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<span>Early English settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_English_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England's_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England's_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>England's civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England's_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugar_cane_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar_cane_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sugar cane and slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar_cane_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bussa's_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bussa's_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bussa's rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bussa's_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_the_abolition_of_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_the_abolition_of_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Towards the abolition of slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_the_abolition_of_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_decolonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_decolonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Towards decolonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_decolonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Political history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_to_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Transition to republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederations_and_union_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederations_and_union_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Confederations and union proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederations_and_union_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Additional sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="تاريخ باربادوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ باربادوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="বার্বাডোসের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্বাডোসের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Barbadosu" title="Dějiny Barbadosu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Barbadosu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_von_Barbados" title="Geschichte von Barbados – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte von Barbados" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Barbados" title="Historia de Barbados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Barbados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Barbade" title="Histoire de la Barbade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Barbade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բարբադոսի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարբադոսի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Barbados" title="Historio di Barbados – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Barbados" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Barbados" title="Sejarah Barbados – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Barbados" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_di_Barbados" title="Storia di Barbados – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia di Barbados" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadoso_istorija" title="Barbadoso istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Barbadoso istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Barbados" title="Sejarah Barbados – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Barbados" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Barbados" title="Geschiedenis van Barbados – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Barbados" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Barbados" title="História de Barbados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Barbados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="История Барбадоса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Барбадоса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Ishujve_Barbados" title="Historia e Ishujve Barbados – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Ishujve Barbados" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Історія Барбадосу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Барбадосу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="巴巴多斯历史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴巴多斯历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="巴巴多斯历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴巴多斯历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> is an island country in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, situated about 100 miles (160 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>. Roughly triangular in shape, the island measures some 21 miles (34 km) from northwest to southeast and about 14 miles (23 km) from east to west at its widest point. The capital and largest town is <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a>, which is also the main seaport. </p><p>Barbados was inhabited by indigenous peoples – <a href="/wiki/Arawak_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak peoples">Arawaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Caribs</a> – prior to the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a> in the 16th century. The island was briefly claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> who saw trees with a beard like feature (hence the name Barbados), and then by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> from 1532 to 1620. The island was an <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a> and later a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> colony from 1625 until 1966. <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">Sugar cane</a> cultivation in Barbados began in the 1640s, which saw the increasing importation of black slaves from West Africa. Several black slave codes were implemented in the late-17th century which resulted in several slave rebellion attempts, however none was successful. The <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Slave_Law" title="Consolidated Slave Law">Consolidated Slave Law</a> was passed following the <a href="/wiki/Bussa%27s_rebellion" title="Bussa's rebellion">largest slave rebellion in Barbadian history</a>, this was then followed by the total abolition of slavery in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1834. Britain continued to rule the island until independence was granted in 1966 and the state became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. </p><p>From 1966 to 2021, Barbados was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>, modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Barbados">Queen of Barbados</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Barbados became a republic on November 30, 2021, under <a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mia Mottley</a>, thus removing the queen as its head of state. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_colonization">Before colonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Before colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some evidence suggests that Barbados may have been settled in the second millennium BC, but this is limited to fragments of conch lip <a href="/wiki/Adzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Adzes">adzes</a> found in association with shells that have been radiocarbon-dated to about 1630 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fully documented <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> settlement dates to between about 350 and 650 AD, when the Troumassoid people arrived. The arrivals were a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a>-Barrancoid from the mainland of South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second wave of settlers appeared around 800 AD (the Spanish referred to these as "<a href="/wiki/Arawak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak people">Arawaks</a>") and a third in the mid-13th century. However, the Amerindian settlement surprisingly came to an end in the early 16th century. There's no evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Kalinago</a> (called "<a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Caribs</a>" by the Spanish) ever established a permanent settlement in Barbados, though they often visited the island in their canoes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197030–38_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197030–38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_history">Colonial history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_colonial_history">Early colonial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg/220px-1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg/330px-1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg/440px-1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>Spanish 1632 map of the "isla del Barbado" ("island of the Bearded Man")</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover the island. Portuguese navigator Pedro A. Campos named it <i>Os Barbados</i> (meaning "bearded ones").<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frequent slave-raiding missions by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the early 16th century led to a massive decline in the Amerindian population so that by 1541 a Spanish writer claimed they were uninhabited. The Amerindians were either captured for use as slaves by the Spanish or fled to other, more easily defensible mountainous islands nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From about 1600 the English, French, and Dutch began to found colonies in the North American mainland and the smaller islands of the West Indies. Although Spanish and Portuguese sailors had visited Barbados, the first English ship touched the island on 14 May 1625, and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> was the first European nation to establish a lasting settlement there from 1627, when the <i>William and John</i> arrived with more than 60 white settlers and six African slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197042_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197042-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>England is commonly said to have made its initial claim to Barbados in 1625, although reportedly an earlier claim may have been made in 1620. Nonetheless, Barbados was claimed from 1625 in the name of King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England and Scotland.</a>. There were earlier English settlements in <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">The Americas</a> (1607: <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, 1609: <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, and 1620: <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a>), and several islands in the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> were claimed by the English at about the same time as Barbados (1623: <a href="/wiki/St_Kitts" class="mw-redirect" title="St Kitts">St Kitts</a>, 1628: <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a>, 1632: <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, 1632: <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>). Nevertheless, the <b>Colony of Barbados</b> quickly grew to become the third major English settlement in the Americas due to its prime eastern location. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_English_settlement">Early English settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early English settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engelse_Quakers_en_tabak_planters_in_Barbados_499_(NYPL_Hades-118549-54676).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Engelse_Quakers_en_tabak_planters_in_Barbados_499_%28NYPL_Hades-118549-54676%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Engelse_Quakers_en_tabak_planters_in_Barbados_499_%28NYPL_Hades-118549-54676%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Engelse_Quakers_en_tabak_planters_in_Barbados_499_%28NYPL_Hades-118549-54676%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Engelse_Quakers_en_tabak_planters_in_Barbados_499_%28NYPL_Hades-118549-54676%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Engelse_Quakers_en_tabak_planters_in_Barbados_499_%28NYPL_Hades-118549-54676%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Engelse_Quakers_en_tabak_planters_in_Barbados_499_%28NYPL_Hades-118549-54676%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4868" data-file-height="4874" /></a><figcaption>English <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">quakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> planters in Barbados. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_vander_Aa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter vander Aa (page does not exist)">Pieter vander Aa</a>, <i>Les Forces de l'Europe, Asie, Afrique et Amerique</i>, 1726.</figcaption></figure> <p>The settlement was established as a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary colony</a> and funded by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Courten" title="William Courten">William Courten</a>, a <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> merchant who acquired the title to Barbados and several other islands. So the first colonists were actually tenants and much of the profits of their labor returned to Courten and his company.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first English ship, which had arrived on 14 May 1625, was captained by John Powell. The first settlement began on 17 February 1627, near what is now <a href="/wiki/Holetown" title="Holetown">Holetown</a> (formerly Jamestown),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckles20077_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckles20077-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a group led by John Powell's younger brother, Henry, consisting of 80 settlers and 10 English laborers. The latter were young <a href="/wiki/Indentured_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured labor">indentured laborers</a> who according to some sources had been abducted, effectively making them slaves. About 40 <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a> slaves were brought in from Guyana to help plant crops on the west coast of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197044_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197044-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Courten's title was transferred to <a href="/wiki/James_Hay,_1st_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle">James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle</a>, in what was called the "Great Barbados Robbery." Carlisle established a separate settlement at what he called Carlisle Bay, which later became known as Bridgetown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197044_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197044-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carlisle then chose as governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hawley_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Hawley (governor)">Henry Hawley</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_House_of_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbados House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a> in 1639, in an effort to appease the planters, who might otherwise have opposed his controversial appointment. That year, 12 years after the settlement was established, the white adult population stood at an estimated 8,700.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197044_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197044-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period 1640–1660, the West Indies attracted over two-thirds of the total number of English emigrants to the Americas. By 1650, there were 44,000 settlers in the West Indies, as compared to 12,000 on the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake</a> and 23,000 in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. </p><p>Most English arrivals were indentured. After five years of labour, they were given "freedom dues" of about £10, usually in goods. Before the mid-1630s, they also received 5–10 acres of land, but after that time the island filled and there was no more free land. Around the time of Cromwell a number of rebels and criminals were also transported there. </p><p>Timothy Meads of Warwickshire was one of the rebels sent to Barbados at that time, before he received compensation for servitude of 1000 acres of land in North Carolina in 1666. Parish registers from the 1650s show, for the white population, four times as many deaths as marriages. The death rate was very high. </p><p>Before this, the mainstay of the infant colony's economy was the growing export of tobacco, but tobacco prices eventually fell in the 1630s, as Chesapeake production expanded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England's_civil_war"><span id="England.27s_civil_war"></span>England's civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: England's civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restoration_in_the_English_colonies" title="Restoration in the English colonies">Restoration in the English colonies</a></div> <p>Around the same time, fighting during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> spilled over into Barbados and Barbadian territorial waters. The island was not <a href="/wiki/English_Revolution_in_the_Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="English Revolution in the Colonies">involved in the war</a> until after the execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, when the island's government fell under the control of Royalists (ironically the Governor, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bell_(colonial_administrator)" title="Philip Bell (colonial administrator)">Philip Bell</a>, remained loyal to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> while the Barbadian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Barbados" title="House of Assembly of Barbados">House of Assembly of Barbados</a>, under the influence of Humphrey Walrond, supported <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>). On 7 May 1650, the General Assembly of Barbados voted to receive <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willoughby,_5th_Baron_Willoughby_of_Parham" title="Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham">Lord Willoughby</a> as governor, a move which confirmed the Cavaliers as the government of Barbados.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Willoughby rounded up and deported many Roundheads from Barbados, confiscating their property. To try to bring the recalcitrant colony to heel, the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament#Commonwealth_of_England" title="Rump Parliament">Commonwealth Parliament</a> passed an act on 3 October 1650 prohibiting trade between England and Barbados, and because the island also traded with the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, further <a href="/wiki/Navigation_acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigation acts">navigation acts</a> were passed prohibiting any but English vessels trading with <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire#Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colonies</a>. These acts were a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> sent an invasion force under the command of <a href="/wiki/George_Ayscue" title="George Ayscue">Sir George Ayscue</a>, which arrived in October 1651, and blockaded the island. After some skirmishing, the Royalists in the House of Assembly, feeling the pressures of commercial isolation, led by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willoughby,_5th_Baron_Willoughby_of_Parham" title="Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham">Lord Willoughby</a> surrendered. The conditions of the surrender were incorporated into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charter of Barbados (page does not exist)">Charter of Barbados</a> (Treaty of Oistins), which was signed at the Mermaid's Inn, <a href="/wiki/Oistins" title="Oistins">Oistins</a>, on 17 January 1652.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar_cane_and_slavery">Sugar cane and slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sugar cane and slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Lucy,_Barbados_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Saint_Lucy%2C_Barbados_007.jpg/170px-Saint_Lucy%2C_Barbados_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Saint_Lucy%2C_Barbados_007.jpg/255px-Saint_Lucy%2C_Barbados_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Saint_Lucy%2C_Barbados_007.jpg/340px-Saint_Lucy%2C_Barbados_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of a plantation in Saint Lucy, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">Sugar cane</a> cultivation in Barbados began in the 1640s, after its introduction in 1637 by Pieter Blower. Initially, rum was produced but by 1642, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> was the focus of the industry. As it developed into the main commercial enterprise, Barbados was divided into large plantation estates which replaced the small holdings of the early English settlers as the wealthy planters pushed out the poorer. Some of the displaced farmers relocated to the English colonies in North America, most notably <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To work the plantations, black Africans – primarily from West Africa – were imported as slaves in such numbers that there were three for every one planter. Increasingly after 1750 the plantations were owned by absentee landlords living in Britain and operated by hired managers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persecuted Catholics from <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> also worked the plantations. Life expectancy of slaves was short and replacements were purchased annually. </p><p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a> in 1640 completely transformed society and the economy. Barbados eventually had one of the world's biggest sugar industries.<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One group instrumental in ensuring the early success of the industry were the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, who had originally been expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, to end up in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the effects of the new crop increased, so did the shift in the ethnic composition of Barbados and surrounding islands. The workable sugar plantation required a large investment and a great deal of heavy labour. At first, Dutch traders supplied the equipment, financing, and African slaves, in addition to transporting most of the sugar to Europe. Barbados replaced Hispaniola as the main sugar producer in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckles2001225_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckles2001225-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1655, the population of Barbados was estimated at 43,000, of which about 20,000 were of African descent, with the remainder mainly of English descent. These English smallholders were eventually bought out and the island filled up with large African slave-worked sugar plantations. By 1660, there was near parity with 27,000 blacks and 26,000 whites. By 1666, at least 12,000 white smallholders had been bought out, died, or left the island. Many of the remaining whites were increasingly poor. By 1673, black slaves (33,184) outnumbered white settlers (21,309). By 1680, there were 17 slaves for every indentured servant. By 1684, the disparity grew even further to 19,568 white settlers and 46,502 black slaves. By 1696, there was an estimated 42,000 enslaved blacks, and the white population declined further to 16,888 by 1715.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckles2001224_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckles2001224-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the increased implementation of <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">slave codes</a>, which emphasized differential treatment between Africans, and the white workers and ruling planter class, the island became increasingly unattractive to <a href="/wiki/Redlegs" class="mw-redirect" title="Redlegs">poor whites</a>. Black or slave codes were implemented in 1661, 1676, 1682, and 1688. In response to these codes, several slave rebellions were attempted or planned during this time, but none succeeded. Nevertheless, poor whites who had or acquired the means to emigrate often did so. Planters expanded their importation of African slaves to cultivate sugar cane. One early advocate of slave rights in Barbados was the visiting Quaker preacher <a href="/wiki/Alice_Curwen" title="Alice Curwen">Alice Curwen</a> in 1677: "For I am persuaded, that if they whom thou call'st thy Slaves, be Upright-hearted to God, the Lord God Almighty will set them Free in a way that thou knowest not; for there is none set free but in Christ Jesus, for all other Freedom will prove but a Bondage."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1660, Barbados generated more trade than all the other English colonies combined. This remained so until it was eventually surpassed by geographically larger islands like Jamaica in 1713. But even so, the estimated value of the Colony of Barbados in 1730–1731 was as much as £5,500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bridgetown, the capital, was one of the three largest cities in English America (the other two being <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Royal, Jamaica">Port Royal, Jamaica</a>.) By 1700, the English West Indies produced 25,000 tons of sugar, compared to 20,000 for Brazil, 10,000 for the French islands and 4,000 for the Dutch islands.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quickly replaced tobacco, which had been the island's main export. </p><p>As the sugar industry developed into its main commercial enterprise, Barbados was divided into large plantation estates that replaced the smallholdings of the early English settlers. In 1680, over half the arable land was held by 175 large planters, each of whom used at least 60 slaves. The great plantation owners had connections with the English aristocracy and great influence on Parliament. (In 1668, the West Indian sugar crop sold for £180,000 after customs of £18,000. Chesapeake tobacco earned £50,000 after customs of £75,000). </p><p>So much land was devoted to sugar that most foods had to be imported from New England. The poorer whites who were moved off the island went to the English Leeward Islands, or especially to Jamaica. In 1670, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">Province of South Carolina</a> was founded, when some of the surplus population again left Barbados. Other nations receiving large numbers of Barbadians included <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. </p><p>Justin Roberts shows that enslaved persons did not spend the majority of time in restricted roles cultivating, harvesting and processing sugar cane, the island's most important cash crop. Rather, the enslaved were involved in various activities and in multiple roles: raising livestock, fertilizing soil, growing provisional crops, maintaining plantation infrastructure, caregiving and other tasks. One notable <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">soil management</a> technique was intercropping, planting subsistence crops between the rows of cash crops, which demanded of the enslaved skilled and experienced observations of growing conditions for efficient land use.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Slaveholders often counted as "married" only the enslaved with mates on the estate. For example, the manager of Newton estate... recorded 20 women with co-resident husbands and 35 with mates elsewhere. Members of the latter group were labelled single, members of extended units, or mother-child units.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By 1750, there were about 18,000 white settlers, compared to approximately 65,000 African slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197064_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197064-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slave trade ceased in 1807 and slaves were emancipated in 1834. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bussa's_rebellion"><span id="Bussa.27s_rebellion"></span>Bussa's rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bussa's rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bussa%27s_rebellion" title="Bussa's rebellion">Bussa's rebellion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God_always_saves_endavour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/God_always_saves_endavour.jpg/220px-God_always_saves_endavour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/God_always_saves_endavour.jpg/330px-God_always_saves_endavour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/God_always_saves_endavour.jpg/440px-God_always_saves_endavour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of a flag taken from rebels against slavery in Barbados, after the uprising known as Bussa's Rebellion (1816). The flag appears to stress the rebels' loyalty to Britain and to the Crown while conveying their earnest desire for liberty. British forces on Barbados suppressed the revolt and hundreds of the rebels were killed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pg013_Title_The_history_of_Barbados_by_Sir_Robert_H._Schombourgk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pg013_Title_The_history_of_Barbados_by_Sir_Robert_H._Schombourgk.jpg/170px-Pg013_Title_The_history_of_Barbados_by_Sir_Robert_H._Schombourgk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pg013_Title_The_history_of_Barbados_by_Sir_Robert_H._Schombourgk.jpg/255px-Pg013_Title_The_history_of_Barbados_by_Sir_Robert_H._Schombourgk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pg013_Title_The_history_of_Barbados_by_Sir_Robert_H._Schombourgk.jpg/340px-Pg013_Title_The_history_of_Barbados_by_Sir_Robert_H._Schombourgk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="2637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bridgetown,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgetown, Barbados">Bridgetown, Barbados</a> in 1848</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pg012_Bridgetown_in_Barbados.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pg012_Bridgetown_in_Barbados.jpg/220px-Pg012_Bridgetown_in_Barbados.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pg012_Bridgetown_in_Barbados.jpg/330px-Pg012_Bridgetown_in_Barbados.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pg012_Bridgetown_in_Barbados.jpg/440px-Pg012_Bridgetown_in_Barbados.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bridgetown,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgetown, Barbados">Bridgetown, Barbados</a> in 1848</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Barbados_(1870%E2%80%931966).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ensign" title="Blue Ensign">Blue Ensign</a> flag of the Colony of Barbados from 1870 to 1966.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbados_YORYM-TA0183.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Barbados_YORYM-TA0183.jpg/220px-Barbados_YORYM-TA0183.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Barbados_YORYM-TA0183.jpg/330px-Barbados_YORYM-TA0183.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Barbados_YORYM-TA0183.jpg/440px-Barbados_YORYM-TA0183.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5317" data-file-height="4118" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a> harbour in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>The British abolished the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a> in 1807, but not the institution itself.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abolition of slavery itself would only be enacted in 1833 in most parts of the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1816, enslaved persons <a href="/wiki/Bussa%27s_rebellion" title="Bussa's rebellion">rose up</a> in what was the first of three rebellions in the British West Indies to occur in the interval between the end of the slave trade and emancipation, and the largest slave uprising in the island's history. Around 20,000 enslaved persons from over 70 plantations are thought to have been involved. The rebellion was partly fuelled by information about the growing abolitionist movement in England, and the opposition against such by local whites.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebellion largely surprised planters, who felt that their slaves were content because they were allowed weekly dances, participated in social and economic activity across the island and were generally fed and looked after.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they had refused to reform the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados Slave Code</a> since its inception, a code that denied slaves human rights and prescribed inhumane torture, mutilation or death as a means of control. This contributed to what was later termed "Bussa's Rebellion", named after the slave ranger <a href="/wiki/Bussa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bussa">Bussa</a>, and the result of a growing sentiment that the treatment of slaves in Barbados was "intolerable", and who believed the political climate in Britain made the time ripe to peacefully negotiate with planters for freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bussa became the most famous of the rebellion's organizers, many of whom were either enslaved persons of some higher position or literate freedmen. One woman, Nanny Grigg, is also named as a principal organizer.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the rebellion eventually failed. The uprising was triggered prematurely, but the slaves were already greatly outmatched. Barbados' flat terrain gave the horses of the better-armed militia the clear advantage over the rebels, with no mountains or forest for concealment. Slaves had also thought they would be supported by freed men of colour, but these instead joined efforts to quell the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they drove whites off the plantations, widespread killings did not take place. By the end, 120 slaves died in combat or were immediately executed and another 144 brought to trial and executed. The remaining rebels were shipped off the island.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_the_abolition_of_slavery">Towards the abolition of slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Towards the abolition of slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1826, the Barbados legislature passed the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Slave_Law" title="Consolidated Slave Law">Consolidated Slave Law</a>, which simultaneously granted concessions to the slaves while providing reassurances to the slave owners.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckles_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckles-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slavery was finally abolished in the British Empire eight years later, in 1834. In Barbados and the rest of the British West Indian colonies, full emancipation from slavery was preceded by a contentious apprenticeship period that lasted four years. </p><p>In 1884, the Barbados Agricultural Society sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hincks" title="Francis Hincks">Sir Francis Hincks</a> requesting his private and public views on whether the Dominion of Canada would favourably entertain having the then Colony of Barbados <a href="/wiki/Proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada#Current_or_former_British_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed provinces and territories of Canada">admitted</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>. Asked from Canada were the terms of the Canadian side to initiate discussions, and whether or not the island of Barbados could depend on the full influence of Canada in getting the change agreed to by the British Parliament at Westminster.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_decolonisation">Towards decolonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Towards decolonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, the <i><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Advocate" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbados Advocate">Barbados Advocate</a></i> newspaper polled several prominent Barbadian politicians, lawyers, businessmen, the Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Barbados" title="House of Assembly of Barbados">House of Assembly</a> and later as first President of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Barbados" title="Senate of Barbados">Senate</a>, Sir Theodore Branker, Q.C.and found them to be in favour of immediate federation of Barbados along with the rest of the British <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> with complete Dominion Status within five years from the date of inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> with Canada. </p><p>However, plantation owners and merchants of British descent still dominated local politics, owing to the high income qualification required for voting. More than 70 per cent of the population, many of them disenfranchised women, were excluded from the democratic process. It was not until the 1930s that the descendants of emancipated slaves began a movement for political rights. One of the leaders of this, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Grantley_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Grantley Adams">Sir Grantley Adams</a>, founded the Barbados Progressive League in 1938, which later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados Labour Party</a> (BLP). </p><p>Adams and his party demanded more rights for the poor and for the people, and staunchly supported the monarchy. Progress toward a more democratic government in Barbados was made in 1942, when the exclusive income qualification was lowered and women were given the right to vote. By 1949, governmental control was wrested from the planters, and in 1953 Adams became Premier of Barbados. </p><p>From 1958 to 1962, Barbados was one of the ten members of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a federalist organisation doomed by nationalist attitudes. <a href="/wiki/Grantley_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantley Adams">Grantley Adams</a> served as its first and only "Premier", but his leadership failed in attempts to form similar unions, and his continued defence of the monarchy was used by his opponents as evidence that he was no longer in touch with the needs of his country. <a href="/wiki/Errol_Walton_Barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Errol Walton Barrow">Errol Walton Barrow</a>, a fervent reformer, became the people's new advocate. Barrow had left the BLP and formed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Barbados)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)">Democratic Labour Party</a> (DLP) as a liberal alternative to Adams' conservative government. Barrow instituted many progressive social programmes, such as free education for all Barbadians and a school meals system. By 1961, Barrow had replaced Adams as Premier and the DLP controlled the government. </p><p>With the Federation dissolved, Barbados reverted to its former status, that of a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colony</a>. The island negotiated its own independence at a constitutional conference with Britain in June 1966. After years of peaceful and democratic progress, Barbados finally became an independent state on 30 November 1966, with Errol Barrow its first prime minister, with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Barbados">Queen of Barbados</a>. Upon independence Barbados became a full member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. A year later, Barbados' international linkages were expanded by obtaining membership of both the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_history">Political history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">British Windward Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></div> <p>Carrington (1982) examines politics during the American Revolution, revealing that Barbadian political leaders shared many of the grievances and goals of the American revolutionaries, but that they were unwilling to go to war over them. Nevertheless, the repeated conflicts between the island assembly and the royal governors brought important constitutional reforms which confirmed the legislature's control over most local matters and its power over the executive.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1800 until 1885, Barbados then served as the main seat of Government for the former <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a>. During that period of around 85 years, the resident <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Barbados">Governor of Barbados</a> also served as the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_heads_of_the_Windward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial heads of the Windward Islands">Colonial head of the Windward Islands</a>. After the Government of Barbados officially exited from the Windward Island union in 1885, the seat was moved from Bridgetown to <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Grenada" title="St. George's, Grenada">St. George's</a> on the neighbouring island of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, where it remained until the territory of the Windward Islands was dissolved. </p><p>Soon after Barbados' withdrawal from the Windward Islands, Barbados became aware that <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> was going to be amalgamated with another territory as part of a single state.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Barbados made an official bid to the British Government to have neighbouring Island Tobago joined with Barbados in a political union.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government however decided that Trinidad would be a better fit and Tobago instead was made a Ward of Trinidad.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African slaves worked on plantations owned by merchants of <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">English and Scottish descent</a>. It was these merchants who continued to dominate Barbados politics, even after emancipation, due to a high income restriction on voting. Only the upper 30 per cent had any voice in the democratic process. It was not until the 1930s that a movement for political rights was begun by the descendants of emancipated slaves, who started <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_O%27Neal" title="Charles Duncan O'Neal">Charles Duncan O'Neal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clennell_Wickham" title="Clennell Wickham">Clennell Wickham</a> and the members of the Democratic League were some of the leaders of this movement. This was initially opposed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Grantley_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantley Adams">Grantley Adams</a>, who played an instrumental role in the bankruptcy and shutdown of <i>The Herald</i> newspapers, one of the movement's foremost voices. Adams would later found the Barbados Progressive League (now the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados Labour Party</a>) in 1938, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. The Depression caused mass unemployment and <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indian_labour_unrest_of_1934%E2%80%931939" title="British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–1939">strikes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> on the island fell drastically. With the death of O’Neal and the demise of the League, Adams cemented his power, but he used this to advocate for causes that had once been his rivals, including more help for the people especially the poor. </p><p>Finally, in 1942, the income qualification was lowered. This was followed by the introduction of universal adult <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> in 1951, and Adams was elected as Premier of Barbados in 1958. For his action and leadership, Adams would later become a <a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heroes of Barbados">National Hero</a>. </p><p>From 1958 to 1962, Barbados was one of the ten members of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a>, an organisation doomed to failure by a number of factors, including what were often petty nationalistic prejudices and limited legislative power. Indeed, Adams's position as "Prime Minister" was a misnomer, as all of the Federation members were still colonies of Britain. Adams, once a political visionary and now a man whose policies seemed to some blind to the needs of his country, not only held fast to his notion of defending the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a> but also made additional attempts to form other Federation-like entities after that union's demise. When the Federation was terminated, Barbados reverted to its former status as a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colony</a>, but efforts were made by Adams to form another federation composed of Barbados and the Leeward and Windward Islands. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Errol_Walton_Barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Errol Walton Barrow">Errol Walton Barrow</a> was to replace Grantley Adams as the advocate of populism, and it was he who would eventually lead the island into <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Independence_Act_1966" title="Barbados Independence Act 1966">Independence</a> in 1966. Barrow, a fervent reformer and once a member of the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados Labour Party</a>, had left the party to form his own <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Barbados)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)">Democratic Labour Party</a>, as the liberal alternative to the conservative BLP government under Adams. He remains a <a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heroes of Barbados">National Hero</a> for his work in social reformation, including the institution of free <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">education</a> for all Barbadians. In 1961, Barrow supplanted Adams as Premier as the DLP took control of the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence">Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to several years of growing autonomy, Barbados, with Barrow at the helm, was able successfully to negotiate its independence at a constitutional conference with the United Kingdom in June 1966. After years of peaceful and democratic progress, Barbados finally became an independent state and formally joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> on 30 November 1966, Errol Barrow serving as its first prime minister. </p><p>The Barrow government sought to diversify the economy away from agriculture, seeking to boost industry and the tourism sector. Barbados was also at the forefront of regional integration efforts, spearheading the creation of <a href="/wiki/CARIFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="CARIFTA">CARIFTA</a> and <a href="/wiki/CARICOM" class="mw-redirect" title="CARICOM">CARICOM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DLP lost the <a href="/wiki/1976_Barbadian_general_election" title="1976 Barbadian general election">1976 Barbadian general election</a> to the BLP under <a href="/wiki/Tom_Adams_(politician)" title="Tom Adams (politician)">Tom Adams</a>. Adams adopted a more conservative and strongly pro-Western stance, allowing the Americans to use Barbados as the launchpad for their <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">invasion of Grenada</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams died in office in 1985 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bernard_St._John" title="Harold Bernard St. John">Harold Bernard St. John</a>; however, St. John lost the <a href="/wiki/1986_Barbadian_general_election" title="1986 Barbadian general election">1986 Barbadian general election</a>, which saw the return of the DLP under Errol Barrow, who had been highly critical of the US intervention in Grenada. Barrow, too, died in office, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Erskine_Sandiford" title="Lloyd Erskine Sandiford">Lloyd Erskine Sandiford</a>, who remained prime minister until 1994. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Owen_Arthur" title="Owen Arthur">Owen Arthur</a> of the BLP won the <a href="/wiki/1994_Barbadian_general_election" title="1994 Barbadian general election">1994 Barbadian general election</a>, remaining prime minister until 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-DN5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur was a strong advocate of republicanism, though a planned referendum to replace Queen Elizabeth as Head of State in 2008 never took place.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_republic_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn_republic-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DLP won the <a href="/wiki/2008_Barbadian_general_election" title="2008 Barbadian general election">2008 Barbadian general election</a>, but the new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(Barbadian_politician)" title="David Thompson (Barbadian politician)">David Thompson</a> died in 2010 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Freundel_Stuart" title="Freundel Stuart">Freundel Stuart</a>. The BLP returned to power <a href="/wiki/2018_Barbadian_general_election" title="2018 Barbadian general election">in 2018</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mia Mottley</a>, who became Barbados's first female prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_republic">Transition to republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transition to republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Republicanism in Barbados</a></div> <p>The Government of Barbados announced on 15 September 2020 that it intended to become a republic by 30 November 2021, the 55th anniversary of its independence resulting in the replacement of the hereditary monarch of Barbados with an elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbados would then cease to be a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a>, but could maintain membership in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 September 2021, just over a full year after the announcement for the transition was made, the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2021 was introduced to the Parliament of Barbados. Passed on 6 October, the Bill made amendments to the Constitution of Barbados, introducing the office of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">President of Barbados</a> to replace the role of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, Queen of Barbados.<sup id="cite_ref-billdetail_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billdetail-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following week, on 12 October 2021, incumbent <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Barbados" title="Governor-General of Barbados">Governor-General of Barbados</a> Sandra Mason was jointly nominated by the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition as candidate to be the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Barbados" title="List of heads of state of Barbados">President of Barbados</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was subsequently <a href="/wiki/2021_Barbadian_presidential_election" title="2021 Barbadian presidential election">elected</a> on 20 October.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mason took office on 30 November 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a>, who was heir apparent to the Barbadian Crown, attended the swearing-in ceremony in Bridgetown at the invitation of the Government of Barbados.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queen Elizabeth II sent a message of congratulations to President Mason and the people of Barbados, saying: "As you celebrate this momentous day, I send you and all Barbadians my warmest good wishes for your happiness, peace and prosperity in the future."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey was taken between October 23, 2021, and November 10, 2021, by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> that showed 34% of respondents being in favour of transitioning to a republic, while 30% were indifferent. Notably, no overall majority was found in the survey; with 24% not indicating a preference, and the remaining 12% being opposed to the removal of Queen Elizabeth.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2022, Barbados Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mia Mottley</a>'s Labor Party received a landslide victory, winning all 30 legislative seats, in the first general <a href="/wiki/2022_Barbadian_general_election" title="2022 Barbadian general election">election</a> since Barbados became a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 June 2022, a Constitutional Review Commission was formed and sworn in by Jeffrey Gibson (who, at the time, was serving temporarily as Acting President of Barbados) to review the Constitution of Barbados.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commission will have an 18-month timeline to complete its work. They are expected to solicit input from members of the public in Barbados via a series of face-to-face and online events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confederations_and_union_proposals">Confederations and union proposals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Confederations and union proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of proposals have been mooted in the past to integrate Barbados into neighbouring countries or even the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>. To date all have failed, and one proposal led to deadly riots in 1876,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_Hennessy" title="John Pope Hennessy">John Pope Hennessy</a> tried to pressure Barbadian politicians to integrate more firmly into the <a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a>. Governor Hennessy was quickly transferred from Barbados by the British Crown. In 1884, attempts were then made by the influential Barbados Agricultural Society to have Barbados form a political association with the Canadian Confederation. From 1958 to 1962 Barbados became one of the ten states of the West Indies Federation. Lastly in the 1990s, a plan was devised by the leaders of Guyana, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago to form a political association between those three governments. Again this deal was never completed, following the loss of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Lloyd_Erskine_Sandiford" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford">Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford</a> in the Barbadian general elections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bussa%27s_rebellion" title="Bussa's rebellion">Bussa's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Barbados" title="Military history of Barbados">Military history of Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">History of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_West_Indies" title="History of the British West Indies">History of the British West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Barbados" title="List of prime ministers of Barbados">List of prime ministers of Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Barbados" title="List of governors of Barbados">List of governors of Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">Longitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Barbados" title="Politics of Barbados">Politics of Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Barbadian_history" title="Timeline of Barbadian history">Timeline of Barbadian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">Estate</a>, real estate and houses on it</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDrewett1993" class="citation journal cs1">Drewett, Peter (1993). "Excavations at Heywoods, Barbados, and the Economic Basis of the Suazoid Period in the Lesser Antilles". <i>Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society</i>. <b>38</b>: <span class="nowrap">113–</span>137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Barbados+Museum+and+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+Heywoods%2C+Barbados%2C+and+the+Economic+Basis+of+the+Suazoid+Period+in+the+Lesser+Antilles&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Drewett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick, Scott M. "A critical approach to c14 dating in the Caribbean". <i>Latin American Antiquity</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 389 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=A+critical+approach+to+c14+dating+in+the+Caribbean&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=389+ff&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Scott+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1970" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Karl (1970). "A Brief History of Barbados". In Ali, Arif (ed.). <i>Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination</i>. Hansib. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8705-1854-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8705-1854-3"><bdi>978-1-8705-1854-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28145358M">28145358M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Barbados&rft.btitle=Barbados%3A+Just+Beyond+Your+Imagination&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Hansib&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28145358M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-8705-1854-3&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197030–38-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197030–38_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1970">Watson 1970</a>, pp. 30–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbados.org/history1.htm">Retrieved 5 March 2016.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Beckles" title="Hilary Beckles">Beckles, Hilary</a> (2007). <i>A History of Barbados: From Amerindian Settlement to Caribbean Single Market</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Barbados%3A+From+Amerindian+Settlement+to+Caribbean+Single+Market&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Beckles&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197042-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197042_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1970">Watson 1970</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shipstamps.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=10931">"William And John"</a>. 11 January 2011 – via The Ship Stamp Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+And+John&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shipstamps.co.uk%2Fforum%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D2%26t%3D10931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckles20077-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckles20077_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckles2007">Beckles 2007</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197044-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197044_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197044_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197044_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1970">Watson 1970</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2009" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Karl (5 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/barbados_01.shtml">"The Civil War in Barbados"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. History in-depth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Civil+War+in+Barbados&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fcivil_war_revolution%2Fbarbados_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckles2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Beckles" title="Hilary Beckles">Beckles, Hilary</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Canny" title="Nicholas Canny">Canny, Nicholas</a> (ed.). <i>The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century</i>. The Oxford History of the British Empire. Vol. 1: The Origins of Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Hub+of+Empire%27%3A+The+Caribbean+and+Britain+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Beckles&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sc-heritagecorridor.org/the_connection/">South Carolina National Heritage Corridor (SCNHC)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307022357/http://www.sc-heritagecorridor.org/the_connection/">Archived</a> 7 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ragatz (1931).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beyond-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beyond_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beyond_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination</i>. Hansib Publishing (Caribbean) Ltd. 1997. pp. 46, 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870518-54-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-870518-54-3"><bdi>1-870518-54-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbados%3A+Just+Beyond+Your+Imagination&rft.pages=46%2C+48&rft.pub=Hansib+Publishing+%28Caribbean%29+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-870518-54-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckles2001225-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckles2001225_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckles2001">Beckles 2001</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckles2001224-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckles2001224_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckles2001">Beckles 2001</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Curwen, Alice (2004). "A relation of the labour, travail, and suffering (excerpt)". In Booy, David (ed.). <i>Autobiographical Writings by Early Quaker Women</i>. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0753-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0753-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-0753-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3680144M">3680144M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+relation+of+the+labour%2C+travail%2C+and+suffering+%28excerpt%29&rft.btitle=Autobiographical+Writings+by+Early+Quaker+Women&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3680144M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0753-3&rft.aulast=Curwen&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Richard B. <i>Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775</i>. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugar+and+Slavery%3A+An+Economic+History+of+the+British+West+Indies%2C+1623%E2%80%931775&rft.pages=144&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2002" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alan (2002). <i>American Colonies: The Settlement of North America</i>. Penguin History of the United States. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9588-6"><bdi>978-0-7139-9588-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7798386M">7798386M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colonies%3A+The+Settlement+of+North+America&rft.series=Penguin+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7798386M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9588-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span>, discusses Barbados in the context of North American settlement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Justin (2006). "Agriculture on Two Barbadian Sugar Plantations, 1796–97". <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>63</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">551–</span>586. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877375">3877375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Agriculture+on+Two+Barbadian+Sugar+Plantations%2C+1796%E2%80%9397&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E586&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3877375%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrissey, Marietta, <i>Slave Women in the New World: Gender Stratification in the Caribbean</i> (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1989 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0394-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0394-8">0-7006-0394-8</a>)), p. 85 and see p. 99 (author assoc. prof. sociology, Univ. of Toledo).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson197064-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson197064_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1970">Watson 1970</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/how-did-slave-trade-end-britain">"How did the slave trade end in Britain?"</a>. <i>www.rmg.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rmg.co.uk&rft.atitle=How+did+the+slave+trade+end+in+Britain%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fstories%2Ftopics%2Fhow-did-slave-trade-end-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavery-Abolition-Act">"Slavery Abolition Act | History & Impact | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Slavery+Abolition+Act+%7C+History+%26+Impact+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSlavery-Abolition-Act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckles, "The Slave-Drivers' War", Boletín de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, 1985, 39:85–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Dickson, LL.D., Mitigation of Slavery, In Two Parts. Part I: Letters and Papers of The Late Hon. Joshua Steele, p. 1-7, 132–136, 177–183. Part II: Letters to Thomas Clarkson, Esql M.A., p. 193, 338–353. (London, 1814).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, p. 211; Northrup, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/bussas-rebellion/">"The National Archives - Homepage"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Archives+-+Homepage&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fbussas-rebellion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remarks on the Insurrection in Barbados and the Bill for the Registration of Slaves, London, 1816.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckles-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckles_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckles2006" class="citation book cs1">Beckles, Hilary McD (2006). <i>A History of Barbados: from Amerindian settlement to Caribbean single market</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">118–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67849-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67849-0"><bdi>978-0-521-67849-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Barbados%3A+from+Amerindian+settlement+to+Caribbean+single+market&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67849-0&rft.aulast=Beckles&rft.aufirst=Hilary+McD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sankofa.international/timeline-caribbean-integration">Timeline of the Caribbean 1950-present</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. H. Carrington, "West Indian Opposition to British Policy: Barbadian Politics, 1774–82", <i>Journal of Caribbean History</i> 1982 (17): 26–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1876/jun/30/motion-for-a-select-committee#column_758">"MOTION FOR A SELECT COMMITTEE. (Hansard, 30 June 1876)"</a>. <i>api.parliament.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=MOTION+FOR+A+SELECT+COMMITTEE.+%28Hansard%2C+30+June+1876%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1876%2Fjun%2F30%2Fmotion-for-a-select-committee%23column_758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1887/aug/02/second-reading">"SECOND READING. (Hansard, 2 August 1887)"</a>. <i>api.parliament.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=SECOND+READING.+%28Hansard%2C+2+August+1887%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1887%2Faug%2F02%2Fsecond-reading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1887/jul/28/trinidad-and-tobago-bill-hl#S3V0318P0_18870728_HOL_65">"TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BILL. [H.L.] (Hansard, 28 July 1887)"</a>. <i>api.parliament.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=TRINIDAD+AND+TOBAGO+BILL.+%5BH.L.%5D+%28Hansard%2C+28+July+1887%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1887%2Fjul%2F28%2Ftrinidad-and-tobago-bill-hl%23S3V0318P0_18870728_HOL_65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Barbados">"Encyclopedia Britannica- Barbados"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008193237/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52655/Barbados/54603/History">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica-+Barbados&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBarbados&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2010" class="citation news cs1">Carter, Gercine (26 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120124195240/http://www.nationnews.com/index.php/articles/view/ex-airport-boss-recalls-cubana-crash/">"Ex-airport boss recalls Cubana crash"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Nation_(Barbados)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Nation (Barbados)">Nation Newspaper</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nation+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Ex-airport+boss+recalls+Cubana+crash&rft.date=2010-09-26&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Gercine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationnews.com%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fex-airport-boss-recalls-cubana-crash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DN5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DN5_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Dieter Nohlen</a> (2005) <i>Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I</i>, p90 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6">978-0-19-928357-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn_republic-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_republic_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_'Gus'_Thomas" class="citation web cs1">Norman 'Gus' Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228082001/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2005/02/07/vote.shtml">"Barbados to vote on move to republic"</a>. Caribbean Net News. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caribbeanelections.com&rft.atitle=Barbados+General+Election+Results+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanelections.com%2Fbb%2Felections%2Fbb_results_2018.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasharoff" class="citation web cs1">Yasharoff, Hannah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/09/16/queen-elizabeth-removed-barbados-head-state-barbados-says/5814409002/">"Barbados announces plan to remove Queen Elizabeth as head of state next year"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007081350/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/09/16/queen-elizabeth-removed-barbados-head-state-barbados-says/5814409002/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Barbados+announces+plan+to+remove+Queen+Elizabeth+as+head+of+state+next+year&rft.aulast=Yasharoff&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fcelebrities%2F2020%2F09%2F16%2Fqueen-elizabeth-removed-barbados-head-state-barbados-says%2F5814409002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/22/americas/barbados-elects-first-president-intl-hnk/index.html">"Barbados elects first president, replacing UK Queen as head of state"</a>. 22 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026044014/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/22/americas/barbados-elects-first-president-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barbados+elects+first+president%2C+replacing+UK+Queen+as+head+of+state&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2021%2F10%2F22%2Famericas%2Fbarbados-elects-first-president-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2020" class="citation web cs1">Team, Caribbean Lifestyle Editorial (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caribbeanlifestyle.com/barbados-to-become-republic-by-2021/">"Barbados to become an Independent Republic in 2021"</a>. <i>Caribbean Culture and Lifestyle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923111016/https://caribbeanlifestyle.com/barbados-to-become-republic-by-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Culture+and+Lifestyle&rft.atitle=Barbados+to+become+an+Independent+Republic+in+2021&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=Caribbean+Lifestyle+Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaribbeanlifestyle.com%2Fbarbados-to-become-republic-by-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeare-Cole2020" class="citation web cs1">Speare-Cole, Rebecca (16 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/barbados-queen-head-of-state-removal-a4548381.html">"Barbados to remove Queen as head of state by November 2021"</a>. <i>Evening Standard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201215/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/barbados-queen-head-of-state-removal-a4548381.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Barbados+to+remove+Queen+as+head+of+state+by+November+2021&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.aulast=Speare-Cole&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbarbados-queen-head-of-state-removal-a4548381.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2020" class="citation news cs1">Madden, Marlon, ed. (17 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadostoday.bb/2020/09/17/wickham-predicts-barbados-republic-model-to-mirror-trinidads/">"Wickham predicts Barbados' republic model to mirror Trinidad's"</a>. Top Featured Article. Barbados Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813162631/https://barbadostoday.bb/2020/09/17/wickham-predicts-barbados-republic-model-to-mirror-trinidads/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>As Barbados prepares to ditch the Queen as its Head of State and become a republic, a prominent political scientist is predicting that Prime Minister Mia Mottley will follow the Trinidad and Tobago model. What's more, Peter Wickham has shot down any idea of the Barbados Labour Party administration holding a referendum on the matter, saying that to do so would be a 'mistake'. 'There is no need to and I don't think it makes a lot of sense. We had a situation where since 1999 this [political party] indicated its desire to go in the direction of a republic. The Opposition has always supported it ... So, I think there is enough cohesion in that regard to go with it,' he said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wickham+predicts+Barbados%27+republic+model+to+mirror+Trinidad%27s&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadostoday.bb%2F2020%2F09%2F17%2Fwickham-predicts-barbados-republic-model-to-mirror-trinidads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54174794">"Barbados to remove Queen Elizabeth as head of state"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311160055/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54174794">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+Speaker+RE+Nomination+of+Her+Excellency+Dame+Sandra+Mason+as+1st+President+of+Barbados&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Barbados&rft.date=2021-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbadosparliament.com%2Fuploads%2Fsittings%2Fattachments%2F11c0bb650b1c768dbdbee5a0208f6256.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.scot/news/19661398.barbados-just-appointed-first-president-becomes-republic/">"Barbados just appointed its first president as it becomes a republic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_(Scotland)" title="The National (Scotland)">The National</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Barbados+just+appointed+its+first+president+as+it+becomes+a+republic&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.scot%2Fnews%2F19661398.barbados-just-appointed-first-president-becomes-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitutionnet.org/news/barbados-parliament-votes-amend-constitution-paving-way-republican-status#:~:text=republican%20status%20%7C%20ConstitutionNet-,In%20Barbados%2C%20parliament%20votes%20to%20amend%20constitution%2C%20paving,the%20way%20to%20republican%20status&text=Parliament%20voted%20by%20a%2025,into%20force%20by%20November%2030">"In Barbados, parliament votes to amend constitution, paving the way to republican status"</a>. ConstitutionNet. 30 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008170938/http://constitutionnet.org/news/barbados-parliament-votes-amend-constitution-paving-way-republican-status#:~:text=republican%20status%20%7C%20ConstitutionNet-,In%20Barbados%2C%20parliament%20votes%20to%20amend%20constitution%2C%20paving,the%20way%20to%20republican%20status&text=Parliament%20voted%20by%20a%2025,into%20force%20by%20November%2030">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationnews.com&rft.atitle=UWI+poll%3A+Republic+preferred+option&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationnews.com%2F2021%2F12%2F20%2Fuwi-poll-republic-preferred-option%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/20/barbados-pm-hails-ruling-party-landslide-election-victory">"Barbados PM hails governing party's landslide election victory"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Barbados+PM+hails+governing+party%27s+landslide+election+victory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F1%2F20%2Fbarbados-pm-hails-ruling-party-landslide-election-victory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationnews.com/2022/06/20/members-constitutional-review-commission-sworn/">"Members of Constitutional Review Commission sworn in"</a>. <i>www.nationnews.com</i>. 20 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationnews.com&rft.atitle=Members+of+Constitutional+Review+Commission+sworn+in&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationnews.com%2F2022%2F06%2F20%2Fmembers-constitutional-review-commission-sworn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1876/aug/01/barbadoes-observations">"BARBADOES.—OBSERVATIONS. (Hansard, 1 August 1876)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 1 August 1876.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=BARBADOES.%E2%80%94OBSERVATIONS.+%28Hansard%2C+1+August+1876%29&rft.date=1876-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1876%2Faug%2F01%2Fbarbadoes-observations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_sources">Additional sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Additional sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/"><i>U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Bilateral+Relations+Fact+Sheets&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fcountries-areas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hoyes, F. A. 1963. <i>The Rise of West Indian Democracy: The Life and Times of Sir Grantley Adams</i>. Advocate Press.</li> <li>Williams, Eric. 1964. <i>British Historians and the West Indies</i>. P.N.M. Publishing Company, Port-of-Spain.</li> <li>Scott, Caroline. 1999. <i>Insight Guide Barbados</i>. Discovery Channel and Insight Guides; fourth edition, Singapore. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88729-033-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88729-033-7">0-88729-033-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Beckles" title="Hilary Beckles">Beckles, Hilary McD.</a>, and Andrew Downes. "The Economics of Transition to the Black Labor System in Barbados, 1630–1680," <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History,</i> Vol. 18, No. 2 (Autumn 1987), pp. 225–247. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/204282">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Blackman, Francis W., <i>National Heroine of Barbados: Sarah Ann Gill</i> (Barbados: Methodist Church, 1998, 27 pp.)</li> <li>Blackman, Francis W., <i>Methodism, 200 years in Barbados</i> (Barbados: Caribbean Contact, 1988, 160 pp.)</li> <li>Butler, Kathleen Mary. <i>The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica & Barbados, 1823–1843</i> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604122154/http://www.questia.com/read/91045420?title=The%20Economics%20of%20Emancipation:%20Jamaica%20&%20Barbados,%201823-1843">online edition</a></li> <li>Dunn, Richard S., "The Barbados Census of 1680: Profile of the Richest Colony in English America", <i>William and Mary Quarterly,</i> vol. 26, no. 1 (January 1969), pp. 3–30, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922291">in JSTOR.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupont2001" class="citation book cs1">Dupont, Jerry (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCX660FA5wMC&pg=PA199">"Barbados"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCX660FA5wMC"><i>The Common Law Abroad: Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the British Empire</i></a>. William S. Hein Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8377-3125-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8377-3125-9"><bdi>0-8377-3125-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barbados&rft.btitle=The+Common+Law+Abroad%3A+Constitutional+and+Legal+Legacy+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.pub=William+S.+Hein+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8377-3125-9&rft.aulast=Dupont&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCX660FA5wMC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrasier1990" class="citation book cs1">Frasier, Henry S. (9 November 1990). <i>Treasures of Barbados</i>. MacMillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-53369-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-53369-7"><bdi>978-0-333-53369-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+Barbados&rft.pub=MacMillan+Press&rft.date=1990-11-09&rft.isbn=978-0-333-53369-7&rft.aulast=Frasier&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harlow, V. T. <i>A History of Barbados</i> (1926).</li> <li>Howe, Glenford D., and Don D. Marshall, eds. <i>The Empowering Impulse: The Nationalist Tradition of Barbados</i> (Canoe Press, 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=adv&contributors=Glenford%20D.%20Howe&dcontributors=Glenford%20D.%20Howe">online edition</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. <i>A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny</i>. Addison-Wesley Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-52396-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-52396-5">0-201-52396-5</a>.</li> <li>Michener, James, A. 1989. <i>Caribbean</i>. Secker & Warburg. London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-27971-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-27971-1">0-436-27971-1</a>. Especially see Chapter V., "Big Storms in Little England", pp. 140–172; popular writer</li> <li>Molen, Patricia A. "Population and Social Patterns in Barbados in the Early Eighteenth Century," <i>William and Mary Quarterly,</i> Vol. 28, No. 2 (April 1971), pp. 287–300 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1917312">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse,_J.1797" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse" title="Jedidiah Morse">Morse, J.</a> (1797), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n45/mode/2up">"Barbadoes"</a>, <i>The American Gazetteer</i>, Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23272543M">23272543M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barbadoes&rft.btitle=The+American+Gazetteer&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=At+the+presses+of+S.+Hall%2C+and+Thomas+%26+Andrews&rft.date=1797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23272543M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Morse%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericangazettee00mors%23page%2Fn45%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPariser2000" class="citation book cs1">Pariser, Harry S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDM8K7LFqIoC&pg=PA1"><i>Explore Barbados</i></a> (3rd ed.). Manatee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893643-51-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-893643-51-4"><bdi>1-893643-51-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explore+Barbados&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Manatee+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-893643-51-4&rft.aulast=Pariser&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDM8K7LFqIoC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ragatz, Lowell Joseph. "Absentee Landlordism in the British Caribbean, 1750–1833", <i>Agricultural History,</i> Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 1931), pp. 7–24 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739564">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Richardson; Bonham C. <i>Economy and Environment in the Caribbean: Barbados and the Windwards in the Late 1800s</i> (The University of the West Indies Press, 1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/7698789?title=Economy%20and%20Environment%20in%20the%20Caribbean%3a%20Barbados%20and%20the%20Windwards%20in%20the%20Late%201800s">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604122302/http://www.questia.com/read/7698789?title=Economy%20and%20Environment%20in%20the%20Caribbean:%20Barbados%20and%20the%20Windwards%20in%20the%20Late%201800s">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchomburgk1848" class="citation book cs1">Schomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historybarbados00schogoog"><i>The History of Barbados</i></a>. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Barbados&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green+and+Longmans&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Schomburgk&rft.aufirst=Sir+Robert+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorybarbados00schogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Barbados" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sheridan; Richard B. <i>Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775</i> (University of the West Indies Press, 1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/105309368?title=Sugar%20and%20Slavery%3a%20%20An%20Economic%20History%20of%20the%20British%20West%20Indies%2c%201623-1775">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604122400/http://www.questia.com/read/105309368?title=Sugar%20and%20Slavery:%20%20An%20Economic%20History%20of%20the%20British%20West%20Indies,%201623-1775">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Starkey, Otis P. <i>The Economic Geography of Barbados</i> (1939).</li> <li>Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Sugar Colonies of the Old Empire: Profit or Loss for Great Britain?" <i>Economic History Review</i>, Vol. 21, No. 1 (April 1968), pp. 30–45 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2592202">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Barbados&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510090641/http://www.barbados.gov.bb/notableDates.htm">Notable dates of Barbadian History</a> – Government of Barbados</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/africaninfluenceonbarbados.html">African influences in Barbados</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbmuse.org.bb/">Barbados Museum & Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426110953/http://barbados.gov.bb/history.htm">History</a>, Government Information Services, Government of Barbados</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#barbados">Rulers.org — Barbados</a> List of rulers for Barbados</li> <li>Watson, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/barbados_01.shtml">The Civil War in Barbados</a>. BBC History, 2001-04-01.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tramz.com/bb/00.html">The Tramways of Barbados: historical survey with map and 16 illustrations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf">Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barbados_topics" title="Template:Barbados topics"><abbr title="View this 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Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Barbados">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_West_Indies" title="History of the British West Indies">British West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_West_Indies#Colonial_period_1833–1958" title="History of the British West Indies">Confederation riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Independence_Act_1966" title="Barbados Independence Act 1966">Barbados Independence Act 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Barbados" title="Governor-General of Barbados">Governor-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados#2020_proposal" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Parliamentary republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Amendment)_(No._2)_Act,_2021" title="Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act, 2021">2021 Constitutional Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Barbados" title="Geography of Barbados">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Barbados" title="Parishes of Barbados">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Barbados" title="List of beaches in Barbados">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Barbados" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Barbados">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Barbados#Climate" title="Geography of Barbados">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Barbados" title="Fauna of Barbados">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Barbados" title="Category:Flora of Barbados">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Barbados" title="List of rivers of Barbados">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Barbados" title="Politics of Barbados">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Barbados" title="Constitution of Barbados">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Barbados" title="Elections in Barbados">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Barbados" title="Foreign relations of Barbados">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Barbados" title="Government of Barbados">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_prime_ministers_of_Barbados" title="List of deputy prime ministers of Barbados">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Barbados" title="Judiciary of Barbados">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of Barbados">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Defence_Force" title="Barbados Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Barbados" title="Parliament of Barbados">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Barbados" title="Cabinet of Barbados">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Police_Service" title="Barbados Police Service">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Barbados" title="List of political parties in Barbados">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados#Agriculture" title="Economy of Barbados">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Barbados" title="Central Bank of Barbados">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_dollar" title="Barbadian dollar">Barbadian dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Stock_Exchange" title="Barbados Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Barbados" title="Telecommunications in Barbados">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados#Tourism" title="Economy of Barbados">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Barbados" title="Transport in Barbados">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Water_Authority" title="Barbados Water Authority">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Barbados" title="Category:Society of Barbados">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Barbados (page does not exist)">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Barbados">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_Creole" title="Bajan Creole">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadians" title="Barbadians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Barbados" title="Demographics of Barbados">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Barbados" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Barbados">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Barbados" title="Health in Barbados">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Barbados" title="Culture of Barbados">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Plenty_and_In_Time_of_Need" title="In Plenty and In Time of Need">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbadian_cuisine" title="Category:Barbadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Barbados" title="Coat of arms of Barbados">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Crop Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Barbados" title="Flag of Barbados">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landship_(Barbados)" class="mw-redirect" title="Landship (Barbados)">Landship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Barbados">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Barbados" title="Public holidays in Barbados">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Barbados" title="Sport in Barbados">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Barbados" title="Outline of Barbados">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Barbados-related_articles" title="Index of Barbados-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbados" title="Category:Barbados">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_North_America162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Template:History of North America by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Template talk:History of North America by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of North America by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_North_America162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">History of North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize" title="History of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Lucia" title="History of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anguilla" title="History of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="History of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinique" title="History of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="History of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> 1177–1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">integrated into the UK</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malacca">Malacca</a> 1824–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_Empire461" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_Empire461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_Africa461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1415–1640</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1458–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Ceguer <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Qsar es Seghir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah" title="Portuguese Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1485–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1487–16th century</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1488–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Safi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1489</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué <span style="font-size:85%;">(Agadir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador <span style="font-size:85%;">(Essaouira)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Souira Guedima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1769</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1513–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azamor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Azemmour)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">São João da Mamora <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mehdya)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1577–1589</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)"><img alt="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/450px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/600px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Sub-Saharan_Africa461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1455–1633</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguim</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1462–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1470–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1474–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1478–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Poo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bioko)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1637</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina <span style="font-size:85%;">(São Jorge da Mina)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1642</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1540</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1630</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1501–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1502–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1503–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1512</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Quíloa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kilwa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1511</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1508–1547<sup><small>2</small></sup></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1578</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1575–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1593–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1645–1888</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1687–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1728–1729</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1753–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1879–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1885–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Portuguese Congo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> from 1753.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Or 1600.</li><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> A factory (<a href="/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy">Anosy Region</a>) and small temporary coastal bases.</li><li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> from 1879.</li><li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> from the 1920s.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Middle_East_&#91;Persian_Gulf&#93;461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East [Persian Gulf]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1615</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Gamru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bandar Abbas)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1507–1643</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ormus)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Quriyat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1650</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1633?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1602</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1529?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521?–1551?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarut Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1550–1551</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Matrah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1620–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">As Sib</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Al_Badiyah" title="Al Badiyah">Libedia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar-e Kong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_Asia461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1545</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive Islands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Lakshadweep)</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1500–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kochi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1501–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kannur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1502–1658<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1659–1661</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Coulão / Kollam)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1502–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Pallipuram <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cochin de Cima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1507–1657</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Negapatam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nagapatnam)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1510–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1512–1525<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1750</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kozhikode)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1518–1619</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Portuguese Paliacate outpost <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pulicat)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1521–1740</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1523–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1528–1666</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Chittagong<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Porto Grande De Bengala)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chalé</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1601</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mumbai)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535–1739</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Baçaím <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vasai-Virar)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1536–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kodungallur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1540–1612</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1548–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Thoothukudi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1559–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1568–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1579–1632</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1598–1610</td><td><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Machilipatnam)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1521</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sri Lanka)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1558–1573</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1687–1749</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1779–1954</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="East_Asia_and_Oceania461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1511–1641</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> [Malaysia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1621</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1522–1575</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1576–1605</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1650</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1665</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1859</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> [China]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1580–1586</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> [Japan]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1642–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1864–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1851–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1890–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Ilha Verde</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>20th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese Macau </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1938–1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Lapa and Montanha <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hengqin)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion by Indonesia</a>. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_America_and_North_Atlantic461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America and North Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b> [Atlantic islands]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1420</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></b></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1432</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b> [Canada]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terra Nova <span style="font-size:85%;">(Newfoundland)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1516–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_America_and_Caribbean461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America and Caribbean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1549</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1549–1572</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Bahia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1607</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1621–1815</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1536–1620</td><td> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barbados</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1751</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1777</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Nova Colónia do Sacramento</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1751–1772</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão and Piauí</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1808–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uruguay)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1809–1817</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Portuguese Guiana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Amapá)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bolivia)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies">Armorial of Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2206741#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007587920505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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