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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decline, 1699-1792</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline,_1699-1792-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution,_1804-1923" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution,_1804-1923"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dissolution, 1804-1923</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution,_1804-1923-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Succession policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ottoman Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki_Utsmani" title="Turuki Utsmani – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turuki Utsmani" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Уэсмэн империэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Уэсмэн империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Осмэн Пачъыхьыгъо – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Осмэн Пачъыхьыгъо" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Ryk" title="Ottomaanse Ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ottomaanse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የኦቶማን መንግሥት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኦቶማን መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%BEomanisce_R%C4%ABce" title="Oþomanisce Rīce – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Oþomanisce Rīce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Османтәи аимпериа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Османтәи аимпериа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة العثمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة العثمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otom%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Otomán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Otomán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օսմանեան Կայսրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օսմանեան Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Otomanu" title="Imperiu Otomanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Otomanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvi_otom%C3%A1no" title="Mburuvi otománo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvi otománo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ГӀусманияб империя – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀусманияб империя" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Osmanlı imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmanlı imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="عثمانلی ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عثمانلی ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Osman Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Osman Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ғосман империяһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғосман империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Асманская імперыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асманская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Асманская імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Асманская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Ottoman" title="Imperyong Ottoman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Османска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Османска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanischs_Reich" title="Osmanischs Reich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Osmanischs Reich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_otoman" title="Impalaeriezh otoman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh otoman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Османай эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Османай эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Otom%C3%A0" title="Imperi Otomà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Otomà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Осман империйĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Осман империйĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Osmanská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osmanská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Osmanniske_Rige" title="Det Osmanniske Rige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Osmanniske Rige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة لعتمانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الدولة لعتمانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanite_riik" title="Osmanite riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osmanite riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_otomano" title="Imperio otomano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio otomano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomana_Imperio" title="Otomana Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otomana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperiu_otomanu" title="Emperiu otomanu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Emperiu otomanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomandar_Inperioa" title="Otomandar Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Otomandar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="امپراتوری عثمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری عثمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Samrajya" title="Ottoman Samrajya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ottoman Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanska_r%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Osmanska ríkið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Osmanska ríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire ottoman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaanske_Ryk" title="Osmaanske Ryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Osmaanske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Impireacht_Otam%C3%A1nach" title="An Impireacht Otamánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Impireacht Otamánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Devleti" title="Osmanlı Devleti – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Osmanlı Devleti" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireachd_nan_Otomanach" title="Impireachd nan Otomanach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Impireachd nan Otomanach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otom%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Otomán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Otomán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хьункархой импери – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьункархой импери" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Ti-koet" title="Osman Ti-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Osman Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%8C_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="오스만 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스만 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Usmaniyya" title="Daular Usmaniyya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Usmaniyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օսմանյան կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսմանյան կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="उस्मानी साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उस्मानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoman_imperio" title="Otoman imperio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Otoman imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_nga_Otomano" title="Imperio nga Otomano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio nga Otomano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Ottoman" title="Imperio Ottoman – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Imperie" title="Ottoman Imperie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ottoman Imperie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Османты импери – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Османты импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkjaveldi" title="Tyrkjaveldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkjaveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_ottomano" title="Impero ottomano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero ottomano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה העות'מאנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה העות'מאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Ottoman" title="Kakaisaran Ottoman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakaisaran Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆಟೋಮನ್ ಚಕ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಟೋಮನ್ ಚಕ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოსმალეთის იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსმალეთის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="عُثمانیہ سلطنَت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عُثمانیہ سلطنَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Осман империясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Осман империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Ottoman" title="Emperoureth Ottoman – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milki_ya_Osmani" title="Milki ya Osmani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milki ya Osmani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Otoman" title="Anpi Otoman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Otoman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_otoman" title="Ampir otoman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir otoman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Osman%C3%AE" title="Împeratoriya Osmanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Osmanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Осмон империясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Осмон империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Otoman" title="Imper Otoman – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Imper Otoman" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otomano" title="Imperio Otomano – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Otomano" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຈັກກະວັດໂອສະມັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດໂອສະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Ottomanicum" title="Imperium Ottomanicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Ottomanicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osma%C5%86u_imp%C4%93rija" title="Osmaņu impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osmaņu impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanescht_R%C3%A4ich" title="Osmanescht Räich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Osmanescht Räich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Усманрин империя – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Усманрин империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman%C5%B3_imperija" title="Osmanų imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Osmanų imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaans_Riek" title="Ottomaans Riek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ottomaans Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Osmanan" title="Impero Osmanan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Osmanan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Otoman" title="Imper Otoman – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Otoman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszm%C3%A1n_Birodalom" title="Oszmán Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oszmán Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Отоманско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Отоманско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_%C3%94t%C3%B4m%C3%A0na" title="Empira Ôtômàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Ôtômàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഓട്ടൊമൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓട്ടൊമൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Ottoman" title="Imperu Ottoman – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imperu Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ओस्मानी साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओस्मानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოსმალეთიშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოსმალეთიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="امبراطوريه عثمانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطوريه عثمانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="عثمانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عثمانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Uthmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_D%C3%A1%CC%A4-gu%C3%B3k" title="Osman Dá̤-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Osman Dá̤-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Outomano" title="Ampério Outomano – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Outomano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Османы эзэнт гүрэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Османы эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အော့တမန် အင်ပိုင်ယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော့တမန် အင်ပိုင်ယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Rijk" title="Ottomaanse Rijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ottomaanse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Riek" title="Ottomaanse Riek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ottomaanse Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अटोमन साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अटोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="उस्मान साम्राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उस्मान साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="オスマン帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスマン帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8F%DF%95%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2_%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B0%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A" title="ߏߕߏߡߊ߲ ߝߊ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߏߕߏߡߊ߲ ߝߊ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Iусманойн шуре – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Iусманойн шуре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaansk_Rik" title="Osmaansk Rik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Osmaansk Rik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_osmanske_rike" title="Det osmanske rike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det osmanske rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_osmanske_riket" title="Det osmanske riket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det osmanske riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Otoman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmoniylar_davlati" title="Usmoniylar davlati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Usmoniylar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਉਸਮਾਨੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਸਮਾਨੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت عثمانیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت عثمانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otomano" title="Imperio Otomano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio Otomano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="عثماني سترواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عثماني سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataman_Empaya" title="Ataman Empaya – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ataman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaansch_Riek" title="Osmaansch Riek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Osmaansch Riek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Osma%C5%84skie" title="Imperium Osmańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium Osmańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Otomano" title="Império Otomano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Otomano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Devleti" title="Osmanlı Devleti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Osmanlı Devleti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Otoman" title="Imperiul Otoman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Otoman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomano_Thagaripen" title="Otomano Thagaripen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Otomano Thagaripen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utumanu_qhapaq_suyu" title="Utumanu qhapaq suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Utumanu qhapaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Османьска імперія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Османьска імперія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Османская империя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Османская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Осмаан Импиэрийэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Осмаан Импиэрийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_otomanu" title="Impèriu otomanu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu otomanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoansk_Riek" title="Osmoansk Riek – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Osmoansk Riek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Osmane" title="Perandoria Osmane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Osmane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpiru_uttumanu" title="Mpiru uttumanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpiru uttumanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%95%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ඕටමන් අධිරාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඕටමන් අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="عثماني سلطنت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عثماني سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Osmanská ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osmanská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_cesarstvo" title="Osmansko cesarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osmansko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94sma%C5%84ske_Imperyjum" title="Ôsmańske Imperyjum – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ôsmańske Imperyjum" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimintooyada_Cosmaniya" title="Rimintooyada Cosmaniya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rimintooyada Cosmaniya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی عوسمانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی عوسمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Османско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Османско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kasultanan Utsmaniyah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kasultanan Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanien_valtakunta" title="Osmanien valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osmanien valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanska_riket" title="Osmanska riket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osmanska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Otomano" title="Imperyong Otomano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Otomano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உதுமானியப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உதுமானியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnekda_n_Iturkiyen" title="Tamnekda n Iturkiyen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamnekda n Iturkiyen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Mbere_Ottomane" title="'Mbere Ottomane – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'Mbere Ottomane" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Госман империясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Госман империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Имперотурии Усмонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Усмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Osman imperiýasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Osman imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byintyokshan_A%CC%B1toman" title="A̱byintyokshan A̱toman – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byintyokshan A̱toman" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Османська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Османська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت عثمانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت عثمانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئوسمان ئىمپېرىيىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوسمان ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Daeqgoz" title="Osman Daeqgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Osman Daeqgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_otoman" title="Inpero otoman – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero otoman" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanan_imperii" title="Osmanan imperii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Osmanan imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Ottoman" title="Đế quốc Ottoman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmann%C3%B5_riik" title="Osmannõ riik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Osmannõ riik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧斯曼帝國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奧斯曼帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Otomano" title="Imperyo Otomano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Otomano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥斯曼帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אטאמאנישע אימפעריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטאמאנישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%E1%BB%8Cba_%C3%92tt%C3%B3m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀-Ọba Òttómánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀-Ọba Òttómánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="鄂圖曼帝國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鄂圖曼帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Usman%C4%B1can" title="İmperatoriya Usmanıcan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Usmanıcan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uosmanu_imper%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Uosmanu imperėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uosmanu imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥斯曼帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ij%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84-ub%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84_Otoman" title="Ijọn̄-ubọọn̄ Otoman – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ijọn̄-ubọọn̄ Otoman" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Ottoman" title="Empayar Ottoman – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Empayar Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanijon_Imperij%C9%99" title="Osmanijon Imperijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Osmanijon Imperijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:When to cite">where appropriate</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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.ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">The Sublime Ottoman State</div><div class="ib-country-names">Ottoman Empire<br /><i>Osmanlı İmparatorluğu</i><br /><big>دولت عالیه عثمانیه</big><br /><i>Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1299–1923</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">'<i>Motto: '</i><b>دولت ابد مدت</b><br /><i>Devlet-i Ebed-muddet</i><br />("The Eternal State")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_anthems_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire">(various)</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpireMain.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman Empire at its peak in 1683."><img alt="Ottoman Empire at its peak in 1683." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/OttomanEmpireMain.png/250px-OttomanEmpireMain.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/OttomanEmpireMain.png/375px-OttomanEmpireMain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/OttomanEmpireMain.png/500px-OttomanEmpireMain.png 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="2581" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Ottoman Empire at its peak in 1683.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt" title="Söğüt">Söğüt</a> (1299–1326)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bursa" class="mw-disambig" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> (1326–1365)<br /><a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> (1365–1453)<br /><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1453–1922)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> (1299–1876; 1920–1922) and <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> (1517–1924)<sup id="cite_ref-finkel111_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkel111-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Absolute monarchy under an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> (1878–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitutional</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">parliamentary monarchy</a> (1876–1878; 1908–1913; 1918–1920)</li> <li>Parliamentary monarchy under a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> dictatorship (1913–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">Sultans</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1281–1326 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918–22 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Grand Viziers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1320–31 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Alaeddin Pasha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920–22 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ahmed Tevfik Pasha</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_of_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation of Ottoman Empire (not yet started)">Founded</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1299</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1402–1413</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire) (not yet started)">1st Constitutional</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1876-1878</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire) (not yet started)">2nd Constitutional</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1908-1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire (not yet started)">Succeeded</a> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July 24 1923</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1680</th><td class="infobox-data">5,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,100,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1856 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">35350000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1906 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20884000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1914 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18520000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1919 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14629000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ak%C3%A7e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akçe (not yet started)">Akçe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">Kuruş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Lira</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm">Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Despotate_of_Epirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Despotate of Epirus (not yet started)">Despotate of Epirus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Despotate_of_Morea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Despotate of Morea (not yet started)">Despotate of Morea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empire of Trebizon (not yet started)">Empire of Trebizon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafsid_Sultanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafsid Sultanate (not yet started)">Hafsid Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Tlemcen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen (not yet started)">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/20px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ottoman Empire</b> existed between 1299 and 1923. It controlled the regions from <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. It was founded as a small tribe and became a major power in 16th century. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>). </p><p>The Ottomans originate from the Turkic tribes that escaped from <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol invasion</a> around 1250. It was formed as a chiefdom in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bilecik" title="Bilecik">Bilecik</a>. The Ottomans quickly captured vast territories around <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and they conquered Constantinople in 1453. </p><p>Ottoman society was multicultural, with <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>s and <a href="/wiki/Jew" title="Jew">Jews</a>. The religious groups had autonomy under the <i>millet</i> system. Until 19th century, most non-Muslims did not join the army and paid an exemption tax (<i>jizye</i>). Christian boys were recruited to the Ottoman army with <i>devşirme</i> system. They were trained to become loyal soldiers and administrators for the Sultan. </p><p>With the capture of <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1517, the Empire controlled <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>. This provided a great source of income during the 16th century but became unprofitable with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. In the 17th century, long wars with <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Monarchy">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland-Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland-Lithuania">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" title="Safavid Empire">Iran</a> weakened the state, and the Empire. </p><p>In the beginning of the 18th century, Ottoman society enjoyed relative peace. There was rich cultural activity during what is now known as <i>Tulip period</i>. Between 1735 and 1792, the Ottoman Empire fought wars against <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and lost the control of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. </p><p>After the French Revolution of 1789, Christian minorities began independence movements. In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire implemented military, economic and social reforms. Britain, France and Russia partitioned the remaining Ottoman territories in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. </p><p>In the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire allied with the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. The government surrendered in 1918 with the armistice of Mudros and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> in 1920. Turkish nationalists, who disliked the treaty, started a civil war against the monarchy and the invading armies. The civil war ended in 1923 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Laussane</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a> was proclaimed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise,_1299-1448"><span id="Rise.2C_1299-1448"></span>Rise, 1299-1448</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Rise, 1299-1448" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Rise, 1299-1448"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman Empire was founded by <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a> in 1299. His son, <b>Orhan</b>, fought against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Bursa,_Turkey" title="Bursa, Turkey">Bursa</a> in 1324. In the late 1300s, the Ottomans began consolidating power in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. <b>Sultan Murad I</b> defeated <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> in 1389 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a>. He died at the battle, and his son Bayezid I took control. At the 1396 <u>Battle of Nicopolis</u>, he defeated a large <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a> of the Christian kingdoms. But Bayezid was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. His absence led to a civil war, which is known as the <i>Fetret period</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Ottoman Interregnum</a>). Mehmed Çelebi defeated his brothers and got the throne. His son, <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>, besieged Constantinople, but was unsuccessful because of a rebellion in Anatolia. He won a war against the <a href="/wiki/Karamanlides" title="Karamanlides">Karamanids</a> in 1423 and also against a large Christian alliance of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385-1569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385-1569)">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> at the <u>Battle of Varna</u> in 1444. John Hunyadi, a Hungarian general, tried defeating the Ottomans but lost at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion,_1453-1571"><span id="Expansion.2C_1453-1571"></span>Expansion, 1453-1571</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Expansion, 1453-1571" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Expansion, 1453-1571"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> on May 29, 1453. He also subjugated <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and expanded tolerance for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Orthodox Church</a>. Mehmed continued his expansion, followed by his son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayezid_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayezid II (not yet started)">Bayezid II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">the Levant</a>, which were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluks</a>, in early 1517. He also defeated the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Persians</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a> in 1514. The Ottomans were at odds with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a> over their expansion as well. <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, Selim's son, captured <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mohács (not yet started)">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526. His <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna" title="Siege of Vienna">Siege of Vienna</a> was repulsed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1529. <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> became <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary states</a> to the Ottoman Empire soon afterwards. </p><p>In the east, the Ottomans captured <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" title="Safavid Empire">Safavids</a> and partitioned the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> with them. Meanwhile, Suleiman allied with <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> over their mutual hatred of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>. That led to Ottoman activity in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli" title="Tripoli">Tripoli</a> were captured. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbarossa_Hayreddin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbarossa Hayreddin (not yet started)">Barbarossa Hayreddin</a> led the Ottoman advance. In 1566, Suleiman died. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stagnation,_1572-1683"><span id="Stagnation.2C_1572-1683"></span>Stagnation, 1572-1683</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Stagnation, 1572-1683" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Stagnation, 1572-1683"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottomans lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571 by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> and his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy League (not yet started)">Holy League</a>. The Ottomans recovered by capturing <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_(island)" title="Cyprus (island)">Cyprus</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. The defeat shattered the myth of Ottoman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invincibility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invincibility (not yet started)">invincibility</a>. The Ottomans suffered many defeats under <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> in the next 30 years. The Long War with the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> ended a in stalemate, and the Safavids invaded the eastern Ottoman provinces. <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a> recaptured <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Persia">Persia</a>. The "Sultanate of Women" became an nickname for the Ottoman Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Consort">consorts</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6sem_Sultan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kösem Sultan (not yet started)">Kösem Sultan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turhan_Sultan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turhan Sultan (not yet started)">Turhan Sultan</a> became important in the empire and sometimes made even economic decisions in the Sultan's place. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> also took a greater role under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_family" title="Köprülü family">Köprülüs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> was captured from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> was captured from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline,_1699-1792"><span id="Decline.2C_1699-1792"></span>Decline, 1699-1792</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Decline, 1699-1792" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Decline, 1699-1792"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1683, <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_Mustafa_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara Mustafa Pasha (not yet started)">Kara Mustafa Pasha</a> carelessly opened up the empire to attack when he attacked <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and laid siege to the city. The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> all attacked the Ottomans back in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> attacked the overstretched Turks in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> while <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> hammered <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and eventually captured it from the Turks. <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> settled to attack <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, which was entirely under Ottoman Turkish occupation. The warring sides signed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Karlowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Karlowitz (not yet started)">Treaty of Karlowitz</a>, which ceded Hungary and Transylvania to Austria, <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> (southern Ukraine) to Poland, <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Morea</a> (southern Greece) to Venice, and <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> port) to Russia. </p><p>Russia and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">went to war</a>, and the Ottomans got involved by retaking <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> and then making peace. Austria, Russia, Venice, and the Ottomans would go to war several times. By 1739, the Ottomans had retaken the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morea (not yet started)">Morea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. In the 1740s and the 1750s, the Ottomans began to modernize their military. In the 1760s, the Ottomans went to war with Russia again. Russia took over Crimea in 1783 and claimed that <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Christianity">Orthodox Christians</a> living in the Ottoman Empire were under Russian protection. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selim III (not yet started)">Selim III</a> continued modernizing the military, but the elite <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janissary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janissary (not yet started)">Janissary</a> corps troops revolted. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> but was repulsed by the Anglo-Turkish armies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution,_1804-1923"><span id="Dissolution.2C_1804-1923"></span>Dissolution, 1804-1923</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Dissolution, 1804-1923" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Dissolution, 1804-1923"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> revolted and gained nominal independence in 1815, but it remained a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the Ottoman Empire. <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> won its independence after a <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">long war of independence</a> from 1821 to 1829. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">al-Saud</a> family revolted in 1811 with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> sect. Egypt under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Pasha" title="Muhammad Ali Pasha">Muhammad Ali</a> then almost captured Constantinople, but the Russians repulsed them. The Egyptians settled with the Levant, and the Ottomans tried to retake it but were soundly defeated. The Ottomans was called the "sick man of Europe" because of their incompetence in international affairs. </p><p>The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> period brought reform. <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> was introduced. A <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> was formed. <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a> was <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">decriminalised</a>. The law was <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularised</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> were replaced with <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a>. The Christian part of the empire became much more advanced than the Muslim part, and that divide created tension. In the 1850s, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> helped the Ottomans during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. The Ottoman debts led to a state of <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>, and the European countries began providing <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">loans</a> and controlling the finances of the empire. The Ottomans began wars against <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> over <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> independence. At the 1878 Congress of Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> gained complete independence. Bulgaria remained a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> took Cyprus, followed by <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1882. </p><p>In 1908, the Ottomans underwent a revolution by the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a>. Due to the revolution, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> abdicated, and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> was instated. Bulgaria gained independence, and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria</a> invaded and conquered <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a> that same year. In 1912, the Ottomans lost <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italians</a>. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> saw the Ottomans lose all of their European territories except eastern <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> to a coalition of Balkan Christian states which included the combined forces of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. The newly independent <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> managed to conquer <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> and reach a few kilometres from the capital <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> which they threatened. The Second Balkan War allowed the Ottomans to attack Bulgaria in conjunction with Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece and therefore recover <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> and most of eastern Thrace. Their victory meant little since the unrest continued, with a 1909 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Countercoup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Countercoup (not yet started)">countercoup</a> to the Young Turk coup, followed by three countercoups. </p><p>In 1914, although they were utterly disorganised, the Ottomans attacked <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and declared war. <a href="/wiki/Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> went to war with the Ottomans, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> had come to what remained of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans performed better than had been expected early in the war. They won the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a>, partly because of the incompetence of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> commanders. They did not do so well against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> sector and the majority of eastern Anatolia was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> who installed an <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a>. The Ottomans won the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kut (not yet started)">Battle of Kut</a> against the British during the Middle Eastern campaign though <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> was lost later. In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Genocide">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Greeks</a>, and others were targeted, and many as 1.5 million people were killed. The Ottoman Empire fell soon after the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arabs revolted</a> in 1916 with British help. <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" class="mw-disambig" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Anatolia</a> itself fell. The Ottomans surrendered in 1918. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> was occupied by British, French, Italian and Greek troops who began entering the city in November 1918. Many parts of the Ottoman Empire in western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> were occupied by <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. Southeast Anatolia was occupied by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and southwest was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The First Republic of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> occupied most of eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. </p><p>Ottoman military commander <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a> decided to resign from the Ottoman army and gathered up a Turkish resistance force to push the occupying Allied armies out of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> decided to set up his base of operations in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> was a military campaign by the Turkish National Movement under <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, which led to the foundation of the modern <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, the Ottoman Empire formally ceased to exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession_policies">Succession policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Succession policies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Succession policies"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rukiye_Sabiha_Sultan_wedding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rukiye_Sabiha_Sultan_wedding.jpg/220px-Rukiye_Sabiha_Sultan_wedding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rukiye_Sabiha_Sultan_wedding.jpg/330px-Rukiye_Sabiha_Sultan_wedding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rukiye_Sabiha_Sultan_wedding.jpg/440px-Rukiye_Sabiha_Sultan_wedding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Rukiye Sabiha Sultan’s wedding day in 1920, left to right: Fatma Ulviye Sultan, Ayşe Hatice Hayriye Dürrüşehvar Sultan, Emine Nazikeda Kadınefendi, Rukiye Sabiha Sultan, Mehmed Ertuğrul Efendi, Şehsuvar Hanımefendi.</figcaption></figure> <p>The empire was a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a> and followed a <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol" title="Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a> tradition in which all men in the leader's family could become rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruler's title was <i><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></i> and was used in front of the name (for example, "<i>Sultan</i> Süleyman"). The title of <i>Sultan</i> was also used for the wives and the daughters of the monarchs but it was used at the end of the name (for example, Hürrem <i>Sultan</i>"). In the early years of the empire, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shahzadahs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahzadahs (not yet started)">shahzadahs</a>, the sons of the Sultan, were sent to different parts of the empire (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjaks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjaks (not yet started)">Sanjaks</a>) to get experience of governing. Later, they might be candidates for the Sultanate and the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>. </p><p>After Ahmed, the system changed. In the new system, the Sultan would keep his male family members locked in a small apartment called a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafes (not yet started)">kafes</a></i> from which they would never be able to see the outside world and take power from him. Sometimes, a new Sultan would kill his male family members to make sure that no one else could be leader. </p><p>The women in his <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> often sought greater status and influence, and the Sultan's mother could become a powerful political force in the Empire. Each mother in the harem would try to make her own son the next Sultan since they knew that he would probably be killed otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-finkel111-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-finkel111_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2005). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923</i>. New York: Basic Books. pp. 110–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=110-1&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> (10 August 1920) afforded a small existence to the Ottoman Empire. The ending of the Ottoman Sultanate in November 1, 1922, did not end the Ottoman <i>State</i>, but only the Ottoman <i>dynasty</i>. The official end of the Ottoman State was declared through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (July 24, 1923). It recognized the new "Ankara government", not the old Constantinople-based Ottoman government, as representing the rightful owner and successor state. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> declared the successor state to be the "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>" (October 29, 1923) less than a month after its international recognition as a state.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör (not yet started)">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (2011). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Making_of_Modern_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Making of Modern Turkey (not yet started)"><i>The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965522-9"><bdi>978-0-19-965522-9</bdi></a>. <q>As such, the Greco‐Turkish and Armeno‐Turkish wars (1919–23) were in essence processes of state formation that represented a continuation of ethnic unmixing and exclusion of Ottoman Christians from Anatolia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Turkey%3A+Nation+and+State+in+Eastern+Anatolia%2C+1913%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965522-9&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Lukas_Kieser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser (not yet started)">Kieser, Hans-Lukas</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b53tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Turkish+war+of+independence%22+%22ethnic+cleansing%22"><i>A Quest for Belonging: Anatolia Beyond Empire and Nation (19th-21st Centuries)</i></a>. Isis Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-428-345-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-428-345-7"><bdi>978-975-428-345-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 officially recognized the " ethnic cleansing " that had gone on during the Turkish War of Independence ( 1919 - 1922 ) for the sake of undisputed Turkish rule in Asia Minor .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quest+for+Belonging%3A+Anatolia+Beyond+Empire+and+Nation+%2819th-21st+Centuries%29&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-975-428-345-7&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db53tAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Turkish%2Bwar%2Bof%2Bindependence%2522%2B%2522ethnic%2Bcleansing%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAvedian2012" class="citation journal cs1">Avedian, Vahagn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/797/399905">"State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Law</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 797–820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs056">10.1093/ejil/chs056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0938-5428">0938-5428</a>. <q>The 'War of Independence' was not against the occupying Allies – a myth invented by Kemalists – but rather a campaign to rid Turkey of remaining non-Turkish elements. In fact, Nationalists never clashed with Entente occupying forces until the French forces with Armenian contingents and Armenian deportees began to return to Cilicia in late 1919.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=State+Identity%2C+Continuity%2C+and+Responsibility%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+the+Republic+of+Turkey+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=797-820&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs056&rft.issn=0938-5428&rft.aulast=Avedian&rft.aufirst=Vahagn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fejil%2Farticle%2F23%2F3%2F797%2F399905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKévorkian2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_K%C3%A9vorkian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Kévorkian (not yet started)">Kévorkian, Raymond</a> (2020). "The Final Phase: The Cleansing of Armenian and Greek Survivors, 1919–1922". In Astourian, Stephan; Kévorkian, Raymond (eds.). <i>Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-451-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-451-3"><bdi>978-1-78920-451-3</bdi></a>. <q>The famous 'war of national liberation', prepared by the Unionists and waged by Kemal, was a vast operation, intended to complete the genocide by finally eradicating Armenian, Greek, and Syriac survivors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Final+Phase%3A+The+Cleansing+of+Armenian+and+Greek+Survivors%2C+1919%E2%80%931922&rft.btitle=Collective+and+State+Violence+in+Turkey%3A+The+Construction+of+a+National+Identity+from+Empire+to+Nation-State&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-451-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%A9vorkian&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Gingeras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryan Gingeras (not yet started)">Gingeras, Ryan</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofsultanateg0000ging"><i>Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1922</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofsultanateg0000ging/page/288">288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967607-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967607-1"><bdi>978-0-19-967607-1</bdi></a>. <q>While the number of victims in Ankara's deportations remains elusive, evidence from other locations suggest that the Nationalists were as equally disposed to collective punishment and population politics as their Young Turk antecedents... As in the First World War, the mass deportation of civilians was symptomatic of how precarious the Nationalists felt their prospects were.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+Sultanate%3A+The+Great+War+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1908-1922&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967607-1&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallofsultanateg0000ging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Lukas_Kieser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser (not yet started)">Kieser, Hans-Lukas</a> (2018). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaat_Pasha:_Father_of_Modern_Turkey,_Architect_of_Genocide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide (not yet started)">Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide</a></i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 319–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8963-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8963-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-8963-1</bdi></a>. <q>Thus, from spring 1919, Kemal Pasha resumed, with ex- CUP forces, domestic war against Greek and Armenian rivals. These were partly backed by victors of World War I who had, however, abstained from occupying Asia Minor. The war for Asia Minor— in national diction, again a war of salvation and independence, thus in- line with what had begun in 1913— accomplished Talaat's demographic Turkification beginning on the eve of World War I. Resuming Talaat's Pontus policy of 1916– 17, this again involved collective physical annihilation, this time of the Rûm of Pontus at the Black Sea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talaat+Pasha%3A+Father+of+Modern+Turkey%2C+Architect+of+Genocide&rft.pages=319-320&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8963-1&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Levene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Levene (not yet started)">Levene, Mark</a> (2020). "Through a Glass Darkly: The Resurrection of Religious Fanaticism as First Cause of Ottoman Catastrophe: The thirty-year genocide. Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924, by Benny Morris and Dror Ze'evi, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press, 2019, 672 pp., <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674916456" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780674916456</a>". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 553–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1735560">10.1080/14623528.2020.1735560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222145177">222145177</a>. <q>Ittihadist violence was as near as near could be optimal against the Armenians (and Syriacs) and in the final Kemalist phase was quantitively entirely the greater in an increasingly asymmetric conflict where, for instance, Kemal could deport "enemies" into a deep interior in a way that his adversaries could not..., it was the hard men, self-styled saviours of the Ottoman-Turkish state, and – culminating in Kemal – unapologetic génocidaires, who were able to wrest its absolute control.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Through+a+Glass+Darkly%3A+The+Resurrection+of+Religious+Fanaticism+as+First+Cause+of+Ottoman+Catastrophe%3A+The+thirty-year+genocide.+Turkey%27s+destruction+of+its+Christian+minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924%2C+by+Benny+Morris+and+Dror+Ze%27evi%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+and+London%2C+Harvard+University+Press%2C+2019%2C+672+pp.%2C+ISBN+9780674916456&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=553-560&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222145177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1735560&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levon_Marashlian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levon Marashlian (not yet started)">Levon Marashlian</a>, "Finishing the Genocide: Cleansing Turkey of Armenian Survivors, 1920-1923," in Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide, ed. Richard Hovannisian (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999), pp. 113-45: "Between 1920 and 1923, as Turkish and Western diplomats were negotiating the fate of the Armenian Question at peace conferences in London, Paris, and Lausanne, thousands of Armenians of the Ottoman Empire who had survived the massacres and deportations of World War I continued to face massacres, deportations, and persecutions across the length and breadth of Anatolia. Events on the ground, diplomatic correspondence, and news reports confirmed that it was the policy of the Turkish Nationalists in Angora, who eventually founded the Republic of Turkey, to eradicate the remnants of the empire's Armenian population and finalize the expropriation of their public and private properties."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFShirinian2017" class="citation book cs1">Shirinian, George N. (2017). <i>Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-433-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-433-7"><bdi>978-1-78533-433-7</bdi></a>. <q>The argument that there was a mutually signed agreement for the population exchange ignores the fact that the Ankara government had already declared its intention that no Greek should remain on Turkish soil before the exchange was even discussed. The final killing and expulsion of the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire in 1920–24 was part of a series of hostile actions that began even before Turkey's entry into World War I.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Armenians%2C+Assyrians%2C+and+Greeks%2C+1913-1923&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-433-7&rft.aulast=Shirinian&rft.aufirst=George+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAdalian1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rouben_Paul_Adalian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rouben Paul Adalian (not yet started)">Adalian, Rouben Paul</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armenian-genocide.org/kemal.html">"Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal"</a>. In Charny, Israel W. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Genocide: A-H</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC-CLIO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABC-CLIO (not yet started)">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-928-1"><bdi>978-0-87436-928-1</bdi></a>. <q>Mustafa Kemal completed what Talaat and Enver had started in 1915, the eradication of the Armenian population of Anatolia and the termination of Armenian political aspirations in the Caucasus. With the expulsion of the Greeks, the Turkification and Islamification of Asia Minor was nearly complete.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ataturk%2C+Mustafa+Kemal&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genocide%3A+A-H&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-928-1&rft.aulast=Adalian&rft.aufirst=Rouben+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2Fkemal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benny_Morris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benny Morris (not yet started)">Morris, Benny</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dror_Ze%27evi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dror Ze'evi (not yet started)">Ze'evi, Dror</a> (2019). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Thirty-Year_Genocide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Thirty-Year Genocide (not yet started)"><i>The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6"><bdi>978-0-674-91645-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Greek seizure of Smyrna and the repeated pushes inland— almost to the outskirts of Ankara, the Nationalist capital—coupled with the largely imagined threat of a Pontine breakaway, triggered a widespread, systematic four- year campaign of ethnic cleansing in which hundreds of thousands of Ottoman Greeks were massacred and more than a million deported to Greece... throughout 1914–1924, the overarching aim was to achieve a Turkey free of Greeks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide%3A+Turkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-674-91645-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMeichanetsidis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Meichanetsidis, Vasileios Th. (2015). "The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview". <i>Genocide Studies International</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 104–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06">10.3138/gsi.9.1.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154870709">154870709</a>. <q>The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç Paşalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+of+the+Greeks+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1913%E2%80%931923%3A+A+Comprehensive+Overview&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-173&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154870709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meichanetsidis&rft.aufirst=Vasileios+Th.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2016" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Betty S. (2016). <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804798754" title="Special:BookSources/9780804798754"><bdi>9780804798754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780804798754&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Betty+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Other websites" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ottoman_Empire" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ottoman Empire">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ottoman_Empire" title="Search Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ottoman_Empire" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Ottoman Empire">News stories</a> from Wikinews </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ottoman_Empire" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </td> <td><a 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style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ottoman_Empire" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="Search Wikibooks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ottoman_Empire" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Ottoman Empire">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ottoman_Empire" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="Search Wikiversity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ottoman_Empire" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Ottoman Empire">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman.html">The Ottoman Empire: A Chronogical Outline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottomanfoothill.googlepages.com">The Ottoman Empire: The Eternal State</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091025234456/http://ottomanfoothill.googlepages.com/">Archived</a> 2009-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/engindex.html">Ottoman Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFbTIBgjbqQC&pg=PA257">History of Turkish Empire</a>—gives detailed timetable.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aton.ttu.edu">Turkish Oral Narrative</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theottomans.org">Information about Ottomans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unm.edu/~phooper/thesis_condensed.pdf">Forced population transfers in early Ottoman imperial policy</a> - covers the period 1300-1600</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11770/">Turkey in Asia</a> is an old book in English from 1920</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> Citizendium</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lebanon_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lebanon_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of ancient Lebanon (not yet started)">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenicia_under_Hellenistic_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenicia under Hellenistic rule (not yet started)">Hellenistic era</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule (not yet started)">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Lebanon (not yet started)">Arab era</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Lebanon (not yet started)">Crusader era</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Lebanon (not yet started)">Mamluk era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emirate of Mount Lebanon (not yet started)">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Qaim-Maqamate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon (not yet started)">Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (not yet started)">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater Lebanon (not yet started)">French mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cedar_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cedar Revolution (not yet started)">Cedar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Civil_War_spillover_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon (not yet started)">Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Lebanon_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains (not yet started)">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Borders_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Borders of Lebanon (not yet started)">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon (not yet started)">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Districts_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Districts of Lebanon (not yet started)">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Lebanon (not yet started)">Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shebaa_farms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shebaa farms (not yet started)">Shebaa farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Lebanon (not yet started)">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Lebanon (not yet started)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Lebanon (not yet started)">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon (not yet started)">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Lebanon (not yet started)">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_rights_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBT rights in Lebanon (not yet started)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Armed_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebanese Armed Forces (not yet started)">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of political parties in Lebanon (not yet started)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon (not yet started)">Speaker of Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Lebanon (not yet started)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banque_du_Liban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banque du Liban (not yet started)">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_rankings_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International rankings of Lebanon (not yet started)">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_pound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebanese pound (not yet started)">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon (not yet started)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Lebanon (not yet started)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Lebanon (not yet started)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_economy_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drug economy in Lebanon (not yet started)">Drug industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Lebanon (not yet started)">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Lebanon (not yet started)">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebanese cuisine (not yet started)">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebanese wine (not yet started)">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Lebanon (not yet started)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Lebanon (not yet started)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon" title="Flag of Lebanon">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of Lebanon (not yet started)">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Lebanon (not yet started)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_holidays_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public holidays in Lebanon (not yet started)">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Lebanon (not yet started)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in Lebanon (not yet started)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Television in Lebanon (not yet started)">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Lebanon (not yet started)">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lebanon" title="Category:Lebanon">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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