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class="mw-page-title-main">High dynamic range</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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or <b>expanded dynamic range</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a> with a higher <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> than usual. </p><p>The term is often used in discussing the dynamic ranges of <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">videos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radio_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio signal">radio</a>. It may also apply to the means of recording, processing, and reproducing such signals including <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(signal_processing)" title="Digital signal (signal processing)">digitized signals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imaging">Imaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this context, the term <i>high dynamic range</i> means there is a large amount of variation in light levels within a scene or an image. The <i><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a></i> refers to the range of <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> between the brightest area and the darkest area of that scene or image. </p><p><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="High-dynamic-range_imaging"></span><span class="vanchor-text">High dynamic range imaging</span></span></b> (<b>HDRI</b>) refers to the set of imaging technologies and techniques that allow the dynamic range of images or videos to be increased. It covers the acquisition, creation, storage, distribution and display of images and videos.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern films have often been shot with cameras featuring a higher dynamic range, and legacy films can be post-converted even if manual intervention will be needed for some frames (as when black-and-white films are converted to color).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also, special effects, especially those that mix real and synthetic footage, require both HDR shooting and <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_rendering" title="High-dynamic-range rendering">rendering</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> HDR video is also needed in applications that demand high accuracy for capturing temporal aspects of changes in the scene. This is important in monitoring of some industrial processes such as welding, in predictive driver assistance systems in automotive industry, in <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveillance video">surveillance video</a> systems, and other applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture">Capture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">videography</a>, a technique, commonly named <i><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">high dynamic range</a></i> (<i>HDR</i>) allows the dynamic range of photos and videos to be captured beyond the native capability of the camera. It consists of capturing multiple frames of the same scene but with different <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposures</a> and then combining them into one, resulting into an image with a dynamic range higher than the individually captured frames.<sup id="cite_ref-mann1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the sensors on modern phones and cameras may even combine the two images on-chip. This also allows a wider dynamic range being directly available to the user for display or processing without in-pixel compression. Some cameras designed for use in security applications can capture HDR videos by automatically providing two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a> can often capture high dynamic range images from a single exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduces the need to use the multi-exposure HDR capture technique. </p><p>High dynamic range images are used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. In security cameras the term used instead of HDR is "wide dynamic range".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because of the nonlinearity of some sensors image artifacts can be common.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rendering">Rendering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rendering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_rendering" title="High-dynamic-range rendering">High-dynamic-range rendering</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_rendering" title="High-dynamic-range rendering">High-dynamic-range rendering</a> (HDRR) is the real-time rendering and display of virtual environments using a dynamic range of 65,535:1 or higher (used in computer, gaming, and entertainment technology).<sup id="cite_ref-6800_Leagues_HDR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6800_Leagues_HDR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HDRR does not require a <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_television#Displays" title="High-dynamic-range television">HDR display</a> and originally used <a href="/wiki/Tone_mapping" title="Tone mapping">tone mapping</a> to display the rendering on a <a href="/wiki/Standard-dynamic-range_video" title="Standard-dynamic-range video">standard dynamic range</a> display. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamic_range_compression_or_expansion">Dynamic range compression or expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dynamic range compression or expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tone_mapping" title="Tone mapping">Tone mapping</a></div> <p>The technologies used to store, transmit, display and print images have limited dynamic range. When captured or created images have a higher dynamic range, they must be <a href="/wiki/Tone_mapping" title="Tone mapping">tone mapped</a> in order to reduce that dynamic range.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-dynamic-range formats for image and video files are able to store more dynamic range than traditional 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a> formats. These formats include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video#Formats" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range video">HDR formats</a> that can be used for both storage and transmission to HDR displays, such as: <ul><li>For video: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HDR10" title="HDR10">HDR10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDR10%2B" title="HDR10+">HDR10+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Vision" title="Dolby Vision">Dolby Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLG10" class="mw-redirect" title="HLG10">HLG</a> (backwards compatible with SDR displays)</li></ul></li> <li>For images: <ul><li><b>Gain map</b> approaches, which adds a conversion layer on top of SDR data. The result is backwards compatible with SDR displays and storage. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 21496-1 <i>Gain Map</i>, evolved from a unification of Apple and Adobe's proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used by Apple under the name <i>Adaptive HDR</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is supported starting with <a href="/wiki/MacOS_15" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS 15">MacOS 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">iOS 18</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">iPadOS 18</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_15" title="Android 15">Android 15</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> based browsers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Apple <i>Gain Map</i>, which is not fully documented publicly, although documentation is available to decode these images.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adobe <i>Gain Map</i>, a gain map image in a <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> image file;<sup id="cite_ref-adobegm_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobegm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used by Google under the name <i>Ultra HDR</i> and by Samsung under the name <i>Super HDR</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supports gain on 1 or 3 channels.<sup id="cite_ref-adobegm_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobegm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ultra HDR and ISO 21496-1 formats are encoded simultaneously in Android 15.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a> is compatible with gain maps, but currently no encoder is available.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Apple <i>EDR</i> (Extreme Dynamic Range), used in macOS and iOS.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple refers to EDR as the combination of hardware and software that allows displaying SDR and HDR content on the same screen.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format#HEIC:_HEVC_in_HEIF" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIC</a> (<a href="/wiki/HEVC" class="mw-redirect" title="HEVC">HEVC</a> codec in <a href="/wiki/HEIF" class="mw-redirect" title="HEIF">HEIF</a> file format)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a> (<a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a> codec in HEIF file format)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a><sup id="cite_ref-:20_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HSP, CTA 2072 HDR Still Photo Interface (a format used by <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> cameras for photo capture in HDR with the HLG <a href="/wiki/Transfer_functions_in_imaging" title="Transfer functions in imaging">transfer function</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Formats that are only used for storage purpose, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">Raw image formats</a></li> <li>Formats that use a <a href="/wiki/Linear_function_(calculus)" title="Linear function (calculus)">linear</a> <a href="/wiki/Transfer_functions_in_imaging" title="Transfer functions in imaging">transfer function</a> with high <a href="/wiki/Bit_depth_(computer_graphics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit depth (computer graphics)">bit-depth</a></li> <li>Formats that use a <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_integral_function" title="Logarithmic integral function">logarithmic</a> transfer function</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR">OpenEXR</a> was created in 1999 by <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a> (ILM) and released in 2003 as an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Software library">software library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OpenEXRdotCom_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenEXRdotCom-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenEXR is used for <a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenEXRdotCom_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenEXRdotCom-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Color_Encoding_System" title="Academy Color Encoding System">Academy Color Encoding System</a> (ACES) was created by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> and released in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-ACESOverviewDecember2014ACES_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACESOverviewDecember2014ACES-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACES is a complete color and file management system that works with almost any professional workflow and it supports both HDR and <a href="/wiki/Wide_color_gamut" class="mw-redirect" title="Wide color gamut">wide color gamut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACESOverviewDecember2014ACES_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACESOverviewDecember2014ACES-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission_to_displays">Transmission to displays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transmission to displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range video">High-dynamic-range video</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range video">High dynamic range</a> (HDR) is also the common name of a technology allowing to transmit high dynamic range videos and images to compatible displays. That technology also improves other aspects of transmitted images, such as <a href="/wiki/Color_gamut" class="mw-redirect" title="Color gamut">color gamut</a>. </p><p>In this context, </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video#Displays" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range video">HDR displays</a> refers to displays compatible with that technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video#Formats" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range video">HDR formats</a> refers to formats such as <a href="/wiki/HDR10" title="HDR10">HDR10</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDR10%2B" title="HDR10+">HDR10+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Vision" title="Dolby Vision">Dolby Vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/HLG10" class="mw-redirect" title="HLG10">HLG</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDR_video" class="mw-redirect" title="HDR video">HDR video</a> refers to a video encoded in an HDR format. Thoses HDR video have a greater bit depth, luminance and color volume than <a href="/wiki/Standard_dynamic_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard dynamic range">standard dynamic range</a> (SDR) video which uses a conventional <a href="/wiki/Gamma_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma curve">gamma curve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DisplayHDR2015BBC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DisplayHDR2015BBC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>On January 4, 2016, the Ultra HD Alliance announced their certification requirements for an HDR display.<sup id="cite_ref-UltraHDRJanuary2016BusinessWire_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UltraHDRJanuary2016BusinessWire-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UltraHDRJanuary2016CNet_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UltraHDRJanuary2016CNet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HDR display must have either a peak brightness of over 1000 <a href="/wiki/Cd/m2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cd/m2">cd/m<sup>2</sup></a> and a black level less than 0.05 cd/m<sup>2</sup> (a <a href="/wiki/Contrast_ratio" title="Contrast ratio">contrast ratio</a> of at least 20,000:1) or a peak brightness of over 540 cd/m<sup>2</sup> and a black level less than 0.0005 cd/m<sup>2</sup> (a contrast ratio of at least 1,080,000:1).<sup id="cite_ref-UltraHDRJanuary2016BusinessWire_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UltraHDRJanuary2016BusinessWire-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UltraHDRJanuary2016CNet_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UltraHDRJanuary2016CNet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two options allow for different types of HDR displays such as <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> and <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UltraHDRJanuary2016CNet_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UltraHDRJanuary2016CNet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some options to use HDR <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer functions</a> that better match the human <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> other than a conventional gamma curve include the HLG and <a href="/wiki/Perceptual_quantizer" title="Perceptual quantizer">perceptual quantizer</a> (PQ).<sup id="cite_ref-DisplayHDR2015BBC_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DisplayHDR2015BBC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HPATechFebruary2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPATechFebruary2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GradingHDR2015studiodaily_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GradingHDR2015studiodaily-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HLG and PQ require a <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">bit depth</a> of 10-bits per sample.<sup id="cite_ref-DisplayHDR2015BBC_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DisplayHDR2015BBC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HPATechFebruary2014_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPATechFebruary2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display">Display</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_display_technology" title="History of display technology">History of display technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backlight#Backlight_dimming" title="Backlight">Backlight § Backlight dimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_television" title="High-dynamic-range television">High-dynamic-range television</a></div> <p>The dynamic range of a display refers to range of <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> the display can reproduce, from the black level to its peak brightness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Display_contrast" title="Display contrast">contrast of a display</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> between the luminance of the brightest white and the darkest black that a monitor can produce.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple technologies allowed to increase the dynamic range of displays. </p><p>In May 2003, <a href="/wiki/BrightSide_Technologies" title="BrightSide Technologies">BrightSide Technologies</a> demonstrated the first HDR display at the Display Week Symposium of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Information_Display" title="Society for Information Display">Society for Information Display</a>. The display used an array of individually-controlled LEDs behind a conventional LCD panel in a configuration known as "<a href="/wiki/Local_dimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Local dimming">local dimming</a>". BrightSide later introduced a variety of related display and video technologies enabling visualization of HDR content.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2007, <a href="/wiki/BrightSide_Technologies" title="BrightSide Technologies">BrightSide Technologies</a> was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> displays have high contrast. <a href="/wiki/Mini_LED" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini LED">MiniLED</a> improves contrast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realtime_HDR_vision">Realtime HDR vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Realtime HDR vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MannGlas_welding_helmet_2views.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MannGlas_welding_helmet_2views.jpg/250px-MannGlas_welding_helmet_2views.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MannGlas_welding_helmet_2views.jpg/330px-MannGlas_welding_helmet_2views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MannGlas_welding_helmet_2views.jpg/500px-MannGlas_welding_helmet_2views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption>Mann's HDR (high-dynamic-range) welding helmet augments the image in dark areas and diminishes it in bright areas, thus implementing <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_reality" title="Computer-mediated reality">computer-mediated reality</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a> invented the Generation-1 and Generation-2 "Digital Eye Glass" as a vision aid to help people see better with some versions being built into welding helmets for HDR vision.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE-Spectrum_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-Spectrum-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-imaging">Non-imaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio">Audio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Audio, the term <i>high dynamic range</i> means there is a lot of variation in the levels of the sound. Here, the <i><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a></i> refers to the range between the highest volume and lowest volume of the sound. </p><p><a href="/wiki/XDR_(audio)" title="XDR (audio)">XDR (audio)</a> is used to provide higher-quality audio when using microphone sound systems or recording onto cassette tapes. </p><p>HDR Audio is a dynamic mixing technique used in <a href="/wiki/EA_Digital_Illusions_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="EA Digital Illusions CE">EA Digital Illusions CE</a> <a href="/wiki/Frostbite_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Frostbite Engine">Frostbite Engine</a> to allow relatively louder sounds to drown out softer sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FrostbiteEngineTrailer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrostbiteEngineTrailer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Dynamic range compression</a> is a set of techniques used in audio recording and communication to put high-dynamic-range material through channels or media of lower dynamic range. Optionally, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic range expansion">dynamic range expansion</a> is used to restore the original high dynamic range on playback. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In radio, high dynamic range is important especially when there are potentially interfering signals. Measures such as <a href="/wiki/Spurious-free_dynamic_range" title="Spurious-free dynamic range">spurious-free dynamic range</a> are used to quantify the dynamic range of various system components such as frequency synthesizers. HDR concepts are important in both conventional and <a href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">software-defined radio</a> design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many fields, instruments need to have a very high dynamic range. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismology</a>, HDR accelerometers are needed, as in the <a href="/wiki/ICEARRAY#Instruments" title="ICEARRAY">ICEARRAY instruments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a> – ITU-R Recommendation for HDR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Forum" title="Ultra HD Forum">Ultra HD Forum</a> – Organization that has created standards for HDR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_grading" title="Color grading">Color grading</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_dynamic_range&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonBormanStevenson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, Mark A.; Borman, Sean; Stevenson, Robert L. (April 2003). "Estimation-theoretic approach to dynamic range enhancement using multiple exposures". <i>Journal of Electronic Imaging</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 220, right column, line 26219–228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JEI....12..219R">2003JEI....12..219R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F1.1557695">10.1117/1.1557695</a>. <q>The first report of digitally combining multiple pictures of the same scene to improve dynamic range appears to be Mann</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Electronic+Imaging&rft.atitle=Estimation-theoretic+approach+to+dynamic+range+enhancement+using+multiple+exposures&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=220%2C+right+column%2C+line+26219-228&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F1.1557695&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JEI....12..219R&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Borman%2C+Sean&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+dynamic+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDufauxLe_CalletMantiukMrak2016" class="citation book cs1">Dufaux, Frédéric; Le Callet, Patrick; Mantiuk, Rafal; Mrak, Marta (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081004128/high-dynamic-range-video"><i>High Dynamic Range Video – From Acquisition to Display and Applications</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2014-0-03232-7">10.1016/C2014-0-03232-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100412-8"><bdi>978-0-08-100412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Dynamic+Range+Video+%E2%80%93+From+Acquisition+to+Display+and+Applications&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FC2014-0-03232-7&rft.isbn=978-0-08-100412-8&rft.aulast=Dufaux&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Le+Callet%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Mantiuk%2C+Rafal&rft.au=Mrak%2C+Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fbook%2F9780081004128%2Fhigh-dynamic-range-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+dynamic+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mann1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mann1993_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Compositing Multiple Pictures of the Same Scene", by Steve Mann, in IS&T's 46th Annual Conference, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 9–14, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReinhard,_ErikWard,_GregPattanaik,_SumantaDebevec,_Paul2005" class="citation book cs1">Reinhard, Erik; Ward, Greg; Pattanaik, Sumanta; Debevec, Paul (2005). <i>High dynamic range imaging: acquisition, display, and image-based lighting</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-585263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-585263-0"><bdi>978-0-12-585263-0</bdi></a>. <q>Images that store a depiction of the scene in a range of intensities commensurate with the scene are what we call HDR, or "radiance maps". On the other hand, we call images suitable for display with current display technology LDR.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+dynamic+range+imaging%3A+acquisition%2C+display%2C+and+image-based+lighting&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FMorgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-12-585263-0&rft.au=Reinhard%2C+Erik&rft.au=Ward%2C+Greg&rft.au=Pattanaik%2C+Sumanta&rft.au=Debevec%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+dynamic+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnaud_Darmont2012" class="citation book cs1">Arnaud Darmont (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x648.html?product_id=903927"><i>High Dynamic Range Imaging: Sensors and Architectures</i></a> (First ed.). SPIE press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81948-830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81948-830-5"><bdi>978-0-81948-830-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Dynamic+Range+Imaging%3A+Sensors+and+Architectures&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=SPIE+press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-81948-830-5&rft.au=Arnaud+Darmont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspie.org%2Fx648.html%3Fproduct_id%3D903927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+dynamic+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6800_Leagues_HDR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6800_Leagues_HDR_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Green_and_Cem_Cebenoyan2004" class="citation web cs1">Simon Green and Cem Cebenoyan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.nvidia.com/developer/presentations/2004/6800_Leagues/6800_Leagues_HDR.pdf">"High Dynamic Range Rendering (on the GeForce 6800)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/GeForce_6" class="mw-redirect" title="GeForce 6">GeForce 6</a> Series</i>. nVidia. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeForce+6+Series&rft.atitle=High+Dynamic+Range+Rendering+%28on+the+GeForce+6800%29&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Simon+Green+and+Cem+Cebenoyan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.nvidia.com%2Fdeveloper%2Fpresentations%2F2004%2F6800_Leagues%2F6800_Leagues_HDR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh+dynamic+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanHubel2023" class="citation conference cs1">Chan, Eric (Adobe); Hubel, Paul M. 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