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<li id="toc-From_horses,_through_steam_and_diesel,_to_electric_and_robotic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_horses,_through_steam_and_diesel,_to_electric_and_robotic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_horses,_through_steam_and_diesel,_to_electric_and_robotic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implements_and_hydromechanical_work_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implements_and_hydromechanical_work_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implements and hydromechanical work tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implements_and_hydromechanical_work_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traction:_Off-the-road_tires_and_tracks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traction:_Off-the-road_tires_and_tracks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Traction: Off-the-road tires and tracks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traction:_Off-the-road_tires_and_tracks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_equipment_operator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_equipment_operator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Heavy equipment operator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_equipment_operator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Equipment cost</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment_cost-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment cost subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ownership_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ownership cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Operating cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heavy equipment</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9" title="معدات ثقيلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معدات ثقيلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81ng-ki-h%C3%A2i" title="Tāng-ki-hâi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāng-ki-hâi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Машини за земни работи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Машини за земни работи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquin%C3%A0ria_de_construcci%C3%B3" title="Maquinària de construcció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maquinària de construcció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepren%C3%B8rmaskiner" title="Entreprenørmaskiner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Entreprenørmaskiner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_von_Baumaschinen_und_Bauger%C3%A4ten" title="Liste von Baumaschinen und Baugeräten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste von Baumaschinen und Baugeräten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquinaria_de_construcci%C3%B3n" title="Maquinaria de construcción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maquinaria de construcción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تجهیزات سنگین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجهیزات سنگین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engin_de_chantier" title="Engin de chantier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Engin de chantier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%84%A4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84" title="건설기계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건설기계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հողափոր մեքենաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հողափոր մեքենաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radni_stroj" title="Radni stroj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radni stroj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_berat" title="Alat berat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alat berat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchine_movimento_terra" title="Macchine movimento terra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macchine movimento terra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%99" title="ציוד מכני הנדסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציוד מכני הנדסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Құрылыс машиналары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құрылыс машиналары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemes_rak%C5%A1anas_ma%C5%A1%C4%ABna" title="Zemes rakšanas mašīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zemes rakšanas mašīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelengkapan_berat" title="Kelengkapan berat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelengkapan berat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B6" title="Барилгын машин тоног төхөөрөмж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Барилгын машин тоног төхөөрөмж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouwmachine" title="Bouwmachine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bouwmachine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="建設機械 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="建設機械" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anleggsmaskin" title="Anleggsmaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anleggsmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anleggsmaskin" title="Anleggsmaskin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anleggsmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maszyna_do_rob%C3%B3t_ziemnych" title="Maszyna do robót ziemnych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maszyna do robót ziemnych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echipament_greu" title="Echipament greu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Echipament greu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Дорожно-строительные машины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дорожно-строительные машины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heavy equipment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тешка опрема – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тешка опрема" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raskas_kalusto" title="Raskas kalusto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raskas kalusto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anl%C3%A4ggningsmaskin" title="Anläggningsmaskin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anläggningsmaskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="கட்டுமானப் பொறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டுமானப் பொறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F_makineleri" title="İş makineleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İş makineleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Землерийні машини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Землерийні машини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_x%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1ng" title="Máy xây dựng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy xây dựng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92" title="שווערע געצייג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שווערע געצייג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vehicles designed for executing construction tasks</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Heavy machinery" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machinery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heavy machinery (disambiguation)">Heavy machinery (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Earthmover" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Earthmover_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Earthmover (disambiguation)">Earthmover (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tzama02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tzama02.jpg/300px-Tzama02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tzama02.jpg/450px-Tzama02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tzama02.jpg/600px-Tzama02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Heavy equipment vehicles of various types parked near a highway construction site</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Heavy equipment</b>, <b>heavy machinery</b>, <b>earthmovers</b>, <b>construction vehicles</b>, or <b>construction equipment</b>, refers to <a href="/wiki/Heavy-duty_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-duty vehicle">heavy-duty vehicles</a> specially designed to execute <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> tasks, most frequently involving <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">earthwork operations</a> or other large construction tasks. <i>Heavy equipment</i> usually comprises five <a href="/wiki/Equipment" title="Equipment">equipment</a> systems: the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Implements_and_hydromechanical_work_tools">implement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">traction</a>, structure, <a href="/wiki/Power_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Power train">power train</a>, and control/information. </p><p>Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman engineering">ancient Roman engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> described a <a href="/wiki/Roman_crane" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman crane">crane</a> powered by human or animal labor in <i><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i>. </p><p>Heavy equipment functions through the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_advantage" title="Mechanical advantage">mechanical advantage</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">simple machine</a> that multiplies the <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> between input force applied and force exerted, easing and speeding tasks which often could otherwise take hundreds of people and many weeks' labor. Some such equipment uses <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_drive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic drive system">hydraulic drives</a> as a primary source of motion. </p><p>The word <b>plant</b>, in this context, has come to mean any type of industrial equipment, including mobile equipment (e.g. in the same sense as <a href="/wiki/Powerplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerplant">powerplant</a>). However, plant originally meant "structure" or "establishment" – usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises; as such, it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery, often in the phrase "plant and equipment". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">History of steam road vehicles</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topspot_Heavy_Equipment_Inc._03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large wheel loader trucks parked" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Topspot_Heavy_Equipment_Inc._03.jpg/165px-Topspot_Heavy_Equipment_Inc._03.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Topspot_Heavy_Equipment_Inc._03.jpg/248px-Topspot_Heavy_Equipment_Inc._03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Topspot_Heavy_Equipment_Inc._03.jpg/331px-Topspot_Heavy_Equipment_Inc._03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Wheel Loaders and other industrial trucks parked </figcaption></figure> <p>The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the <a href="/wiki/Roman_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman engineering">ancient Roman engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Roman_technology#Engineering_and_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">heavy equipment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_crane" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman crane">cranes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> <i><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Pile_driver" title="Pile driver">pile driver</a> was invented around 1500. The first <a href="/wiki/Tunnelling_shield" title="Tunnelling shield">tunnelling shield</a> was patented by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel" title="Marc Isambard Brunel">Marc Isambard Brunel</a> in 1818. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_horses,_through_steam_and_diesel,_to_electric_and_robotic"><span id="From_horses.2C_through_steam_and_diesel.2C_to_electric_and_robotic"></span>From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresno_scrapers_Miocene_ditch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fresno_scrapers_Miocene_ditch.jpg/220px-Fresno_scrapers_Miocene_ditch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fresno_scrapers_Miocene_ditch.jpg/330px-Fresno_scrapers_Miocene_ditch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fresno_scrapers_Miocene_ditch.jpg/440px-Fresno_scrapers_Miocene_ditch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Fresno_scraper" title="Fresno scraper">Fresno scraper</a> digging water-supply ditch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_lokomobile_2_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Steam_lokomobile_2_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Steam_lokomobile_2_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Steam_lokomobile_2_%28aka%29.jpg/330px-Steam_lokomobile_2_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Steam_lokomobile_2_%28aka%29.jpg/440px-Steam_lokomobile_2_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Portable_engine" title="Portable engine">portable engine</a>; a precursor to modern engineering vehicles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1903_Tractor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1903_Tractor.JPG/220px-1903_Tractor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1903_Tractor.JPG/330px-1903_Tractor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1903_Tractor.JPG/440px-1903_Tractor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>An early gasoline-powered tractor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_telephone_magazine_(1922)_(14569641579).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569641579%29.jpg/220px-Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569641579%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569641579%29.jpg/330px-Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569641579%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569641579%29.jpg/440px-Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569641579%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Heavy equipment circa 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Portable_engine" title="Portable engine">portable</a> steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a>. The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core <a href="/wiki/Traction_engine" title="Traction engine">traction engine</a>, that can be configured as the <a href="/wiki/Steam_tractor" title="Steam tractor">steam tractor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Steamroller" title="Steamroller">steamroller</a>. During the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Internal-combustion_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal-combustion engine">internal-combustion engines</a> became the major power source of heavy equipment. <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> engines were used, but today <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> are dominant. <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical transmission">Mechanical transmission</a> was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the <a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">forklift</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar Inc.</a> is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the <a href="/wiki/Holt_Manufacturing_Company" title="Holt Manufacturing Company">Holt Manufacturing Company</a>. The first mass-produced heavy machine was the <a href="/wiki/Fordson_tractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fordson tractor">Fordson tractor</a> in 1917. </p><p>The first commercial <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">continuous track</a> vehicle was the 1901 <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Steam_Log_Hauler" title="Lombard Steam Log Hauler">Lombard Steam Log Hauler</a>. The use of tracks became popular for <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are <a href="/wiki/Bucket-wheel_excavator" title="Bucket-wheel excavator">bucket-wheel excavators</a>, built since the 1920s. </p> <blockquote><p>Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the <a href="/wiki/Hand_shovel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand shovel">hand shovel</a>—moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a <a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow">wheelbarrow</a>, or a cart or wagon drawn by a <a href="/wiki/Draft_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft animal">draft animal</a>. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the <a href="/wiki/Inclined_plane" title="Inclined plane">inclined plane</a>, levers, and <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulleys</a> to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Container_crane" title="Container crane">Container cranes</a> were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerization</a> possible. </p><p>Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites. </p><p>Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volvo,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liebherr,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric-powered heavy equipment. Commercially-available models and R&D models were announced in 2019 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robotics and autonomy has been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot#Construction_robots" title="Autonomous robot">number of companies</a> are currently developing (<a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobcat_Company" title="Bobcat Company">Bobcat</a>) or have launched (<a href="/wiki/Built_Robotics" title="Built Robotics">Built Robotics</a>) commercial solutions to the market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <p><b>Tractor</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">Bulldozer</a> (dozer, track dozer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowcat" title="Snowcat">Snowcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowplow" title="Snowplow">Snowplow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidder" title="Skidder">Skidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">Tractor</a> (wheel tractor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Track tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_tractor" title="Artillery tractor">Artillery tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering_vehicle" title="Military engineering vehicle">Military engineering vehicles</a></li></ul> <p><b>Grader</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grader" title="Grader">Grader</a></li></ul> <p><b>Excavator</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_excavator" title="Amphibious excavator">Amphibious excavator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_excavator" title="Compact excavator">Compact excavator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragline_excavator" title="Dragline excavator">Dragline excavator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredger" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredger">Dredger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket-wheel_excavator" title="Bucket-wheel excavator">Bucket-wheel excavator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">Excavator</a> (digger)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_reach_excavator" title="Long reach excavator">Long reach excavator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_shovel" title="Power shovel">Power shovel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimer" title="Reclaimer">Reclaimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suction_excavator" title="Suction excavator">Suction excavator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_excavator" title="Walking excavator">Walking excavator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trencher_(machine)" title="Trencher (machine)">Trencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarder" title="Yarder">Yarder</a></li></ul> <p><b>Backhoe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">Backhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhoe_loader" title="Backhoe loader">Backhoe loader</a></li></ul> <p><b>Timber</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feller_buncher" title="Feller buncher">Feller buncher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvester_(forestry)" title="Harvester (forestry)">Harvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forwarder" title="Forwarder">Forwarder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidder" title="Skidder">Skidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Power saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_harvester" class="mw-redirect" title="Track harvester">Track harvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forwarder" title="Forwarder">Wheel forwarder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidder" title="Skidder">Wheel skidder</a></li></ul> <p><b>Pipelayer</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipelayer_(sideboom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipelayer (sideboom)">Pipelayer (sideboom)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Scraper</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_scraper" title="Fresno scraper">Fresno scraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_tractor-scraper" title="Wheel tractor-scraper">Scraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_tractor-scraper" title="Wheel tractor-scraper">Wheel tractor-scraper</a> (belly scraper)</li></ul> <p><b>Mining</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tractor#Engineering_tractors" title="Tractor">Construction and mining tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_%26_Mining_Trucks#Off-road_dump_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction & Mining Trucks">Construction and mining truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumper" title="Dumper">Dumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_truck" title="Dump truck">Dump truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haul_truck" title="Haul truck">Haul truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining equipment</a></li></ul> <p><b>Articulated</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulated_hauler" title="Articulated hauler">Articulated hauler</a></li></ul> <p><b>Compactor</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_compaction" title="Waste compaction">Wheel dozer</a> (soil compactor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_cement" title="Soil cement">Soil stabilizer</a></li></ul> <p><b>Loader</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loader_(equipment)" title="Loader (equipment)">Loader</a> (payloader, front loader, wheel loader, integrated tool carrier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loader_(equipment)#Compact_front_end_loaders" title="Loader (equipment)">Skip loader</a> (skippy)</li></ul> <p><b>Track loader</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Track_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Track loader">Track loader</a></li></ul> <p><b>Skid-steer loader</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skid-steer_loader" title="Skid-steer loader">Skid-steer loader</a></li></ul> <p><b>Material handler</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_work_platform" title="Aerial work platform">Aerial work platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lift_table" title="Lift table">Lift table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block-setting_crane" title="Block-setting crane">Block-setting crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk-handling_crane" title="Bulk-handling crane">Bulk-handling crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_crane" title="Aerial crane">Aerial crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_crane" title="Container crane">Container crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gantry_crane" title="Gantry crane">Gantry crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_crane" title="Overhead crane">Overhead crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_overhead_traveling_crane" title="Electric overhead traveling crane">Electric overhead traveling crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_crane" title="Ring crane">Ring crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_luffing_crane" title="Level luffing crane">Level luffing crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_crane" title="Mobile crane">Mobile crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_lift" title="Travel lift">Travel lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">Forklift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_truck" title="Garbage truck">Garbage truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapple_truck" title="Grapple truck">Grapple truck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)#Loader" title="Crane (machine)">Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straddle_carrier" title="Straddle carrier">Straddle carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidelifter" title="Sidelifter">Sidelifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_stacker" title="Reach stacker">Reach stacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_handlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescopic handlers">Telescopic handlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li></ul> <p><b>Paving</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_paver" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphalt paver">Asphalt paver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_plant" title="Asphalt plant">Asphalt plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_planer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold planer">Cold planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Curing" title="Concrete">Cure rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paver_(vehicle)" title="Paver (vehicle)">Paver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_roller" title="Road roller">Pneumatic tire compactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_roller" title="Road roller">Roller</a> (road roller, roller compactor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipform" class="mw-redirect" title="Slipform">Slipform paver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Road Roller">Vibratory compactor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compactor" title="Compactor">Compactor</a></li></ul> <p><b>Underground</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roadheader" title="Roadheader">Roadheader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine" title="Tunnel boring machine">Tunnel boring machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Underground mining equipment</a></li></ul> <p><b>Hydromatic tool</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_tamper" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballast tamper">Ballast tamper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavator_attachments" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavator attachments">Attachments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">Drilling rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_directional_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal directional drilling">Horizontal directional drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_auger" title="Earth auger">Earth auger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_driver" title="Pile driver">Pile driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_pounder" title="Post pounder">Post pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_tiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary tiller">Rotary tiller</a> (rototiller, rotovator)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Hydraulic machinery</a></b> </p><p><b>Highway</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_unit" title="Tractor unit">Tractor unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_tractor" title="Ballast tractor">Ballast tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushback_(aviation)" title="Pushback (aviation)">Pushback tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railcar_mover" title="Railcar mover">Railcar mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_truck#Standard_dump_truck" title="Dump truck">Highway 10 yard rear dump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_truck#Semi_trailer_bottom_dump_truck" title="Dump truck">Highway bottom dump (stiff)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dump_truck#Truck_and_pup" title="Dump truck">pup (belly train)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dump_truck#Double_and_triple_trailer_bottom_dump_truck" title="Dump truck">triple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_truck#Semi_trailer_end_dump_truck" title="Dump truck">Highway end dump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dump_truck#Side_dump_truck" title="Dump truck">side dump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_truck#Transfer_dump_truck" title="Dump truck">Highway transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dump_truck#Transfer_dump_truck" title="Dump truck">Transfer train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_mixer" title="Concrete mixer">Concrete mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_mixer" title="Concrete mixer">Concrete mix truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_mixer" title="Concrete mixer">Concrete mix dozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowboy_(trailer)" title="Lowboy (trailer)">Lowboy (trailer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweep truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweep dozer</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images">Images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CAT-D10N-pic001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from tracked-type tractors and is characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials, such as earth."><img alt="The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from tracked-type tractors and is characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials, such as earth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CAT-D10N-pic001.jpg/120px-CAT-D10N-pic001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CAT-D10N-pic001.jpg/180px-CAT-D10N-pic001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CAT-D10N-pic001.jpg/240px-CAT-D10N-pic001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_D10" title="Caterpillar D10">Caterpillar D10</a>N bulldozer evolved from <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar tracks">tracked-type</a> <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a> and is characterized by a steel <a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">blade</a> attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earth</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komatsu_excavator_PC210LC.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The bucket excavator Komatsu PC210-LC."><img alt="The bucket excavator Komatsu PC210-LC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Komatsu_excavator_PC210LC.JPG/120px-Komatsu_excavator_PC210LC.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Komatsu_excavator_PC210LC.JPG/180px-Komatsu_excavator_PC210LC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Komatsu_excavator_PC210LC.JPG/240px-Komatsu_excavator_PC210LC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4072" data-file-height="2648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The bucket <a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">excavator</a> Komatsu PC210-LC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SMC_200_R.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R."><img alt="The wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SMC_200_R.jpg/120px-SMC_200_R.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SMC_200_R.jpg/180px-SMC_200_R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SMC_200_R.jpg/240px-SMC_200_R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The wheel trencher <a href="/wiki/MARAIS" class="mw-redirect" title="MARAIS">MARAIS</a> SMC 200 R.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DrillingMachine_with_ConcreteMixer_and_Pump02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron bar reinforced foundation piles are driven with a drilling machine, concrete pump, mixer-truck, and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis while withdrawn."><img alt="Iron bar reinforced foundation piles are driven with a drilling machine, concrete pump, mixer-truck, and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis while withdrawn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DrillingMachine_with_ConcreteMixer_and_Pump02.jpg/90px-DrillingMachine_with_ConcreteMixer_and_Pump02.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DrillingMachine_with_ConcreteMixer_and_Pump02.jpg/135px-DrillingMachine_with_ConcreteMixer_and_Pump02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DrillingMachine_with_ConcreteMixer_and_Pump02.jpg/180px-DrillingMachine_with_ConcreteMixer_and_Pump02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iron bar reinforced foundation <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundation">piles</a> are driven with a drilling machine, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> pump, mixer-truck, and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis while withdrawn. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dillingen_Kran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fixed crane in a coal mine in Germany"><img alt="Fixed crane in a coal mine in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dillingen_Kran.jpg/89px-Dillingen_Kran.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dillingen_Kran.jpg/133px-Dillingen_Kran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dillingen_Kran.jpg/177px-Dillingen_Kran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2954" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fixed crane in a coal mine in Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TZAMA_Panorama1m.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parked near a quarry in Israel"><img alt="Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parked near a quarry in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TZAMA_Panorama1m.jpg/120px-TZAMA_Panorama1m.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TZAMA_Panorama1m.jpg/180px-TZAMA_Panorama1m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TZAMA_Panorama1m.jpg/240px-TZAMA_Panorama1m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5030" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_D9" title="Caterpillar D9">Caterpillar D9</a>L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parked near a <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a> in Israel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garzweiler_Tagebau-1230.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bucket wheel excavators in Garzweiler surface mine, Germany"><img alt="Bucket wheel excavators in Garzweiler surface mine, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Garzweiler_Tagebau-1230.jpg/120px-Garzweiler_Tagebau-1230.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Garzweiler_Tagebau-1230.jpg/180px-Garzweiler_Tagebau-1230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Garzweiler_Tagebau-1230.jpg/240px-Garzweiler_Tagebau-1230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4876" data-file-height="3251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bucket_wheel_excavator" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucket wheel excavator">Bucket wheel excavators</a> in <a href="/wiki/Garzweiler_surface_mine" title="Garzweiler surface mine">Garzweiler surface mine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komatsu_Wheel_Loader_WA600-6,Hitachinaka_city,Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheel loader"><img alt="Wheel loader" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Komatsu_Wheel_Loader_WA600-6%2CHitachinaka_city%2CJapan.jpg/120px-Komatsu_Wheel_Loader_WA600-6%2CHitachinaka_city%2CJapan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Komatsu_Wheel_Loader_WA600-6%2CHitachinaka_city%2CJapan.jpg/180px-Komatsu_Wheel_Loader_WA600-6%2CHitachinaka_city%2CJapan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Komatsu_Wheel_Loader_WA600-6%2CHitachinaka_city%2CJapan.jpg/240px-Komatsu_Wheel_Loader_WA600-6%2CHitachinaka_city%2CJapan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="1930" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheel <a href="/wiki/Loader_(equipment)" title="Loader (equipment)">loader</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komatsu_GD655_grader_(11815425133).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grader cleaning and leveling"><img alt="Grader cleaning and leveling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Komatsu_GD655_grader_%2811815425133%29.jpg/120px-Komatsu_GD655_grader_%2811815425133%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Komatsu_GD655_grader_%2811815425133%29.jpg/180px-Komatsu_GD655_grader_%2811815425133%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Komatsu_GD655_grader_%2811815425133%29.jpg/240px-Komatsu_GD655_grader_%2811815425133%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grader cleaning and leveling</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_progress_continues_to_show_at_the_new_Folsom_Dam_auxiliary_spillway_Sept._23_as_work_on_the_approach_channel_and_downstream_chute_take_center_stage._(21087516643).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heavy duty excavator with large bucket equipped."><img alt="Heavy duty excavator with large bucket equipped." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Visible_progress_continues_to_show_at_the_new_Folsom_Dam_auxiliary_spillway_Sept._23_as_work_on_the_approach_channel_and_downstream_chute_take_center_stage._%2821087516643%29.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Visible_progress_continues_to_show_at_the_new_Folsom_Dam_auxiliary_spillway_Sept._23_as_work_on_the_approach_channel_and_downstream_chute_take_center_stage._%2821087516643%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Visible_progress_continues_to_show_at_the_new_Folsom_Dam_auxiliary_spillway_Sept._23_as_work_on_the_approach_channel_and_downstream_chute_take_center_stage._%2821087516643%29.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heavy duty excavator with large bucket equipped.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landfill_compactor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landfill compactor (tamping tip)"><img alt="Landfill compactor (tamping tip)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Landfill_compactor.jpg/120px-Landfill_compactor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Landfill_compactor.jpg/180px-Landfill_compactor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Landfill_compactor.jpg/240px-Landfill_compactor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Landfill <a href="/wiki/Compactor" title="Compactor">compactor</a> (tamping tip)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_(winter_2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Komatsu Dozer pushing coal on the job site"><img alt="Komatsu Dozer pushing coal on the job site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg/120px-Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg/180px-Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg/240px-Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4296" data-file-height="2352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Komatsu Dozer pushing coal on the job site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontloaderorange.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wheeled front loader tractor equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams."><img alt="A wheeled front loader tractor equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Frontloaderorange.jpg/120px-Frontloaderorange.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Frontloaderorange.jpg/180px-Frontloaderorange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Frontloaderorange.jpg/240px-Frontloaderorange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wheeled <a href="/wiki/Loader_(equipment)" title="Loader (equipment)">front loader</a> <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a> equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aa_Truckconveyor_brooklane_Epart_DSCF0461.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Folded conveyor on a tracked grinder"><img alt="Folded conveyor on a tracked grinder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aa_Truckconveyor_brooklane_Epart_DSCF0461.JPG/120px-Aa_Truckconveyor_brooklane_Epart_DSCF0461.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aa_Truckconveyor_brooklane_Epart_DSCF0461.JPG/180px-Aa_Truckconveyor_brooklane_Epart_DSCF0461.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aa_Truckconveyor_brooklane_Epart_DSCF0461.JPG/240px-Aa_Truckconveyor_brooklane_Epart_DSCF0461.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folded <a href="/wiki/Conveyor" class="mw-redirect" title="Conveyor">conveyor</a> on a tracked grinder </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Military engineering vehicles</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The militarized Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer allows for earthmoving projects in a combat environment. In the picture: IDF Caterpillar D9R."><img alt="The militarized Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer allows for earthmoving projects in a combat environment. In the picture: IDF Caterpillar D9R." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg/120px-IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg/180px-IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg/240px-IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="3066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The militarized <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_D9" title="Caterpillar D9">Caterpillar D9</a> <a href="/wiki/Armored_bulldozer" title="Armored bulldozer">armored bulldozer</a> allows for <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">earthmoving</a> projects in a combat environment. In the picture: <a href="/wiki/IDF_Caterpillar_D9" title="IDF Caterpillar D9">IDF Caterpillar D9</a>R. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSW_9.50_PICT0141.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The militarized Huta Stalowa Wola backhoe loader in Poland which is subsidiary of LiuGong China"><img alt="The militarized Huta Stalowa Wola backhoe loader in Poland which is subsidiary of LiuGong China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HSW_9.50_PICT0141.jpg/120px-HSW_9.50_PICT0141.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HSW_9.50_PICT0141.jpg/180px-HSW_9.50_PICT0141.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HSW_9.50_PICT0141.jpg/240px-HSW_9.50_PICT0141.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="979" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The militarized <a href="/wiki/Huta_Stalowa_Wola" title="Huta Stalowa Wola">Huta Stalowa Wola</a> <a href="/wiki/Backhoe_loader" title="Backhoe loader">backhoe loader</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> which is subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/LiuGong" title="LiuGong">LiuGong</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_scraper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Military scraper"><img alt="Military scraper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Military_scraper.jpg/120px-Military_scraper.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Military_scraper.jpg/180px-Military_scraper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Military_scraper.jpg/240px-Military_scraper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Military <a href="/wiki/Wheel_tractor-scraper" title="Wheel tractor-scraper">scraper</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pionierpanzer_Dachs_(2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="PiPz Dachs armoured engineering vehicle of the German Army (2008)"><img alt="PiPz Dachs armoured engineering vehicle of the German Army (2008)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pionierpanzer_Dachs_%282008%29.jpg/120px-Pionierpanzer_Dachs_%282008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pionierpanzer_Dachs_%282008%29.jpg/180px-Pionierpanzer_Dachs_%282008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pionierpanzer_Dachs_%282008%29.jpg/240px-Pionierpanzer_Dachs_%282008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2966" data-file-height="2516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PiPz Dachs <a href="/wiki/Armoured_engineering_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured engineering vehicle">armoured engineering vehicle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a> (2008)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temporary_roads_deployment_complex_KRVD_during_the_%22Armiya_2021%22_exhibition_(side-rear_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temporary roads deployment complex during the "Armiya 2021" exhibition"><img alt="Temporary roads deployment complex during the "Armiya 2021" exhibition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Temporary_roads_deployment_complex_KRVD_during_the_%22Armiya_2021%22_exhibition_%28side-rear_view%29.jpg/120px-Temporary_roads_deployment_complex_KRVD_during_the_%22Armiya_2021%22_exhibition_%28side-rear_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Temporary_roads_deployment_complex_KRVD_during_the_%22Armiya_2021%22_exhibition_%28side-rear_view%29.jpg/180px-Temporary_roads_deployment_complex_KRVD_during_the_%22Armiya_2021%22_exhibition_%28side-rear_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Temporary_roads_deployment_complex_KRVD_during_the_%22Armiya_2021%22_exhibition_%28side-rear_view%29.jpg/240px-Temporary_roads_deployment_complex_KRVD_during_the_%22Armiya_2021%22_exhibition_%28side-rear_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Temporary roads deployment complex during the "<a href="/wiki/Army_(International_Military-Technical_Forum)" title="Army (International Military-Technical Forum)">Armiya 2021</a>" exhibition</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implements_and_hydromechanical_work_tools">Implements and hydromechanical work tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Implements and hydromechanical work tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auger_(drill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auger (drill)">auger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">backhoe</a></li> <li>bale spear</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dozer_blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Dozer blade">bulldozer blade</a></li> <li>clam shell bucket</li> <li>cold plane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">demolition shears</a></li> <li>equipment bucket</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavator_bucket" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavator bucket">excavator bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster" title="Caster">forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapple_(tool)" title="Grapple (tool)">grapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaker_(hydraulic)" title="Breaker (hydraulic)">hydraulic hammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoe_ram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoe ram">hoe ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a></li> <li>hydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1)</li> <li>landscape tiller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)#Mobile" title="Crane (machine)">material handling arm</a></li> <li>mechanical pulverizer, crusher</li> <li>multi processor</li> <li>pavement removal bucket</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_driver" title="Pile driver">pile driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">power take-off</a> (PTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_coupler" title="Quick coupler">quick coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(tool)" title="Rake (tool)">rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulldozer#Ripper" title="Bulldozer">ripper</a></li> <li>rotating grab</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_roller#Drum_types" title="Road roller">sheep's foot compactor</a></li> <li>skeleton bucket</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_blower" title="Snow blower">snow blower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_grinder" title="Stump grinder">stump grinder</a></li> <li>stump shear</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiltrotator" title="Tiltrotator">tiltrotator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trencher_(machine)" title="Trencher (machine)">trencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrator_(mechanical)" title="Vibrator (mechanical)">vibratory plate compactor</a></li> <li>wheel saw</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traction:_Off-the-road_tires_and_tracks">Traction: Off-the-road tires and tracks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Traction: Off-the-road tires and tracks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Off-the-road_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-the-road tire">Off-the-road tire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar track">Caterpillar track</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hornsby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hornsby.jpg/220px-Hornsby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hornsby.jpg/330px-Hornsby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hornsby.jpg/440px-Hornsby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Continuous track (circa 1909)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caterpillar_track_shingle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Caterpillar_track_shingle.JPG/220px-Caterpillar_track_shingle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Caterpillar_track_shingle.JPG/330px-Caterpillar_track_shingle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Caterpillar_track_shingle.JPG/440px-Caterpillar_track_shingle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Caterpillar track (circa 2009)</figcaption></figure> <p>Heavy equipment requires specialized <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a> for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar track">continuous tracks</a> applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, <i>transport</i> for earthmoving machines, <i>work</i> for slow moving earthmoving machines, and <i>load and carry</i> for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service <b>C</b> compactor, <b>E</b> earthmover, <b>G</b> grader, <b>L</b> loader, <b>LS</b> log-skidder and <b>ML</b> mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heavy_equipment_operator">Heavy equipment operator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heavy equipment operator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment_operator" title="Heavy equipment operator">Heavy equipment operator</a></div> <p>A heavy equipment operator drives and operates <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment_(construction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy equipment (construction)">heavy equipment</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> projects.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically only <a href="/wiki/Skilled_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Skilled workers">skilled workers</a> may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment. </p><p>Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers. The field of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">occupational medicine</a> researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_cost">Equipment cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Equipment cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization, repairs and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and <a href="/wiki/Operating_cost" title="Operating cost">operating cost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership_cost">Ownership cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ownership cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">purchase expense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvage value">salvage value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACRS" title="MACRS">tax savings</a> from depreciation</li> <li>major repairs and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overhaul" class="extiw" title="wikt:overhaul">overhauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Property taxes">property taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a></li> <li>storage</li></ul> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Depreciation" title="Depreciation">Depreciation</a> can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"> <p><i>m</i> = some year in the future </p><p>N = equipment useful life (years) </p><p>and D<sub>n</sub> = Annual depreciation amount </p> <dl><dd><b>D<sub>n</sub> = <i>purchase price</i> / N</b></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Book_value" title="Book value">Book value</a> (BV) in year <i>m</i> </p> <dl><dd><b>BV<sub>m</sub> = <i>purchase price</i> – (<i>m</i> x D<sub>n</sub>)</b></dd></dl> </td> <td width="50%"> <p><b>example:</b> </p><p>N = 5 </p><p><i>purchase price</i> = $350,000 </p><p><i>m</i> = 3 years from now </p> <dl><dd>BV<sub>3</sub> = $350,000 – ( 3 x $350,000/5) = $140,000</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_cost">Operating cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operating cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%"> <ul><li>F.O.G. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">Fuel</a></li> <li>Oil: <a href="/wiki/Lubricants" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubricants">lubricants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lube_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lube oil">lube oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">filters (oil, air, fuel, hydraulic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">Grease</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td width="33%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Repairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Repairs">repairs</a> <ul><li>repair parts<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>repair labor</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td width="33%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tires" class="mw-redirect" title="Tires">tires</a></li> <li>3rd party service contract</li> <li>replacement of high-wear items</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a <i>major repair</i> or a <i>minor repair</i>. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in <a href="/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a>, while a minor repair is normal <a href="/wiki/Maintenance,_repair_and_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance, repair and operations">maintenance</a>. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job – therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Model_construction_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Model construction vehicle">Model construction vehicle</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Die-cast_toy" title="Die-cast toy">Die-cast</a> metal promotional <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale models</a> of <b>heavy equipment</b> are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in <a href="/wiki/1:50_scale" title="1:50 scale">1:50 scale</a>. The popular manufacturers of these models are <a href="/wiki/Conrad_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad (company)">Conrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/NZG_Models" title="NZG Models">NZG</a> in Germany, even for US vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_manufacturers">Notable manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest 10 heavy equipment manufacturers in 2022<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheads"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">Company </th> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Sales (billion USD) </th> <th scope="col">Share of total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td> <td>37,5</td> <td>16.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Komatsu_Limited" title="Komatsu Limited">Komatsu</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></span></td> <td>24,7</td> <td>10.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/XCMG" title="XCMG">XCMG</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="China"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></span></td> <td>13,4</td> <td>5.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Deere" title="John Deere">John Deere</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td> <td>12,5</td> <td>5.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sany" title="Sany">Sany</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="China"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></span></td> <td>11,9</td> <td>5.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volvo_Construction_Equipment" title="Volvo Construction Equipment">Volvo Construction Equipment</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span></td> <td>9,9</td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liebherr" title="Liebherr">Liebherr</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Switzerland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span></td> <td>9,9</td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Construction_Machinery" title="Hitachi Construction Machinery">Hitachi Construction Machinery</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></span></td> <td>9,2</td> <td>4.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandvik" title="Sandvik">Sandvik</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span></td> <td>7,8 </td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)" title="JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)">JCB</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></td> <td>7,0</td> <td>3.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> Other manufacturers include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_Heli" title="Anhui Heli">Anhui Heli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Copco" title="Atlas Copco">Atlas Copco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEML_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="BEML Limited">BEML Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat_Company" title="Bobcat Company">Bobcat Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Construction_Equipment" title="Case Construction Equipment">Case Construction Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Tractor_Plant" title="Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant">Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNH_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="CNH Global">CNH Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demag" title="Demag">Demag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat-Allis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat-Allis">Fiat-Allis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPCO" title="HEPCO">HEPCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAB" class="mw-redirect" title="HIAB">HIAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidromek" title="Hidromek">Hidromek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Heavy Industries">Hyundai Heavy Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand" title="Ingersoll Rand">Ingersoll Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubota_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubota Corporation">Kubota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobelco_Construction_Machinery_America" title="Kobelco Construction Machinery America">Kobelco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiuGong" title="LiuGong">LiuGong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARAIS" class="mw-redirect" title="MARAIS">MARAIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navistar_International_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Navistar International Corporation">Navistar International Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCK" title="NCK">NCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Construction" title="New Holland Construction">New Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_Marshall" title="Track Marshall">Track Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenstein_and_Koppel_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Orenstein and Koppel GmbH">Orenstein and Koppel GmbH</a> (O&K)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paccar" title="Paccar">Paccar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poclain" title="Poclain">Poclain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rototilt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rototilt">Rototilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantui" title="Shantui">Shantui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_Kinetics" class="mw-redirect" title="ST Kinetics">ST Kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeuchi_Manufacturing" title="Takeuchi Manufacturing">Takeuchi Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wacker_Neuson" title="Wacker Neuson">Wacker Neuson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanmar" title="Yanmar">Yanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomlion" title="Zoomlion">Zoomlion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Equipment_Distributors" title="Associated Equipment Distributors">Associated Equipment Distributors</a>, the trade association for heavy equipment distributors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-road_engine" title="Non-road engine">Non-road engine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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Thomas Telford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7277-2519-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7277-2519-X"><bdi>0-7277-2519-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Construction+Safety+Handbook&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7277-2519-X&rft.au=V.+J.+Davies%2C+Ken+Tomasin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpzFtFbGoq0C%26q%3DExcavator%2Bdriver%26pg%3DRA1-PA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeavy+equipment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peurifoy & Schexnayder "Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods" McGraw Hill 6th edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-232176-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-232176-8">0-07-232176-8</a>, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartholomew, S.H. "Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction" CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-598327-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-598327-4">0-13-598327-4</a>, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aga-parts.com/">"Heavy Equipment parts catalog"</a>. AGA Parts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heavy+Equipment+parts+catalog&rft.pub=AGA+Parts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aga-parts.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeavy+equipment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/280343/leading-construction-machinery-manufacturers-worldwide-based-on-sales/">"Construction equipment manufacturers: world equipment sales"</a>. <i>Statista</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Construction+equipment+manufacturers%3A+world+equipment+sales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F280343%2Fleading-construction-machinery-manufacturers-worldwide-based-on-sales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeavy+equipment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_equipment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry_tools" title="Template talk:Forestry tools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry tools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry_tools_and_equipment1408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planting</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caulk_boots" title="Caulk boots">Caulk boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)#Types" title="Hoe (tool)">Hoedad</a> (hoedag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groasis_Waterboxx" title="Groasis Waterboxx">Groasis Waterboxx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattock" title="Mattock">Mattock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottiputki" title="Pottiputki">Pottiputki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_trainer" title="Root trainer">Root trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_trap" title="Seed trap">Seed trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting_bar" title="Tree planting bar">Tree planting bar</a> (dibble bar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_shelter" title="Tree shelter">Tree shelter</a> (Tuley tube)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_spade" title="Tree spade">Tree spade</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Using_a_DTApe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/70px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/105px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/140px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Mensuration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">3D scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_gauge" title="Angle gauge">Angle gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_stick" title="Biltmore stick">Biltmore stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)#Other_instruments" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruising_rod" title="Cruising rod">Cruising rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diameter_tape" title="Diameter tape">Diameter tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemispherical_photography" title="Hemispherical photography">Hemispherical photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increment_borer" title="Increment borer">Increment borer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">Rangefinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtome" title="Microtome">Microtome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relascope" title="Relascope">Relascope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_caliper" title="Tree caliper">Tree caliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_prism" title="Wedge prism">Wedge prism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Fire suppression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-10_Air_Tanker" title="DC-10 Air Tanker">DC-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle#Forest_fire_detection" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_flapper_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire flapper (tool)">Fire flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant#Forest-fire_fighting" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a> (rakehoe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billhook" title="Billhook">Billhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">Broadaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Brush hook">Brush hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froe" title="Froe">Froe</a> (shake axe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchet" title="Hatchet">Hatchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_splitter" title="Log splitter">Log splitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_axe" title="Marking axe">Marking axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_maul" title="Splitting maul">Splitting maul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_clothing" title="Chainsaw safety clothing">safety clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_features" title="Chainsaw safety features">safety features</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragsaw" title="Dragsaw">Dragsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_saw" title="Head saw">Head saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_edger" title="Lumber edger">Lumber edger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polesaw" title="Polesaw">Polesaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_sawmill" title="Portable sawmill">Portable sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resaw" title="Resaw">Resaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-man_saw" title="Two-man saw">Two-man saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cant_hook" title="Cant hook">Cant hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feller_buncher" title="Feller buncher">Feller buncher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forwarder" title="Forwarder">Forwarder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-devil" title="Go-devil">Go-devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvester_(forestry)" title="Harvester (forestry)">Harvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli-logging" title="Heli-logging">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Log truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Steam_Log_Hauler" title="Lombard Steam Log Hauler">Lombard Steam Log Hauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peavey_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peavey (tool)">Peavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickaroon" title="Pickaroon">Pickaroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_pole" title="Pike pole">Pike pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_cone" title="Skid cone">Skid cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidder" title="Skidder">Skidder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Winch" title="Washington Winch">Washington Winch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_donkey" title="Steam donkey">Steam donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarder" title="Yarder">Yarder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_yarder" title="Swing yarder">swing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denailer" title="Denailer">Denailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood_processor" title="Firewood processor">Firewood processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Forest railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_mulching" title="Forestry mulching">Forestry mulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_compass" title="Hand compass">Hand compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(hand_tool)#Forestry_hook" title="Hook (hand tool)">Hand hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_debarker" title="Hydraulic debarker">Hydraulic debarker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house_moulder" title="Log house moulder">Log house moulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_pond" title="Log pond">Log pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_flume" title="Log flume">Log flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">Machete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_grinder" title="Stump grinder">Stump grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_baler" title="Tree baler">Tree tyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakat">Tsakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopie_sling" title="Whoopie sling">Whoopie sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiln#Wood-drying_kiln" title="Kiln">Wood-drying kiln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchipper" title="Woodchipper">Woodchipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Categories</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" title="Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_equipment" title="Category:Forestry equipment">equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b>Commons</b> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_machines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forestry machines">equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_tools" title="Template:Types of tools">Types of tools</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleaning_tools" title="Template:Cleaning tools">Cleaning</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cutting_and_abrasive_tools" title="Template:Cutting and abrasive tools">Cutting and abrasive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools">Forestry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Garden_tools" title="Template:Garden tools">Garden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hand_tools" title="Template:Hand tools">Hand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kitchen_tools" title="Template:Kitchen tools">Kitchen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_and_metalworking_tools" title="Template:Machine and metalworking tools">Machine and metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Masonry_tools" title="Template:Masonry tools">Masonry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Measuring_and_alignment_tools" title="Template:Measuring and alignment tools">Measuring and alignment</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mining_equipment" title="Template:Mining equipment">Mining</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_tools" title="Template:Power tools">Power</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_tools" title="Template:Textile tools">Textile</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking">Woodworking</a></dd></dl> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geotechnical_engineering316" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Template:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Template talk:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geotechnical_engineering316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Offshore_geotechnical_engineering" title="Offshore geotechnical engineering">Offshore geotechnical engineering</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">Investigation</a> <br />and<br />instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Field (<i>in situ</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Core_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/20px-Core_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/30px-Core_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/40px-Core_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cone_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/20px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/30px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/40px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cone_penetration_test" title="Cone penetration test">Cone penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo-electrical_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/20px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/30px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/40px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-electrical_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geo-electrical sounding (page does not exist)">Geo-electrical sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In_situ_permeameter_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/20px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/30px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/40px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Load_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/20px-Load_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/30px-Load_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/40px-Load_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Load_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Load test">Load test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_load_testing" title="Static load testing">Static</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load testing">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pore_pressure_measurement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/20px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/30px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/40px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Pore pressure measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well#Classification" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/20px-Ram_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/30px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/40px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram sounding (page does not exist)">Ram sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_control_drilling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/20px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/30px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/40px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_control_drilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock control drilling (page does not exist)">Rock control drilling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_weight_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_weight_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary weight sounding (page does not exist)">Rotary weight sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_series.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/20px-Sample_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/30px-Sample_series.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/40px-Sample_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_plate_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/20px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/30px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/40px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw_plate_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Screw plate test (page does not exist)">Screw plate test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inclinometer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/20px-Inclinometer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/30px-Inclinometer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/40px-Inclinometer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Settlement_recordings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/20px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/30px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/40px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shear_vane_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/20px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/30px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/40px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/20px-Simple_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/30px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/40px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple sounding (page does not exist)">Simple sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/20px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/30px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/40px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/20px-Total_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/30px-Total_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/40px-Total_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_pit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/20px-Trial_pit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/30px-Trial_pit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/40px-Trial_pit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_rock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/20px-Visible_rock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/30px-Visible_rock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/40px-Visible_rock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Visible bedrock</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile integrity test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave equation analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">Laboratory <br />testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor compaction test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content tests</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">Bulk density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds' dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of repose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures <br />(<a href="/wiki/Soil-structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shoring structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure grouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback (geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(earthworks)" title="Cut (earthworks)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">Cut and fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">Grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundation">Deep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_stress" title="Effective stress">Effective stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure" title="Lateral earth pressure">Lateral earth pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation pressure">Preconsolidation pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Phenomena/<br />problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">Shear wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a> analysis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">Stability analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_mitigation" title="Landslide mitigation">Mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_criterion_(geotechnical_engineering)" title="Sliding criterion (geotechnical engineering)">Sliding criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road#Slab_stabilization" title="Road">Slab stabilisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">Bearing capacity</a> * <a href="/wiki/Stress_distribution_in_soil" title="Stress distribution in soil">Stress distribution in soil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Numerical analysis <br />software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEEP2D" title="SEEP2D">SEEP2D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STABL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STABL (page does not exist)">STABL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVFlux" title="SVFlux">SVFlux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVSlope" title="SVSlope">SVSlope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTEXAS" title="UTEXAS">UTEXAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaxis" title="Plaxis">Plaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geoprofessions" title="Geoprofessions">Related fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" 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