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href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//el'><div title='Greek' class='sprite-isprt-web-gr flag-el'>🇬🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ro'><div title='Romanian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ro flag-ro'>🇷🇴</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bg'><div title='Bulgarian' class='sprite-isprt-web-bg flag-bg'>🇧🇬</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ur'><div title='Urdu' class='sprite-isprt-web-pk flag-ur'>🇵🇰</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hi'><div title='Hindi' class='sprite-isprt-web-in flag-hi'>🇮🇳</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ar'><div title='Arabic' class='sprite-isprt-web-ae flag-ar'>🇦🇪</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//sr'><div title='Serbian' class='sprite-isprt-web-rs flag-sr'>🇷🇸</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bn'><div title='Bangla' class='sprite-isprt-web-bd flag-bn'>🇧🇩</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bs'><div title='Bosnian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ba flag-bs'>🇧🇦</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hr'><div title='Croatian' class='sprite-isprt-web-hr flag-hr'>🇭🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//tr'><div title='Turkish' class='sprite-isprt-web-tr flag-tr'>🇹🇷</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//uk'><div title='Ukrainian' class='sprite-isprt-web-ua flag-uk'>🇺🇦</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cs'><div title='Czech' class='sprite-isprt-web-cz flag-cs'>🇨🇿</div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//be'><div title='Belarusian' class='sprite-isprt-web-by flag-be'>🇧🇾</div></a></div><div id='hdrlang-navigation'><div id='hdrlang-navigation-inner' class='hdrlang-navigation'><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/' class='lang-en'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-gb'></div><span class='name'>English</span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cn' class='lang-zh-CN'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-cn'></div><span class='name'>Chinese <span>- 简体中文</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//jp' class='lang-ja'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-jp'></div><span class='name'>Japanese <span>- 日本</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//es' class='lang-es'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-es'></div><span class='name'>Spanish <span>- español</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//kr' class='lang-ko'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-kr'></div><span class='name'>Korean <span>- 한국의</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ru' class='lang-ru'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ru'></div><span class='name'>Russian <span>- русский</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hk' class='lang-zh-TW'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-hk'></div><span class='name'>Traditional Chinese <span>- 繁體中文</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//fr' class='lang-fr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-fr'></div><span class='name'>French <span>- Francais</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//pl' class='lang-pl'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-pl'></div><span class='name'>Polish <span>- Polski</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//de' class='lang-de'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-de'></div><span class='name'>German <span>- Deutsch</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//pt' class='lang-pt'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-br'></div><span class='name'>Portuguese <span>- Português</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//vn' class='lang-vi'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-vn'></div><span class='name'>Vietnamese <span>- Tiếng Việt</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//it' class='lang-it'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-it'>🇮🇹</div><span class='name'>Italian <span>- Italiano</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//id' class='lang-id'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-id'>🇮🇩</div><span class='name'>Indonesian <span>- bahasa Indonesia</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//nl' class='lang-nl'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-nl'>🇳🇱</div><span class='name'>Dutch <span>- Nederlands</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//fa' class='lang-fa'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ir'>🇮🇷</div><span class='name'>Persian <span>- فارسی</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//th' class='lang-th'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-th'>🇹🇭</div><span class='name'>Thai <span>- ภาษาไทย</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hu' class='lang-hu'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-hu'>🇭🇺</div><span class='name'>Hungarian <span>- Magyar</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//el' class='lang-el'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-gr'>🇬🇷</div><span class='name'>Greek <span>- Ελληνικά</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ro' class='lang-ro'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ro'>🇷🇴</div><span class='name'>Romanian <span>- Română</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bg' class='lang-bg'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-bg'>🇧🇬</div><span class='name'>Bulgarian <span>- български</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ur' class='lang-ur'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-pk'>🇵🇰</div><span class='name'>Urdu <span>- اردو</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hi' class='lang-hi'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-in'>🇮🇳</div><span class='name'>Hindi <span>- हिंदी</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//ar' class='lang-ar'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ae'>🇦🇪</div><span class='name'>Arabic <span>- العربية</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//sr' class='lang-sr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-rs'>🇷🇸</div><span class='name'>Serbian <span>- Српски</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bn' class='lang-bn'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-bd'>🇧🇩</div><span class='name'>Bangla <span>- বাংলা</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//bs' class='lang-bs'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ba'>🇧🇦</div><span class='name'>Bosnian <span>- босански</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//hr' class='lang-hr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-hr'>🇭🇷</div><span class='name'>Croatian <span>- hrvatski</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//tr' class='lang-tr'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-tr'>🇹🇷</div><span class='name'>Turkish <span>- Türkçe</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//uk' class='lang-uk'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-ua'>🇺🇦</div><span class='name'>Ukrainian <span>- українська</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//cs' class='lang-cs'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-cz'>🇨🇿</div><span class='name'>Czech <span>- čeština</span></span></div></a><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide//be' class='lang-be'><div class='item'><div class='flag sprite-isprt-web-by'>🇧🇾</div><span class='name'>Belarusian <span>- беларускі</span></span></div></a></div></div></div><div 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0.3em;-ms-border-radius: 0.3em;-o-border-radius: 0.3em;border-radius: 0.3em;color: black;font-family: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', monospace;direction: ltr;text-align: left;white-space: pre;overflow: scroll;word-wrap: break-word;word-spacing: normal;color:#c92c2c;}code.code-snippet-inline span.string {color: #2f9c0a;}code.code-example {font-family: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', monospace;background-color:#f8f8f8;border:1px solid #888;padding:20px;display:inline-block;margin:20px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.2;text-align:left;-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 1px #dfdfdf;-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 1px #dfdfdf;box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 1px #dfdfdf;background-color: #fdfdfd;-webkit-border-radius: 0.3em;-moz-border-radius: 0.3em;-ms-border-radius: 0.3em;-o-border-radius: 0.3em;border-radius: 0.3em;}</style><div class='h1section'><h1><div id='h1header1' style='padding:2px;padding:5px 0;font-family:"Noto Serif",Cambria,"Palatino Linotype","Book Antiqua","URW Palladio L",serif;;;'>Ein Leitfaden für Anfänger zur Luftqualität mit Instant-Cast und Now-Cast.</div><div id='h1header2' class='h1sub' >A Beginner's Guide to Air Quality Instant-Cast and Now-Cast. </div></h1></div><script type='text/javascript'> ; if (!isMobileUA) { fitLine('#h1header1',.88,{maxfs:45});fitLine('#h1header2',.88,{maxfs:38}); }; </script><style>.section-outer {text-align: initial;}.section-content {max-width: 95%;width: 1100px;font-size: 18px;min-height: 300px;text-align: initial;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 1.8;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.section-content-tight {min-height: 0px;}.section-content-alt {background-color: #f0f0f0;border-top: 1px solid #ccc;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd};.section-banner {background-size: 100%;background: url(https://aqicn.org/images//bluesky-banner-panoramic.jpg) no-repeat center bottom #eee;margin-top: -2px;z-index: -1;border-bottom: 1px solid #888;width: 100%;}.h2-title {font-family: inherit;font-size: 1.1em;overflow: hidden;text-align: center;text-transform: capitalize;}.h2-title:before,.h2-title:after {background-color: #ddd;content: '';display: inline-block;height: 1px;position: relative;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;}.h2-title:before {right: 0.5em;margin-left: -50%;}.h2-title:after {left: 0.5em;margin-right: -50%;}@media only screen and (max-width: 800px) {.section-content {line-height: 1.6;max-width: 98%;min-height: 10px;}.section-banner {display: none;}}</style><div class='whitebody' style='font-family:"Noto Serif",Cambria,"Palatino Linotype","Book Antiqua","URW Palladio L",serif;'><div class='section-outer'><div class='section-content' ><i>Posted on March 15<sup>th</sup> 2015</i><div style='height:1px;background-color:#aaaaaa;width:300px;margin-top:5px;'></div><small><i>(re-edited on January 12<sup>th</sup> 2020)</i></small><br><div id="gtrans-div-id" style="float:right" class="gtrans-div"></div><script>try { googleTranslate(); } catch (e) {}</script><div class='ui-share-btns'><a 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55.537 54.34 z" style="stroke: none; stroke-width: 1; stroke-dasharray: none; stroke-linecap: butt; stroke-linejoin: miter; stroke-miterlimit: 10; fill: #25a1de; fill-rule: nonzero; opacity: 1;" transform=" matrix(1 0 0 1 0 0) " stroke-linecap="round" /></g></svg></a><script>try{tlite.enable(document.getElementById('share-reddit'),{text:"<div style='font-size:120%'>Share on reddit:<\/div>A Beginner's Guide to Air Quality Instant-Cast and Now-Cast. <br>(https:\/\/aqicn.org\/faq\/2015-03-15\/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide\/de\/)"});}catch(e){}</script></div><style>.ui-share-btns {display: block;margin: 0;vertical-align: middle;}.ui-share-btns svg {height: 20px;vertical-align: middle;fill: white;}.ui-share-btn {background-color: #25a1de;color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);font-size: 15px;line-height: 20px;display: inline-block;text-align: center;border: 1px solid #0086c8;cursor: pointer;border-radius: 4px;padding: 3px 5px;margin: 3px;max-width: 800px;min-width: 30px;}.ui-share-btn:first-child {margin-left: 0px;}.ui-share-btn:hover {background-color: #f8f8f8;border-color: #adadad;text-decoration: none;color: black;}.ui-share-btn:hover svg {fill: black;}.ui-share-btn:hover svg g {fill: black;}.ui-share-btn a:hover {text-decoration: none;}</style><i style='color:#888;font-size:13px;word-break: break-all;'>Aktie: <a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/de/'>aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/de/</a></i><br><div class='entry-content' ng-controller='MainController as ctrl'> <div style='float:right;padding-left:10px;'> <img src='/images/nowcast/typhoon-asia-2004293.jpg' width=468> <center> <small> Typhoon and Dust on East Asia, Courtesy of NASA (<a href='http://alliance.la.asu.edu/mywonderfulworld/GeoLiteracy/WilliamsNature/williamsnature.html'>attribution</a>) </small> </center> <script> if (0) cityShowAd("6885275862", 300, 100); </script> <br> </div> <p>Bereits im März 2015 hatten wir die Gelegenheit, in Peking mehrere Umweltspezialisten des US-Außenministeriums und der China-Mission ( <i>der berühmten Einrichtung, die die PM <sub>2,5-</sub> Monitore in der US-Botschaft in Peking betreibt</i> ) zu treffen.</p> <p>Unter all den angesprochenen Themen gibt es eines, über das es sich zu schreiben lohnt, nämlich das „ <i><b>Nowcast</b></i> “-System. Dieses von der US-Umweltschutzbehörde EPA verwendete System wandelt die Messwerte der Rohschadstoffe, ausgedrückt in µg/m3 oder <i>ppb</i> , in den AQI (Skala von 0 bis 500) um. Es wird für alle auf der Website <a href='http://airnow.gov'>airnow.gov</a> gemeldeten AQI-Werte verwendet.</p> <p>Das Konzept hinter dem <i>Nowcast</i> besteht darin, die „ <i>24-Stunden-Mittelung</i> “ zu kompensieren, die bei der Umrechnung von Konzentrationen in AQI verwendet werden sollte. Der Grund für diese Mittelung liegt darin, dass die <a href='http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi'>AQI-Skala</a> angibt, dass jede Stufe der gesundheitlichen Besorgnis (d. h. gut, mäßig, ... ungesund ...) bei einer Exposition von 24 Stunden gültig ist <sup><a href="#nowcast-footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> . Wenn man beispielsweise einen AQI von 188 (ungesund) sieht, muss man das so interpretieren: „ <i style='color:#888;'>Wenn ich 24 Stunden draußen bleibe und der AQI <span style='color:#cc0033;'>während dieser 24 Stunden</span> 188 beträgt, dann ist die Auswirkung auf die Gesundheit ungesund</i> .“ Das ist etwas ganz anderes als zu sagen: „ <i style='color:#888;'>Wenn der jetzt gemeldete AQI 188 beträgt, dann ist die Auswirkung auf die Gesundheit ungesund</i> .“</p> <p>Das Problem besteht darin, dass die 24-Stunden-Mittelwertbildung eine <b>sehr schlechte Idee</b> ist und zumindest aus diesen beiden Gründen abgeschafft werden sollte <sup><a href="#nowcast-footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> :</p> <ul> <li> <span>Erstens ist die Dynamik der Luftverschmutzung so groß, dass der Wind die Luft in weniger als 30 Minuten vollständig reinigt!</span> <span>Dieses Phänomen ist in Peking häufig zu beobachten, wo die starken Nordwinde den PM <sub>2,5</sub> AQI in weniger als einer Stunde von über 300 auf unter 50 senken können <sup><a href="#nowcast-footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> . Wenn das passiert, möchte niemand 24 Stunden warten, bevor er weiß, dass die Luftqualität gut ist (und dann spazieren gehen, um die frische Luft zu genießen!)</span> <br> <br> <li> <span>Der zweite Grund ist, dass sich die Luftqualität plötzlich verschlechtert. Ein berühmter Fall ist der indonesische Waldbrand, der den Singapur-Smog verursacht, wenn der Wind nach Norden weht. Unter diesen Umständen kann der AQI innerhalb einer Stunde von unter 50 auf über 150 steigen. Tatsächlich hatten wir viele Anfragen von Asthmatikern/empfindlichen Menschen, als Singapur noch nur 24-Stunden-Durchschnittswerte lieferte.</span> </ul> <p>Aus diesen Gründen hat die US-Umweltbehörde EPA das <i>Nowcast-</i> System eingeführt: Es handelt sich um eine alternative Umrechnungsformel, die verwendet wird, um die Notwendigkeit einer Mittelung bei sich ändernden Luftqualitätsbedingungen auszugleichen. In <a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowcast_%28Air_Quality_Index%29'>Wikipedia</a> wird es wie folgt beschrieben:</p> <blockquote> <span>Der NowCast wird aus den letzten 12 Stunden der PM-Überwachungsdaten berechnet, aber der NowCast gewichtet die Daten der letzten Stunden stärker als ein gewöhnlicher 12-Stunden-Durchschnitt, wenn sich die Schadstoffwerte ändern. Der NowCast wird anstelle einer 24-Stunden-Durchschnitts-PM-Konzentration bei der Berechnung des AQI verwendet, bis ein ganzer Kalendertag mit stündlichen Konzentrationen überwacht wurde.“</span> </blockquote> <p>Die zur Berechnung des <i>NowCast-</i> AQI verwendete Formel mag für Nicht-Wissenschaftler barbarisch erscheinen.</p> <center style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <img src='/images/nowcast/nowcast-formula-generalized.png' width=600 style='vertical-align: middle;'> <span style='color:#888'>and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>W<sub>min</sub></i> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> <span style='color:#888'>and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>N</i> = 12 </center> <br> <p>Aber eigentlich ist es ganz einfach, wenn man sich dieses Anwendungsbeispiel für die Luftqualität in Peking ansieht.</p> <style type="text/css"> .axis path, .axis line { fill: none; font-size: 12px; stroke: black; shape-rendering: crispEdges; } .nowcastgraphs { font-size: 15px; border: 1px solid #cccccc; background-color: #f8f8f8; display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding: 10px; text-align: left; color: #888888; margin: 0 0 5px 0; box-sizing: border-box; } </style> <center> <span class='nowcastgraphs'> Instant AQI (no averaging, AQI converted directly from the 1 hour readings): <div id='instantAQI' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> <br> NowCast AQI: <div id='nowcastAQI' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> <br> </span> </center> <p>Das Ergebnis des von <i>Nowcast</i> berechneten AQI ist im Hinblick auf die Mittelung immer noch sehr ausgeprägt, zumindest viel mehr als das, was man im asiatischen Staub erwarten würde. Einer der Gründe dafür ist, dass der Gewichtungsfaktor, der zur Bestimmung des Ausmaßes der Änderung verwendet wird, einen Schwellenwert hat, der auf mindestens 0,5 festgelegt ist, während sein Wert in Wirklichkeit in vielen Fällen viel niedriger als 0,5 ist. Die folgende Grafik zeigt diesen Schwellengewichtungsfaktor, wobei Rot für Gewichtungen unter 0,5 verwendet wird</p> <center> <span class='nowcastgraphs'> NowCast weight factors: <div id='weightfactor' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> </span> </center> <p>Die Nowcast-Formel, wie sie heute definiert wird, ist das Ergebnis einer Forschung, die auf der Luftqualität in Amerika basiert. Während es für die USA eine genaue Berichterstattung über die aktuellen Bedingungen liefert, ist dies möglicherweise nicht der Fall für Asien, wo die Dynamik der Luftqualität viel stärker ist. Aus diesem Grund glauben wir, dass die <i>Nowcast-</i> Formel für jeden Kontinent angepasst werden sollte.</p> <span>Für Asien könnte es definiert werden als:</span> <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <i style='color:#1166c7'>W<sub>min</sub></i> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub> <span style='color:#888'>and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>N</i> = 3 </span>, <span>entsprechend der folgenden Grafik:</span> <center> <span class='nowcastgraphs'> <span>Modifiziertes NowCast für Asien (auch bekannt als NowCast Asia AQI):</span> <div id='nowcastasiaAQI' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> <center> <small> <br> <span>Wenn Sie möchten, können Sie die beiden Parameter auch direkt selbst ändern:</span> <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <i style='color:#1166c7'>W<sub>min</sub></i> = <input type='number' value=.1 class='nowcastparams' id='nowcastwmin'> <span style='color:#888'> and </span> <i style='color:#1166c7'>N</i> = <input type='number' value=3 class='nowcastparams' id='nowcastn'> </span> </small> </center> <span>Als Referenz, Instant AQI:</span> <div id='instantAQI2' style='font-size:12px;halign:center;'></div> </span> </center> <style type="text/css"> .nowcastparams { padding: 3px; font-size: 18px; text-align: center; width: 50px; } </style> <p>Derzeit basiert die Umrechnungsformel, die im <a href='/home/de/'>World Air Quality Index-Projekt</a> sowie im China Mission AQI (auch bekannt als US-Botschaft in Peking, US-Konsulat in Shanghai usw.) verwendet wird, immer noch auf dem „ <b>Instant AQI</b> “, auch bekannt als „InstantCast“. (dh überhaupt keine Mittelung). Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieses „Asian Nowcast“-Vorschlags könnte dies jedoch bald aktualisiert werden.</p> <script src='/jscripts/d3/d3.min.js?_=20190418.093123&type=script'></script><script src='/jscripts/moment/bundle.min.js?_=20200103.150752&type=script'></script><script src='/air/view/stats/plot.js?_=20190418.093129&type=script'></script><script src='/air/view/stats/nowcast-plot.js?_=20190418.093129&type=script'></script><link href='/air/view/stats/style.css?_=20190418.093129&type=css' rel='stylesheet'/> <script type='text/javascript'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> function calculatePm25Aqi(val) { var c = parseFloat(val); var range = [0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500]; var scale = [0, 12, 35.5, 55.5, 150.5, 250.5, 350.5, 500.5]; for (var i = 0; i < scale.length - 1; i++) { if (c >= scale[i] && c < scale[i + 1]) { var aqi = range[i] + (c - scale[i]) * (range[i + 1] - range[i]) / (scale[i + 1] - scale[i]); aqi = Math.round(aqi); return aqi; } } return 500; } function instantAQI(val) { return calculatePm25Aqi(val / 1000); } function nowcastAQI(val, p, opt) { var minweight = opt.minweight || .5; var cmin = -1, cmax = -1; p.forEach(function(c) { if (cmin == -1 || cmin > c) cmin = c; if (cmax == -1 || cmax < c) cmax = c; }); var w = Math.max(minweight, cmin / cmax); var v = (val / 1000); var i = 1, div = 1, s = 1; p.forEach(function(c) { s *= w; v += c * s / 1000; div += s; }); v /= div; v = calculatePm25Aqi(v); return Math.round(v); } function weightfactor(val, p) { var cmin = -1, cmax = -1; p.forEach(function(c) { if (cmin == -1 || cmin > c) cmin = c; if (cmax == -1 || cmax < c) cmax = c; }); return Math.round(100 * cmin / cmax) / 100; } function weightcolor(v) { var colors = [ '#ff0000','#cc1b28','#993650','#665078','#336ba0','#0086c8','#0086c8','#339ed3','#66b6de','#99cfe9','#cce7f4','#ffffff',]; return colors[Math.round(v * 10)]; } var beijing = { "cityID": "Beijing", "pol": "pm25", "ndays": "15", "data": [1426316400, 67000, "", -11000, "", -2000, "", 5000, "", 3000, "", 5000, "", 3000, "", 22000, "", 4000, "", -55000, "", 0, "", -7000, "", -7000, "", -15000, "", 4000, "", 2000, "", -9000, "", 8000, "", 4000, "", -4000, "", 9000, "", 14000, "", 78000, "", 37000, "", -25000, "", -4000, "", -15000, "", -1000, "", 13000, "", 11000, "", 12000, "", -21000, "", -14000, "", -27000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", -15000, "", -16000, "", -13000, "", -16000, "", 12000, "", 5000, "", 16000, "", 23000, "", -8000, "", 11000, "", -4000, "", 3000, "", 6000, "", -1000, "", -10000, "", -2000, "", -7000, "", -1000, "", 4000, "", -1000, "", -21000, "", -11000, "", -5000, "", -6000, "", -10000, "", -5000, "", -3000, "", 3000, "", -3000, "", -1000, "", -3000, "", 5000, "", -10000, "", 11000, "", 14000, "", 0, "", 54000, "", 8000, "", 8000, "", -3000, "", 6000, "", -11000, "", -18000, "", 3000, "", -6000, "", 0, "", -1000, "", -5000, "", -30000, "", -6000, "", 5000, "", 4000, "", -2000, "", -11000, "", -11000, "", 1000, "", -8000, "", 17000, "", 13000, "", -5000, "", -11000, "", -14000, "", -1000, "", -5000, "", 2000, "", 3000, "", 2000, "", -1000, "", 2000, "", -2000, "", 1000, "", -1000, "", 0, "", -3000, "", 3000, "", 3000, "", -1000, "", -2000, "", 1000, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", 7000, "", -9000, "", -4000, "", 1000, "", 1000, "", 0, "", 1000, "", 0, "", 5000, "", -3000, "", 3000, "", 7000, "", -8000, "", 5000, "", -6000, "", -1000, "", 3000, "", -1000, "", 3000, "", -1000, "", 1000, "", 0, "", 113000, "", 112000, "", 8000, "", 11000, "", -18000, "", -24000, "", -11000, "", 20000, "", 5000, "", -11000, -7200, -16000, "", 12000, "", 7000, "", 11000, "", -5000, "", -12000, "", -13000, "", -1000, "", -6000, "", -4000, "", -14000, "", 21000, "", 14000, "", 8000, "", 15000, "", -12000, "", -2000, "", 1000, "", 23000, "", -4000, "", 22000, "", 14000, "", 5000, "", -1000, "", 21000, "", 12000, "", 3000, "", -28000, "", -2000, "", -33000, "", -10000, "", -12000, "", -20000, "", -22000, "", 26000, "", 0, "", -2000, "", -10000, "", -23000, "", -9000, "", -17000, "", 1000, "", 10000, "", -1000, "", 14000, "", 3000, "", 20000, "", -57000, "", -26000, "", 24000, "", 11000, "", 9000, "", -22000, "", -47000, "", -18000, "", -2000, "", 0, "", -3000, "", -8000, "", 3000, "", 28000, "", 4000, "", 65000, "", -18000, "", -10000, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", -15000, "", -7000, "", 21000, "", -9000, "", -13000, "", -15000, "", -20000, "", -15000, "", -5000, "", -13000, "", -4000, "", -7000, "", -10000, "", 2000, "", 0, "", 8000, "", -13000, "", -6000, "", -3000, "", 6000, "", 3000, "", 2000, "", -2000, "", -8000, "", 2000, "", 1000, "", -1000, "", -1000, "", -4000, "", 1000, "", 0, "", 0, "", 3000, "", 3000, "", -2000, "", 1000, "", -1000, "", -5000, "", -1000, "", 1000, "", 1000, "", 3000, "", -5000, "", 0, "", 1000, "", 1000, "", -1000, "", -1000, "", -2000, "", -1000, "", 1000, "", 1000, "", 2000, "", -1000, "", -2000, "", 2000, "", 3000, "", 2000, "", 5000, "", -2000, "", 4000, "", 8000, "", -4000, "", -4000, "", 12000, "", 25000, "", 45000, "", 30000, "", 1000, "", 7000, "", 7000, "", -11000, "", -17000, "", -14000, "", -21000, "", -5000, "", -3000, "", 0, "", -5000, "", -11000, "", -11000, "", 4000, "", -11000, "", -15000, "", -8000, "", -4000, "", 7000, "", 7000, "", -1000, "", -4000, "", 17000, "", 14000, "", 7000, "", 8000, "", -2000, "", -35000, "", -16000, "", -3000, "", 0, "", 9000, "", 23000, "", 71000, "", -63000, "", 71000, "", 85000, "", 12000, "", 7000, "", -3000, "", -7000, "", -6000, "", 2000, "", 21000, "", -19000, "", -5000, "", -24000, "", -15000, "", -49000, "", -19000, "", -9000, "", -20000, "", -13000, "", -10000, "", -8000, "", 5000, "", -5000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", -1000, "", -10000, "", 0, "", 4000, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", 6000, "", -9000, "", -10000, "", 3000, "", -4000, "", 4000, "", -12000, "", 0, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", -9000, "", 1000, "", -2000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", -6000, "", 0, "", 4000, "", -1000, "", 5000, "", 2000, "", -3000, "", 0, "", -6000, "", 7000, "", -3000, "", 4000, "", -3000, "", 7000, "", -11000, "", 4000, "", 1000, "", -5000, "", 3000, "", -5000, "", 2000, "", 4000, "", 16000, "", -8000, "", -4000, "", 8000, "", -12000], "utime": "2015-03-14 07:00:00", "step": -3600 }; function initPage() { $('.nowcastparams').bind('input propertychange', function() { var wmin = $("#nowcastwmin").val(); var n = $("#nowcastn").val(); console.log(typeof parseInt(n)); if (typeof parseInt(wmin) == 'number' && typeof parseInt(n) == 'number') { $("#nowcastasiaAQI").html(""); new NowCastGraph("#nowcastasiaAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, nowcastAQI, { minweight: wmin, qlen: n }); } }); var width = document.getElementById("instantAQI").clientWidth - 20; var height = 100; new NowCastGraph("#instantAQI2").plot(beijing, width, 80, instantAQI); new NowCastGraph("#instantAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, instantAQI); new NowCastGraph("#nowcastAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, nowcastAQI, { minweight: .5 }); new NowCastGraph("#weightfactor").plot(beijing, width, 88, weightfactor, { colorf: weightcolor, minv: -.1, maxv: 1 }); new NowCastGraph("#nowcastasiaAQI").plot(beijing, width, height, nowcastAQI, { minweight: .1, qlen: 3 }); } </script> <br> <br> ... <br> <br> <div style='border-top:1px solid black;width:120px;'></div> <small> <div id='nowcast-footnote-1'> <span>[1] Die 24-Stunden-Dauer basiert auf jahrzehntelangen <a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology'>epidemiologischen Studien, die</a> zur Korrelation der Luftverschmutzungsexposition und eines erhöhten Gesundheitsrisikos verwendet wurden. Es gibt neue laufende epidemiologische Studien, um die Wirkung einer <b>sofortigen Exposition</b> (dh einer Exposition von etwa einer Stunde oder weniger) zu korrelieren. Es kann jedoch mehrere Jahre dauern, bis ihre Ergebnisse in eine neue offizielle „Sofort-AQI-Skala“ umgewandelt werden können.</span> </div> <div id='nowcast-footnote-2'> <span>[2] Starker Wind wirkt sich aufgrund der Staubaufwirbelung häufig auf die Erhöhung des PM <sub>10-</sub> AQI aus.</span> </div> <div id='nowcast-footnote-3'> <span>[3] Zum Zeitpunkt der Erstellung dieses Artikels, im März 2015, gab es viele Länder, die immer noch nur einen 24-Stunden-Durchschnitt anboten. Heutzutage, im September 2016, sind <a href='http://apims.doe.gov.my'>Malaysia</a> und <a href='http://www.env.gov.bn/'>Brunei</a> die einzigen beiden bekannten Länder, die immer noch nur einen 24-Stunden-Durchschnitt liefern. Alle anderen Länder liefern nicht nur untergeordnete (stündliche) Daten, sondern auch individuelle Konzentrationen für jeden Schadstoff.</span> </small> <br> <br> </div></div></div></div><center style='border-top: 1px solid #ccc'><center style='margin:10px 0;'><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0281575029452656" data-ad-slot="2455076269" data-ad-format="auto"></ins></center><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><div class='section-content'><a href='/faq/" . srvLang() . "'><span>Klicken Sie hier, um alle FAQ-Einträge anzuzeigen</span></a><div style='margin-left: 20px;line-heigh:1.5;color:#888;' class='faqmore'><style type='text/css'>.faqmore li a:hover {background: #62a6c8;color: white;text-decoration: none;}.faqmore li a {color: #888;}</style><li><a href='https://aqicn.org/scale/de/'>AQI Scale: What do the colors and numbers mean?</a></li><li><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/using-statistical-distances-for-real-time-sensor-networks-validation/de/'>Using Statistical Distances for Real-time Sensor Networks Validation</a></li><li><a href='https://aqicn.org/faq/2017-01-10/nitrogen-dioxyde-no2-in-our-atmosphere/de/'>Nitrogen Dioxyde (NO<sub>2</sub>) in our atmosphere</a></li></div><div style='height:1px;background-color:#aaaaaa;width:220px;margin-top:5px;'></div><center><script>var i18nTexts=(i18nTexts||[]);i18nTexts.push({"wa.KqlOlZrllRNJ+7u88XlbL2RQFwo=":"Hoppla! Etwas ist schiefgelaufen. 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Die breite Öffentlichkeit wird wahrscheinlich nicht betroffen sein.</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#cc0033;"><td class='aqiwtxt' nowrap="true">151-200</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>Ungesund</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen sind für jeden spürbar; für sensible Gruppen besteht möglicherweise ein ernstes gesundheitliches Risiko.</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#660099;"><td class='aqiwtxt' nowrap="true">201-300</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>Sehr Ungesund</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>Notfallwarnung vor Gesundheitsgefahren. Die Gesamtbevölkerung ist davon wahrscheinlich betroffen.</td></tr><tr style="background-color:#7e0023;"><td class='aqiwtxt' nowrap="true">300+</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>Gefährlich</td><td class='aqiwtxt'>Gesundheitswarnung: Jeder kann ernstere gesundheitliche Auswirkungen haben</td></tr></table></div><br>Um mehr über Luftqualität und -verschmutzung zu erfahren, gehen Sie auf die Seite <a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality'>Luftverschmutzung (Wikipedia)</a> oder den <a href='http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi'>AIRNow Leitfaden</a> für Luftqualität und Ihre Gesundheit der US-amerikanischen Umweltagentur.<br><br>Sehr nützliche Gesundheitsratschläge gibt der Pekinger Arzt Richard Saint Cyr MD, <a href='http://www.myhealthbeijing.com/'>www.myhealthbeijing.com</a> in seinem Blog.<br><br></center></div></div></div><center><br><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block"data-ad-client="ca-pub-0281575029452656"data-ad-slot="2455076269"data-ad-format="auto"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><style type='text/css'>.usage-notice {line-height:1.5;max-width:95%;width:1000px;margin-top:10px;padding:5px;font-size: 15px;background-color:#ffffff;text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px white;-webkit-box-shadow: 1px 1px 8px -3px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}</style><div class="textshadowwhite usage-notice" style=''><b>Nutzungshinweis</b>: Alle Luftqualitätsdaten sind zum Zeitpunkt der Veröffentlichung noch nicht verifiziert, und aufgrund der Qualitätssicherung können diese Daten jederzeit ohne vorherige Ankündigung geändert werden. Das <a href='https://aqicn.org'> World Air Quality Index </a> Projekt hat alle angemessenen Fähigkeiten und Sorgfalt bei der Zusammenstellung der Inhalte dieser Informationen angewandt und unter keinen Umständen, vertraglich oder anderweitig haftet das <a href='https://aqicn.org'>, das World Air Quality Index </a> Projektteam oder seine Agenten wegen unerlaubter Handlung oder anderweitig für Verluste, Verletzungen oder Schäden, die direkt oder indirekt aus der Bereitstellung dieser Daten entstehen.</div><br><br><br></center><style type="text/css">@media print {#fixed-menubar,#footer-overlay {display: none}}.footer {background: #138fcc;background-attachment: fixed;background-image: url("https://aqicn.org/images-static/bluesky-banner-panoramic-dark.jpg");background-position: top center, bottom center;background-size: auto 100%;position: relative;text-align: center;font-weight: normal;margin: 0 auto;color: white;width: 100%;font-family: "Noto Serif", Cambria, "Palatino Linotype", "Book 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