nicos Poulantzas" itemprop="author" /><span itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta content="New Left Review" itemprop="name" /></span><span itemprop="isPartOf" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Periodical"><meta content="New Left Review" itemprop="name" /></span><div class="grid-x"><div class="cell small-6"><div class="article-publication-details"><span class="issue-breadcrumb show-for-medium"><span class="article-issue" itemprop="isPartOf" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/PublicationIssue"></span><span class="article-publication-details__issue_number">I/109</span><time datetime="1978-06-01" itemprop="datePublished">, May June 1978 </time><meta content="75" itemprop="pageStart" /><meta content="87" itemprop="pageEnd" /><meta content="https://newleftreview.org/media/W1siZiIsIjIwMTkvMDMvMDkvMWN3NmkxMDM2ZF9OTFIxMDYuanBnIl1d?sha=f5e3a79a7d06b1d8" itemprop="image" /></span></div></div></div><div class="article-page"><p class="article-authors">Nicos Poulantzas</p><h1 class="article-title" itemprop="headline">Towards a Democratic Socialism</h1><div class="article-exporters hide-for-large hide-for-print"><h1>Share</h1><div class="grid-x article-exporters__links align-middle"><div class="cell small-3"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://newleftreview.org/issues/i109/articles/nicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9.898" height="18.621" viewBox="0 0 9.898 18.621" class="icon"> <g id="facebook_icon" data-name="Facebook icon" transform="translate(-288.867 -413.325)"> <path d="M298.117,423.72l.513-3.345h-3.21V418.2a1.672,1.672,0,0,1,1.886-1.807h1.459v-2.847a17.808,17.808,0,0,0-2.59-.226c-2.643,0-4.371,1.6-4.371,4.5v2.548h-2.938v3.345H291.8V431.8a11.657,11.657,0,0,0,3.616,0V423.72Z"></path> </g> </svg> </a></div><div class="cell small-3"><a href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Nicos Poulantzas, Towards a Democratic Socialism, NLR I/109, May–June 1978&url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/i109/articles/nicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism&via=newleftreview"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17.405" height="14.145" viewBox="0 0 17.405 14.145" class="icon"> <g id="twitter_icon" data-name="Twitter icon" transform="translate(-300.588 -415.493)"> <path d="M306.062,429.638a10.091,10.091,0,0,0,10.16-10.16c0-.155,0-.31-.01-.462a7.286,7.286,0,0,0,1.781-1.849,7.132,7.132,0,0,1-2.051.561,3.581,3.581,0,0,0,1.57-1.975,7.154,7.154,0,0,1-2.266.866,3.575,3.575,0,0,0-6.086,3.257,10.136,10.136,0,0,1-7.36-3.731,3.574,3.574,0,0,0,1.106,4.768,3.553,3.553,0,0,1-1.617-.446v.044a3.573,3.573,0,0,0,2.865,3.5,3.55,3.55,0,0,1-1.613.061,3.575,3.575,0,0,0,3.336,2.481,7.162,7.162,0,0,1-4.434,1.528,7.248,7.248,0,0,1-.853-.05,10.112,10.112,0,0,0,5.474,1.6" transform="translate(0 0)"></path> </g> </svg> </a></div><div class="cell small-3"><a href="mailto:?body=%E2%80%9C%E2%80%9D%0D%0A%0D%0ANicos%20Poulantzas%20in%20NLR%20I%2F109%2C%20May%E2%80%93June%201978%0D%0A%0D%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2Fi109%2Farticles%2Fnicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism&subject=Nicos%20Poulantzas%2C%20Towards%20a%20Democratic%20Socialism%2C%20NLR%20I%2F109%2C%20May%E2%80%93June%201978"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16.813" height="14.672" viewBox="0 0 16.813 14.672" class="icon"> <g id="email_icon" data-name="email icon" transform="translate(-97.143 -2768.95)"> <g transform="translate(-224.867 2355.675)"> <rect width="15.139" height="12.999" rx="0.709" transform="translate(322.847 414.111)" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-width="1.674"></rect> <path d="M337.85,414.394l-6.924,6.99a.777.777,0,0,1-1.019,0l-6.924-6.99" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-width="1.674"></path> </g> </g> </svg> </a></div><div class="cell small-3"><a class="anchor-link" href="#access-options"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20.277" height="17.444" viewBox="0 0 20.277 17.444" class="icon"> <g id="download_icon" data-name="download icon" transform="translate(-116.848 -2769.409)"> <path d="M361.371,419.7l-8.866,8.948a.991.991,0,0,1-1.3,0l-8.865-8.948" transform="translate(-224.867 2357.014)" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-width="1.75"></path> <line y2="17.152" transform="translate(126.987 2769.409)" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-width="1.75"></line> </g> </svg> </a></div></div></div><div class="article-body-wrapper"><div class="article-body"><p class="body_text"><span class="dropcap" data-articles-target="dropcap">T</span><span class="small-caps first-words">he question of</span> socialism and democracy, of the democratic road to socialism, is today posed with reference to two historical experiences, which in a way serve as examples of the twin limits or dangers to be avoided: the traditional social-democratic experience, as illustrated in a number of West European countries, and the Eastern example of what is called ‘real socialism’. Despite everything that distinguishes these cases, despite everything that opposes social democracy and Stalinism to each other as theoretico-political currents, they nevertheless exhibit a fundamental complicity: both are marked by <em>statism</em> and profound distrust of mass initiatives, in short by suspicion of democratic demands. In France, many now like to speak of two traditions of the working-class and popular movements: the statist and Jacobin one, running from Lenin and the October Revolution to the Third International and the Communist movement; and a second one characterized by notions of self-management and direct, rank-and-file democracy. It is then argued that the achievement of democratic socialism requires a break with the former and integration with the latter. In fact, however, this is a rather<pb n="76"></pb> perfunctory way of posing the question. Although there are indeed two traditions, they do not coincide with the currents just mentioned. Moreover, it would be a fundamental error to imagine that mere integration with the current of self-management and direct democracy is sufficient to avoid statism.</p><p class="body_text">First of all, then, we must take yet another look at Lenin and the October Revolution. Of course, Stalinism and the model of the transition to socialism bequeathed by the Third International differ from Lenin’s own thought and action. But they are not simply a deviation from the latter. Seeds of Stalinism were well and truly present in Lenin—and not only because of the peculiarities of Russia and the Tsarist state with which he had to grapple. The error of the Third International cannot be explained simply as an attempt to universalize in an aberrant manner a model of socialism that corresponded, in its original purety, to the concrete situation of Tsarist Russia. At the same time, these seeds are not to be found in Marx himself. Lenin was the first to tackle the problem of the transition to socialism and the withering away of the State, concerning which Marx left only a few general observations on the close relationship between socialism and democracy.</p><p class="body_text">What then was the exact import of the October Revolution for the withering away of the State? Out of the several problems relating to the seeds of the Third International in Lenin, one seems here to occupy a dominant position. For all Lenin’s analyses and actions are traversed by the following <em>leitmotif</em>: the State must be entirely destroyed through frontal attack in a situation of <em>dual power</em>, to be replaced by a second power—soviets—which will no longer be a State in the proper sense of the term, since it will already have begun to wither away. What does Lenin mean by this destruction of the bourgeois State? Unlike Marx, he often reduces the institutions of representative democracy and political freedoms to a simple emanation of the bourgeoisie: representative democracy = bourgeois democracy = dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. They have to be completely uprooted and replaced by direct, rank-and-file democracy and mandated, recallable delegates—in other words, by the genuine proletarian democracy of soviets.</p><p class="body_text">I am intentionally drawing a highly schematized picture: Lenin’s principal thrust was not at first towards a variant of authoritarian statism. I say this not in order to leap to Lenin’s defence, but to point up the simplistic and befogging character of that conception according to which developments in Soviet Russia resulted from Lenin’s ‘centralist’ opposition to direct democracy—from a Leninism which is supposed to have carried within it the crushing of the Kronstadt sailors’ revolt, in the way that a cloud carries the storm. Whether we like it or not, the original guiding thread of Lenin’s thought was, in opposition to the parliamentarianism and dread of workers’ councils characteristic of the social-democratic current, the sweeping replacement of ‘formal’ representative democracy by the ‘real’, direct democracy of workers’ councils. (The term ‘self-management’ was not yet used in Lenin’s time.) This leads me on to the real question. Was it not this very line (sweeping<pb n="77"></pb> substitution of rank-and-file democracy for representative democracy) which principally accounted for what happened in Lenin’s lifetime in the Soviet Union, and which gave rise to the centralizing and statist Lenin whose posterity is well enough known.</p><p class="body_text">I said that I am posing the question. But as a matter of fact, it was already posed in Lenin’s time and answered in a way that now seems dramatically premonitory. I am referring, of course, to Rosa Luxemburg, whom Lenin called an eagle of revolution. She also had the eye of an eagle. For it was she who made the first correct and fundamental critique of Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution. It is decisive because it issues not from the ranks of social democracy, which did not want even to hear of direct democracy and workers’ councils, but precisely from a convinced fighter who gave her life for council democracy, being executed at the moment when the German workers’ councils were crushed by social democracy.</p><p class="body_text">Now, Luxemburg reproaches Lenin not with neglect or contempt of direct, rank-and-file democracy, but rather with <em>the exact opposite</em>—that is to say, <em>exclusive</em> reliance on council democracy and complete elimination of representative democracy (through, among other things, dissolution of the Constituent Assembly—which had been elected under the Bolshevik government—in favour of the soviets alone). It is necessary to re-read <em>The Russian Revolution</em>, from which I shall quote just one passage. ‘In place of the representative bodies created by general, popular elections, Lenin and Trotsky have laid down the soviets as the only true representation of the labouring masses. But with the repression of political life in the land as a whole, life in the soviets must also become more and more crippled. Without general elections, without unrestricted freedom of press and assembly, without a free struggle of opinion, life dies out in every public institution, becomes a mere semblance of life, in which only the bureaucracy remains as the active element.’<a href="#note-1" data-articles-link-param="#note-1" data-action="click->articles#scrollToElement:prevent" class="article-body__note-ref" id="reference-1"><span class="show-for-sr">footnote</span><sup>1</sup></a></p><p class="body_text">This is certainly not the only question to be asked concerning Lenin. An important role in subsequent developments was played by the conception of the Party contained in <em>What is to be Done?</em>; by the notion of theory being brought to the working class from outside by professional revolutionaries, and so on. But the fundamental question is the one posed by Luxemburg. Even if we take into account Lenin’s positions on a series of other problems, as well as the historical peculiarities of Russia, what ensued in Lenin’s own lifetime and above all after his death (the single Party, bureaucratization of the Party, confusion of Party and State, statism, the end of the soviets themselves, etc.) was already inscribed in the situation criticized by Luxemburg.</p></div></div><div class="promo-wrapper grid-y" id="access-options"><div class="article-page__teaser-overlay"></div><div class="promo"><div class="promo__content cell sign-in bg-colour-issue-web-bg"><div class="promo__body"><form class="simple_form simple-form session" data-controller="parsley" novalidate="novalidate" action="/session" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="NFLL7ojMPJZ5m69Q4mZfIV_h2W2mvmeGfOKS_LVaoEH4qFn80X9TxAz_ksIgZhBpGFglh-CgqKs-rVm4fYDXUg" autocomplete="off" /><div class="input hidden session_return_to"><input value="/issues/i109/articles/nicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism" class="hidden" autocomplete="off" type="hidden" name="session[return_to]" id="session_return_to" /></div><div class="text-field"><div class="input email required session_email"><label class="email required" for="session_email">Email <abbr title="you must complete this field">(required)</abbr></label><input class="string email required" required="required" aria-required="true" type="email" name="session[email]" id="session_email" /></div></div><div class="password-field"><div class="input password required session_password"><label class="password required" for="session_password">Password <abbr title="you must complete this field">(required)</abbr></label><input class="password required" required="required" aria-required="true" type="password" name="session[password]" id="session_password" /></div></div><div class="grid-x"><div class="cell small-6"><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log in" class="button primary" data-disable-with="Log in" /></div><ul class="other-links cell small-6 text-right"><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/sign_up">Create an account</a></li> <li><a data-turbo="true" href="/passwords/new">Forgot your password?</a></li></ul></div></form></div></div></div><div class="promo"><div class="promo__content cell subscription-promo bg-colour-issue-n"><a class="promo__text" data-turbo="true" href="/subscriptions/new">Subscribe for instant access to all articles since 1960 </a></div></div><div class="promo"><div class="promo__content cell buy-issue-promo bg-colour-issue-l"><a class="promo__text" data-turbo="true" href="/order/issue/new?sku=issue_106">Buy the print issue (with instant online access) for £10 </a></div></div><div class="promo"><div class="promo__content cell buy-online-article-promo bg-colour-issue-r"><a class="promo__text" data-turbo="true" href="/order/article/new?sku=article_1242">Buy this article for £3 </a></div></div><div class="promo"><div class="promo__content cell help-promo bg-colour-issue-bg"><a data-turbo="true" href="/access_diagnostics/new"><div class="promo__text">Shouldn't I have access to this article via my library?</div></a></div></div></div></div></article></div><div class="cell small-12 large-3 hide-for-print"><div class="sidebar"><div class="sidebar__list show-for-large"><h1>Back to issue</h1><a data-turbo="true" href="/issues/i109">I/109<span class="divider">•</span>May/June 1978</a></div><div class="sidebar__list show-for-large"><h1>Share</h1><ul class="article-exporters"><li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://newleftreview.org/issues/i109/articles/nicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism">Facebook</a></li><li><a href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Nicos Poulantzas, Towards a Democratic Socialism, NLR I/109, May–June 1978&url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/i109/articles/nicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism&via=newleftreview">Twitter</a></li><li><a href="mailto:?body=%E2%80%9C%E2%80%9D%0D%0A%0D%0ANicos%20Poulantzas%20in%20NLR%20I%2F109%2C%20May%E2%80%93June%201978%0D%0A%0D%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2Fi109%2Farticles%2Fnicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism&subject=Nicos%20Poulantzas%2C%20Towards%20a%20Democratic%20Socialism%2C%20NLR%20I%2F109%2C%20May%E2%80%93June%201978">Email</a></li><li><a class="anchor-link" href="#access-options">Download PDF</a></li></ul></div><div class="sidebar__list"><h1>By this author</h1><ul class="article-list by-same-author"><li class="related-article-item"><a class="related-article-link" data-turbo="true" href="/issues/i95/articles/nicos-poulantzas-the-capitalist-state-a-reply-to-miliband-and-laclau">‘The Capitalist State: A Reply to Miliband and Laclau’ </a></li><li class="related-article-item"><a class="related-article-link" data-turbo="true" href="/issues/i78/articles/nicos-poulantzas-on-social-classes">‘On Social Classes’ </a></li><li class="related-article-item"><a class="related-article-link" data-turbo="true" href="/issues/i58/articles/nicos-poulantzas-the-problem-of-the-capitalist-state">‘The Problem of the Capitalist State’ </a></li><li class="related-article-item"><a class="related-article-link" data-turbo="true" href="/issues/i43/articles/nicos-poulantzas-marxist-political-theory-in-britain">‘Marxist Political Theory in Britain’ </a></li></ul></div><div class="sidebar__list"></div></div></div></div></section></div></div><footer class="hide-for-print" id="site-footer"><div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"><div class="cell small-6 large-3"><div class="bordered"><ul class="menu vertical"><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/pages/about">About</a></li><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/pages/history">History</a></li><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/newsletter_signup/new">Newsletter</a></li><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/donations/new">Support</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="cell small-6 large-3"><div class="bordered"><ul class="menu vertical"><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/pages/contact">Contact</a></li><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/pages/submissions">Submissions</a></li><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/pages/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a data-turbo="true" href="/pages/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="cell small-6 large-3"><div class="bordered"><h1>Follow us</h1><ul class="menu vertical"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/NewLeftReview">Twitter</a></li><li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/newleftreview">Facebook</a></li><li><a href="/feed">RSS</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="cell small-6 large-3"><div class="bordered"><address><a data-turbo="true" href="/pages/contact">New Left Review <br> 6 Meard Street, London W1F 0EG United Kingdom <br> +44 (0)20 7734 8830</a></address></div></div></div><div class="copyright">© New Left Review Ltd 2024 </div></footer></body></html>