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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>National building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1960–78:_Religious_right_and_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–78:_Religious_right_and_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>1960–78: Religious right and nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–78:_Religious_right_and_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism_and_authoritarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism_and_authoritarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Activism and authoritarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism_and_authoritarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1979-1980s:_Conservatism_ascent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979-1980s:_Conservatism_ascent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>1979-1980s: Conservatism ascent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979-1980s:_Conservatism_ascent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderation_and_Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderation_and_Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Moderation and Competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderation_and_Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s–2000s:_The_New_Right_and_conservative_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s–2000s:_The_New_Right_and_conservative_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>1990s–2000s: The New Right and conservative democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s–2000s:_The_New_Right_and_conservative_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s:_Re-defining_of_New_Right_and_escalations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s:_Re-defining_of_New_Right_and_escalations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>2010s: Re-defining of New Right and escalations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s:_Re-defining_of_New_Right_and_escalations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_popular_culture,_literary,_arts_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_popular_culture,_literary,_arts_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Influence in popular culture, literary, arts and science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_popular_culture,_literary,_arts_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Online sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Online sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bibliography and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White Terror (disambiguation)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Conservatism in Pakistan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl">پاکستان میں قدامت پسندی</span>) generally relates to the <a href="/wiki/Tradition_of_pakistani_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradition of pakistani culture">traditional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani society">social</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">religious identities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">politics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. American historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen" title="Stephen P. Cohen">Stephen Cohen</a> describes several political constants in Pakistan's conservatism: respect for <a href="/wiki/Tradition_of_pakistani_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradition of pakistani culture">tradition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic religion">Islamic religion</a> which is integral in the <a href="/wiki/Conception_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception of Pakistan">idea</a> of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_Institution_Press_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservative <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (politics)">philosophy</a>, principles, ideas, and traditions were first adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> as part of his internal policies in 1950. The conservative tradition has played a major role in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Pakistani politics</a>, culture, and organized conservative movement has played a key role in politics only since the 1950s. According to the <a href="/wiki/CIA_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Factbook">CIA database</a>, approximately 95–97% of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani people">Pakistani people</a> are the followers of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> while the remaining believe in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">others</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservatism movement in Pakistan has been normally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Pakistan Muslim League</a> (PML)– the successor party to the one which was responsible for the founding of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_Institution_Press,_2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press,_2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beta._Dawn_Area_Studies_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beta._Dawn_Area_Studies-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant and influential section of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">PML</a> is led by its extended <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a>, which is currently led by its leader and the former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>, elected in <a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> held in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Beta._Dawn_Area_Studies_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beta._Dawn_Area_Studies-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the conservative vote bank of the country partitioned equally between the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">PTI</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> on the topics mainly concerning the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of Pakistan">foreign</a> policy, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in Pakistan">national</a>, and social issues. In 2018, the conservative votebank eventually switched to PTI when Imran Khan was sworn as Prime Minister who defeated PML's candidate <a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahbaz Sharif">Shahbaz Sharif</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election" title="2018 Pakistani general election">nationwide general elections</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idea_of_Pakistan,_conception,_and_conservatism"><span id="Idea_of_Pakistan.2C_conception.2C_and_conservatism"></span>Idea of Pakistan, conception, and conservatism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Idea of Pakistan, conception, and conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conception_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception of Pakistan">Conception of Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LordMelgund1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LordMelgund1885.jpg/150px-LordMelgund1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LordMelgund1885.jpg/225px-LordMelgund1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LordMelgund1885.jpg/300px-LordMelgund1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">Lord Minto</a> met with the Muslim delegation in June 1906. The <a href="/wiki/Minto-Morley_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Minto-Morley Reforms">Minto-Morley Reforms</a> of 1909 called for separate Muslim electorates.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> had been lobbying and pushing its politics for a separate homeland for the Muslims of India, known as <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </p><p>The constitution and principles of the Muslim League were contained in the <i>Green Book</i>, written by conservative thinker and cleric, Maulana <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Mohammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Mohammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence. However, several factors over the next thirty years, including sectarian violence, led to a re-evaluation of the Muslim League's aims.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blood_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blood-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> becoming the <a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>, the party gradually became the leading representative body of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslim">Indian Muslims</a>. A fresh call for a separate state was then made by the famous writer, poet, and philosopher Allama <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, who in his presidential address to the 1930 convention of the Muslim League said that he felt that a separate Muslim state was essential in an otherwise Hindu-dominated South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-aips_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aips-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-critique_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-critique-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was coined by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> student and Muslim <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Choudhary Rahmat Ali">Choudhary Rahmat Ali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dailytimes1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytimes1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was published on 28 January 1933 in the pamphlet <i>Now or Never</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nowornever_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowornever-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a long political struggle and party meetings with the people of the <a href="/wiki/North_West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North West India">North-West India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> granted the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and independence of India; both countries joined the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> organization. </p><p>The Muslim League was not the only conservative movement in the erstwhile region of British India that became Pakistan. Others included the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Nationalist_Party" title="Congress Nationalist Party">Congress Nationalist Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-beck_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beck-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Punjab)" title="Unionist Party (Punjab)">Punjab Unionist Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a>. </p><p>In addition, a number of figures within the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhai Patel">Sardar Vallabhai Patel</a> were conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Jinnah</a> died in 1948, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>'s constitutional policies were directed to work on constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(1949)_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(1949)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 March 1949, Prime Minister Ali Khan had the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">State parliament</a> passing and promulgating the <a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a>, which ultimately declared <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(1949)_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(1949)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main objective of Resolution was the "declaration of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Pakistan">State</a>'s submitting to the democratic faith of Islam and to the sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(1949)_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(1949)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such resolution was met with great resistance in the state parliament when <a href="/wiki/Law_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Minister of Pakistan">Law minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jogendra_Nath_Mandal" title="Jogendra Nath Mandal">J.N. Mandal</a> resigned from his ministry and gave great criticism to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Politicization of Islam in the country further tighten its support when ultra-conservative <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Clerics</a> passed a "demand draft", called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty_Two_Points&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twenty Two Points (page does not exist)">22 Points</a> which called for the preparation of constitution according to <a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a>, in 1950. </p><p>In 1977, the government of <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a> outlawed alcohol and drugs and changed the weekend from Sunday to Friday, but no substantive Islamic reform program was implemented prior to General <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a> program. Starting in February 1979, new penal measures based on Islamic principles of justice went into effect. These carried considerably greater implications for women than for men. A welfare and taxation system based on <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a> and a profit-and-loss banking system were also established in accordance with Islamic prohibitions against <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> but were inadequate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_foundation_of_conservatism">Early foundation of conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early foundation of conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1947–59:_Independence_and_power_struggle"><span id="1947.E2.80.9359:_Independence_and_power_struggle"></span>1947–59: Independence and power struggle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1947–59: Independence and power struggle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Jinnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> successfully authored and passed the <a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">state parliament</a>, roughly declaring <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. The idea of Conservatism in Pakistan identifies several constants including the "respect for tradition, the rule of law and the Islamic religion." Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> conservatism and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in Pakistan">nationalist</a> agenda was supported by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Ali Khan</a> as part of his internal policies. His conservative policies were met with resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">left-wing</a> which was accused of hatching the <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_conspiracy" title="Rawalpindi conspiracy">conspiracy</a> against <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Ali Khan</a>. In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conservatism">religious conservatism</a> and the state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Islamization</a> became a primary policy of <a href="/wiki/Zia_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia regime">military government</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a>. </p><p>As an aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">1954 general elections</a>, conservatism lost its edge in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East-Pakistan</a> when <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Pakistan">communism</a> deeply asserted itself following the victory of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">Communist Party</a>. The military dictatorships of <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> further limited the conservative platform. During the <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 Pakistani general elections">1970 general elections</a>, the religious conservative and right-wing conservative parties participated in the election with a direct competition with left-oriented <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conservatism">Islamic conservative</a> parties successfully pressed <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a> to declare <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya sect</a> as <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Non-Muslim domination</a>. The right-wing mass made its notable comeback in a response to <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalization in Pakistan">nationalization program</a> of Bhutto, and called for right-wing alliance, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_National_Alliance" title="Pakistan National Alliance">PNA</a>, against PPP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_building">National building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960–78:_Religious_right_and_nationalism"><span id="1960.E2.80.9378:_Religious_right_and_nationalism"></span>1960–78: Religious right and nationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1960–78: Religious right and nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, the conservative movements in the country had emphasized Islamic roots and values in the society but ultimately it did not have any lasting effects in an opposition to <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(field_marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (field marshal)">Ayub Khan</a> aggressive policies to put the <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> country into the roads of <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">industrialization</a>. </p><p>In 1965, the conservative movements prudently went out to gather their support for <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, had initially campaigned on Islamic tradition and promotion of nationalistic society.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/1965_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="1965 Pakistani presidential election">1965 presidential election</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a> used the hard-line Islamic conservative groups to get <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a> disqualified from the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">elections</a>; nonetheless, this scheme failed when the huge public voted for Fatima Jinnah's bid for presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is noted by historians that without the usage of state machinery, President Ayub Khan had almost lost the elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious right was dismayed when President Ayub Khan abrogated his deal with the orthodoxy religious parties, the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">JeI</a>, in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Irtiqa_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irtiqa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its right-wing populism was one of many factor that made the party popular, though it was short-lived. In 1967, the leftist ideas dominated by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> gained much support from the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Irtiqa_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irtiqa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conservative parties produced a performed poor electoral performance during the <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> held in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Irtiqa_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irtiqa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League</a> (PML) led by <a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a> had gained considerable votes from all over the country; the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">JeI</a> faced with an embarrassing election result winning only four out of 300 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Irtiqa_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irtiqa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">bitter war</a> with India and the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">loss</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, the conservative movements were seen as the last blow to their vision at that time. The left-oriented <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> initiated a <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalization in Pakistan">nationalization</a> process to hamper the <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatization in Pakistan">private-ownership</a> of the industries in the country. In 1973, a violent disturbances instigated by JeI forced the PPP to pass the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Second Amendment</a> law to declare <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya</a> domination as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-Muslim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-Muslim (page does not exist)">Non-Muslim</a>. Much of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> was philosophically leaning towards conservative roots and foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Constitution_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Constitution-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The JeI lost all of its support during this time, and a new conservative party, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League</a> had found its own support provided by influential capitalist thinkers, investors, and wealthy donors who resisted the nationalization program.<sup id="cite_ref-General_Elections_1977_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_Elections_1977-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, the JeI was the major contributory of right-wing <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_National_Alliance" title="Pakistan National Alliance">Pakistan National Alliance</a> (PNA), it was the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League</a> who was the most resource party of all.<sup id="cite_ref-General_Elections_1977_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_Elections_1977-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite populism and mass financial capital spent in favor of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_National_Alliance" title="Pakistan National Alliance">Pakistan National Alliance</a> (PNA), the alliance performed poorly during the <a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> held in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-General_Elections_1977_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_Elections_1977-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A massive <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> acts, right-wing violence and calls for martial law led up to be dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a>'s government in 1977 after a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fair Play">martial law</a> took advance.<sup id="cite_ref-General_Elections_1977_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_Elections_1977-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism_and_authoritarianism">Activism and authoritarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Activism and authoritarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1979-1980s:_Conservatism_ascent">1979-1980s: Conservatism ascent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1979-1980s: Conservatism ascent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_Pakistan" title="Islamic economics in Pakistan">Islamic economics in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg/260px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg/390px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg/520px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Bill_Clark_meeting_with_President_Mohammad_Zia_Ul_Haq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2636" /></a><figcaption>President Zia meeting with conservative <a href="/wiki/US_president" class="mw-redirect" title="US president">US president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">NSA</a> <a href="/wiki/William_P._Clark,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William P. Clark, Jr.">William Clark</a> in 1982.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the successful <a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Pakistani coup d'état">coup d'état</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">left-wing</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP), the modern conservatism movement took over the control of state's affairs under President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_Institution_Press,_2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press,_2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conservative principles dominated Zia's economic and foreign policies, including the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Economy">interest-free system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">strict opposition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Communism</a> defining his military administration's political philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Afghan_war_settlement_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afghan_war_settlement-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> largely depended on the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Islamic_Ideology" title="Council of Islamic Ideology">Council of Islamic Ideology</a> (CII) for work and political recommendation for policy guidance issue. On legal philosophical issues, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a> was greatly espoused and extended its activities at federal level judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_of_Pakistan_Studies_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation_of_Pakistan_Studies-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Zia is credited with the success of modern conservatism movement in the country, by his supporters; some galvanizing the Zia's directives prevented the wider <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Soviet incursions</a> into the region as well as economic prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace_(July_2005)_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace_(July_2005)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Zia's military administration brought a fury of conservative economists; conservative foreign policy practitioners; and social conservatives, who identified with his religious and social ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_of_Pakistan_Studies_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation_of_Pakistan_Studies-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">left-wing personalities</a> at the time as being a "source of fundamentalism", but conservative historians asserted that he decisively limited <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Express_Tribune,_2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Express_Tribune,_2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In defining the conservatism, President Zia once described to British journalist Ian Stephen that: "The basis of Pakistan was Islam. The basis of Pakistan were Muslims in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> are a separate culture. It was the <a href="/wiki/Two-Nation_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Nation Theory">Two-Nation Theory</a> that lead to the independence of Pakistan."<sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace_(July_2005)_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace_(July_2005)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">university curriculum</a> in the country was upgraded by President Zia-ul-Haq, that includes the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Studies">Islamic Studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> languages courses, which were made compulsory for students to get their degrees in arts and social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_of_Pakistan_Studies_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation_of_Pakistan_Studies-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Studies">Pakistan Studies</a> were made compulsorily for <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, medical education, commerce, law and nursing education. Extra educational certificates and diplomas were given to people who were <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)"><i>Hafiz</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_of_Pakistan_Studies_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation_of_Pakistan_Studies-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On national priorities, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">atomic bomb project</a> was aggressively put forwarded by President Zia-ul-Haq to counter Indian threat on East and Soviet threat on West.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_Security_Studies,_an_imprint_of_Stanford_University_Press_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_Security_Studies,_an_imprint_of_Stanford_University_Press-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zain123.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zain123.JPG/200px-Zain123.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zain123.JPG/300px-Zain123.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Zain123.JPG/400px-Zain123.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>A conservative leader for <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> from Sindh, Zain Ansari</figcaption></figure> <p>During his eleven years in office, President Zia's conservative reforms and economic policies pushed the country's national economic <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> percent rate reached to 5.88%, surpassing the economic record of President Ayub Khan in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Express_Tribune_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Express_Tribune-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross National Product">GNP</a> was rated at 6.8%; both rates, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">GNP</a>, were highest in the world at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Sushil_Khanna_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sushil_Khanna-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His policies had hard-hitting impact on Pakistan and some of his economic policies were continued by the successive governments. According to the historians, his policies were directed towards making Pakistan the citadel of Islam so that it could play an honorable and prominent role for the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_of_Pakistan_Studies_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation_of_Pakistan_Studies-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leftist historians maintained that his legacy remains a most toxic, enduring, and tamper-proof legacy,<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but to point of view of conservative thinkers, Zia credited by some for preventing wider Soviet incursions into the region as well as economic prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Zia's tough rhetoric and his <a href="/wiki/Rightwing_authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rightwing authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani society">society</a> continued to move forward towards the enlightenment, and the sense of moderation.<sup id="cite_ref-Historic_8th_Amendment_is_passed_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_8th_Amendment_is_passed-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the critic of Zia and leftist cultural writer, <a href="/wiki/Nadeem_F._Paracha" title="Nadeem F. Paracha">Nadeem Paracha</a>, further wrote that in 2013 that it was the "conservative regime of Zia when the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_fashion" title="1980s in fashion">1980's fashion</a> wear and hairstyle was popularized, and the rock music bands that were gaining momentum under his regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paracha further wrote that: "Ironically, it was these <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_restoration_of_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement of restoration of Democracy">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Economy">economic tensions</a> and pretensions, heavy metal, rock music power plays and the economic prosperity that also propelled the gradual expansion of the country's urban middle and lower-middle-classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the leftist cultural critic, <a href="/wiki/Nadeem_F._Paracha" title="Nadeem F. Paracha">Nadeem F. Paracha</a>: "The youth culture at that emerged from these classes that launched the first shots of the kind of pop culture, scene and music we now call modern <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani pop">Pakistani pop</a> and rock."<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News,_Nadeem_F._Paracha-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderation_and_Competition">Moderation and Competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Moderation and Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s–2000s:_The_New_Right_and_conservative_democracy"><span id="1990s.E2.80.932000s:_The_New_Right_and_conservative_democracy"></span>1990s–2000s: The New Right and conservative democracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1990s–2000s: The New Right and conservative democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahsan_Iqbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ahsan_Iqbal.jpg/220px-Ahsan_Iqbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ahsan_Iqbal.jpg/330px-Ahsan_Iqbal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ahsan_Iqbal.jpg/440px-Ahsan_Iqbal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Conservative thinker, <a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Iqbal" title="Ahsan Iqbal">Ahsan Ekbal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Zia's <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Zia-ul-Haq">death</a> in 1988, the left-oriented <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) came in <a href="/wiki/Power_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (politics)">national power</a> through <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> held in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Grin_Publications_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grin_Publications-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1990–2000s is a period of intense and fierce competition between <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">leftist sphere</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> and conservative circle led by <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grin_Publications_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grin_Publications-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In less than two years, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> government was dismissed in by the usage of <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Eighth Amendment</a> in mere two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Grin_Publications_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grin_Publications-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the conservative mass led by <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a>; the elections were controversial with <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">judicial inquiries</a> revealing the role of <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_intelligence_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani intelligence services">intelligence community</a> playing a vital role in support for <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a> (PML(N)) during the 1990 general elections. </p><p>The Conservatives led by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> came in national prominence for the first time in the history, under a <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">democratic transition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grin_Publications_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grin_Publications-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately, the PML(N) government launched <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatization in Pakistan">privatization</a> and reforms towards the <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Economic liberalisation in Pakistan">economic liberalization</a> in the country. Key proponents of <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law"><i>Sharia</i></a> was made part of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">Penal Code</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_On_File_1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_On_File_1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic values were emphasized as a part of the social conservative reforms by the PML(N) government which support at a mainstream level.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> came back to power with an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">exclusive mandate</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Pakistani general elections">general election</a> which saw <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> struck its overwhelming <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">two-third</a> majority in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">parliament</a> for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">history</a> of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittal_Publications_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittal_Publications-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the confrontation with leftist president <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Farooq Leghari</a> and liberal <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sajjad_Ali_Shah" title="Sajjad Ali Shah">Sajjad Ali</a> in 1997, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> decisively consolidated its authoritative position by appointing the <a href="/wiki/National_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="National conservative">national conservative</a> jurist, <a href="/wiki/Saeeduzzaman_Siddiqui" title="Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui">Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a>, and religiously conservative, <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_Tarar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafiq Tarar">Rafiq Tarrar</a>, as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Sage_Publications_Ltd_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sage_Publications_Ltd-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nawaz_Sharif_detail,_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg/200px-Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg/300px-Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg/400px-Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> in 1998</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon resolving the authority issue, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> made notable constitutional reforms towards the constitutional conservatism when the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> government oversaw the passages of <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">thirteenth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">fourteenth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan">fifteenth amendment</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">national assembly</a>, a lower house.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_On_File_2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_On_File_2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan">fifteenth amendment</a> failed to passed from the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate</a> as Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Sharif</a> never brought the bill to senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_On_File_2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_On_File_2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A projection of strong military defence was supported at the <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Pakistan">mainstream media</a>, finally the conservative <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> ordered the activation of country's <a href="/wiki/Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">nuclear testing program</a> in 1998 for the first time in the history of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan:_a_nuclear_power_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan:_a_nuclear_power-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">nuclear testing program</a> authorized by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Sharif</a> was used as "<a href="/wiki/Tit_for_tat" title="Tit for tat">tit for tat</a>" policy in a direct response to Indian <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">nuclear tests</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan:_a_nuclear_power_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan:_a_nuclear_power-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nuclear tests in competition with India was highly popular in the country at that time, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> government had an uttermost public support over that issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan:_a_nuclear_power_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan:_a_nuclear_power-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> further used its political position after <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Sharif</a> <a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_General_Jehangir_Karamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dismissal of General Jehangir Karamat">dismissed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman joint chiefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">chief of army staff</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Karamat" title="Jehangir Karamat">Jehangir Karamat</a>, marking the perception of <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Military">military</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> government cancelled the <a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a> holidays, despite exacerbated concerns of the conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_On_File_1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_On_File_1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major education reforms were carried out by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> government, emphasizing on scientific research and religious studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan._40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan.-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Sharif</a> struck another political achievement after holding the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Declaration" title="Lahore Declaration">Lahore Summit</a>, in which, his <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Indian counterpart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> was delegated to <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, via a <a href="/wiki/Delhi-Lahore_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi-Lahore Bus">Bus service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Lahore_Summit_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Lahore_Summit-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite peace initiatives with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> government lost all its prestige after becoming <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">militarily involved</a> with India in <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil sector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kargil_Offensive_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kargil_Offensive-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his authoritative actions, his economic programmes were failed during the period of worldwide economic growth, especially his attempts to exert intense control over the military ultimately led to his undoing.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_On_File_1_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_On_File_1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> government was dismissed by the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman joint chiefs</a> General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> in a bloodless, rather self-<a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_2008_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of staging of the coup d'état, conservatism was at its lowest level of support from the public. Further, the support for the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> government and its conservatives programs were largely disapproved by the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace_(July_2005)_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace_(July_2005)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010s:_Re-defining_of_New_Right_and_escalations">2010s: Re-defining of New Right and escalations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2010s: Re-defining of New Right and escalations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naya_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naya Pakistan">Naya Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noon_League_Meeting.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Noon_League_Meeting.JPG/250px-Noon_League_Meeting.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Noon_League_Meeting.JPG/375px-Noon_League_Meeting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Noon_League_Meeting.JPG/500px-Noon_League_Meeting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PMLN</a> rally in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>By 2000, conservatism had been its lowest point in popularity since the 1960s. Financial problems, <a href="/wiki/Periods_of_stagflation_in_Pakistan" title="Periods of stagflation in Pakistan">economic stagflation</a>, and social tensions had been a contributory factors in lowering of the conservatism and its opposite, the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">socialism</a> at once. Searching for a new political philosophy, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> called for a "<a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>" after forming the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Q)">PML(Q)</a> group, totally hostile towards the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Free_Press_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Free_Press-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Musharraf brought a new generation of liberal thinkers to power in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>. Musharraf pioneered the liberal idea of "<a href="/wiki/Enlightened_Moderation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightened Moderation">Enlightened Moderation</a>" and launched a successful <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Economic liberalisation in Pakistan">liberalization</a> programs in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Free_Press_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Free_Press-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and launch of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan war</a> in 2001 lead to re-defining moments for the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">left-wing</a> politics as well as right-wing politics. The <a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Pakistani general elections">2002 general elections</a> held in 2002 marked the liberals coming into the power, with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Q)">PML(Q)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">MQM</a> forming the government. The religious orthodoxies, under a massive <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal">MMA alliance</a>, struck its notable victory in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">parliament</a>, securing a considerable number of seats in the parliaments.<sup id="cite_ref-Irtiqa_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irtiqa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, a massive <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan" title="Communist Party of Pakistan">communist party</a> demonstration against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the fierce joint-opposition of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PMLN</a> had politically weakened the government. Historians of Pakistan also noted that the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">atomic proliferation</a> debriefings had enraged and outraged the leftists and conservatives alike of their national hero, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Qadeer Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauqir_Hussain,_US_Institute_of_Peace_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauqir_Hussain,_US_Institute_of_Peace-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, social conservatism and hard leftist ideas grew in an opposition against President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">far-right insurgency</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence_in_popular_culture,_literary,_arts_and_science"><span id="Influence_in_popular_culture.2C_literary.2C_arts_and_science"></span>Influence in popular culture, literary, arts and science</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influence in popular culture, literary, arts and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The religious identities, nationalism, and rightist ideas has greatly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Pakistan">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani drama">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">architecture</a>, and popular culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online_sources">Online sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Online sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography_and_references">Bibliography and references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_Institution_Press_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohenothers2011" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Stephen P.; others (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-tob7aEr7AC&q=conservatism+in+pakistan&pg=PA34"><i>The future of Pakistan</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815721819" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815721819"><bdi>978-0815721819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+future+of+Pakistan&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2011-10&rft.isbn=978-0815721819&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft.au=others&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-tob7aEr7AC%26q%3Dconservatism%2Bin%2Bpakistan%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090617014724/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=PK&regionCode=sas&#pk">"Religions: Islam 95%, other (includes Christian and Hindu, 2% Ahmadiyyah) 5%"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> on Pakistan. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk">the original</a> on 17 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA&rft.atitle=Religions%3A+Islam+95%25%2C+other+%28includes+Christian+and+Hindu%2C+2%25+Ahmadiyyah%29+5%25&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html%3FcountryName%3DPakistan%26countryCode%3Dpk%26regionCode%3Dsas%26%23pk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618023219/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1">"Pakistan, Islam in"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Islamic_Studies" title="Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies">Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1">the original</a> on 18 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Centre+for+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Pakistan%2C+Islam+in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1809%3F_hi%3D1%26_pos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143553/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1%20">"Muslim Population—Statistics About the Muslim Population of the World"</a>. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islam.about.com/od/muslimcountries/a/population.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Population%E2%80%94Statistics+About+the+Muslim+Population+of+the+World&rft.pub=About.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislam.about.com%2Fod%2Fmuslimcountries%2Fa%2Fpopulation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press,_2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_Institution_Press,_2004_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_Institution_Press,_2004_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2004" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Stephen P. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe"><i>The idea of Pakistan</i></a></span> (1. paperback ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815715021" title="Special:BookSources/0815715021"><bdi>0815715021</bdi></a>. <q>conservatism in pakistan Muslim League (N).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+idea+of+Pakistan&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=1.+paperback&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press%2C+2004&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0815715021&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaofpakistan00cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beta._Dawn_Area_Studies-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beta._Dawn_Area_Studies_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beta._Dawn_Area_Studies_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaidi2013" class="citation news cs1">Zaidi, S. Akbar (24 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.dawn.com/news/1013368/more-than-one-conservatism">"More than One Conservatism"</a>. <i>Beta. Dawn Area Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beta.+Dawn+Area+Studies&rft.atitle=More+than+One+Conservatism&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.aulast=Zaidi&rft.aufirst=S.+Akbar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1013368%2Fmore-than-one-conservatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-talbot_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1999" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (1999). <i>Pakistan: a modern history</i>. New Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565073-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565073-0"><bdi>978-0-19-565073-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+a+modern+history&rft.place=New+Delhi%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565073-0&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blood-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blood_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood1995" class="citation book cs1">Blood, Peter R. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistancountrys00bloo"><i>Pakistan: a country study</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistancountrys00bloo/page/28">28</a>–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0834-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0834-7"><bdi>978-0-8444-0834-7</bdi></a>. <q>Jinnah 1930.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0834-7&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistancountrys00bloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aips-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aips_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html">"Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address"</a>. <i>Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speeches%2C+Writings%2C+and+Statements+of+Iqbal&rft.atitle=Sir+Muhammad+Iqbal%27s+1930+Presidential+Address&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00islamlinks%2Ftxt_iqbal_1930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-critique-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-critique_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir2006" class="citation book cs1">Mir, Mustansir (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svYphqj8h7UC&q=Iqbal+Separate+North-west+Muslim+State:+A+Critique+of+His+Allahabad+Address+of+1930%27%27&pg=PA138"><i>Iqbal</i></a>. London; New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-094-9"><bdi>978-1-84511-094-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iqbal&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-094-9&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Mustansir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvYphqj8h7UC%26q%3DIqbal%2BSeparate%2BNorth-west%2BMuslim%2BState%3A%2BA%2BCritique%2Bof%2BHis%2BAllahabad%2BAddress%2Bof%2B1930%2527%2527%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailytimes1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dailytimes1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhsan_Aslam2004" class="citation news cs1">Ihsan Aslam (11 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-2-2004_pg3_6">"The History Man: Cambridge remembers Rahmat Ali"</a>. Daily Times, Pakistan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+History+Man%3A+Cambridge+remembers+Rahmat+Ali&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft.au=Ihsan+Aslam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dstory_11-2-2004_pg3_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nowornever-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nowornever_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhary_Rahmat_Ali1933" class="citation web cs1">Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 January 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html">"Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?"</a>. <i>Pakistan Movement Historical Documents</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Paracha (28 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402133212/http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/">"Times of the Vital Sign"</a>. <i>Dawn News, Nadeem F. Paracha</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/">the original</a> on 2 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News%2C+Nadeem+F.+Paracha&rft.atitle=Times+of+the+Vital+Sign&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.au=Nadeem+F.+Paracha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdawn.com%2F2013%2F03%2F28%2Ftimes-of-the-signs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grin_Publications-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grin_Publications_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grin_Publications_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grin_Publications_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grin_Publications_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippert2007" class="citation book cs1">Lippert, Anna (2007). <i>A Young Country with Many Leaders</i>. Grin Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3638588218" title="Special:BookSources/978-3638588218"><bdi>978-3638588218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Young+Country+with+Many+Leaders&rft.pub=Grin+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3638588218&rft.aulast=Lippert&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts_On_File_1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_On_File_1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_On_File_1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_On_File_1_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2009" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&q=nawaz+sharif+conservative&pg=PA625"><i>Encyclopedia of the peoples of Asia and Oceania</i></a>. New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438119137" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438119137"><bdi>978-1438119137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1438119137&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC%26q%3Dnawaz%2Bsharif%2Bconservative%26pg%3DPA625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQadeer2012" class="citation book cs1">Qadeer, Mohammad (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIBw8LvMqYIC&q=nawaz+sharif+conservative&pg=PT39"><i>Pakistan</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134186167" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134186167"><bdi>978-1134186167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1134186167&rft.aulast=Qadeer&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIBw8LvMqYIC%26q%3Dnawaz%2Bsharif%2Bconservative%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittal_Publications-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mittal_Publications_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar1997" class="citation book cs1">Akbar, M.K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=nawaz+sharif+conservative&pg=PA12"><i>Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif</i></a>. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170996740" title="Special:BookSources/8170996740"><bdi>8170996740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+from+Jinnah+to+Sharif&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=8170996740&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcIniHQAHfUC%26q%3Dnawaz%2Bsharif%2Bconservative%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sage_Publications_Ltd-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sage_Publications_Ltd_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKukreja2003" class="citation book cs1">Kukreja, Veena (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdVNL2_DUtYC&q=nawaz+sharif+conservative&pg=PA252"><i>Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises</i></a>. London: Sage Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761996834" title="Special:BookSources/0761996834"><bdi>0761996834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Pakistan%3A+Political+Processes%2C+Conflicts+and+Crises&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0761996834&rft.aulast=Kukreja&rft.aufirst=Veena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdVNL2_DUtYC%26q%3Dnawaz%2Bsharif%2Bconservative%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts_On_File_2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_On_File_2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_On_File_2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerges2008" class="citation book cs1">Gerges, James Wynbrandt ; foreword by Fawaz A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&q=nawaz+sharif+conservative&pg=PA250"><i>A Brief History of Pakistan</i></a>. New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816061846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816061846"><bdi>978-0816061846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Pakistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0816061846&rft.aulast=Gerges&rft.aufirst=James+Wynbrandt+%3B+foreword+by+Fawaz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQGwgJnCPZgC%26q%3Dnawaz%2Bsharif%2Bconservative%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan:_a_nuclear_power-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan:_a_nuclear_power_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan:_a_nuclear_power_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan:_a_nuclear_power_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/pakistan-a-nuclear-power/">"Pakistan: A Nuclear Power"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan</i>. June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Nuclear+Power&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fpakistan-a-nuclear-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge,_2008-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge,_2008_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge,_2008_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziz2008" class="citation book cs1">Aziz, Mazhar (2008). <i>Military control in Pakistan the parallel state</i>. London: Routledge, 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203933572" title="Special:BookSources/978-0203933572"><bdi>978-0203933572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+control+in+Pakistan+the+parallel+state&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+2008&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0203933572&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Mazhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macmillan.-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan._40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Schmidt2011" class="citation book cs1">John R. Schmidt (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Px5TdHx1YC&q=nawaz+sharif+conservative&pg=PT38"><i>The Unraveling: Pakistan in the Age of Jihad</i></a>. United States: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429969079" title="Special:BookSources/978-1429969079"><bdi>978-1429969079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unraveling%3A+Pakistan+in+the+Age+of+Jihad&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1429969079&rft.au=John+R.+Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_Px5TdHx1YC%26q%3Dnawaz%2Bsharif%2Bconservative%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Lahore_Summit-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Lahore_Summit_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/the-lahore-declaration/">"The Lahore Summit"</a>. <i>The Lahore Summit</i>. 1 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lahore+Summit&rft.atitle=The+Lahore+Summit&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fthe-lahore-declaration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kargil_Offensive-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kargil_Offensive_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/the-kargil-offensive/">"Kargil Offensive"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan</i>. Kargil Offensive. June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Kargil+Offensive&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fthe-kargil-offensive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Free_Press-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Free_Press_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Free_Press_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusharraf2006" class="citation book cs1">Musharraf, Pervez (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC&q=PML%28Q%29+in+the+line+of+fire&pg=PT192"><i>In the line of fire : a memoir</i></a>. New York [u.a.]: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/074-3283449" title="Special:BookSources/074-3283449"><bdi>074-3283449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+line+of+fire+%3A+a+memoir&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=074-3283449&rft.aulast=Musharraf&rft.aufirst=Pervez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZBws32j4zwYC%26q%3DPML%2528Q%2529%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bline%2Bof%2Bfire%26pg%3DPT192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauqir_Hussain,_US_Institute_of_Peace-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tauqir_Hussain,_US_Institute_of_Peace_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2008" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Tauqir (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PlSzc544zj4C&q=AQ+Khan+and+Conservatism&pg=PA10"><i>U. S. -Pakistan Engagement : The War On Terrorism And Beyond</i></a>. US Institute of Peace: Tauqir Hussain, US Institute of Peace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1437904253" title="Special:BookSources/978-1437904253"><bdi>978-1437904253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.+S.+-Pakistan+Engagement+%3A+The+War+On+Terrorism+And+Beyond&rft.place=US+Institute+of+Peace&rft.pub=Tauqir+Hussain%2C+US+Institute+of+Peace&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1437904253&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Tauqir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPlSzc544zj4C%26q%3DAQ%2BKhan%2Band%2BConservatism%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjay_Garg2010" class="citation book cs1">Ajay Garg (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z9gIaSHQ0XwC&q=conservatism+in+pakistan&pg=PA65"><i>Angels of the Lost World</i></a>. New Delhi: Ajay Garg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angels+of+the+Lost+World&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Ajay+Garg&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Ajay+Garg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz9gIaSHQ0XwC%26q%3Dconservatism%2Bin%2Bpakistan%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Scholarly books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerges2008" class="citation book cs1">Gerges, James Wynbrandt ; foreword by Fawaz A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&q=A+Brief+history+of+Pakistan"><i>A brief history of Pakistan</i></a>. New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816061846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816061846"><bdi>978-0816061846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Pakistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0816061846&rft.aulast=Gerges&rft.aufirst=James+Wynbrandt+%3B+foreword+by+Fawaz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQGwgJnCPZgC%26q%3DA%2BBrief%2Bhistory%2Bof%2BPakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, R.S.N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=The+military+factor+in+Pakistan"><i>The military factor in Pakistan</i></a>. New Delhi: Frankfort, IL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0981537894" title="Special:BookSources/978-0981537894"><bdi>978-0981537894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+military+factor+in+Pakistan&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Frankfort%2C+IL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0981537894&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R.S.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCm2DFZblOYC%26q%3DThe%2Bmilitary%2Bfactor%2Bin%2BPakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeVine2008" class="citation book cs1">LeVine, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DY9TBRXDi40C&q=Heavy+metal+Islam+rock%2C+resistance%2C+and+the+struggle+for+the+soul+of+Islam"><i>Heavy metal Islam rock, resistance, and the struggle for the soul of Islam</i></a>. New York: Crown Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307449603" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307449603"><bdi>978-0307449603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavy+metal+Islam+rock%2C+resistance%2C+and+the+struggle+for+the+soul+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0307449603&rft.aulast=LeVine&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDY9TBRXDi40C%26q%3DHeavy%2Bmetal%2BIslam%2Brock%252C%2Bresistance%252C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bstruggle%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bsoul%2Bof%2BIslam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman,_HasanHusain,_Syed_Sajjad.1964" class="citation book cs1">Zaman, Hasan; Husain, Syed Sajjad. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001249274"><i>Pakistan: an anthology</i></a>. Dacca, Society for Pakistan Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+an+anthology&rft.pub=Dacca%2C+Society+for+Pakistan+Studies&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Zaman%2C+Hasan&rft.au=Husain%2C+Syed+Sajjad.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001249274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjay_Garg2010" class="citation book cs1">Ajay Garg (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z9gIaSHQ0XwC&q=conservatism+in+pakistan&pg=PA65"><i>Angels of the Lost World</i></a>. New Delhi: Ajay Garg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angels+of+the+Lost+World&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Ajay+Garg&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Ajay+Garg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz9gIaSHQ0XwC%26q%3Dconservatism%2Bin%2Bpakistan%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Socialism in Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electionpakistan2013.blogspot.com/2013/05/pakistan-muslim-league-nawaz-pml-n.html">Pakistan Muslim League</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism_in_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#154E9D; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Template:Conservatism in Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism_in_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">Conservatism in Pakistan</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#154E9D; color:white;">Ideology and initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Pakistan">Idea of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naya_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naya Pakistan"><i>Naya Pakistan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Economic liberalisation in Pakistan">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatization in Pakistan">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency">Conservation and Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Pakistan" title="Census in Pakistan">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Solidarity_Day" title="Kashmir Solidarity Day">Solidarity Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Takbir" title="Youm-e-Takbir"><i>Youm-é-Takbir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Zindabad" title="Pakistan Zindabad">Pakistan Zindabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Sharifism</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq"><i>Ziaism</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Ideology_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Ideology council">Islamic Ideology Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="N-deterrence">Defence through deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_Pakistan" title="Islamic economics in Pakistan">Islamic economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporate Sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Ummah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Ummah"><i>Müslim Ummǎh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Education Commission of Pakistan">Higher education for all</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Day" title="Iqbal Day">Iqbal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Day" title="Pakistan Day">Pakistan Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani tradition">Traditional values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamism in Pakistan">Islamic Agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan"><i>zamīndārism</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman,_Ittihad,_Nazm" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman, Ittihad, Nazm">Unite and Rule!</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Provinces_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Provinces (Pakistan)">Four Provinces unity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billion_Tree_Tsunami" title="Billion Tree Tsunami">Billion Tree Tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_for_Pakistan" title="Plant for Pakistan">Plant4Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Flag of Pakistan."><img alt="The Flag of Pakistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/95px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/143px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/190px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#154E9D; color:white;">Organizations and parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">IJI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">PML blocks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Q)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(F)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (F)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Z)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Z)">Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(J)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (J)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="All Pakistan Muslim League">A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Pakistan)" title="National Party (Pakistan)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazaria-i-Pakistan_Trust" title="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust">Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difa-e-Pakistan_Council" title="Difa-e-Pakistan Council">Difa-e-Pakistan Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan" title="Iqbal Academy Pakistan">Iqbal Academy Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasban_e_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasban e Pakistan">Pasban-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup_Pakistan" title="Gallup Pakistan">Gallup Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Institute_of_Development_Economics" title="Pakistan Institute of Development Economics">PIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Tea_House" title="Pak Tea House">Pak Tea House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdard_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdard Foundation">Hamdard Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Jinnah Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#154E9D; color:white;">Key personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain" title="Mamnoon Hussain">Mamnoon Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javed_Hashmi" title="Javed Hashmi">Javed Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Zafar_ul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Zafar ul Haq">Zafar-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushahid_Hussain" title="Mushahid Hussain">Mushahid Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shireen_Mazari" title="Shireen Mazari">Shireen Mazari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj-ul-Haq" title="Siraj-ul-Haq">Siraj-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami-ul-Haq" title="Sami-ul-Haq">Sami-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ijaz-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq">Ejaz-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Rasheed" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervez Rasheed">Pervez Rasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehmina_Daultana" title="Tehmina Daultana">Tehmina Daultana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalsoom_Nawaz_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif">Kalsoom Nawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemima_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemima Khan">Jemima Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gohar_Ayub_Khan" title="Gohar Ayub Khan">Gohar Ayub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafarullah_Khan_Jamali" title="Zafarullah Khan Jamali">Zafarullah Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Bugti" title="Akbar Bugti">Akbar Bugti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abida_Hussain" title="Abida Hussain">Abida Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaj_Aziz" title="Sartaj Aziz">Sartaj Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Fatemi" title="Tariq Fatemi">Tariq Fatemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Zafar_Jhagra" title="Iqbal Zafar Jhagra">Iqbal Jhagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_Malik" title="Ayla Malik">Ayla Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naz_Baloch" title="Naz Baloch">Naz Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Baloch" title="Abdul Qadir Baloch">Abdul Qadeer Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Mir" title="Hamid Mir">Hamid Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Khan_(journalist)" title="Kamran Khan (journalist)">Kamran Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Saad_Rafique" title="Khawaja Saad Rafique">Saad Rafique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Muhammad_Asif" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawaja Muhammad Asif">Muhammad Asif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmed">Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmood_Khan_Achakzai" title="Mahmood Khan Achakzai">Mahmood Achakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Mehtab_Ahmed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Mehtab Ahmed Khan">Mehtab Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Michael" title="Kamran Michael">Kamran Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubaida_Jalal_Khan" title="Zubaida Jalal Khan">Zubaida Jalal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#154E9D; color:white;">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Khan administration">Ali Khan administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia regime">Zia administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Sharif administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sharif_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sharif ministry">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sharif_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Sharif ministry">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasi_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasi ministry">Abbasi administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan ministry">Imran Khan administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#154E9D; color:white;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#154E9D; color:white;">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang_Group_of_Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jang Group of Newspapers">Jang Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawa-i-Waqt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawa-i-Waqt">Nawa-i-Waqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_International" class="mw-redirect" title="News International">News International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqt_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Waqt News">Waqt News</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#154E9D; color:white;">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_News" title="Dawn News">Dawn News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunya_News" title="Dunya News">Dunya News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_News" title="Geo News">Geo News</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#154E9D; color:white;">Pop culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazba-e-Junoon" title="Jazba-e-Junoon">Jazba-e-Junoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_Macha" title="Shor Macha">Shor Macha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dil_Dil_Pakistan" title="Dil Dil Pakistan">Dil Dil Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Tou_Dekhoonga" title="Mein Tou Dekhoonga">Mein Tou Dekhoonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Zindabad_(anthem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Zindabad (anthem)">Pakistan Zindabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waar" title="Waar">Waar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Bravo_Charlie" title="Alpha Bravo Charlie">Alpha Bravo Charlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Shaheed" title="Ghazi Shaheed">Ghazi Shaheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Signs_(band)" title="Vital Signs (band)">Vital Signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junoon_(band)" title="Junoon (band)">Junoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hum_Sab_Ka_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hum Sab Ka Pakistan">Hum Sab Ka Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#154E9D; color:white;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pakistaniat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistaniat">Pakistaniat</a></i></li> <li><i> <a href="/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?">Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&oldid=1253421661">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Pakistan&oldid=1253421661</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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