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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Aprilis</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aprilis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilis" title="Aprilis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aprilis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilis" title="Aprilis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aprilis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilis" title="Aprilis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aprilis" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Original second month of the Roman calendar</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG/220px-Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG/330px-Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG/440px-Sousse_mosaic_calendar_April.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>April panel from a Roman mosaic of the months (from <a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, first half of 3rd century AD)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Aprilis</b></i> or <i><b>mensis Aprilis</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/April_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="April (month)">April</a>) was the fourth month of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a> in the classical period, following <i><a href="/wiki/Martius_(month)" title="Martius (month)">Martius</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/March_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (month)">March</a>) and preceding <i><a href="/wiki/Maius" title="Maius">Maius</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/May_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="May (month)">May</a>). On the oldest Roman calendar that had begun with March, <i>Aprilis</i> had been the second of ten months in the year. April had 29 days on calendars of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, with a day added to the month during the reform in the mid-40s BC that produced the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p><p>April was marked by a series of <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">festivals</a> devoted to aspects of <a href="/wiki/Roman_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman farming">rural life</a>, since it was a busy month for farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Rome became more urbanized, the significance of some ceremonies expanded, notably the <a href="/wiki/Parilia" title="Parilia">Parilia</a>, an archaic <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> festival celebrated as the "birthday" <i>(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#dies_natalis" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">dies natalis</a>)</i> or <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding day of Rome</a>. The month was generally preoccupied with deities who were female or ambiguous in gender, opening with the <a href="/wiki/Veneralia" title="Veneralia">Feast of Venus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalends">Kalends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_of_the_month">Name of the month</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprilis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name of the month"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romans thought that the name <i>Aprilis</i> derived from <i>aperio, aperire, apertus</i>, a verb meaning "to open". The <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_Praenestini" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasti Praenestini">Fasti Praenestini</a></i> offered the expanded explanation that "fruits and flowers and animals and seas and lands do open". </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Antiquarianism_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquarianism in ancient Rome">antiquarians</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Fasti_(Ovid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasti (Ovid)">poem on the Roman calendar</a>, provide an alternate derivation from <i><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Greek counterpart</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> whose festival began the month. <i>Apru</i> might be derived from the conjectured <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> form of the name, which would be <i>Aprodita</i>, but among the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, the month was called <i>Cabreas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern linguists derive <i>Aprilis</i> from Etruscan <i>Ampile</i> or <i>Amphile</i>, based on a medieval <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a>, conjecturing an origin in the <a href="/wiki/Thessalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalian">Thessalian</a> month name <i>Aphrios</i>. An <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Indo-European</a> origin has also been proposed, related to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>áparah</i> and Latin <i>alter</i>, "the other of two", referring to its original position as the second month of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cincius" title="Cincius">Cincius</a> both reject the connection of the name to <i>Aphrodite</i>, and the common Roman derivation from <i>aperio</i> may be the correct one.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the latter years of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s reign, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Senate</a> briefly renamed April <i>Neronius</i> in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_agricultural_year">In the agricultural year</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprilis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the agricultural year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The farmers' almanacs <i>(<a href="/wiki/Menologia_rustica" title="Menologia rustica">menologia rustica</a>)</i> concur that Venus—in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a> a goddess of <a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">gardens</a>—was the <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deity</a> of April, and that sheep were to be purified <i>(oves <a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">lustrantur</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his agricultural treatise, <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> enumerates duties such as weeding crops, breaking ground, cutting willows, fencing meadows, and planting and pruning olives.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second half of April brought a series of festivals pertaining to farm life: </p> <ul><li>April 15: <a href="/wiki/Fordicidia" title="Fordicidia">Fordicidia</a>, a festival of agricultural fertility and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>;</li> <li>21: <a href="/wiki/Parilia" title="Parilia">Parilia</a>, a feast of shepherds;</li> <li>23: <a href="/wiki/Vinalia" title="Vinalia">Vinalia</a>, one of two wine festivals (the other was held August 19) in the religious year;</li> <li>25: <a href="/wiki/Robigalia" title="Robigalia">Robigalia</a> to protect crops from blight.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Of these, the Fordicidia and Robigalia are likely to have been of greatest antiquity. <a href="/wiki/William_Warde_Fowler" title="William Warde Fowler">William Warde Fowler</a>, whose early 20th-century work on Roman festivals remains a standard reference, asserted that the Fordicidia was "beyond doubt one of the oldest sacrificial rites in Roman religion."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter part of April was consumed by games <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">ludi</a>)</i> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>, the grain goddess thought to have power over growth and the life cycle. The end of the month brought the beginning of the games of <a href="/wiki/Flora_(mythology)" title="Flora (mythology)">Flora</a>, goddess of blooming plants and listed by Varro as one of the twelve principal <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_agricultural_deities" title="List of Roman agricultural deities">agricultural deities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates">Dates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprilis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Roman-calendar.png/330px-Roman-calendar.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Roman-calendar.png/495px-Roman-calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Roman-calendar.png/660px-Roman-calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the fragmentary <i>Fasti Antiates</i>, a pre-Julian calendar showing <i>Aprilis</i> (abbreviated <i>APR</i>) at the top of the fourth column</figcaption></figure> <p>The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the <a href="/wiki/Nones_(calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nones (calendar)">Nones</a> (5th or 7th), the <a href="/wiki/Ides_(calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ides (calendar)">Ides</a> (13th or 15th), and the <a href="/wiki/Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalends">Kalends</a> (1st) of the following month. The Nones of April was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of April was the <i>pridie Kalendas Maias,</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "day before the Kalends of May". Roman counting was <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">inclusive</a>; April 9 was <i>ante diem V Idūs Aprilis</i>, "the 5th day before the Ides of April," usually abbreviated <i>a.d. V Id. Apr.</i> (or with the <i>a.d.</i> omitted altogether); April 23 was <i>IX Kal. Mai.</i>, "the 9th day before the Kalends of May," on the Julian calendar <i>(VIII Kal. Mai.</i> on the pre-Julian calendar). </p><p>On the calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In April, these were: </p> <ul><li><b>F</b> for <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#fasti" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">dies fasti</a></i>, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">civil law</a>;</li> <li><b>C</b>, for <i>dies comitalis,</i> a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies <i>(<a href="/wiki/Comitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia">comitia</a>)</i>, elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings;</li> <li><b>N</b> for <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#nefastus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">dies nefasti</a></i>, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited;</li> <li><b>NP</b>, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#feria" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">feriae</a></i>, public holidays;</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg/220px-Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg/330px-Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg/440px-Fasti_Praenestini_Massimo_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of the <i>Fasti Praenestini</i> for April showing the abbreviations for the Vinalia and Robigalia <i>(VIN</i> and <i>ROB)</i>, and the nundinal letters on the left edge</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days were also marked with <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar#Nundinal_cycle" title="Roman calendar">nundinal letters</a> in cycles of <i>A B C D E F G H</i>, to mark the "market week"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (these are omitted in the table below). </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#dies_natalis" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">dies natalis</a></i> was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the "birthday" of a deity. During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial period</a>, some of the traditional festivals localized at Rome became less important, and the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. On the calendar of military religious observances known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Feriale_Duranum" title="Feriale Duranum">Feriale Duranum</a></i>, sacrifices pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> outnumber the older festivals. After the mid-1st century AD, a number of dates are added to calendars for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire#Recreation_and_spectacles" title="Roman Empire">spectacles and games</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">ludi</a>)</i> held in honor of various deities in the venue called a "<a href="/wiki/Circus_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (building)">circus</a>" <i>(ludi circenses)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Festivals marked in large letters on extant <i>fasti</i>, represented by festival names in all capital letters on the table, are thought to have been the most ancient holidays, becoming part of the calendar before 509 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unless otherwise noted, the dating and observances on the following table are from <a href="/wiki/H.H._Scullard" class="mw-redirect" title="H.H. Scullard">H.H. Scullard</a>, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic</i> (Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 96–115. After the Ides, dates for the Julian calendar are given; the pre-Julian date for festivals, when April had one less day, are noted parenthetically. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Modern<br />date</th> <th>Roman date</th> <th>status</th> <th>Observances </th></tr> <tr> <td>April 1</td> <td><i>Kalendae Aprilis</i></td> <td>F</td> <td>• <a href="/wiki/Veneralia" title="Veneralia">Veneralia</a> for Venus and <a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Virilis" title="Fortuna Virilis">Fortuna Virilis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><i>a.d. IV Non. Apr.</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>F</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><i>III Non. Apr.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>C</td> <td>• <i>dies natalis</i> for the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a>, with circus games (after mid-1st century AD)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><i>pridie Nonas Aprilis</i><br />(abbrev. <i>prid. Non. Apr.</i>)</td> <td>C</td> <td>* <i><a href="/wiki/Ludi_Megalenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludi Megalenses">Ludi Megalenses</a></i> ("Games for the <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Great Mother</a>") begin </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><i>Nonae Aprilis</i></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>dies natalis</i> of the Temple of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortuna_Publica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortuna Publica (page does not exist)">Fortuna Publica</a><br />• <i>Ludi Megalenses</i> continue </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><i>VIII Id. Apr.</i></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>Ludi Megalenses</i> continue </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><i>VII Id. Apr.</i></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>Ludi Megalenses</i> continue </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><i>VI Id. Apr.</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>dies natalis</i> for the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a> (after mid-1st century AD)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />• <i>Ludi Megalenses</i> continue </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><i>V Id. Apr.</i></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>Ludi Megalenses</i> continue </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><i>IV Id. Apr.</i></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>dies natalis</i> of the Temple of the <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Great Idaean Mother</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>; <i>Ludi Megalenses</i> conclude </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><i>III Id. Apr.</i></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>dies natalis</i> of the deified <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, with circus games<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><i>pridie Idūs Aprilis</i><br />(abbrev. <i>prid. Id. Apr.</i>)'</td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i><a href="/wiki/Cerealia" title="Cerealia">Ludi Cereri</a></i> ("Games for <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>") begin </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><i>Idūs Aprilis</i></td> <td>NP</td> <td>• monthly <i>Feriae Iovis</i>, a procession and sacrifice of a ram to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jove (Jupiter)</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Arx_(Roman)" title="Arx (Roman)">arx</a></i><br />• <i>dies natalis</i> of the Temple to Jupiter Victor and the Temple to Jove the Liberator<br />• <i>Ludi Cerei</i> continue </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><i>XVIII Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>Ludi Cerei</i> continue<br />• <a href="/wiki/Supplicatio" title="Supplicatio">supplication</a> to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria Augusta</a> to commemorate the first victory achieved by Augustus (on the <i><a href="/wiki/Feriale_Cumanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Feriale Cumanum">Feriale Cumanum</a></i>, 4–14 AD)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><i>XVII Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>NP</td> <td>• <a href="/wiki/Fordicidia" title="Fordicidia">Fordicidia</a> <i>(XVI Kal. Mai.</i> on the pre-Julian calendar)<br />• <i>Ludi Cerei</i> continue </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><i>XVI Kal. Mai.</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>Ludi Cerei</i> continue<br />• supplication to <a href="/wiki/Felicitas" title="Felicitas">Felicitas Imperii</a> to commemorate the day Augustus was first named <i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a></i> (<i>Feriale Cumanum</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><i>XV Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>Ludi Cerei</i> continue </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><i>XIV Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>N</td> <td>• <i>Ludi Cerei</i> continue </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><i>XIII Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>NP</td> <td>• <a href="/wiki/Cerealia" title="Cerealia">Cerealia</a> in honor of Ceres, <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libera_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libera (mythology)">Libera</a> <i>(XII Kal. Mai.</i> on the pre-Julian calendar); <i>Ludi Cerei</i> conclude </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><i>XII Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>N</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><i>XI Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>NP</td> <td>• <a href="/wiki/Parilia" title="Parilia">Parilia</a> <i>(X Kal. Mai.</i> on the pre-Julian calendar)<br />• <i><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Roma condita</a></i>, celebrated with circus games after the mid-1st century AD<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><i>X Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>N</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><i>IX Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>F</td> <td>• <a href="/wiki/Vinalia" title="Vinalia">Vinalia</a> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Venus_Erycina" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus Erycina">Venus Erycina</a> <i>(VIII Kal. Mai.</i> on the pre-Julian calendar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><i>VIII Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><i>VII Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>NP</td> <td>• <a href="/wiki/Robigalia" title="Robigalia">Robigalia</a> <i>(VI Kal. Mai.</i> on the pre-Julian calendar)<br />• <a href="/wiki/Serapia" title="Serapia">Serapia</a>, Imperial festival with origins in the 1st century AD </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><i>VI Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td>• <i>dies natalis</i> of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, with circus games<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><i>V Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><i>IV Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td>• <i><a href="/wiki/Floralia" title="Floralia">Ludi Florae</a></i>, beginning of the Games of <a href="/wiki/Flora_(mythology)" title="Flora (mythology)">Flora</a> (April 27 on the pre-Julian calendar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><i>III Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><i>prid. Kal. Mai.</i></td> <td>C</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprilis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/H.H._Scullard" class="mw-redirect" title="H.H. Scullard">H.H. Scullard</a>, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic</i> (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Warde_Fowler" title="William Warde Fowler">William Warde Fowler</a>, 12 <i>The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic</i> (London, 1908), pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scullard, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic</i>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interpretations summarized by Gary Forsythe, <i>Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History</i> (Routledge, 2012), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scullard, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic</i>, p. 96; Forsythe, <i>Time in Roman Religion,</i> p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> 15.74 and 16.12; Forsythe, <i>Time in Roman Religion,</i> p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scullard, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic</i>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varro, <i>De re rustica</i> 1.30; Scullard, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic</i>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, <i>Religions of Rome: A History</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 1, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, <i>Roman Festivals</i>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The month name is construed as an adjective modifying the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a> plural <i>Kalendae,</i> <i>Nonae</i> or <i>Idūs</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michele Renee Salzman, <i>On Roman Time: The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity</i> (University of California Press, 1990), pp. 17, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_R%C3%BCpke" title="Jörg Rüpke">Jörg Rüpke</a>, <i>The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti,</i> translated by David M.B. Richardson (Blackwell, 2011, originally published 1995 in German), p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salzman, <i>On Roman Time,</i> p. 118ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scullard, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic</i>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbreviated form of <i>ante diem IV Nonas Aprilis.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbreviated form of <i>ante diem III Nonas Aprilis.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salzman, <i>On Roman Time,</i> p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbreviated form of <i>ante diem VI Idūs Aprilis,</i> with the <i>ante diem</i> omitted altogether from this point.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salzman, <i>On Roman Time,</i> p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, <i>Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 2, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beth Severy, <i>Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire</i> (Routledge, 2003), p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbreviated form of <i>ante diem XVII Kalendas Maiae</i> with the <i>ante diem</i> omitted altogether, as in the rest of the month following.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Severy, <i>Augustus and the Family,</i> p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salzman, <i>On Roman Time,</i> p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard et al., <i>Religions of Rome,</i> vol. 2, p. 68.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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