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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coregency_with_Amenhotep_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coregency_with_Amenhotep_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coregency with Amenhotep III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coregency_with_Amenhotep_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_reign_as_Amenhotep_lV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign_as_Amenhotep_lV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early reign as Amenhotep lV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign_as_Amenhotep_lV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Name change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_Amarna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_Amarna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Founding Amarna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_Amarna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coregency_with_Smenkhkare_or_Nefertiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coregency_with_Smenkhkare_or_Nefertiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Coregency with Smenkhkare or Nefertiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coregency_with_Smenkhkare_or_Nefertiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Atenism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atenism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Atenism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implementation_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Implementation and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atenism_and_other_gods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atenism_and_other_gods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Atenism and other gods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atenism_and_other_gods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Akhenaten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Akhenaten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>After Akhenaten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Akhenaten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Artistic depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculative_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculative_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Speculative theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speculative_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Speculative theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Speculative_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Akhenaten_and_monotheism_in_Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akhenaten_and_monotheism_in_Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Akhenaten and monotheism in Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akhenaten_and_monotheism_in_Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Possible illness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Akhenaten</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achenaten" title="Achenaten – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Achenaten" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echnaton" title="Echnaton – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Echnaton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="أخناتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أخناتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akenat%C3%B3n" title="Akenatón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Akenatón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exnaton" title="Exnaton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Exnaton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="آخن آتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آخن آتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="আখেনাতেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আখেনাতেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эхнатон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эхнатон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ехнатон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ехнатон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehnaton" title="Ehnaton – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ehnaton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%27henaton" title="Ac'henaton – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ac'henaton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эхнатон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эхнатон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achnaton" title="Achnaton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Achnaton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echnaton" title="Echnaton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Echnaton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehnaton" title="Ehnaton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ehnaton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Ακενατόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακενατόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akenat%C3%B3n" title="Akenatón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Akenatón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%A5naton" title="Aĥnaton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aĥnaton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akenaton" title="Akenaton – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akenaton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="آخناتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آخناتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenat%C3%B3n" title="Akhenatón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Akhenatón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%81%AC%EB%82%98%ED%86%A4" title="아크나톤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아크나톤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էխնաթոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էխնաթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="अखेनातेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अखेनातेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eknaton" title="Eknaton – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eknaton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אחנתון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אחנתון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಕ್ನಾಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಕ್ನಾಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E_IV" title="ამენჰოტეპ IV – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამენჰოტეპ IV" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эхнатон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эхнатон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehnatons" title="Ehnatons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ehnatons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echnatonas" title="Echnatonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Echnatonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaten" title="Acenaten – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Acenaten" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/akenatyn" title="akenatyn – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="akenatyn" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehnaton" title="Ehnaton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ehnaton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akenat%C3%B4na" title="Akenatôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Akenatôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="അഖ്നാതെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഖ്നാതെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ეხნატონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეხნატონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="اخناتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اخناتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquen%C3%A1ton" title="Aquenáton – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Aquenáton" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achnaton" title="Achnaton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Achnaton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="अखेनातेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अखेनातेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3" title="アクエンアテン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アクエンアテン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhnaton" title="Akhnaton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akhnaton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exnaton" title="Exnaton – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Exnaton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8" title="ਇਖ਼ਨਾਤੁਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਖ਼ਨਾਤੁਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ریان بن الولید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریان بن الولید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echnaton" title="Echnaton – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Echnaton" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echnaton" title="Echnaton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Echnaton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquen%C3%A1ton" title="Aquenáton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aquenáton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echnaton" title="Echnaton – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Echnaton" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эхнатон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эхнатон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="අක්නාටන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අක්නාටන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="اخناتون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اخناتون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achnaton" title="Achnaton – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Achnaton" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehnaton" title="Ehnaton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ehnaton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ئیخناتون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیخناتون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ехнатон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ехнатон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அக்கெனதென் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அக்கெனதென்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99" title="ฟาโรห์อเคนาเทน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาโรห์อเคนาเทน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Охнотун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Охнотун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akhenaton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF_IV_%D0%95%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аменхотеп IV Ехнатон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аменхотеп IV Ехнатон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ریان بن ولید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریان بن ولید" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Akhenaten" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%AF%E9%82%A3%E9%A0%93" title="阿肯那頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿肯那頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%AF%E9%82%A3%E9%A1%BF" title="阿肯那顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿肯那顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">18th Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Akhenaten (disambiguation)">Akhenaten (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87;font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Akhenaten</li> <li>Amenhotep IV</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Amenophis IV, Naphurureya, Ikhnaton<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWestbrook20026_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWestbrook20026-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1912252_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1912252-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e061.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Akhenaten at the Egyptian Museum"><img alt="Statue of Akhenaten at the Egyptian Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e061.JPG/220px-GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e061.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e061.JPG/330px-GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e061.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e061.JPG/440px-GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e061.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Akhenaten at the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1353–1336 BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1351–1334 BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Horus name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Ka nakht qai shuti</i> (Year 1–5)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Victorious bull, high of plumes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Cah1.png?afa8f" title="<h0" alt="<h0" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E1.png?4dcff" height="28" title="E1" alt="E1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D40.png?462ae" height="11" title="D40" alt="D40" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29" alt="N29" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A28.png?bbed7" height="38" title="A28" alt="A28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S9.png?43239" height="38" title="S9" alt="S9" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Cah1a.png?244a5" title="h0>" alt="h0>" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Srxtail2.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Srxtail2.GIF" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Mery Iten</i> (after Year 5)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Beloved of the Aten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="9" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="15" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N36.png?d5dbf" height="7" title="N36" alt="N36" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Nebty_("two_ladies")_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nebty name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Wer nesyt em Ipet Swt</i> (Year 1–5)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Great of kingship in Karnak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png?dbf15" height="38" title="G16" alt="G16" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G36.png?39a4f" height="25" title="G36 [wr]" alt="wr" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23 [sw]" alt="sw" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="38" title="G17 [m]" alt="m" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q1.png?30a23" height="38" title="Q1" alt="Q1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="11" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></li> <li><i>Wer-nesut-em-Akhetaten</i> (after Year 5)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Great of kingship in Akhetaten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png?dbf15" height="38" title="G16" alt="G16" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G36.png?39a4f" height="25" title="G36 [wr]" alt="wr" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23 [sw]" alt="sw" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa13.png?4d8fd" height="6" title="Aa13" alt="Aa13" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N27.png?fee08" height="18" title="N27 [Axt]" alt="Axt" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="9" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O1.png?39788" height="13" title="O1 [pr]" alt="pr" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_of_Gold" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Golden Horus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Wetjes khau em Iunu shemay</i> (Year 1–5)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Elevated of appearances in southern Heliopolis<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G8.png?a8843" height="38" title="G8" alt="G8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U39.png?0a85e" height="38" title="U39" alt="U39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y1.png?22c01" height="10" title="Y1" alt="Y1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N28.png?3f65d" height="15" title="N28" alt="N28" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="11" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="38" title="G17 [m]" alt="m" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O28.png?4910a" height="38" title="O28" alt="O28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49" alt="O49" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M27.png?37bd6" height="38" title="M27" alt="M27" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></li> <li><i>Wetjes ren en Iten</i> (after Year 5)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Who has elevated the name of the Aten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G8.png?a8843" height="38" title="G8" alt="G8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U39.png?0a85e" height="38" title="U39" alt="U39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="9" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V10.png?15be6" height="17" title="V10" alt="V10" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Throne_name_(praenomen)" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Prenomen  (Praenomen)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><i>Nefer-kheperu-Re, wa-en-Re</i> (Year 1–17)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The perfect one of the manifestations of Re, the unique one of Re<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="38" title="L2" alt="L2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35 [nfr]" alt="nfr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L1.png?8b41f" height="36" title="L1 [xpr]" alt="xpr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z3.png?25d86" height="38" title="Z3" alt="Z3" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T21.png?1d819" height="15" title="T21 [wa]" alt="wa" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Imen-hetep(u) netjer heqa Waset</i> (Year 1–5)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Amun is satisfied, god, and ruler of Thebes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="38" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5 [mn]" alt="mn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R4.png?60956" height="15" title="R4 [Htp]" alt="Htp" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="38" title="R8" alt="R8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S38.png?35ff7" height="38" title="S38" alt="S38" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R19.png?d3487" height="38" title="R19" alt="R19" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></li> <li><i>Akh-en-Iten</i> (after Year 5)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The one who is beneficial to the Aten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="38" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G25.png?a94d0" height="38" title="G25" alt="G25" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa1.png?3a810" height="18" title="Aa1 [x]" alt="x" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiya" title="Kiya">Kiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Younger_Lady" title="The Younger Lady">An unidentified sister-wife</a> (most likely)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadukhipa" title="Tadukhipa">Tadukhipa</a></li> <li>Unidentified daughters of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0atiya" title="Šatiya">Šatiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritaten" title="Meritaten">Meritaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meketaten" title="Meketaten">Meketaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenamun" title="Ankhesenamun">Ankhesenamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten_Tasherit" title="Neferneferuaten Tasherit">Neferneferuaten Tasherit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferure" title="Neferneferure">Neferneferure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setepenre_(princess)" title="Setepenre (princess)">Setepenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> (most likely)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpaaten_Tasherit" title="Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit">Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritaten_Tasherit" title="Meritaten Tasherit">Meritaten Tasherit</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tiye" title="Tiye">Tiye</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1336 or 1334 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tomb_of_Akhenaten" title="Royal Tomb of Akhenaten">Royal Tomb of Akhenaten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a> (original tomb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KV55" title="KV55">KV55</a> (disputed)</li></ul> </div><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhal201097–112_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhal201097–112-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuhig2010114_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuhig2010114-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Akhetaten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Gempaaten</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/18th_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynasty of Egypt</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Akhenaten</b> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6f\/Akhenaten_pronunciation_%28en%29.ogg\/Akhenaten_pronunciation_%28en%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Akhenaten pronunciation (en).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/Akhenaten_pronunciation_%28en%29.ogg/Akhenaten_pronunciation_%28en%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhenaten_pronunciation_(en).ogg" title="File:Akhenaten pronunciation (en).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDictionary.com2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary.com2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also spelled <b>Akhenaton</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003486_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003486-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Echnaton</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003105,_111_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003105,_111-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <i lang="egy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9C%A3%E1%B8%AB-n-jtn" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꜣḫ-n-jtn">ꜣḫ-n-jtn</a></i> <i>ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sem-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈʔuːχəʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>nə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjaːtəj]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2d\/Akhenaten_pronunciation_%28egy%29.ogg\/Akhenaten_pronunciation_%28egy%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Akhenaten pronunciation (egy).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Akhenaten_pronunciation_%28egy%29.ogg/Akhenaten_pronunciation_%28egy%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhenaten_pronunciation_(egy).ogg" title="File:Akhenaten pronunciation (egy).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning 'Effective for the <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a>'), was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> reigning <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1353–1336</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1351–1334 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tenth ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>. Before the fifth year of his reign, he was known as <b>Amenhotep IV</b> (Ancient Egyptian: <i lang="egy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jmn-%E1%B8%A5tp" class="extiw" title="wikt:jmn-ḥtp">jmn-ḥtp</a></i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> is satisfied", <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">Hellenized</a> as <i>Amenophis IV</i>). </p><p>As a pharaoh, Akhenaten is noted for abandoning traditional <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> and introducing <a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a>, or worship centered around <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a>. The views of <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologists</a> differ as to whether the religious policy was absolutely <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a>, or whether it was <a href="/wiki/Monolatristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolatristic">monolatristic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretistic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Henotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Henotheistic">henotheistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201913–15_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201913–15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200044_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200044-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culture shift away from traditional religion was reversed after his death. Akhenaten's monuments were dismantled and hidden, his statues were destroyed, and his name <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">excluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Regnal_list" title="Regnal list">lists of rulers</a> compiled by later pharaohs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManniche2010ix_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManniche2010ix-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional religious practice was gradually restored, notably under his close successor <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, who changed his name from Tutankhaten early in his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaki200819_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaki200819-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When some dozen years later, rulers without clear rights of succession from the Eighteenth Dynasty founded a <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">new dynasty</a>, they discredited Akhenaten and his immediate successors and referred to Akhenaten as "the enemy" or "that criminal" in archival records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner190511_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner190511-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriggerKempO'ConnorLloyd2001186–187_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriggerKempO'ConnorLloyd2001186–187-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akhenaten was all but lost to history until the late-19th-century discovery of <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a>, or Akhetaten, the new capital city he built for the worship of Aten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung199243–44_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung199243–44-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in 1907, a mummy that could be Akhenaten's was unearthed from the tomb <a href="/wiki/KV55" title="KV55">KV55</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Ayrton" title="Edward R. Ayrton">Edward R. Ayrton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> has determined that the man buried in KV55 was Tutankhamun's father,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawassGadSomaiaKhairat2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawassGadSomaiaKhairat2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its identification as Akhenaten has since been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhal201097–112_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhal201097–112-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuhig2010114_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuhig2010114-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchant2011404–06_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchant2011404–06-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzenWillerslev2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzenWillerslev2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerstaffe2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerstaffe2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akhenaten's rediscovery and <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a>'s early excavations at Amarna sparked great public interest in the pharaoh and his queen <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>. He has been described as "enigmatic", "mysterious", "revolutionary", "the greatest idealist of the world", and "the first individual in history", but also as a "heretic", "fanatic", "possibly insane", and "mad".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201913–15_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201913–15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESooke2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESooke2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilvermanWegnerWegner2006185–188_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilvermanWegnerWegner2006185–188-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public and scholarly fascination with Akhenaten comes from his connection with Tutankhamun, the unique style and high quality of the pictorial <a href="/wiki/Amarna_art" title="Amarna art">arts he patronized</a>, and the religion he attempted to establish, foreshadowing monotheism. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_depicting_Akhenaton_and_Nefertiti_with_three_of_their_daughters_under_the_rays_of_Aton_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Relief_depicting_Akhenaton_and_Nefertiti_with_three_of_their_daughters_under_the_rays_of_Aton_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Relief_depicting_Akhenaton_and_Nefertiti_with_three_of_their_daughters_under_the_rays_of_Aton_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Relief_depicting_Akhenaton_and_Nefertiti_with_three_of_their_daughters_under_the_rays_of_Aton_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Relief_depicting_Akhenaton_and_Nefertiti_with_three_of_their_daughters_under_the_rays_of_Aton_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Relief_depicting_Akhenaton_and_Nefertiti_with_three_of_their_daughters_under_the_rays_of_Aton_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Relief_depicting_Akhenaton_and_Nefertiti_with_three_of_their_daughters_under_the_rays_of_Aton_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="2759" /></a><figcaption>Akhenaten, <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a> and their children</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree</a></div> <p>The future Akhenaten was born Amenhotep, a younger son of pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">principal wife</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiye" title="Tiye">Tiye</a>. Akhenaten had an elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_(prince)" title="Thutmose (prince)">Thutmose</a>, who was recognized as Amenhotep III's heir. Akhenaten also had four or five sisters: <a href="/wiki/Sitamun" title="Sitamun">Sitamun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henuttaneb" title="Henuttaneb">Henuttaneb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iset_(daughter_of_Amenhotep_III)" title="Iset (daughter of Amenhotep III)">Iset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebetah" title="Nebetah">Nebetah</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Beketaten" title="Beketaten">Beketaten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201937–39_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201937–39-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thutmose's early death, perhaps around Amenhotep III's thirtieth regnal year, meant that Akhenaten was next in line for Egypt's throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson20186_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson20186-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akhenaten was married to <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wife</a>. The exact timing of their marriage is unknown, but inscriptions from the pharaoh's building projects suggest that they married either shortly before or after Akhenaten took the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2005_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Egyptologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitri_Laboury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimitri Laboury (page does not exist)">Dimitri Laboury</a> suggests that the marriage took place in Akhenaten's fourth regnal year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaboury201062,_224_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaboury201062,_224-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A secondary wife of Akhenaten named <a href="/wiki/Kiya" title="Kiya">Kiya</a> is also known from inscriptions. Some Egyptologists theorize that she gained her importance as the mother of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019220_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019220-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_J._Murnane" title="William J. Murnane">William Murnane</a> proposes that Kiya is the colloquial name of the <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> princess <a href="/wiki/Tadukhipa" title="Tadukhipa">Tadukhipa</a>, daughter of the Mitanni king <a href="/wiki/Tushratta" title="Tushratta">Tushratta</a> who had married Amenhotep III before becoming the wife of Akhenaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006124_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006124-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurnane19959,_90–93,_210–211_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurnane19959,_90–93,_210–211-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akhenaten's other attested consorts are the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Eni%C5%A1asi" title="Enišasi">Enišasi</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0atiya" title="Šatiya">Šatiya</a> and another daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrajetzki2005_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrajetzki2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaziergang_im_Garten_Amarna_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Spaziergang_im_Garten_Amarna_Berlin.jpg/220px-Spaziergang_im_Garten_Amarna_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Spaziergang_im_Garten_Amarna_Berlin.jpg/330px-Spaziergang_im_Garten_Amarna_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Spaziergang_im_Garten_Amarna_Berlin.jpg/440px-Spaziergang_im_Garten_Amarna_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption>This limestone relief of a royal couple in the Amarna style has variously been attributed as Akhenaten and <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meritaten" title="Meritaten">Meritaten</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ankhesenamun" title="Ankhesenamun">Ankhesenamun</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Akhenaten could have had seven or eight children based on inscriptions. Egyptologists are fairly certain about his six daughters, who are well attested in contemporary depictions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson20121_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson20121-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his six daughters, <a href="/wiki/Meritaten" title="Meritaten">Meritaten</a> was born in regnal year one or five; <a href="/wiki/Meketaten" title="Meketaten">Meketaten</a> in year four or six; <a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpaaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankhesenpaaten">Ankhesenpaaten</a>, later queen of Tutankhamun, before year five or eight; <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten_Tasherit" title="Neferneferuaten Tasherit">Neferneferuaten Tasherit</a> in year eight or nine; <a href="/wiki/Neferneferure" title="Neferneferure">Neferneferure</a> in year nine or ten; and <a href="/wiki/Setepenre_(princess)" title="Setepenre (princess)">Setepenre</a> in year ten or eleven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201978_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201978-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaboury2010314–322_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaboury2010314–322-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson200941–42_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson200941–42-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_College_London2001_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_College_London2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tutankhamun, born Tutankhaten, was most likely Akhenaten's son, with Nefertiti or another wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019262_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019262-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2018174–175_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2018174–175-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is less certainty around Akhenaten's relationship with <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a>, Akhenaten's coregent or successor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson201838–39_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson201838–39-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and husband to his daughter Meritaten; he could have been Akhenaten's eldest son with an unknown wife or Akhenaten's younger brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson200984–87_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson200984–87-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019263–265_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019263–265-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Wente" title="Edward F. Wente">Edward Wente</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">James Allen</a>, have proposed that Akhenaten took some of his daughters as wives or sexual consorts to father a male heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisWente1980137–140_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisWente1980137–140-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200915–18_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200915–18-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this is debated, some historical parallels exist: Akhenaten's father Amenhotep III married his daughter Sitamun, while <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> married two or more of his daughters, even though their marriages might simply have been ceremonial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019257_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019257-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins199321–27_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins199321–27-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Akhenaten's case, his oldest daughter Meritaten is recorded as Great Royal Wife to Smenkhkare but is also listed on a box from Tutankhamun's tomb alongside pharaohs Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten as Great Royal Wife. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">letters written to Akhenaten</a> from foreign rulers make reference to Meritaten as "mistress of the house". Egyptologists in the early 20th century also believed that Akhenaten could have fathered a child with his second oldest daughter Meketaten. Meketaten's death, at perhaps age ten to twelve, is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Wadi_and_tombs" title="Royal Wadi and tombs">royal tombs at Akhetaten</a> from around regnal years thirteen or fourteen. Early Egyptologists attribute her death to childbirth, because of the depiction of an infant in her tomb. Because no husband is known for Meketaten, the assumption had been that Akhenaten was the father. <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Aidan Dodson</a> believes this to be unlikely, as no Egyptian tomb has been found that mentions or alludes to the cause of death of the tomb owner. Further, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_van_Dijk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacobus van Dijk (page does not exist)">Jacobus van Dijk</a> proposes that the child is a portrayal of Meketaten's <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">soul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson201819–21_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson201819–21-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, various monuments, originally for Kiya, were reinscribed for Akhenaten's daughters Meritaten and Ankhesenpaaten. The revised inscriptions list a Meritaten-tasherit ("junior") and an Ankhesenpaaten-tasherit. According to some, this indicates that Akhenaten fathered his own grandchildren. Others hold that, since these grandchildren are not attested to elsewhere, they are fictions invented to fill the space originally portraying Kiya's child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisWente1980137–140_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisWente1980137–140-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004154_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004154-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Neues_Museum_-_relief_du_prince_Thoutmosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Berlin_Neues_Museum_-_relief_du_prince_Thoutmosis.jpg/250px-Berlin_Neues_Museum_-_relief_du_prince_Thoutmosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Berlin_Neues_Museum_-_relief_du_prince_Thoutmosis.jpg/375px-Berlin_Neues_Museum_-_relief_du_prince_Thoutmosis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Berlin_Neues_Museum_-_relief_du_prince_Thoutmosis.jpg/500px-Berlin_Neues_Museum_-_relief_du_prince_Thoutmosis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Akhenaten's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_(prince)" title="Thutmose (prince)">Thutmose</a>, shown in his role as <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Ptah" title="High Priest of Ptah">High Priest of Ptah</a>. Akhenaten became heir to the throne after Thutmose died during their father's reign.</figcaption></figure> <p>Egyptologists know very little about Akhenaten's life as prince Amenhotep. <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Donald B. Redford</a> dates his birth before his father Amenhotep III's 25th regnal year, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1363–1361 BC</span>, based on the birth of Akhenaten's first daughter, who was likely born fairly early in his own reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford201313_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford201313-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only mention of his name, as "the King's Son Amenhotep", was found on a wine docket at Amenhotep III's <a href="/wiki/Malkata" title="Malkata">Malkata</a> palace, where some historians suggested Akhenaten was born. Others contend that he was born at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, where growing up he was influenced by the worship of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun god</a> <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> practiced at nearby <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201940–41_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201940–41-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Redford and <a href="/wiki/James_K._Hoffmeier" title="James K. Hoffmeier">James K. Hoffmeier</a> state, however, that Ra's cult was so widespread and established throughout Egypt that Akhenaten could have been influenced by solar worship even if he did not grow up around Heliopolis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford198457–58_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford198457–58-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier201565_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier201565-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians have tried to determine who was Akhenaten's tutor during his youth, and have proposed scribes <a href="/wiki/TT226" title="TT226">Heqareshu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meryre_II" title="Meryre II">Meryre II</a>, the royal tutor Amenemotep, or the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Vizier (Ancient Egypt)">vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Aperel" title="Aperel">Aperel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaboury201081_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaboury201081-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only person who we know for certain served the prince was <a href="/wiki/Parennefer" title="Parennefer">Parennefer</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Tomb_7" title="Amarna Tomb 7">tomb</a> mentions this fact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurnane199578_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurnane199578-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Aldred" title="Cyril Aldred">Cyril Aldred</a> suggests that prince Amenhotep might have been a <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Ptah" title="High Priest of Ptah">High Priest of Ptah</a> in Memphis, although no evidence supporting this had been found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier201564_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier201564-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that Amenhotep's brother, <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_(prince)" title="Thutmose (prince)">crown prince Thutmose</a>, served in this role before he died. If Amenhotep inherited all his brother's roles in preparation for his accession to the throne, he might have become a high priest in Thutmose's stead. Aldred proposes that Akhenaten's unusual artistic inclinations might have been formed during his time serving <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a>, the patron god of craftsmen, whose high priests were sometimes referred to as "The Greatest of the Directors of Craftsmanship".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1991259_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1991259-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coregency_with_Amenhotep_III">Coregency with Amenhotep III</h3></div> <p>There is much controversy around whether Amenhotep IV ascended to Egypt's throne on the death of his father Amenhotep III or whether there was a <a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">coregency</a>, lasting perhaps as long as 12 years. <a href="/wiki/Eric_H._Cline" title="Eric H. Cline">Eric Cline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Reeves" title="Nicholas Reeves">Nicholas Reeves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dorman" title="Peter Dorman">Peter Dorman</a>, and other scholars argue strongly against the establishment of a long coregency between the two rulers and in favor of either no coregency or one lasting at most two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves201977_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves201977-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Donald B. Redford</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Murnane" title="William J. Murnane">William J. Murnane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardiner" title="Alan Gardiner">Alan Gardiner</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Berman (page does not exist)">Lawrence Berman</a> contest the view of any coregency whatsoever between Akhenaten and his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerman200423_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman200423-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen200044_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen200044-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most recently, in 2014, archaeologists found both pharaohs' names inscribed on the wall of the <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> tomb of vizier <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep-Huy" title="Amenhotep-Huy">Amenhotep-Huy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_and_Antiquities_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Egypt)">Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities</a> called this "conclusive evidence" that Akhenaten shared power with his father for at least eight years, based on the dating of the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín_ValentínBedman2014_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín_ValentínBedman2014-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this conclusion has since been called into question by other Egyptologists, according to whom the inscription only means that construction on Amenhotep-Huy's tomb started during Amenhotep III's reign and ended under Akhenaten's, and Amenhotep-Huy thus simply wanted to pay his respects to both rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand202063–64_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand202063–64-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign_as_Amenhotep_lV">Early reign as Amenhotep lV</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akenat%C3%B3n_Berl%C3%ADn_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Akenat%C3%B3n_Berl%C3%ADn_05.JPG/200px-Akenat%C3%B3n_Berl%C3%ADn_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Akenat%C3%B3n_Berl%C3%ADn_05.JPG/300px-Akenat%C3%B3n_Berl%C3%ADn_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Akenat%C3%B3n_Berl%C3%ADn_05.JPG/400px-Akenat%C3%B3n_Berl%C3%ADn_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Wooden standing statue of Akhenaten. Currently in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Egyptian Museum of Berlin">Egyptian Museum of Berlin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Akhenaten took Egypt's throne as Amenhotep IV, most likely in 1353<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201945_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201945-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1351 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown how old Amenhotep IV was when he did this; estimates range from 10 to 23.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201946_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201946-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was most likely crowned in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, or less likely at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Armant,_Egypt" title="Armant, Egypt">Armant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201946_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201946-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of Amenhotep IV's reign followed established pharaonic traditions. He did not immediately start redirecting worship toward the <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a> and distancing himself from other gods. Egyptologist Donald B. Redford believes this implied that Amenhotep IV's eventual religious policies were not conceived of before his reign, and he did not follow a pre-established plan or program. Redford points to three pieces of evidence to support this. First, surviving inscriptions show Amenhotep IV worshipping several different gods, including <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201948_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201948-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a>, and texts from this era refer to "the gods" and "every god and every goddess". The <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priest of Amun</a> was also still active in the fourth year of Amenhotep IV's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1991259–268_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1991259–268-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, even though he later moved his capital from Thebes to <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Akhetaten</a>, his initial <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">royal titulary</a> honored Thebes—his <a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Ancient Egypt)">nomen</a> was "Amenhotep, god-ruler of Thebes"—and recognizing its importance, he called the city "Southern Heliopolis, the first great (seat) of Re (or) the Disc". Third, Amenhotep IV did not yet destroy temples to the other gods and he even continued his father's construction projects at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Precinct of Amun-Re</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford201313–14_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford201313–14-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He decorated the walls of the precinct's <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re#Third_Pylon" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Third Pylon</a> with images of himself worshipping <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra-Horakhty</a>, portrayed in the god's traditional form of a falcon-headed man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2014156–160_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2014156–160-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artistic depictions continued unchanged early in Amenhotep IV's reign. Tombs built or completed in the first few years after he took the throne, such as those of <a href="/wiki/TT192" title="TT192">Kheruef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramose_(TT55)" title="Ramose (TT55)">Ramose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parennefer" title="Parennefer">Parennefer</a>, show the pharaoh in the traditional artistic style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENims1973186–187_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENims1973186–187-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ramose's tomb, Amenhotep IV appears on the west wall, seated on a throne, with Ramose appearing before the pharaoh. On the other side of the doorway, Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti are shown in the window of appearances, with the Aten depicted as the sun disc. In Parennefer's tomb, Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti are seated on a throne with the sun disc depicted over the pharaoh and his queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENims1973186–187_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENims1973186–187-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While continuing the worship of other gods, Amenhotep IV's initial building program sought to build new places of worship to the Aten. He ordered the construction of temples or shrines to the Aten in several cities across the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Bubastis" title="Bubastis">Bubastis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_el-Borg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell el-Borg (page does not exist)">Tell el-Borg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a>, Memphis, <a href="/wiki/Nekhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nekhen">Nekhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawa_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawa (Sudan)">Kawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kerma" title="Kerma">Kerma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford201319_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford201319-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also ordered the construction of a large temple complex dedicated to the Aten at Karnak in Thebes, northeast of the parts of the Karnak complex dedicated to Amun. The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Aten temple complex</a>, collectively known as the Per Aten ("House of the Aten"), consisted of several temples whose names survive: the Gempaaten ("The Aten is found in the estate of the Aten"), the Hwt Benben ("House or Temple of the <a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a>"), the Rud-Menu ("Enduring of monuments for Aten forever"), the Teni-Menu ("Exalted are the monuments of the Aten forever"), and the Sekhen Aten ("booth of Aten").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier201598,_101,_105–106_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier201598,_101,_105–106-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around regnal year two or three, Amenhotep IV organized a <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a>. Sed festivals were ritual rejuvenations of an aging pharaoh, which usually took place for the first time around the thirtieth year of a pharaoh's reign and every three or so years thereafter. Egyptologists only speculate as to why Amenhotep IV organized a Sed festival when he was likely still in his early twenties. Some historians see it as evidence for Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV's coregency, and believed that Amenhotep IV's Sed festival coincided with one of his father's celebrations. Others speculate that Amenhotep IV chose to hold his festival three years after his father's death, aiming to proclaim his rule a continuation of his father's reign. Yet others believe that the festival was held to honor the Aten on whose behalf the pharaoh ruled Egypt, or, as Amenhotep III was considered to have become one with the Aten following his death, the Sed festival honored both the pharaoh and the god at the same time. It is also possible that the purpose of the ceremony was to figuratively fill Amenhotep IV with strength before his great enterprise: the introduction of the Aten cult and the founding of the new capital Akhetaten. Regardless of the celebration's aim, Egyptologists believe that during the festivities Amenhotep IV only made offerings to the Aten rather than the many gods and goddesses, as was customary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1991259_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1991259-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesroches-Noblecourt1963144–145_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesroches-Noblecourt1963144–145-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGohary199229–39,_167–169_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGohary199229–39,_167–169-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_change">Name change</h3></div> <p>Among the last documents that refer to Akhenaten as Amenhotep IV are two copies of a letter to the pharaoh from <a href="/wiki/Ipy_(noble)" title="Ipy (noble)">Ipy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_steward_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="High steward (Ancient Egypt)">high steward</a> of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>. These letters, found at <a href="/wiki/Gurob" title="Gurob">Gurob</a>, informing the pharaoh that the royal estates in Memphis are "in good order" and the temple of <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> is "prosperous and flourishing", are dated to regnal year five, day nineteen of the <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Emergence" title="Season of the Emergence">growing season's</a> <a href="/wiki/Paremhat" title="Paremhat">third month</a>. About a month later, day thirteen of the growing season's <a href="/wiki/Parmouti" title="Parmouti">fourth month</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stelae_of_Akhenaten" title="Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten">boundary stela at Akhetaten</a> already had the name Akhenaten carved on it, implying that the pharaoh changed his name between the two inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurnane199550–51_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurnane199550–51-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201983–85_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201983–85-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015166_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015166-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurnaneVan_Siclen_III2011150_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurnaneVan_Siclen_III2011150-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amenhotep IV changed his <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">royal titulary</a> to show his devotion to the Aten. No longer would he be known as Amenhotep IV and be associated with the god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a>, but rather he would completely shift his focus to the Aten. Egyptologists debate the exact meaning of Akhenaten, his new <a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Ancient Egypt)">personal name</a>. The word "akh" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <i lang="egy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9C%A3%E1%B8%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꜣḫ">ꜣḫ</a></i>) could have different translations, such as "satisfied", "effective spirit", or "serviceable to", and thus Akhenaten's name could be translated to mean "Aten is satisfied", "Effective spirit of the Aten", or "Serviceable to the Aten", respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201985–87_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201985–87-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gertie Englund and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Friedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence Friedman (page does not exist)">Florence Friedman</a> arrive at the translation "Effective for the Aten" by analyzing contemporary texts and inscriptions, in which Akhenaten often described himself as being "effective for" the sun disc. Englund and Friedman conclude that the frequency with which Akhenaten used this term likely means that his own name meant "Effective for the Aten".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201985–87_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201985–87-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians, such as <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edel_Elmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edel Elmar (page does not exist)">Edel Elmar</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Fecht (page does not exist)">Gerhard Fecht</a>, propose that Akhenaten's name is misspelled and mispronounced. These historians believe "Aten" should rather be "Jāti", thus rendering the pharaoh's name Akhenjāti or Aḫanjāti (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>), as it could have been pronounced in Ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFecht196089_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFecht196089-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200150_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200150-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmar1948_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmar1948-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th scope="col">Amenhotep IV </th> <th scope="col">Akhenaten </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Horus name </th> <td><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E1.png?4dcff" height="28" title="E1" alt="E1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D40.png?462ae" height="11" title="D40" alt="D40" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29" alt="N29" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A28.png?bbed7" height="38" title="A28" alt="A28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S9.png?43239" height="38" title="S9" alt="S9" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Kanakht-qai-Shuti</i> </p><p>"Strong <a href="/wiki/Bull_(ka_hieroglyph)" title="Bull (ka hieroglyph)">Bull</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shuti_hieroglyph_(two-feather_adornment)" title="Shuti hieroglyph (two-feather adornment)">Double Plumes</a>" </p> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U6.png?4f117" height="37" title="U6 [mr]" alt="mr" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><i>Meryaten</i><br /> <p>"Beloved of Aten" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nebty name </th> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G36.png?39a4f" height="25" title="G36 [wr]" alt="wr" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23 [sw]" alt="sw" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="38" title="G17 [m]" alt="m" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q1.png?30a23" height="38" title="Q1" alt="Q1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="11" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><i>Wer-nesut-em-Ipet-swt</i><br /> <p>"Great of Kingship in Karnak" </p> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G36.png?39a4f" height="25" title="G36 [wr]" alt="wr" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23 [sw]" alt="sw" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa15.png?721ae" height="10" title="Aa15" alt="Aa15" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N27.png?fee08" height="22" title="N27" alt="N27" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><i>Wer-nesut-em-Akhetaten</i><br /> <p>"Great of Kingship in Akhet-Aten" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Golden Horus name </th> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U39.png?0a85e" height="38" title="U39" alt="U39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y1.png?22c01" height="10" title="Y1" alt="Y1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N28.png?3f65d" height="15" title="N28" alt="N28" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2ss.png?14bd2" height="11" title="Z2ss" alt="Z2ss" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="38" title="G17 [m]" alt="m" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O28.png?4910a" height="38" title="O28" alt="O28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24" alt="W24" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49" alt="O49" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M27.png?37bd6" height="38" title="M27" alt="M27" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><i>Wetjes-khau-em-Iunu-Shemay</i><br /> <p>"Crowned in Heliopolis of the South" (Thebes) </p> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U39.png?0a85e" height="38" title="U39" alt="U39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V10.png?15be6" height="19" title="V10" alt="V10" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><i>Wetjes-ren-en-Aten</i><br /> <p>"Exalter of the Name of Aten" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Prenomen </th> <td colspan="2"><div class="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35 [nfr]" alt="nfr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L1.png?8b41f" height="36" title="L1 [xpr]" alt="xpr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z3.png?25d86" height="38" title="Z3" alt="Z3" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T21.png?1d819" height="15" title="T21 [wa]" alt="wa" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><i>Neferkheperure-waenre</i><br />"Beautiful are the Forms of Re, the Unique one of Re"</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nomen </th> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5 [mn]" alt="mn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R4.png?60956" height="15" title="R4 [Htp]" alt="Htp" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="38" title="R8" alt="R8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S38.png?35ff7" height="38" title="S38" alt="S38" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R19.png?d3487" height="38" title="R19" alt="R19" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><i>Amenhotep Netjer-Heqa-Waset</i><br /> <p>"Amun is Satisfied, Divine Lord of Thebes" </p> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G25.png?a94d0" height="38" title="G25" alt="G25" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa1.png?3a810" height="18" title="Aa1 [x]" alt="x" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><i>Akhenaten</i><br /> <p>"Effective for the Aten" </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_Amarna">Founding Amarna</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_boundary_stela_U_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Amarna_boundary_stela_U_01.JPG/220px-Amarna_boundary_stela_U_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Amarna_boundary_stela_U_01.JPG/330px-Amarna_boundary_stela_U_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Amarna_boundary_stela_U_01.JPG/440px-Amarna_boundary_stela_U_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>One of the stele marking the boundary of the new capital Akhetaten</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a></div> <p>Around the same time he changed his royal titulary, on the thirteenth day of the <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Emergence" title="Season of the Emergence">growing season</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parmouti" title="Parmouti">fourth month</a>, Akhenaten decreed that a new capital city be built: Akhetaten (Ancient Egyptian: <i lang="egy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9C%A3%E1%B8%ABt-jtn" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꜣḫt-jtn">ꜣḫt-jtn</a></i>, meaning "Horizon of the Aten"), better known today as Amarna. The events Egyptologists know the most about during Akhenaten's life are connected with founding Akhetaten, as several so-called <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stelae_of_Akhenaten" title="Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten">boundary stelae</a> were found around the city to mark its boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201985_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201985-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pharaoh chose a site about halfway between <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, the capital at the time, and <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Wadi_and_tombs" title="Royal Wadi and tombs">wadi</a> and a natural dip in the surrounding cliffs form a silhouette similar to the "<a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">horizon</a>" <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyph</a>. Additionally, the site had previously been uninhabited. According to inscriptions on one boundary stela, the site was appropriate for Aten's city for "not being the property of a god, nor being the property of a goddess, nor being the property of a ruler, nor being the property of a female ruler, nor being the property of any people able to lay claim to it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2014180–185_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2014180–185-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians do not know for certain why Akhenaten established a new capital and left Thebes, the old capital. The boundary stelae detailing Akhetaten's founding is damaged where it likely explained the pharaoh's motives for the move. Surviving parts claim what happened to Akhenaten was "worse than those that I heard" previously in his reign and worse than those "heard by any kings who assumed the <a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">White Crown</a>", and alludes to "offensive" speech against the Aten. Egyptologists believe that Akhenaten could be referring to conflict with the priesthood and followers of Amun, the <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">patron god</a> of Thebes. The great temples of Amun, such as <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>, were all located in Thebes and the priests there achieved significant power earlier in the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>, especially under <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>, thanks to pharaohs offering large amounts of Egypt's growing wealth to the cult of Amun; historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Donald B. Redford</a>, therefore posited that by moving to a new capital, Akhenaten may have been trying to break with Amun's priests and the god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2014186–188_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2014186–188-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201985–90_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201985–90-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford20139–10,_24–26_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford20139–10,_24–26-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gempaaten_talatats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gempaaten_talatats.jpg/220px-Gempaaten_talatats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gempaaten_talatats.jpg/330px-Gempaaten_talatats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gempaaten_talatats.jpg/440px-Gempaaten_talatats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Talatat" title="Talatat">Talatat</a> blocks from Akhenaten's Aten temple in <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Akhetaten was a planned city with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Temple_of_the_Aten" title="Great Temple of the Aten">Great Temple of the Aten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_Aten_Temple" title="Small Aten Temple">Small Aten Temple</a>, royal residences, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Correspondence_of_Pharaoh" title="Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh">records office</a>, and government buildings in the city center. Some of these buildings, such as the Aten temples, were ordered to be built by Akhenaten on the boundary stela decreeing the city's founding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201985–90_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201985–90-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1991269–270_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1991269–270-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted2001390–400_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted2001390–400-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was built quickly, thanks to a new construction method that used substantially smaller building blocks than under previous pharaohs. These blocks, called <a href="/wiki/Talatat" title="Talatat">talatats</a>, measured <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> by 1 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">ancient Egyptian cubits</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 27 by 27 by 54 cm</span>), and because of the smaller weight and standardized size, using them during constructions was more efficient than using heavy building blocks of varying sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2003238_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2003238-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2003274_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2003274-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By regnal year eight, Akhetaten reached a state where it could be occupied by the royal family. Only his most loyal subjects followed Akhenaten and his family to the new city. While the city continued to be built, in years five through eight, construction work began to stop in Thebes. The Theban Aten temples that had begun were abandoned, and a village of those working on <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a> tombs was relocated to the workers' village at Akhetaten. However, construction work continued in the rest of the country, as larger cult centers, such as <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a> and Memphis, also had temples built for Aten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1991269–273_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1991269–273-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2003293–297_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2003293–297-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_official_letter-AO_7093-P5280232-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tablet_official_letter-AO_7093-P5280232-gradient.jpg/220px-Tablet_official_letter-AO_7093-P5280232-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tablet_official_letter-AO_7093-P5280232-gradient.jpg/330px-Tablet_official_letter-AO_7093-P5280232-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tablet_official_letter-AO_7093-P5280232-gradient.jpg/440px-Tablet_official_letter-AO_7093-P5280232-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_362" title="Amarna letter EA 362">Amarna letter EA 362</a>, titled <i>A Commissioner Murdered</i>. In this letter, <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> informs the pharaoh of the death of Pawura, an Egyptian commissioner.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_limestone_miniature_stela._It_shows_Akhenaten_standing_before_2_incense_stands,_Aten_disc_above._From_Amarna,_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Painted_limestone_miniature_stela._It_shows_Akhenaten_standing_before_2_incense_stands%2C_Aten_disc_above._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Painted_limestone_miniature_stela._It_shows_Akhenaten_standing_before_2_incense_stands%2C_Aten_disc_above._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Painted_limestone_miniature_stela._It_shows_Akhenaten_standing_before_2_incense_stands%2C_Aten_disc_above._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="4432" /></a><figcaption>Painted limestone miniature stela. It shows Akhenaten standing before 2 incense stands, Aten disc above. From Amarna, Egypt – 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amenhotep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Amenhotep.jpg/170px-Amenhotep.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Amenhotep.jpg/255px-Amenhotep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Amenhotep.jpg/340px-Amenhotep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Head of Akhenaten</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> have provided important evidence about Akhenaten's reign and foreign policy. The letters are a cache of 382 diplomatic texts and literary and educational materials discovered between 1887 and 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran1992xiii,_xv_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran1992xiii,_xv-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and named after Amarna, the modern name for Akhenaten's capital Akhetaten. The diplomatic correspondence comprises <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablet</a> messages between Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, and Tutankhamun, various subjects through Egyptian military outposts, rulers of <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a>, and the foreign rulers of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran1992xvi_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran1992xvi-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Amarna letters portray the international situation in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> that Akhenaten inherited from his predecessors. In the 200 years preceding Akhenaten's reign, following the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a>, the kingdom's influence and military might increased greatly. Egypt's power reached new heights under <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>, who ruled approximately 100 years before Akhenaten and led several successful military campaigns into Nubia and Syria. Egypt's expansion led to confrontation with the Mitanni, but this rivalry ended with the two nations becoming allies. Slowly, however, Egypt's power started to wane. Amenhotep III aimed to maintain the balance of power through marriages—such as his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Tadukhipa" title="Tadukhipa">Tadukhipa</a>, daughter of the Mitanni king <a href="/wiki/Tushratta" title="Tushratta">Tushratta</a>—and vassal states. Under Amenhotep III and Akhenaten, Egypt was unable or unwilling to oppose the rise of the Hittites around Syria. The pharaohs seemed to eschew military confrontation at a time when the balance of power between Egypt's neighbors and rivals was shifting, and the Hittites, a confrontational state, overtook the Mitanni in influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1991chpt._11_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1991chpt._11-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran199287–89_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran199287–89-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriotonVandier1952411–414_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriotonVandier1952411–414-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019297,_314_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019297,_314-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in his reign, Akhenaten was evidently concerned about the expanding power of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I" title="Šuppiluliuma I">Šuppiluliuma I</a>. A successful Hittite attack on Mitanni and its ruler Tushratta would have disrupted the entire international balance of power in the Ancient Middle East at a time when Egypt had made peace with Mitanni; this would cause some of Egypt's vassals to switch their allegiances to the Hittites, as time would prove. A group of Egypt's allies who attempted to rebel against the Hittites were captured, and wrote letters begging Akhenaten for troops, but he did not respond to most of their pleas. Evidence suggests that the troubles on the northern frontier led to difficulties in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, particularly in a struggle for power between <a href="/wiki/Labaya" title="Labaya">Labaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Heba" title="Abdi-Heba">Abdi-Heba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, which required the pharaoh to intervene in the area by dispatching <a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medjay</a> troops northwards. Akhenaten pointedly refused to save his vassal <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>—whose kingdom was being besieged by the expanding state of <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> under <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Ashirta" title="Abdi-Ashirta">Abdi-Ashirta</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziru</a>, son of Abdi-Ashirta—despite Rib-Hadda's numerous pleas for help from the pharaoh. Rib-Hadda wrote a total of 60 letters to Akhenaten pleading for aid from the pharaoh. Akhenaten wearied of Rib-Hadda's constant correspondences and once told Rib-Hadda: "You are the one that writes to me more than all the (other) mayors" or Egyptian vassals in EA 124.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran1992203_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran1992203-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What Rib-Hadda did not comprehend was that the Egyptian king would not organize and dispatch an entire army north just to preserve the political status quo of several minor city states on the fringes of Egypt's Asiatic Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss199930–35_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199930–35-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rib-Hadda would pay the ultimate price; his exile from Byblos due to a coup led by his brother <a href="/wiki/Ili-Rapih" title="Ili-Rapih">Ilirabih</a> is mentioned in one letter. When Rib-Hadda appealed in vain for aid from Akhenaten and then turned to Aziru, his sworn enemy, to place him back on the throne of his city, Aziru promptly had him dispatched to the king of Sidon, where Rib-Hadda was almost certainly executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1998186_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1998186-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a view discounted by the 21st century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWestbrook2002102,_248_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWestbrook2002102,_248-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several Egyptologists in the late 19th and 20th centuries interpreted the Amarna letters to mean that Akhenaten was a <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> who neglected foreign policy and Egypt's foreign territories in favor of his internal reforms. For example, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hall_(Egyptologist)" title="Henry Hall (Egyptologist)">Henry Hall</a> believed Akhenaten "succeeded by his obstinate doctrinaire love of peace in causing far more misery in his world than half a dozen elderly militarists could have done,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall192142–43_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall192142–43-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Henry Breasted</a> said Akhenaten "was not fit to cope with a situation demanding an aggressive man of affairs and a skilled military leader."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1909355_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1909355-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others noted that the Amarna letters counter the conventional view that Akhenaten neglected Egypt's foreign territories in favour of his internal reforms. For instance, <a href="/wiki/N._de_Garis_Davies" title="N. de Garis Davies">Norman de Garis Davies</a> praised Akhenaten's emphasis on diplomacy over war, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Baikie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Baikie (page does not exist)">James Baikie</a> said that the fact "that there is no evidence of revolt within the borders of Egypt itself during the whole reign is surely ample proof that there was no such abandonment of his royal duties on the part of Akhenaten as has been assumed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1903–1908part_II._p._42_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1903–1908part_II._p._42-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaikie1926269_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaikie1926269-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, several letters from Egyptian vassals notified the pharaoh that they have followed his instructions, implying that the pharaoh sent such instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran1992368–369_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran1992368–369-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Amarna letters also show that vassal states were told repeatedly to expect the arrival of the Egyptian military on their lands, and provide evidence that these troops were dispatched and arrived at their destination. Dozens of letters detail that Akhenaten—and Amenhotep III—sent Egyptian and Nubian troops, armies, archers, chariots, horses, and ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019316–317_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019316–317-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only one military campaign is known for certain under Akhenaten's reign. In his second or twelfth year,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurnane199555–56_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurnane199555–56-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akhenaten ordered his <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Kush" title="Viceroy of Kush">Viceroy of Kush</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuthmose_(Viceroy_of_Kush)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuthmose (Viceroy of Kush)">Tuthmose</a> to lead a military expedition to quell a rebellion and raids on settlements on the Nile by Nubian nomadic tribes. The victory was commemorated on two stelae, one discovered at <a href="/wiki/Amada" class="mw-redirect" title="Amada">Amada</a> and another at <a href="/wiki/Buhen" title="Buhen">Buhen</a>. Egyptologists differ on the size of the campaign: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Helck" title="Wolfgang Helck">Wolfgang Helck</a> considered it a small-scale police operation, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Schulman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Schulman (page does not exist)">Alan Schulman</a> considered it a "war of major proportions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnellManassa2007118–119_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnellManassa2007118–119-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019323–324_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019323–324-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulman1982_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulman1982-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Egyptologists suggested that Akhenaten could have waged war in Syria or the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, possibly against the Hittites. Cyril Aldred, based on Amarna letters describing Egyptian troop movements, proposed that Akhenaten launched an unsuccessful war around the city of <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a>, while Marc Gabolde argued for an unsuccessful campaign around <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a>. Either of these could be the campaign referred to on Tutankhamun's Restoration Stela: "if an army was sent to <a href="/wiki/Djahy" title="Djahy">Djahy</a> [southern Canaan and Syria] to broaden the boundaries of Egypt, no success of their cause came to pass."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurnane199599_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurnane199599-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1968241_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1968241-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabolde1998195–205_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabolde1998195–205-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Coleman_Darnell" title="John Coleman Darnell">John Coleman Darnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colleen_Darnell" title="Colleen Darnell">Colleen Manassa</a> also argued that Akhenaten fought with the Hittites for control of Kadesh, but was unsuccessful; the city was not recaptured until 60–70 years later, under <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnellManassa2007172–178_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnellManassa2007172–178-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, archeological evidence suggests that Akhenaten paid close attention to the affairs of Egyptian vassals in Canaan and Syria, though primarily not through letters such as those found at Amarna but through reports from government officials and agents. Akhenaten managed to preserve Egypt's control over the core of its Near Eastern Empire (which consisted of present-day Israel as well as the Phoenician coast) while avoiding conflict with the increasingly powerful and aggressive Hittite Empire of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I" title="Šuppiluliuma I">Šuppiluliuma I</a>, which overtook the Mitanni as the dominant power in the northern part of the region. Only the Egyptian border province of <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> in Syria around the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a> was lost to the Hittites when its ruler <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziru</a> defected to the Hittites; ordered by Akhenaten to come to Egypt, Aziru was released after promising to stay loyal to the pharaoh, nonetheless turning to the Hittites soon after his release.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019235–236,_244–247_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019235–236,_244–247-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_tributes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Foreign_tributes.png/220px-Foreign_tributes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Foreign_tributes.png/330px-Foreign_tributes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Foreign_tributes.png/440px-Foreign_tributes.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>In regnal year twelve, Akhenaten received tributes and offerings from allied countries and vassal states at <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Akhetaten</a>, as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Meryra_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Meryra II">tomb of Meryra II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Egyptologists know little about the last five years of Akhenaten's reign, beginning in <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1341<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1339 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> These years are poorly attested and only a few pieces of contemporary evidence survive; the lack of clarity makes reconstructing the latter part of the pharaoh's reign "a daunting task" and a controversial and contested topic of discussion among Egyptologists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019346_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019346-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the newest pieces of evidence is an inscription discovered in 2012 at a limestone quarry in <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bersha" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el-Bersha">Deir el-Bersha</a>, just north of Akhetaten, from the pharaoh's sixteenth regnal year. The text refers to a building project in Amarna and establishes that Akhenaten and Nefertiti were still a royal couple just a year before Akhenaten's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Perre2012195–197_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Perre2012195–197-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Perre201467–108_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Perre201467–108-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019346–364_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019346–364-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription is dated to Year 16, month 3 of <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Inundation" title="Season of the Inundation">Akhet</a>, day 15 of the reign of Akhenaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Perre2012195–197_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Perre2012195–197-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 2012 discovery of the Deir el-Bersha inscription, the last known fixed-date event in Akhenaten's reign was a royal reception in regnal year twelve, in which the pharaoh and the royal family received tributes and offerings from allied countries and vassal states at Akhetaten. Inscriptions show tributes from <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Kingdom of Hattusa</a>, the islands in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a>. Egyptologists, such as <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Aidan Dodson</a>, consider this year twelve celebration to be the <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a> of Akhenaten's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson200939–41_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson200939–41-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to reliefs in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Meryra_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Meryra II">tomb</a> of courtier <a href="/wiki/Meryre_II" title="Meryre II">Meryre II</a>, historians know that the royal family, Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and their six daughters, were present at the royal reception in full.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson200939–41_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson200939–41-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historians are uncertain about the reasons for the reception. Possibilities include the celebration of the marriage of future pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tey" title="Tey">Tey</a>, celebration of Akhenaten's twelve years on the throne, the summons of king <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziru</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> to Egypt, a military victory at <a href="/wiki/Sumur_(Levant)" title="Sumur (Levant)">Sumur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, a successful military campaign in Nubia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnellManassa2007127_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnellManassa2007127-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nefertiti's ascendancy to the throne as coregent, or the completion of the new capital city Akhetaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019141_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019141-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following year twelve, <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Donald B. Redford</a> and other Egyptologists proposed that Egypt was struck by an <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a>, most likely a <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1984185–192_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1984185–192-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary evidence suggests that a plague ravaged through the Middle East around this time,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBravermanRedfordMackowiak2009557_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBravermanRedfordMackowiak2009557-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ambassadors and delegations arriving to Akhenaten's year twelve reception might have brought the disease to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson200949_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson200949-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, letters from the <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a> might suggest that the epidemic originated in Egypt and was carried throughout the Middle East by Egyptian prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaroche1971378_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaroche1971378-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of its origin, the epidemic might account for several deaths in the royal family that occurred in the last five years of Akhenaten's reign, including those of his daughters <a href="/wiki/Meketaten" title="Meketaten">Meketaten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neferneferure" title="Neferneferure">Neferneferure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Setepenre_(princess)" title="Setepenre (princess)">Setepenre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabolde2011_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabolde2011-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019354,_376_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019354,_376-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coregency_with_Smenkhkare_or_Nefertiti">Coregency with Smenkhkare or Nefertiti</h3></div> <p>Akhenaten could have ruled together with <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a> for several years before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2014144_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2014144-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1998160–175_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley1998160–175-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on depictions and artifacts from the tombs of <a href="/wiki/Meryre_II" title="Meryre II">Meryre II</a> and Tutankhamun, Smenkhkare could have been Akhenaten's coregent by regnal year thirteen or fourteen, but died a year or two later. Nefertiti might not have assumed the role of coregent until after year sixteen, when a stela still mentions her as Akhenaten's <a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wife</a>. While Nefertiti's familial relationship with Akhenaten is known, whether Akhenaten and Smenkhkare were related by blood is unclear. Smenkhkare could have been Akhenaten's son or brother, as the son of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tiye" title="Tiye">Tiye</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sitamun" title="Sitamun">Sitamun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019337,_345_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019337,_345-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence makes it clear, however, that Smenkhkare was married to <a href="/wiki/Meritaten" title="Meritaten">Meritaten</a>, Akhenaten's eldest daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019252_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019252-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For another, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Coregency_Stela" title="Coregency Stela">Coregency Stela</a>, found in a tomb at Akhetaten, might show queen <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a> as Akhenaten's coregent, but this is uncertain as the stela was recarved to show the names of <a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpaaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankhesenpaaten">Ankhesenpaaten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1988117–126_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1988117–126-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Aidan Dodson</a> proposed that both Smenkhkare and Neferiti were Akhenaten's coregents to ensure the Amarna family's continued rule when Egypt was confronted with an epidemic. Dodson suggested that the two were chosen to rule as Tutankhaten's coregent in case Akhenaten died and Tutankhaten took the throne at a young age, or rule in Tutankhaten's stead if the prince also died in the epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson201838–39_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson201838–39-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Amarna_succession" title="Amarna succession">Amarna succession</a> and <a href="/wiki/KV55" title="KV55">KV55</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcophage_Akh%C3%A9naton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sarcophage_Akh%C3%A9naton.JPG/220px-Sarcophage_Akh%C3%A9naton.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sarcophage_Akh%C3%A9naton.JPG/330px-Sarcophage_Akh%C3%A9naton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sarcophage_Akh%C3%A9naton.JPG/440px-Sarcophage_Akh%C3%A9naton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Akhenaten's <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> reconstituted from pieces discovered in his original tomb in <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>, Cairo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KV55_sarcophagus_(Cairo_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/KV55_sarcophagus_%28Cairo_Museum%29.jpg/170px-KV55_sarcophagus_%28Cairo_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/KV55_sarcophagus_%28Cairo_Museum%29.jpg/255px-KV55_sarcophagus_%28Cairo_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/KV55_sarcophagus_%28Cairo_Museum%29.jpg/340px-KV55_sarcophagus_%28Cairo_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>The desecrated royal coffin found in Tomb KV55</figcaption></figure> <p>Akhenaten died after seventeen years of rule and was initially buried in a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tomb_of_Akhenaten" title="Royal Tomb of Akhenaten">tomb</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Wadi_and_tombs" title="Royal Wadi and tombs">Royal Wadi</a> east of Akhetaten. The order to construct the tomb and to bury the pharaoh there was commemorated on one of the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stelae_of_Akhenaten" title="Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten">boundary stela</a> delineating the capital's borders: "Let a tomb be made for me in the eastern mountain [of Akhetaten]. Let my burial be made in it, in the millions of jubilees which the Aten, my father, decreed for me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp201511_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp201511-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years following the burial, Akhenaten's sarcophagus was destroyed and left in the Akhetaten necropolis; reconstructed in the 20th century, it is in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> in Cairo as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019365–371_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019365–371-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite leaving the sarcophagus behind, Akhenaten's mummy was removed from the royal tombs after Tutankhamun abandoned Akhetaten and returned to Thebes. It was most likely moved to tomb <a href="/wiki/KV55" title="KV55">KV55</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a> near Thebes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2014244_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2014244-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1968140–162_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1968140–162-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tomb was later desecrated, likely during the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Ramesside period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019411–412_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019411–412-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2009144–145_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2009144–145-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> also enjoyed a brief independent reign after Akhenaten is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen20091–4_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20091–4-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Smenkhkare outlived Akhenaten, and became sole pharaoh, he likely ruled Egypt for less than a year. The next successor was Nefertiti<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019251_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019251-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Meritaten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006136–137_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006136–137-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ruling as <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>, reigning in Egypt for about two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006207,_493_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006207,_493-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was, in turn, probably succeeded by Tutankhaten, with the country being administered by the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Vizier (Ancient Egypt)">vizier</a> and future pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KV55_scull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/KV55_scull.jpg/170px-KV55_scull.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/KV55_scull.jpg/255px-KV55_scull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/KV55_scull.jpg/340px-KV55_scull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Profile view of the skull (thought to be Akhenaten) recovered from KV55</figcaption></figure> <p>While Akhenaten—along with Smenkhkare—was most likely reburied in tomb KV55,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson201875–76_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson201875–76-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the identification of the mummy found in that tomb as Akhenaten remains controversial to this day. The mummy has repeatedly been examined since its discovery in 1907. Most recently, Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" title="Zahi Hawass">Zahi Hawass</a> led a team of researchers to examine the mummy using medical and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">DNA analysis</a>, with the results published in 2010. In releasing their test results, Hawass's team identified the mummy as the father of Tutankhamun and thus "most probably" Akhenaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawassGadSomaiaKhairat2010644_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawassGadSomaiaKhairat2010644-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the study's <a href="/wiki/Validity_(statistics)" title="Validity (statistics)">validity</a> has since been called into question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhal201097–112_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhal201097–112-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuhig2010114_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuhig2010114-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchant2011404–406_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchant2011404–406-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson201816–17_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson201816–17-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019409–411_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019409–411-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the discussion of the study results does not discuss that Tutankhamun's father and the father's siblings would share some <a href="/wiki/Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">genetic markers</a>; if Tutankhamun's father was Akhenaten, the DNA results could indicate that the mummy is a brother of Akhenaten, possibly Smenkhkare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019409–411_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019409–411-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson201817,_41_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson201817,_41-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3></div> <p>With Akhenaten's death, the Aten cult he had founded fell out of favor: at first gradually, and then with decisive finality. Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun in Year 2 of his reign (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1332 BC</span>) and abandoned the city of Akhetaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2014245–249_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2014245–249-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their successors then attempted to erase Akhenaten and his family from the historical record. During the reign of Horemheb, the last pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the first pharaoh after Akhenaten who was not related to Akhenaten's family, Egyptians started to destroy temples to the Aten and reuse the building blocks in new construction projects, including in temples for the newly restored god Amun. Horemheb's successor continued in this effort. <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> restored monuments to Amun and had the god's name re-carved on inscriptions where it was removed by Akhenaten. Seti I also ordered that Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, Neferneferuaten, Tutankhamun, and Ay be excised from official lists of pharaohs to make it appear that Amenhotep III was immediately succeeded by Horemheb. Under the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Ramessides</a>, who succeeded Seti I, Akhetaten was gradually destroyed and the building material reused across the country, such as in constructions at <a href="/wiki/Hermopolis" title="Hermopolis">Hermopolis</a>. The negative attitudes toward Akhenaten were illustrated by, for example, inscriptions in the tomb of scribe <a href="/wiki/Mose_(scribe)" title="Mose (scribe)">Mose</a> (or Mes), where Akhenaten's reign is referred to as "the time of the enemy of Akhet-Aten".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015241–243_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015241–243-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019415_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019415-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2014_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2014-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Egyptologists, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_van_Dijk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacobus van Dijk (page does not exist)">Jacobus van Dijk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Jan Assmann</a>, believe that Akhenaten's reign and the Amarna period started a gradual decline in the Egyptian government's power and the pharaoh's standing in Egyptian's society and religious life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2003303_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2003303-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200544_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200544-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akhenaten's religious reforms subverted the relationship ordinary Egyptians had with their gods and their pharaoh, as well as the role the pharaoh played in the relationship between the people and the gods. Before the Amarna period, the pharaoh was the representative of the gods on Earth, the son of the god Ra, and the living incarnation of the god <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, and maintained the <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">divine order</a> through rituals and offerings and by sustaining the temples of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200355_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200355-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, even though the pharaoh oversaw all religious activity, Egyptians could access their gods through <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion#Official_rituals_and_festivals" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">regular public holidays, festivals, and processions</a>. This led to a seemingly close connection between people and the gods, especially the <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">patron deity</a> of their respective towns and cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves2019139,_181_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves2019139,_181-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akhenaten, however, banned the worship of gods beside the Aten, including through festivals. He also declared himself to be the only one who could worship the Aten, and required that all religious devotion previously exhibited toward the gods be directed toward himself. After the Amarna period, during the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasties</a>—<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 270 years</span> following Akhenaten's death—the relationship between the people, the pharaoh, and the gods did not simply revert to pre-Amarna practices and beliefs. The worship of all gods returned, but the relationship between the gods and the worshipers became more direct and personal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1972344–370_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1972344–370-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> circumventing the pharaoh. Rather than acting through the pharaoh, Egyptians started to believe that the gods intervened directly in their lives, protecting the pious and punishing criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckinga200144–46_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOckinga200144–46-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gods replaced the pharaoh as their own representatives on Earth. The god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> once again became king among all gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200394_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200394-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to van Dijk, "the king was no longer a god, but god himself had become king. Once Amun had been recognized as the true king, the political power of the earthly rulers could be reduced to a minimum."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2003307_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2003307-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the influence and power of the Amun priesthood continued to grow until the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1077 BC</span>, by which time the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a> effectively became rulers over parts of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200544_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200544-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2003303–307_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2003303–307-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen1986531_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen1986531-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akhenaten's reforms also had a longer-term impact on Ancient Egyptian language and hastened the spread of the spoken <a href="/wiki/Late_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Egyptian language">Late Egyptian language</a> in official writings and speeches. Spoken and written Egyptian diverged early on in Egyptian history and stayed different over time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines2007156_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines2007156-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Amarna period, however, royal and religious texts and inscriptions, including the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stelae_of_Akhenaten" title="Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten">boundary stelae</a> at Akhetaten or the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>, started to regularly include more <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> linguistic elements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)#Definite_article" title="Article (grammar)">definite article</a> or a new <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a> form. Even though they continued to diverge, these changes brought the spoken and written language closer to one another more systematically than under previous pharaohs of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>. While Akhenaten's successors attempted to erase his religious, artistic, and even linguistic changes from history, the new linguistic elements remained a more common part of official texts following the Amarna years, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldwasser1992448–450_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldwasser1992448–450-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner2015_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner2015-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorSilverman199577–79_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorSilverman199577–79-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akhenaten is also recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> faith.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atenism">Atenism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_fragment_showing_a_royal_head,_probably_Akhenaten,_and_early_Aten_cartouches._Aten_extends_Ankh_(sign_of_life)_to_the_figure._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Relief_fragment_showing_a_royal_head%2C_probably_Akhenaten%2C_and_early_Aten_cartouches._Aten_extends_Ankh_%28sign_of_life%29_to_the_figure._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Relief_fragment_showing_a_royal_head%2C_probably_Akhenaten%2C_and_early_Aten_cartouches._Aten_extends_Ankh_%28sign_of_life%29_to_the_figure._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Relief_fragment_showing_a_royal_head%2C_probably_Akhenaten%2C_and_early_Aten_cartouches._Aten_extends_Ankh_%28sign_of_life%29_to_the_figure._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4015" data-file-height="5436" /></a><figcaption>Relief fragment showing a royal head, probably Akhenaten, and early Aten cartouches. Aten extends Ankh (sign of life) to the figure. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_salle_dAkhenaton_(1356-1340_av_J.C.)_(Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire)_(2076972086).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg/220px-La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg/330px-La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg/440px-La_salle_dAkhenaton_%281356-1340_av_J.C.%29_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%282076972086%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Akhenaten (center) and his family worshiping the <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a>, with characteristic rays seen emanating from the solar disk. Later such imagery was prohibited.</figcaption></figure> <p>Egyptians worshipped a sun god under several names, and solar worship had been growing in popularity even before Akhenaten, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> and the reign of Amenhotep III, Akhenaten's father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200119_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200119-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>, the pharaoh started to be associated with the sun disc; for example, one inscription called the pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> the "female <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Re</a> shining like the Disc", while Amenhotep III was described as "he who rises over every foreign land, Nebmare, the dazzling disc".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESethe1906–190919,_332,_1569_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESethe1906–190919,_332,_1569-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Eighteenth Dynasty, a religious hymn to the sun also appeared and became popular among Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford201311_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford201311-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Egyptologists question whether there is a causal relationship between the cult of the sun disc before Akhenaten and Akhenaten's religious policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford201311_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford201311-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation_and_development">Implementation and development</h3></div> <p>The implementation of Atenism can be traced through gradual changes in the <a href="/wiki/Aten#Iconography" title="Aten">Aten's iconography</a>, and Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Donald B. Redford</a> divided its development into three stages—earliest, intermediate, and final—in his studies of Akhenaten and Atenism. The earliest stage was associated with a growing number of depictions of the sun disc, though the disc is still seen resting on the head of the falcon-headed sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra-Horakhty</a>, as the god was traditionally represented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200133,_35_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200133,_35-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The god was only "unique but not exclusive".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200148_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200148-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intermediate stage was marked by the elevation of the Aten above other gods and the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouches</a> around his inscribed name—cartouches traditionally indicating that the enclosed text is a royal name. The final stage had the Aten represented as a sun disc with sunrays like long arms terminating in human hands and the introduction of a new <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> for the god: "the great living Disc which is in jubilee, lord of heaven and earth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford197653–56_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford197653–56-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early years of his reign, Amenhotep IV lived at Thebes, the old capital city, and permitted worship of Egypt's traditional deities to continue. However, some signs already pointed to the growing importance of the Aten. For example, inscriptions in the Theban <a href="/wiki/TT188" title="TT188">tomb of Parennefer</a> from the early rule of Amenhotep IV state that "one measures the payments to every (other) god with a level measure, but for the Aten one measures so that it overflows," indicating a more favorable attitude to the cult of Aten than the other gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200148_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200148-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, near the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Karnak">Temple of Karnak</a>, Amun-Ra's great cult center, Amenhotep IV erected several massive buildings including temples to the Aten. The new Aten temples had no roof and the god was thus worshipped in the sunlight, under the open sky, rather than in dark temple enclosures as had been the previous custom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200172–73_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200172–73-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201943_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201943-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Theban buildings were later dismantled by his successors and used as infill for new constructions in the Temple of Karnak; when they were later dismantled by archaeologists, some 36,000 decorated blocks from the original Aten building here were revealed that preserve many elements of the original relief scenes and inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid1998125_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid1998125-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most important turning points in the early reign of Amenhotep IV is a speech given by the pharaoh at the beginning of his second regnal year. A copy of the speech survives on one of the <a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">pylons</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak Temple Complex</a> near Thebes. Speaking to the royal court, scribes or the people, Amenhotep IV said that the gods were ineffective and had ceased their movements, and that their temples had collapsed. The pharaoh contrasted this with the only remaining god, the sun disc Aten, who continued to move and exist forever. Some Egyptologists, such as <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Donald B. Redford</a>, compared this speech to a proclamation or manifesto, which foreshadowed and explained the pharaoh's later religious reforms centered around the Aten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1991261–262_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1991261–262-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015160–161_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015160–161-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford201314_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford201314-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his speech, Akhenaten said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The temples of the gods fallen to ruin, their bodies do not endure. Since the time of the ancestors, it is the wise man that knows these things. Behold, I, the king, am speaking so that I might inform you concerning the appearances of the gods. I know their temples, and I am versed in the writings, specifically, the inventory of their primeval bodies. And I have watched as they [the gods] have ceased their appearances, one after the other. All of them have stopped, except the god who gave birth to himself. And no one knows the mystery of how he performs his tasks. This god goes where he pleases and no one else knows his going. I approach him, the things which he has made. How exalted they are.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry201903:59_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry201903:59-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_(Kestner_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_%28Kestner_Museum%29.jpg/220px-Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_%28Kestner_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_%28Kestner_Museum%29.jpg/330px-Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_%28Kestner_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_%28Kestner_Museum%29.jpg/440px-Akhenaten_as_a_Sphinx_%28Kestner_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Akhenaten depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a> at <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Year Five of his reign, Amenhotep IV took decisive steps to establish the Aten as the sole god of Egypt. The pharaoh "disbanded the priesthoods of all the other gods<span class="nowrap"> </span>... and diverted the income from these [other] cults to support the Aten." To emphasize his complete allegiance to the Aten, the king officially changed his name from Amenhotep IV to Akhenaten (Ancient Egyptian: <i lang="egy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9C%A3%E1%B8%AB-n-jtn" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꜣḫ-n-jtn">ꜣḫ-n-jtn</a></i>, meaning "Effective for the Aten").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid1998125_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid1998125-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Aten was becoming a king itself. Artists started to depict him with the trappings of pharaohs, placing his name in <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouches</a>—a rare, but not unique occurrence, as the names of Ra-Horakhty and Amun-Ra had also been found enclosed in cartouches—and wearing a <a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">uraeus</a>, a symbol of kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200134–36,_54_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200134–36,_54-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aten may also have been the subject of Akhenaten's royal <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a> early in the pharaoh's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200139,_42,_54_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200139,_42,_54-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Aten becoming a sole deity, Akhenaten started to proclaim himself as the only intermediary between Aten and his people, and the subject of their personal worship and attention<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200155–57_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200155–57-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a feature not unheard of in Egyptian history, with <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Dynasty">Fifth Dynasty</a> pharaohs such as <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> proclaiming to be sole intermediaries between the people and the gods <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBártaDulíková201541,_43_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBártaDulíková201541,_43-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscribed_limestone_fragment_showing_early_Aten_cartouches,_%22the_Living_Ra_Horakhty%22._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Inscribed_limestone_fragment_showing_early_Aten_cartouches%2C_%22the_Living_Ra_Horakhty%22._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Inscribed_limestone_fragment_showing_early_Aten_cartouches%2C_%22the_Living_Ra_Horakhty%22._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Inscribed_limestone_fragment_showing_early_Aten_cartouches%2C_%22the_Living_Ra_Horakhty%22._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3708" data-file-height="4526" /></a><figcaption>Inscribed limestone fragment showing early Aten cartouches, "the Living Ra Horakhty". Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_of_a_stela,_showing_parts_of_3_late_cartouches_of_Aten._There_is_a_rare_intermediate_form_of_god%27s_name._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fragment_of_a_stela%2C_showing_parts_of_3_late_cartouches_of_Aten._There_is_a_rare_intermediate_form_of_god%27s_name._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fragment_of_a_stela%2C_showing_parts_of_3_late_cartouches_of_Aten._There_is_a_rare_intermediate_form_of_god%27s_name._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fragment_of_a_stela%2C_showing_parts_of_3_late_cartouches_of_Aten._There_is_a_rare_intermediate_form_of_god%27s_name._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4445" data-file-height="2958" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a stela, showing parts of three late cartouches of Aten. There is a rare intermediate form of god's name. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>By Year Nine of his reign, Akhenaten declared that Aten was not merely the supreme god, but the only worshipable god. He ordered the defacing of Amun's temples throughout Egypt and, in a number of instances, inscriptions of the plural 'gods' were also removed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019188_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019188-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200042–46_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200042–46-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This emphasized the changes encouraged by the new regime, which included a ban on <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">images</a>, with the exception of a rayed solar disc, in which the rays appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten, who by then was evidently considered not merely a sun god, but rather a universal deity. All life on Earth depended on the Aten and the visible sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200155,_84_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200155,_84-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004125_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004125-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representations of the Aten were always accompanied with a sort of hieroglyphic footnote, stating that the representation of the sun as all-encompassing creator was to be taken as just that: a representation of something that, by its very nature as something transcending creation, cannot be fully or adequately represented by any one part of that creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019211–213_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019211–213-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aten's name was also written differently starting as early as Year Eight or as late as Year Fourteen, according to some historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201928,_173–174_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201928,_173–174-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From "Living <a href="/wiki/Ra#Relationship_to_other_gods" title="Ra">Re-Horakhty</a>, who rejoices in the horizon in his name <a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Re</a> who is in Aten", the god's name changed to "Living Re, ruler of the horizon, who rejoices in his name of Re the father who has returned as Aten", removing the Aten's connection to Re-Horakhty and Shu, two other solar deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson200938_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson200938-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aten thus became an amalgamation that incorporated the attributes and beliefs around Re-Horakhty, universal sun god, and Shu, god of the sky and manifestation of the sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004123–124_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004123–124-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siliceous_limestone_fragment_of_a_statue._There_are_late_Aten_cartouches_on_the_draped_right_shoulder._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siliceous_limestone_fragment_of_a_statue._There_are_late_Aten_cartouches_on_the_draped_right_shoulder._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siliceous_limestone_fragment_of_a_statue._There_are_late_Aten_cartouches_on_the_draped_right_shoulder._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siliceous_limestone_fragment_of_a_statue._There_are_late_Aten_cartouches_on_the_draped_right_shoulder._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4446" data-file-height="3376" /></a><figcaption>Siliceous limestone fragment of a statue. There are late Aten cartouches on the draped right shoulder. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>Akhenaten's Atenist beliefs are best distilled in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004128_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004128-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hymn was discovered in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a>, one of Akhenaten's successors, though Egyptologists believe that it could have been composed by Akhenaten himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200152_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200152-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019129,_133_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019129,_133-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hymn celebrates the sun and daylight and recounts the dangers that abound when the sun sets. It tells of the Aten as a sole god and the creator of all life, who recreates life every day at sunrise, and on whom everything on Earth depends, including the natural world, people's lives, and even trade and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019128_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019128-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one passage, the hymn declares: "O Sole God beside whom there is none! You made the earth as you wished, you alone."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004131_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004131-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hymn also states that Akhenaten is the only intermediary between the god and Egyptians, and the only one who can understand the Aten: "You are in my heart, and there is none who knows you except your son."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019128–129_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019128–129-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atenism_and_other_gods">Atenism and other gods</h3></div> <p>Some debate has focused on the extent to which Akhenaten forced his religious reforms on his people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung199247_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung199247-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certainly, as time drew on, he revised the names of the Aten, and other religious language, to increasingly exclude references to other gods; at some point, also, he embarked on the wide-scale erasure of traditional gods' names, especially those of Amun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2005217–221_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2005217–221-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his court changed their names to remove them from the patronage of other gods and place them under that of Aten (or Ra, with whom Akhenaten equated the Aten). Yet, even at Amarna itself, some courtiers kept such names as Ahmose ("child of the moon god", the owner of tomb 3), and the sculptor's workshop where the famous <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti_Bust" title="Nefertiti Bust">Nefertiti Bust</a> and other works of royal portraiture were found is associated with an artist known to have been called <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_(sculptor)" title="Thutmose (sculptor)">Thutmose</a> ("child of Thoth"). An overwhelmingly large number of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_faience" title="Egyptian faience">faience</a> amulets at Amarna also show that talismans of the household-and-childbirth gods Bes and Taweret, the eye of Horus, and amulets of other traditional deities, were openly worn by its citizens. Indeed, a cache of royal jewelry found buried near the Amarna royal tombs (now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>) includes a finger ring referring to Mut, the wife of Amun. Such evidence suggests that though Akhenaten shifted funding away from traditional temples, his policies were fairly tolerant until some point, perhaps a particular event as yet unknown, toward the end of the reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019187–194_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019187–194-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological discoveries at Akhetaten show that many ordinary residents of this city chose to gouge or chisel out all references to the god Amun on even minor personal items that they owned, such as commemorative scarabs or make-up pots, perhaps for fear of being accused of having Amunist sympathies. References to Amenhotep III, Akhenaten's father, were partly erased since they contained the traditional Amun form of his name: Nebmaatre Amunhotep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves2019154–155_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves2019154–155-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Akhenaten">After Akhenaten</h3></div> <p>Following Akhenaten's death, Egypt gradually returned to its traditional <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> religion, partly because of how closely associated the Aten became with Akhenaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200156_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200156-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atenism likely stayed dominant through the reigns of Akhenaten's immediate successors, <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>, as well as early in the reign of Tutankhaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson201847,_50_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson201847,_50-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some years the worship of Aten and a resurgent worship of Amun coexisted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1984207_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1984207-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilvermanWegnerWegner2006165–166_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilvermanWegnerWegner2006165–166-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, however, Akhenaten's successors, starting with Tutankhaten, took steps to distance themselves from Atenism. Tutankhaten and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpaaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankhesenpaaten">Ankhesenpaaten</a> dropped the Aten from their names and changed them to Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun, respectively. Amun was restored as the supreme deity. Tutankhamun reestablished the temples of the other gods, as the pharaoh propagated on his Restoration Stela: "He reorganized this land, restoring its customs to those of the time of Re. ... He renewed the gods' mansions and fashioned all their images. ... He raised up their temples and created their statues. ... When he had sought out the gods' precincts which were in ruins in this land, he refounded them just as they had been since the time of the first primeval age."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015197,_239–242_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015197,_239–242-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Tutankhamun's building projects at <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> used <a href="/wiki/Talatat" title="Talatat">talatat</a>'s from Akhenaten's buildings, which implies that Tutankhamun might have started to demolish temples dedicated to the Aten. Aten temples continued to be torn down under Ay and <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a>, Tutankhamun's successors and the last pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Horemheb might also have ordered the demolition of Akhetaten, Akhenaten's capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2003284_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2003284-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further underlining the break with Aten worship, Horemheb claimed to have been chosen to rule by the god <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a>, the second pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty, ordered the name of Amun to be restored on inscriptions where it had been removed or replaced by Aten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015239–242_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015239–242-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_depictions">Artistic depictions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Amarna_art" title="Amarna art">Amarna art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReliefPortraitOfAkhenaten01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ReliefPortraitOfAkhenaten01.png/220px-ReliefPortraitOfAkhenaten01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ReliefPortraitOfAkhenaten01.png/330px-ReliefPortraitOfAkhenaten01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ReliefPortraitOfAkhenaten01.png/440px-ReliefPortraitOfAkhenaten01.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>Akhenaten in the typical Amarna period style</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colossal_Statue_of_Amenhotep_IV_from_Karnak,_1356-1350_BCE_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colossal_Statue_of_Amenhotep_IV_from_Karnak%2C_1356-1350_BCE_%285%29.jpg/220px-Colossal_Statue_of_Amenhotep_IV_from_Karnak%2C_1356-1350_BCE_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colossal_Statue_of_Amenhotep_IV_from_Karnak%2C_1356-1350_BCE_%285%29.jpg/330px-Colossal_Statue_of_Amenhotep_IV_from_Karnak%2C_1356-1350_BCE_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colossal_Statue_of_Amenhotep_IV_from_Karnak%2C_1356-1350_BCE_%285%29.jpg/440px-Colossal_Statue_of_Amenhotep_IV_from_Karnak%2C_1356-1350_BCE_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Akhenaten in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Styles of art that flourished during the reigns of Akhenaten and his immediate successors, known as <a href="/wiki/Amarna_art" title="Amarna art">Amarna art</a>, are markedly different from the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">traditional art of ancient Egypt</a>. Representations are more <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionistic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">naturalistic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200143–44_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200143–44-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004144_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004144-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in depictions of animals, plants and people, and convey more action and movement for both non-royal and royal individuals than the traditionally static representations. In traditional art, a pharaoh's divine nature was expressed by repose, even immobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptistaSantamarinaConant2017_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptistaSantamarinaConant2017-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold1996viii_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1996viii-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200142–47_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200142–47-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The portrayals of Akhenaten himself greatly differ from the depictions of other pharaohs. Traditionally, the portrayal of pharaohs—and the Egyptian ruling class—was idealized, and they were shown in "stereotypically 'beautiful' fashion" as youthful and athletic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESooke2016_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESooke2016-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Akhenaten's portrayals are unconventional and "unflattering" with a sagging stomach; broad hips; thin legs; thick thighs; large, "almost feminine breasts"; a thin, "exaggeratedly long face"; and thick lips.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakácsCline20155–6_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakácsCline20155–6-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on Akhenaten's and his family's unusual artistic representations, including potential depictions of <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgyny</a>, some have argued that the pharaoh and his family have either had <a href="/wiki/Aromatase_excess_syndrome" title="Aromatase excess syndrome">aromatase excess syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craniosynostosis" title="Craniosynostosis">sagittal craniosynostosis syndrome</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Antley%E2%80%93Bixler_syndrome" title="Antley–Bixler syndrome">Antley–Bixler syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBravermanRedfordMackowiak2009_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBravermanRedfordMackowiak2009-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, results published from genetic studies on Akhenaten's purported mummy did not find signs of gynecomastia or Antley-Bixler syndrome,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawassGadSomaiaKhairat2010_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawassGadSomaiaKhairat2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these results have since been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBravermanMackowiak2010_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBravermanMackowiak2010-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguing instead for a symbolic interpretation, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Montserrat" title="Dominic Montserrat">Dominic Montserrat</a> in <i>Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt</i> states that "there is now a broad consensus among Egyptologists that the exaggerated forms of Akhenaten's physical portrayal... are not to be read literally".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves2019154–155_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves2019154–155-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the god Aten was referred to as "the mother and father of all humankind", Montserrat and others suggest that Akhenaten was made to look <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a> in artwork as a symbol of the androgyny of the Aten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004145_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004145-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This required "a symbolic gathering of all the attributes of the creator god into the physical body of the king himself", which will "display on earth the Aten's multiple life-giving functions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003_226-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akhenaten claimed the title "The Unique One of Re", and he may have directed his artists to contrast him with the common people through a radical departure from the idealized traditional pharaoh image.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003_226-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depictions of other members of the court, especially members of the royal family, are also exaggerated, stylized, and overall different from traditional art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptistaSantamarinaConant2017_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptistaSantamarinaConant2017-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significantly, and for the only time in the history of Egyptian royal art, the pharaoh's family life is depicted: the royal family is shown mid-action in relaxed, casual, and intimate situations, taking part in decidedly naturalistic activities, showing affection for each other, such as holding hands and kissing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1985174_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1985174-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold1996114_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1996114-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200144_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200144-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004146–147_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004146–147-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhenaten_with_blue_crown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Akhenaten_with_blue_crown.jpg/170px-Akhenaten_with_blue_crown.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Akhenaten_with_blue_crown.jpg/255px-Akhenaten_with_blue_crown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Akhenaten_with_blue_crown.jpg/340px-Akhenaten_with_blue_crown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Small statue of Akhenaten wearing the <a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Blue Crown</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nefertiti also appears, both beside the king and alone, or with her daughters, in actions usually reserved for a pharaoh, such as "smiting the enemy", a traditional depiction of male pharaohs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199685_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199685-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that she enjoyed unusual status for a queen. Early artistic representations of her tend to be indistinguishable from her husband's except by her regalia, but soon after the move to the new capital, Nefertiti begins to be depicted with features specific to her. Questions remain whether the beauty of Nefertiti is portraiture or idealism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199685–86_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199685–86-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speculative_theories">Speculative theories</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhenaten_trial_piece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Akhenaten_trial_piece.jpg/220px-Akhenaten_trial_piece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Akhenaten_trial_piece.jpg/330px-Akhenaten_trial_piece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Akhenaten_trial_piece.jpg/440px-Akhenaten_trial_piece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Sculptor's trial piece of Akhenaten</figcaption></figure> <p>Akhenaten's status as a religious revolutionary has led to much <a href="/wiki/Speculative_reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculative reason">speculation</a>, ranging from scholarly hypotheses to non-academic <a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">fringe</a> theories. Although some believe the religion he introduced was mostly monotheistic, many others see Akhenaten as a practitioner of an Aten <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat200336_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat200336-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as he did not actively deny the existence of other gods; he simply refrained from worshiping any but the Aten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akhenaten_and_monotheism_in_Abrahamic_religions">Akhenaten and monotheism in Abrahamic religions</h3></div> <p>The idea that Akhenaten was the pioneer of a monotheistic religion that later became <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> has been considered by various scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1939_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1939-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStent200234–38_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStent200234–38-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann1997_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann1997-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShupak1995_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShupak1995-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1973_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1973-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first to mention this was <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_and_Monotheism" title="Moses and Monotheism">Moses and Monotheism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1939_235-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1939-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basing his arguments on his belief that the Exodus story was historical, Freud argued that <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> had been an Atenist priest who was forced to leave Egypt with his followers after Akhenaten's death. Freud argued that Akhenaten was striving to promote monotheism, something that the biblical Moses was able to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1939_235-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1939-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the publication of his book, the concept entered popular consciousness and serious research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaney2006a62–69_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney2006a62–69-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaney2006b_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney2006b-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freud commented on the connection between <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Adonai" title="Names of God in Judaism">Adonai</a>, the Egyptian Aten and the Syrian divine name of <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a> as stemming from a common root;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1939_235-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1939-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this he was following the argument of Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Weigall" title="Arthur Weigall">Arthur Weigall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Jan Assmann</a>'s opinion is that 'Aten' and 'Adonai' are not linguistically related.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann199723–24_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann199723–24-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are strong similarities between Akhenaten's <a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Biblical Psalm</a> <a href="/wiki/Psalm_104" title="Psalm 104">104</a>, but there is debate as to relationship implied by this similarity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015246–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0jODBgAAQBAJpgPA256_256]<p>Hoffmeier2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEVcSDAAAQBAJpgPA239_239]<p>Alter2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid72FjDwAAQBAJpgPA54_54]<p>Brown201461–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCs3RAgAAQBAJpgPA73_73]_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015246–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0jODBgAAQBAJpgPA256_256]<p>Hoffmeier2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEVcSDAAAQBAJpgPA239_239]<p>Alter2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid72FjDwAAQBAJpgPA54_54]<p>Brown201461–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCs3RAgAAQBAJpgPA73_73]-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8SCyDwAAQBAJpgPA40_40]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8SCyDwAAQBAJpgPA43_43]<p>Day2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrtveBAAAQBAJpgPA22_22]–23<p>Day2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidF8LyON8_-j0CpgPA223_223]–224<p>Landes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwdJoAgAAQBAJpgPA155_155],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwdJoAgAAQBAJpgPA178_178]<p>Shaw2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZR173Wu9uw4CpgPA19_19]_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8SCyDwAAQBAJpgPA40_40]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8SCyDwAAQBAJpgPA43_43]<p>Day2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrtveBAAAQBAJpgPA22_22]–23<p>Day2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidF8LyON8_-j0CpgPA223_223]–224<p>Landes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwdJoAgAAQBAJpgPA155_155],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwdJoAgAAQBAJpgPA178_178]<p>Shaw2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZR173Wu9uw4CpgPA19_19]-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others have likened some aspects of Akhenaten's relationship with the Aten to the relationship, in Christian tradition, between <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> and God, particularly interpretations that emphasize a more monotheistic interpretation of Atenism than a henotheistic one. <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Donald B. Redford</a> has noted that some have viewed Akhenaten as a <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">harbinger of Jesus</a>. "After all, Akhenaten did call himself the son of the sole god: 'Thine only son that came forth from thy body'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1987_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1987-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Henry Breasted</a> likened him to Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199460_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson199460-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Weigall" title="Arthur Weigall">Arthur Weigall</a> saw him as a failed precursor of Christ and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> saw him "as right on the way and yet not the right one for the way".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200114_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200114-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although scholars like Brian Fagan (2015) and Robert Alter (2018) have re-opened the debate, in 1997, Redford concluded: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Before much of the archaeological evidence from Thebes and from Tell el-Amarna became available, wishful thinking sometimes turned Akhenaten into a humane teacher of the true God, a mentor of Moses, a christlike figure, a philosopher before his time. But these imaginary creatures are now fading away as the historical reality gradually emerges. There is little or no evidence to support the notion that Akhenaten was a progenitor of the full-blown monotheism that we find in the Bible. The monotheism of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament had its own separate development—one that began more than half a millennium after the pharaoh's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedfordShanksMeinhardt1997_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedfordShanksMeinhardt1997-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_illness">Possible illness</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieratic_inscription_on_a_pottery_fragment._It_records_year_17_of_Akhenaten%27s_reign_and_reference_to_wine_of_the_house_of_Aten._From_Amarna,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hieratic_inscription_on_a_pottery_fragment._It_records_year_17_of_Akhenaten%27s_reign_and_reference_to_wine_of_the_house_of_Aten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hieratic_inscription_on_a_pottery_fragment._It_records_year_17_of_Akhenaten%27s_reign_and_reference_to_wine_of_the_house_of_Aten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hieratic_inscription_on_a_pottery_fragment._It_records_year_17_of_Akhenaten%27s_reign_and_reference_to_wine_of_the_house_of_Aten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4273" data-file-height="3471" /></a><figcaption>Hieratic inscription on a pottery fragment. It records year 17 of Akhenaten's reign and references wine of the house of Aten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_trial_piece_of_a_king,_probably_Akhenaten,_and_a_smaller_head_of_uncertain_gender._From_Amarna,_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Limestone_trial_piece_of_a_king%2C_probably_Akhenaten%2C_and_a_smaller_head_of_uncertain_gender._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Limestone_trial_piece_of_a_king%2C_probably_Akhenaten%2C_and_a_smaller_head_of_uncertain_gender._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Limestone_trial_piece_of_a_king%2C_probably_Akhenaten%2C_and_a_smaller_head_of_uncertain_gender._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="4409" /></a><figcaption>Limestone trial piece of a king, probably Akhenaten, and a smaller head of uncertain gender. From Amarna, Egypt – 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>The unconventional portrayals of Akhenaten—different from the traditional athletic norm in the portrayal of pharaohs—have led Egyptologists in the 19th and 20th centuries to suppose that Akhenaten had some kind of genetic abnormality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakácsCline20155–6_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakácsCline20155–6-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various illnesses have been put forward, with <a href="/wiki/Adiposogenital_dystrophy" title="Adiposogenital dystrophy">Fröhlich's syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marfan_syndrome" title="Marfan syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a> being mentioned most commonly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201987_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201987-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Aldred" title="Cyril Aldred">Cyril Aldred</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1991_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1991-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following up earlier arguments of <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith" title="Grafton Elliot Smith">Grafton Elliot Smith</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192383–88_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192383–88-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">James Strachey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachey1939_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachey1939-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested that Akhenaten may have had Fröhlich's syndrome on the basis of his long jaw and his feminine appearance. However, this is unlikely, because this disorder results in <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">sterility</a> and Akhenaten is known to have fathered numerous children. His children are repeatedly portrayed through years of archaeological and iconographic evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawass2010_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawass2010-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burridge<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurridge1995_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurridge1995-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested that Akhenaten may have had Marfan syndrome, which, unlike Fröhlich's, does not result in mental impairment or sterility. People with Marfan syndrome tend towards tallness, with a long, thin face, elongated skull, overgrown ribs, a funnel or pigeon chest, a high curved or slightly cleft palate, and larger pelvis, with enlarged thighs and spindly calves, symptoms that appear in some depictions of Akhenaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenz2010_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenz2010-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marfan syndrome is a dominant characteristic, which means those affected have a 50% chance of passing it on to their children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Center_for_Advancing_Translational_Sciences2017_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Center_for_Advancing_Translational_Sciences2017-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, DNA tests on Tutankhamun in 2010 proved negative for Marfan syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchemm2010_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchemm2010-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 21st century, most Egyptologists argued that Akhenaten's portrayals are not the results of a genetic or medical condition, but rather should be interpreted as stylized portrayals influenced by Atenism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves2019154–155_209-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves2019154–155-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003_226-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akhenaten was made to look androgynous in artwork as a symbol of the androgyny of the Aten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003_226-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2></div> <p>Akhenaten's life, accomplishments, and legacy have been preserved and depicted in many ways, and he has figured in works of both <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> since his rediscovery in the 19th century AD. Akhenaten—alongside <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>—is among the most often popularized and fictionalized ancient historical figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003139_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003139-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On page, Amarna novels most often take one of two forms. They are either a <i><a href="/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</a></i>, focusing on Akhenaten's psychological and moral growth as it relates to establishing Atenism and Akhetaten, as well as his struggles against the Theban Amun cult. Alternatively, his literary depictions focus on the aftermath of his reign and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003144_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003144-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dividing line also exists between depictions of Akhenaten from before the 1920s and since, when more and more archeological discoveries started to provide artists with material evidence about his life and times. Thus, before the 1920s, Akhenaten had appeared as "a ghost, a spectral figure" in art, while since he has become realistic, "material and tangible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003154_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003154-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of the former include the <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance novels</a> <i>In the Tombs of the Kings</i> (1910) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilian_Bagnall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilian Bagnall (page does not exist)">Lilian Bagnall</a>—the first appearance by Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti in fiction—and <i>A Wife Out of Egypt</i> (1913) and <i>There Was a King in Egypt</i> (1918) by <a href="/wiki/Norma_Lorimer" title="Norma Lorimer">Norma Lorimer</a>. Examples of the latter include <i>Akhnaton King of Egypt</i> (1924) by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_and_His_Brothers" title="Joseph and His Brothers">Joseph and His Brothers</a></i> (1933–1943) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <i>Akhnaton</i> (1973) by <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten,_Dweller_in_Truth" title="Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth">Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth</a></i> (1985) by <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a>. Akhenaten also appears in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Egyptian" title="The Egyptian">The Egyptian</a></i> (1945) by <a href="/wiki/Mika_Waltari" title="Mika Waltari">Mika Waltari</a>, which was adapted into the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Egyptian_(film)" title="The Egyptian (film)">The Egyptian</a></i> (1953). In this movie, Akhenaten, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilding" title="Michael Wilding">Michael Wilding</a>, appears to represent <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and his followers proto-<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003163,_200–212_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003163,_200–212-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sexualized image of Akhenaten, building on early Western interest in the pharaoh's <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgynous</a> depictions, perceived potential <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, and identification with <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipal storytelling</a>, also influenced modern works of art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003168,_170_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003168,_170-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two most notable portrayals are <i>Akenaten</i> (1975), an unfilmed screenplay by <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jarman" title="Derek Jarman">Derek Jarman</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Akhnaten_(opera)" title="Akhnaten (opera)">Akhnaten</a></i> (1984), an opera by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003175–176_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003175–176-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2019_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2019-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were influenced by the unproven and scientifically unsupported theories of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky">Immanuel Velikovsky</a>, who equated <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> with Akhenaten,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003176_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003176-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Glass specifically denies his personal belief in Velikovsky's Oedipus theory, or caring about its historical validity, instead being drawn to its potential theatricality.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, Akhenaten appeared as an antagonist in comic books and video games. For example, he is the major antagonist in <a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">limited comic-book series</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Marvel:_The_End" title="Marvel: The End">Marvel: The End</a></i> (2003). In this series, Akhenaten is abducted by an alien order in the <a href="/wiki/14th_century_BC" title="14th century BC">14th century BC</a> and reappears on modern Earth seeking to restore his kingdom. He is opposed by essentially all of the other superheroes and supervillains in the Marvel comic book universe and is eventually defeated by <a href="/wiki/Thanos" title="Thanos">Thanos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvel2021_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2021-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Akhenaten appears as the enemy in the <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Origins" title="Assassin's Creed Origins">Assassin's Creed Origins</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Origins#The_Curse_of_the_Pharaohs" title="Assassin's Creed Origins">The Curse of the Pharaohs</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Downloadable_content" title="Downloadable content">downloadable content</a> (2017), and must be defeated to remove his curse on Thebes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvel2021_267-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2021-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His afterlife takes the form of 'Aten', a location that draws heavily on the architecture of the city of Amarna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHotton2018_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHotton2018-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Nile_(band)" title="Nile (band)">Nile</a> depicted Akhenaten's judgement, punishment, and erasure from history at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">pantheon</a> that he replaced with Aten, in the song "Cast Down the Heretic", from their 2005 album <i><a href="/wiki/Annihilation_of_the_Wicked" title="Annihilation of the Wicked">Annihilation of the Wicked</a></i>. He was also featured on the cover artwork of their 2009 album, <i><a href="/wiki/Those_Whom_the_Gods_Detest" title="Those Whom the Gods Detest">Those Whom the Gods Detest</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="ahnentafel" style="font-size:88%;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">16. <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">17. <a href="/wiki/Merytre-Hatshepsut" title="Merytre-Hatshepsut">Merytre-Hatshepsut</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Tiaa" title="Tiaa">Tiaa</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Mutemwiya" title="Mutemwiya">Mutemwiya</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Akhenaten</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="48" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Yuya" title="Yuya">Yuya</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Tiye" title="Tiye">Tiye</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="17"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="16" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Tjuyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjuyu">Tjuyu</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_of_the_Exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaoh of the Exodus">Pharaoh of the Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osarseph" title="Osarseph">Osarseph</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenWestbrook20026-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenWestbrook20026_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenWestbrook2002">Cohen & Westbrook 2002</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1912252-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1912252_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1912">Rogers 1912</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica.com2012_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritannica.com2012">Britannica.com 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997190_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997">von Beckerath 1997</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013104–105_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200155,_84-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200155,_84_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2001">Hornung 2001</a>, pp. 55, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004125-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004125_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajovits2004">Najovits 2004</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019211–213-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019211–213_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley2019">Ridley 2019</a>, pp. 211–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201928,_173–174-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201928,_173–174_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley2019">Ridley 2019</a>, pp. 28, 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson200938-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson200938_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson2009">Dodson 2009</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004123–124-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004123–124_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajovits2004">Najovits 2004</a>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004128-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004128_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajovits2004">Najovits 2004</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200152-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200152_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2001">Hornung 2001</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019129,_133-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019129,_133_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley2019">Ridley 2019</a>, pp. 129, 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019128-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019128_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley2019">Ridley 2019</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004131-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004131_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajovits2004">Najovits 2004</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019128–129-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019128–129_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley2019">Ridley 2019</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung199247-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung199247_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung1992">Hornung 1992</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2005217–221-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2005217–221_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2005">Allen 2005</a>, pp. 217–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2019187–194-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2019187–194_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley2019">Ridley 2019</a>, pp. 187–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves2019154–155-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves2019154–155_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves2019154–155_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves2019154–155_209-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves2019">Reeves 2019</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200156-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200156_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2001">Hornung 2001</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson201847,_50-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson201847,_50_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson2018">Dodson 2018</a>, pp. 47, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1984207-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1984207_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedford1984">Redford 1984</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilvermanWegnerWegner2006165–166-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilvermanWegnerWegner2006165–166_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilvermanWegnerWegner2006">Silverman, Wegner & Wegner 2006</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015197,_239–242-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015197,_239–242_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmeier2015">Hoffmeier 2015</a>, pp. 197, 239–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2003284-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Dijk2003284_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Dijk2003">van Dijk 2003</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015239–242-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015239–242_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmeier2015">Hoffmeier 2015</a>, pp. 239–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200143–44-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200143–44_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2001">Hornung 2001</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004144-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004144_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajovits2004">Najovits 2004</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptistaSantamarinaConant2017-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptistaSantamarinaConant2017_219-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptistaSantamarinaConant2017_219-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaptistaSantamarinaConant2017">Baptista, Santamarina & Conant 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1996viii-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold1996viii_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold1996">Arnold 1996</a>, p. viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200142–47-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200142–47_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2001">Hornung 2001</a>, pp. 42–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESooke2016-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESooke2016_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSooke2016">Sooke 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakácsCline20155–6-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakácsCline20155–6_223-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakácsCline20155–6_223-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakácsCline2015">Takács & Cline 2015</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBravermanRedfordMackowiak2009-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBravermanRedfordMackowiak2009_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBravermanRedfordMackowiak2009">Braverman, Redford & Mackowiak 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBravermanMackowiak2010-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBravermanMackowiak2010_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBravermanMackowiak2010">Braverman & Mackowiak 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003_226-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003_226-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003_226-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003_226-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003_226-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontserrat2003">Montserrat 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004145-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004145_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajovits2004">Najovits 2004</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1985174-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1985174_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldred1985">Aldred 1985</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1996114-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold1996114_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold1996">Arnold 1996</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200144-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200144_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2001">Hornung 2001</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajovits2004146–147-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajovits2004146–147_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNajovits2004">Najovits 2004</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199685-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199685_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold1996">Arnold 1996</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199685–86-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold199685–86_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold1996">Arnold 1996</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat200336-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat200336_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontserrat2003">Montserrat 2003</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1939-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1939_235-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1939_235-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1939_235-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1939_235-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreud1939">Freud 1939</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStent200234–38-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStent200234–38_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStent2002">Stent 2002</a>, pp. 34–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann1997-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann1997_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann1997">Assmann 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShupak1995-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShupak1995_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShupak1995">Shupak 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1973-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1973_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbright1973">Albright 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney2006a62–69-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaney2006a62–69_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaney2006a">Chaney 2006a</a>, pp. 62–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney2006b-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaney2006b_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaney2006b">Chaney 2006b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann199723–24-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann199723–24_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann1997">Assmann 1997</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015246–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0jODBgAAQBAJpgPA256_256]<p>Hoffmeier2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEVcSDAAAQBAJpgPA239_239]<p>Alter2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid72FjDwAAQBAJpgPA54_54]<p>Brown201461–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCs3RAgAAQBAJpgPA73_73]-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2015246–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0jODBgAAQBAJpgPA256_256]<p>Hoffmeier2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEVcSDAAAQBAJpgPA239_239]<p>Alter2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid72FjDwAAQBAJpgPA54_54]<p>Brown201461–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCs3RAgAAQBAJpgPA73_73]_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmeier2015">Hoffmeier 2015</a>, pp. 246–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jODBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA256">256</a>: "...it seems best to conclude for the present that the "parallels" between Amarna hymns to Aten and Psalm 104 should be attributed to "the common theology" and the "general pattern"..."; <a href="#CITEREFHoffmeier2005"></a><p><a href="#CITEREFHoffmeier2005">Hoffmeier 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EVcSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA239">239</a>: "...There has been some debate whether the similarities direct or indirect borrowing... it is unlikely that "the Israelite who composed Psalm 104 borrowed directly from the sublime Egyptian 'Hymn to the Aten'," as Stager has recently claimed."; <a href="#CITEREFAlter2018"></a></p><p><a href="#CITEREFAlter2018">Alter 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=72FjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">54</a>: "...I think there may be some likelihood, however unprovable, that our psalmist was familiar with at least an intermediate version of Akhenaton's hymn and adopted some elements from it."; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2014"></a></p><p><a href="#CITEREFBrown2014">Brown 2014</a>, p. 61–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cs3RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">73</a>: "the question of the relationship between Egyptian hymns and the Psalms remains open" </p></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8SCyDwAAQBAJpgPA40_40]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8SCyDwAAQBAJpgPA43_43]<p>Day2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrtveBAAAQBAJpgPA22_22]–23<p>Day2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidF8LyON8_-j0CpgPA223_223]–224<p>Landes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwdJoAgAAQBAJpgPA155_155],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwdJoAgAAQBAJpgPA178_178]<p>Shaw2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZR173Wu9uw4CpgPA19_19]-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8SCyDwAAQBAJpgPA40_40]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8SCyDwAAQBAJpgPA43_43]<p>Day2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrtveBAAAQBAJpgPA22_22]–23<p>Day2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidF8LyON8_-j0CpgPA223_223]–224<p>Landes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwdJoAgAAQBAJpgPA155_155],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwdJoAgAAQBAJpgPA178_178]<p>Shaw2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZR173Wu9uw4CpgPA19_19]_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2020">Assmann 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8SCyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">40</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8SCyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">43</a>: "Verses 20–30 cannot be understood as anything other than a loose and abridged translation of the "Great Hymn":..."; <a href="#CITEREFDay2014"></a><p><a href="#CITEREFDay2014">Day 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rtveBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">22</a>–23: "...a significant part of the rest Of Psalm 104 (esp. vv. 20–30) is dependent on... Akhenaten's Hymn to the Sun god Aten... these parallels almost all come in the same order:..."; <a href="#CITEREFDay2013"></a></p><p><a href="#CITEREFDay2013">Day 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8LyON8_-j0C&pg=PA223">223</a>–224: "...this dependence is confined to vv. 20–30. Here the evidence is particularly impressive, since we have six parallels with Akhenaten's hymn... occurring in the identical order, with one exception."; <a href="#CITEREFLandes2011"></a></p><p><a href="#CITEREFLandes2011">Landes 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdJoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155">155</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdJoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">178</a>: "the hymn to Aten quoted as epigraph to this chapter—replicates the intense religiosity and even the language of the Hebrew Psalm 104. Indeed, most Egyptologists argue that this hymn inspired the psalm...", "...For some, the relationship to Hebraic monotheism seems extremely close, including the nearly verbatim passages in Psalm 104 and the "Hymn to Aten" found in one of the tombs at Akhetaten..."; <a href="#CITEREFShaw2004"></a></p><p><a href="#CITEREFShaw2004">Shaw 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR173Wu9uw4C&pg=PA19">19</a>: "An intriguing direct literary (and perhaps religious) link between Egypt and the Bible is Psalm 104, which has strong similarities with a hymn to the Aten" </p></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1987-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1987_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedford1987">Redford 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson199460-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199460_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson1994">Levenson 1994</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200114-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200114_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2001">Hornung 2001</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedfordShanksMeinhardt1997-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedfordShanksMeinhardt1997_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedfordShanksMeinhardt1997">Redford, Shanks & Meinhardt 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley201987-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley201987_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley2019">Ridley 2019</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldred1991-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldred1991_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldred1991">Aldred 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192383–88-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192383–88_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1923">Smith 1923</a>, pp. 83–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachey1939-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachey1939_252-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachey1939">Strachey 1939</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawass2010-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawass2010_253-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawass2010">Hawass 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurridge1995-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurridge1995_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurridge1995">Burridge 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenz2010-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenz2010_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLorenz2010">Lorenz 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Center_for_Advancing_Translational_Sciences2017-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Center_for_Advancing_Translational_Sciences2017_256-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Center_for_Advancing_Translational_Sciences2017">National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchemm2010-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchemm2010_257-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchemm2010">Schemm 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003139-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003139_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontserrat2003">Montserrat 2003</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003144-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003144_259-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontserrat2003">Montserrat 2003</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003154-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003154_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontserrat2003">Montserrat 2003</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003163,_200–212-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003163,_200–212_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontserrat2003">Montserrat 2003</a>, pp. 163, 200–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003168,_170-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003168,_170_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontserrat2003">Montserrat 2003</a>, pp. 168, 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003175–176-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003175–176_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontserrat2003">Montserrat 2003</a>, pp. 175–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2019-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2019_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2019">Davidson 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003176-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontserrat2003176_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontserrat2003">Montserrat 2003</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Glass, Philip</a> (1987) <i>Music by Philip Glass</i> New York: Harper & Row. p.137-138. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015823-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015823-9">0-06-015823-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvel2021-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvel2021_267-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvel2021_267-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarvel2021">Marvel 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHotton2018-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHotton2018_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHotton2018">Hotton 2018</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15620-3"><bdi>978-1-107-15620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Poetry+and+the+Art+of+Close+Reading&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-15620-3&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D72FjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvel2021" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marvel.com/characters/akhenaten">"Amenhotep IV – Akhenaten"</a>. Marvel. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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American College of Physicians: 556–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-150-8-200904210-00010">10.7326/0003-4819-150-8-200904210-00010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1539-3704">1539-3704</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43032966">43032966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19380856">19380856</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24766974">24766974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Akhenaten+and+the+Strange+Physiques+of+Egypt%27s+18th+Dynasty&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=556-560&rft.date=2009-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24766974%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-150-8-200904210-00010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43032966&rft.issn=1539-3704&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19380856&rft.aulast=Braverman&rft.aufirst=Irwin+M.&rft.au=Redford%2C+Donald+B.&rft.au=Mackowiak%2C+Philip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreasted2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">Breasted, James Henry</a>, ed. 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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1045-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1045-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-1045-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+religion+and+thought+in+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1045-3&rft.aulast=Breasted&rft.aufirst=James+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2014" class="citation book cs1">Brown, William P. 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Hoboken, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-74358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-74358-3"><bdi>978-0-471-74358-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70265584">70265584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tutankhamun%27s+Armies%3A+Battle+and+Conquest+during+Ancient+Egypt%27s+Late+18th+Dynasty&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70265584&rft.isbn=978-0-471-74358-3&rft.aulast=Darnell&rft.aufirst=John+Coleman&rft.au=Manassa%2C+Colleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1998" class="citation book cs1">David, Rosalie (1998). <i>Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt</i>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 211–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969954-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969954-4"><bdi>978-0-19-969954-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psalm+104+and+Akhenaten%27s+Hymn+to+the+Sun&rft.btitle=Jewish+and+Christian+Approaches+to+the+Psalms%3A+Conflict+and+Convergence&rft.pages=211-228&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969954-4&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8LyON8_-j0C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2014" class="citation book cs1">Day, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rtveBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>From Creation to Babel: Studies in Genesis 1-11</i></a>. 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New York: New York Graphic Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821201510" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821201510"><bdi>978-0821201510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tutankhamen%3A+Life+and+Death+of+a+Pharaoh&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=New+York+Graphic+Society&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0821201510&rft.aulast=Desroches-Noblecourt&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dijk2003" class="citation book cs1">van Dijk, Jacobus (2003) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/OHAE_2003_Amarna.pdf">"The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom (c.1352–1069 BC)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Ian_Shaw_(Egyptologist)" title="Ian Shaw (Egyptologist)">Shaw, Ian</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i> (New ed.). Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 265–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280458-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280458-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280458-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619061450/http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/OHAE_2003_Amarna.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Amarna+Period+and+the+Later+New+Kingdom+%28c.1352%E2%80%931069+BC%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=265-307&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280458-7&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=Jacobus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobusvandijk.nl%2Fdocs%2FOHAE_2003_Amarna.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Dodson, Aidan</a> (2012). "Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)". In <a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Bagnall" title="Roger S. Bagnall">Bagnall, Roger S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kai_Brodersen" title="Kai Brodersen">Brodersen, Kai</a>; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/Sabine_R._Huebner" title="Sabine R. Huebner">Huebner, Sabine R.</a> (eds.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i>. Vol. 1. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405179355" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405179355"><bdi>978-1405179355</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/230191195">230191195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akhenaten+%28Amenhotep+IV%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F230191195&rft.isbn=978-1405179355&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Dodson, Aidan</a> (2014). <i>Amarna Sunrise: Egypt from the Golden Age to Age of Heresy</i> (1st ed.). Cairo; New York: The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774166334" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774166334"><bdi>978-9774166334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amarna+Sunrise%3A+Egypt+from+the+Golden+Age+to+Age+of+Heresy&rft.place=Cairo%3B+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9774166334&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Dodson, Aidan</a> (2009). <i>Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation</i> (1st ed.). Cairo; New York: The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-304-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-304-3"><bdi>978-977-416-304-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amarna+Sunset%3A+Nefertiti%2C+Tutankhamun%2C+Ay%2C+Horemheb%2C+and+the+Egyptian+Counter-Reformation&rft.place=Cairo%3B+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-977-416-304-3&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodson2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Dodson, Aidan</a> (2018) [2009]. <i>Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation</i> (Revised ed.). Cairo; New York: <a href="/wiki/The_American_University_in_Cairo_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The American University in Cairo Press">The American University in Cairo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-859-8"><bdi>978-977-416-859-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004248105">1004248105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amarna+Sunset%3A+Nefertiti%2C+Tutankhamun%2C+Ay%2C+Horemheb%2C+and+the+Egyptian+Counter-Reformation&rft.place=Cairo%3B+New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004248105&rft.isbn=978-977-416-859-8&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsonHilton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Dodson, Aidan</a>; Hilton, Dyan (2004). <i>The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</i>. Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Royal+Families+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Hilton%2C+Dyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriotonVandier1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Drioton" title="Étienne Drioton">Drioton, Étienne</a>; Vandier, Jacques (1952) [1938]. <i>L'Égypte</i>. Les Peuples de l'Orient Méditerranéen (in French). Vol. II (3rd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89gypte&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Les+Peuples+de+l%27Orient+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Drioton&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft.au=Vandier%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuhig2010" class="citation journal cs1">Duhig, Corinne (2010). "The remains of Pharaoh Akhenaten are not yet identified: Comments on 'Biological age of the skeletonised mummy from Tomb KV55 at Thebes (Egypt)' by Eugen Strouhal". <i>Anthropologie</i>. <b>48</b> (2). Moravian Museum: 113–115. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26292899">26292899</a></span>. <q>It is essential that, whether the KV55 skeleton is that of Smenkhkare or some previously-unknown prince... the assumption that the KV55 bones are those of Akhenaten be rejected before it becomes "received wisdom".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropologie&rft.atitle=The+remains+of+Pharaoh+Akhenaten+are+not+yet+identified%3A+Comments+on+%27Biological+age+of+the+skeletonised+mummy+from+Tomb+KV55+at+Thebes+%28Egypt%29%27+by+Eugen+Strouhal&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-115&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26292899%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Duhig&rft.aufirst=Corinne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmar1948" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elmar, Edel (1948). "Neue Keilschriftliche Umschreibungen Ägyptischer Namen aus den Boǧazköytexten". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i> (in German). <b>7</b> (1). The University of Chicago Press: 11–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370848">10.1086/370848</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/542570">542570</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Neue+Keilschriftliche+Umschreibungen+%C3%84gyptischer+Namen+aus+den+Bo%C7%A7azk%C3%B6ytexten&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-24&rft.date=1948&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F542570%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F370848&rft.aulast=Elmar&rft.aufirst=Edel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFecht1960" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fecht, Gerhard (1960). "Amarna Probleme (1–2)". <i>Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde</i> (in German). <b>85</b>. De Gruyter: 83–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fzaes.1960.85.1.99">10.1524/zaes.1960.85.1.99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-216X">0044-216X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192846780">192846780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+%C3%84gyptische+Sprache+und+Altertumskunde&rft.atitle=Amarna+Probleme+%281%E2%80%932%29&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=83-118&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192846780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0044-216X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fzaes.1960.85.1.99&rft.aulast=Fecht&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreud1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud, Sigmund</a> (1939). <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_and_Monotheism" title="Moses and Monotheism">Moses and Monotheism</a></i>. New York: A.A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/624780">624780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moses+and+Monotheism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=A.A.+Knopf&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F624780&rft.aulast=Freud&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabolde1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Gabolde" title="Marc Gabolde">Gabolde, Marc</a> (1998). <i>D'Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon</i>. Collection de l'Institut d'Archéologie et d'Histoire de l'Antiquité (in French). Vol. 3. 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"Taking Possession of the Constant Rate Hypothesis: Variation and Change in Ancient Egyptian Possessive Constructions". <i>University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 69–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Taking+Possession+of+the+Constant+Rate+Hypothesis%3A+Variation+and+Change+in+Ancient+Egyptian+Possessive+Constructions&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69-78&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Shayna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGohary1992" class="citation book cs1">Gohary, Jocelyn Olive (1992). <i>Akhenaten's Sed-festival at Karnak</i>. Studies in Egyptology (1st ed.). London; New York: Kegan Paul International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710303806" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710303806"><bdi>978-0710303806</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-601X">1754-601X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22309806">22309806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akhenaten%27s+Sed-festival+at+Karnak&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Studies+in+Egyptology&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+International&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22309806&rft.issn=1754-601X&rft.isbn=978-0710303806&rft.aulast=Gohary&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn+Olive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldwasser1992" class="citation journal cs1">Goldwasser, Orly (1992). 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(1980). <i>An X-ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies</i> (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226317458" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226317458"><bdi>978-0226317458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+X-ray+Atlas+of+the+Royal+Mummies&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0226317458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2000" class="citation book cs1">Hart, George (2000) [1986]. <i>A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415059097" title="Special:BookSources/0415059097"><bdi>0415059097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Egyptian+Gods+and+Goddesses&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0415059097&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawass2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" title="Zahi Hawass">Hawass, Zahi</a> (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/tut-dna">"King Tut's Family Secrets"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Photographs by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Garrett" title="Kenneth Garrett">Kenneth Garrett</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509021630/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2010/09/tut-dna/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515546-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515546-4"><bdi>978-0-19-515546-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel+in+Sinai%3A+The+Evidence+for+the+Authenticity+of+the+Wilderness+Tradition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515546-4&rft.aulast=Hoffmeier&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEVcSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeier2015" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmeier, James Karl (2015). <i>Akhenaten and the Origins of Monotheism</i> (1st ed.). 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Translated by Lorton, David. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>; London: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8725-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-8725-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48417401">48417401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akhenaten+and+the+Religion+of+Light&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York%3B+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48417401&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8725-5&rft.aulast=Hornung&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornungKraussWarburton2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Hornung" title="Erik Hornung">Hornung, Erik</a>; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, eds. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11385-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11385-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11385-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Chronology&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11385-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHotton2018" class="citation web cs1">Hotton, Emily (November 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nilescribes.org/2018/11/03/game-review-aco-curse-pharaohs/">"Game Review: Assassin's Creed – The Curse of the Pharaohs"</a>. <i>Nile Scribe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0396-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0396-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-0396-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Reliability+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=William.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0396-2&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKw6U05qBiXcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson</a> (2000). 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Vienna, Austria: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-2936-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-2936-3"><bdi>978-3-7001-2936-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regnal+and+Genealogical+Data+of+Ancient+Egypt+%28Absolute+Chronology+I%29%3A+The+Historical+Chronology+of+Ancient+Egypt%2C+A+Current+Assessment&rft.btitle=The+Synchronisation+of+Civlisations+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+in+the+Second+Millennium+B.C.%3A+Proceedings+of+an+international+symposium+at+Schloss+Haindorf%2C+15th%E2%80%9317th+of+November+1996+and+at+the+Austrian+Academy%2C+Vienna%2C+11th%E2%80%9312th+of+May+1998&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.series=Contributions+to+the+Chronology+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-2936-3&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson</a> (1986) [1972]. <i>The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)</i> (2nd ed.). Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-298-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-298-8"><bdi>978-0-85668-298-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Intermediate+Period+in+Egypt+%281100%E2%80%93650+BC%29&rft.place=Warminster%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-85668-298-8&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaboury2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laboury, Dimitri (2010). <i>Akhénaton</i>. Les grands pharaons (in French). 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Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691035673" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691035673"><bdi>978-0691035673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10099207">10099207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akhenaten%3A+The+Heretic+King&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10099207&rft.isbn=978-0691035673&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedford1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (1987). "The Monotheism of the Heretic Pharaoh: Precursor of Mosaic monotheism or Egyptian anomaly?". <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 53–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=The+Monotheism+of+the+Heretic+Pharaoh%3A+Precursor+of+Mosaic+monotheism+or+Egyptian+anomaly%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=53-56&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedfordShanksMeinhardt1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a>; Shanks, Hershel; Meinhardt, Jack (1997). <i>Aspects of Monotheism: How God is One</i> (Conference paper and proceedings). Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1880317198" title="Special:BookSources/978-1880317198"><bdi>978-1880317198</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37608180">37608180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Monotheism%3A+How+God+is+One&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37608180&rft.isbn=978-1880317198&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft.au=Shanks%2C+Hershel&rft.au=Meinhardt%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedford2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. 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Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. pp. 299–316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2222029298" title="Special:BookSources/978-2222029298"><bdi>978-2222029298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nubian+War+of+Akhenaten&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89gyptologie+en+1979%3A+Axes+prioritaires+de+recherches&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Colloques+internationaux+du+Centre+national+de+la+recherche+scientifique&rft.pages=299-316&rft.pub=Editions+du+Centre+national+de+la+recherche+scientifique&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-2222029298&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethe1906–1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Sethe" title="Kurt Sethe">Sethe, Kurt</a>, ed. 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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1931707909" title="Special:BookSources/978-1931707909"><bdi>978-1931707909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akhenaten+and+Tutankhamun%3A+Revolution+and+Restoration&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+of+Archeology+and+Anthropology&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1931707909&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Josef+W.&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Jennifer+Houser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1923" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Elliot, ed. (1923). <i>Tutankhamen and the discovery of his tomb by the late Earl of Carnarvon and Mr Howard Carter</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tutankhamen+and+the+discovery+of+his+tomb+by+the+late+Earl+of+Carnarvon+and+Mr+Howard+Carter&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSooke2014" class="citation news cs1">Sooke, Alastair (January 9, 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/10561090/Akhenaten-mad-bad-or-brilliant.html">"Akhenaten: mad, bad, or brilliant?"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/10561090/Akhenaten-mad-bad-or-brilliant.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Akhenaten%3A+mad%2C+bad%2C+or+brilliant%3F&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.aulast=Sooke&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fart%2F10561090%2FAkhenaten-mad-bad-or-brilliant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSooke2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Sooke" title="Alastair Sooke">Sooke, Alastair</a> (February 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160204-how-ancient-egypt-shaped-our-idea-of-beauty">"How ancient Egypt shaped our idea of beauty"</a>. Culture. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=How+ancient+Egypt+shaped+our+idea+of+beauty&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.aulast=Sooke&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20160204-how-ancient-egypt-shaped-our-idea-of-beauty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence2011" class="citation web cs1">Spence, Kate (February 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/akhenaten_01.shtml">"Akhenaten and the Amarna Period"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC.co.uk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC.co.uk&rft.atitle=Akhenaten+and+the+Amarna+Period&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fegyptians%2Fakhenaten_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStent2002" class="citation book cs1">Stent, Gunther Siegmund (2002). <i>Paradoxes of Free Will</i>. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 92. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-926-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-926-5"><bdi>0-87169-926-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50773277">50773277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradoxes+of+Free+Will&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.series=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50773277&rft.isbn=0-87169-926-5&rft.aulast=Stent&rft.aufirst=Gunther+Siegmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachey1939" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">Strachey, James</a> (1939). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ijp.020.0033a">"Preliminary Notes Upon the Problem of Akhenaten"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Psycho-Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Psycho-Analysis">International Journal of Psycho-Analysis</a></i>. <b>20</b>: 33–42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7578">0020-7578</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Psycho-Analysis&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Notes+Upon+the+Problem+of+Akhenaten&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=33-42&rft.date=1939&rft.issn=0020-7578&rft.aulast=Strachey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pep-web.org%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3Dijp.020.0033a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrouhal2010" class="citation journal cs1">Strouhal, Eugen (2010). "Biological age of skeletonized mummy from Tomb KV 55 at Thebes". <i>Anthropologie</i>. <b>48</b> (2). Brno, Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A9_zemsk%C3%A9_muzeum" title="Moravské zemské muzeum">Moravian Museum</a>: 97–112. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26292898">26292898</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropologie&rft.atitle=Biological+age+of+skeletonized+mummy+from+Tomb+KV+55+at+Thebes&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-112&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26292898%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Strouhal&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakácsCline2015" class="citation book cs1">Takács, Sarolta Anna; <a href="/wiki/Eric_H._Cline" title="Eric H. Cline">Cline, Eric H.</a>, eds. (2015) [2007]. "Akhenaten (also Akhenaton) (r. ca. 1353–1335 B.C.E.)". <i>The Ancient World</i>. Vol. 1–5. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8082-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8082-2"><bdi>978-0-7656-8082-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006101384">2006101384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akhenaten+%28also+Akhenaton%29+%28r.+ca.+1353%E2%80%931335+B.C.E.%29&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006101384&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-8082-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriggerKempO'ConnorLloyd2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Trigger" title="Bruce Trigger">Trigger, Bruce Graham</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Kemp_(Egyptologist)" title="Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)">Kemp, Barry</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_O%27Connor_(Egyptologist)" title="David O'Connor (Egyptologist)">O'Connor, David Bourke</a>; Lloyd, Alan Brian (2001) [1983]. <i>Ancient Egypt, A Social History</i>. Cambridge; New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521284279" title="Special:BookSources/0521284279"><bdi>0521284279</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/82-22196">82-22196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt%2C+A+Social+History&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F82-22196&rft.isbn=0521284279&rft.aulast=Trigger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Graham&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Barry&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+David+Bourke&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Alan+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyldesley1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Tyldesley" title="Joyce Tyldesley">Tyldesley, Joyce Ann</a> (1998). <i>Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670869985" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670869985"><bdi>978-0670869985</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1153684328">1153684328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nefertiti%3A+Egypt%27s+Sun+Queen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1153684328&rft.isbn=978-0670869985&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyldesley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Tyldesley" title="Joyce Tyldesley">Tyldesley, Joyce A.</a> (2005). <i>Egypt: How a Lost Civilisation was Rediscovered</i>. Berkeley, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520250208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520250208"><bdi>978-0520250208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+How+a+Lost+Civilisation+was+Rediscovered&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0520250208&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyldesley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Tyldesley" title="Joyce Tyldesley">Tyldesley, Joyce A.</a> (2006). <i>Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic Times to the Death of Cleopatra</i>. New York: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05145-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05145-3"><bdi>0-500-05145-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61189103">61189103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Queens+of+Egypt%3A+From+Early+Dynastic+Times+to+the+Death+of+Cleopatra&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61189103&rft.isbn=0-500-05145-3&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Richard H.</a> (2003). <i>The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05120-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05120-8"><bdi>0-500-05120-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-500-05120-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaki2008" class="citation book cs1">Zaki, Mey (2008). <i>The Legacy of Tutankhamun: Art and History</i>. Photographs by Farid Atiya. Giza, Egypt: Farid Atiya Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-17-4930-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-17-4930-1"><bdi>978-977-17-4930-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Tutankhamun%3A+Art+and+History&rft.place=Giza%2C+Egypt&rft.pub=Farid+Atiya+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-977-17-4930-1&rft.aulast=Zaki&rft.aufirst=Mey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldred1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Aldred" title="Cyril Aldred">Aldred, Cyril</a> (1973). <i>Akhenaten and Nefertiti</i>. London: Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akhenaten+and+Nefertiti&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Aldred&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldred1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Aldred" title="Cyril Aldred">Aldred, Cyril</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptians00cyri"><i>The Egyptians</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Aldred&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptians00cyri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James Peter</a> (1994). "Nefertiti and Smenkh-ka-re". <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttinger_Miszellen" title="Göttinger Miszellen">Göttinger Miszellen</a></i>. <b>141</b>. Göttingen, Germany: Verlag der Göttinger Miszellen: 7–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0344-385X">0344-385X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%B6ttinger+Miszellen&rft.atitle=Nefertiti+and+Smenkh-ka-re&rft.volume=141&rft.pages=7-17&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0344-385X&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsanteMazama2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Asante, Molefi Kete</a>; Mazama, Ama (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of African Religion</i>. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+Religion&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft.au=Mazama%2C+Ama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshrafian2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ashrafian, Hutan (September 2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Art%3A+Pt.+1.+Art+in+History%3B+Pt.+2.+Art+in+Theory&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Fords%2C+Howard%2C+%26+Hulbert&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Van+Dyke&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_WjWhr39dsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1951" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolf, Walther (1951). <i>Die Stellung der ägyptischen Kunst zur antiken und abendländischen und Das Problem des Künstlers in der ägyptischen Kunst</i> (in German). Hildesheim, Germany: Gerstenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Stellung+der+%C3%A4gyptischen+Kunst+zur+antiken+und+abendl%C3%A4ndischen+und+Das+Problem+des+K%C3%BCnstlers+in+der+%C3%A4gyptischen+Kunst&rft.place=Hildesheim%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Gerstenberg&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Walther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkhenaten" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Akhenaten</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Akhenaten" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Akhenaten">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Akhenaten" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Akhenaten">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Akhenaten" class="extiw" title="q:Akhenaten">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Akhenaten" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Akhenaten">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81794" class="extiw" title="d:Q81794">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00mwsly">Akhenaten</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~rgrosser/amarna/neywetaten/index.htm">The City of Akhetaten</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maat.sofiatopia.org/aten.htm">The Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mansooramarnacollection.com/">M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7209472.stm">Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city</a> BBC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/303/7/638">Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family</a> Hawass</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/LongCoregency.pdf">The Long Coregency Revisited: the Tomb of Kheruef</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613213943/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/LongCoregency.pdf">Archived</a> June 13, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Peter Dorman, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/09/tut-dna/tut-family-tree">Royal Relations, Tut's father is very likely Akhenaten. National Geographic 09. 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809040945/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/09/tut-dna/tut-family-tree">Archived</a> August 9, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amarna_Period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amarna_Period" title="Template:Amarna Period"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amarna_Period" title="Template talk:Amarna Period"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amarna_Period" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amarna Period"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amarna_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pharaohs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhenaten,_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/155px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/233px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/310px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3994" data-file-height="3303" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiye" title="Tiye">Tiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiya" title="Kiya">Kiya</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Younger_Lady" title="The Younger Lady">The Younger Lady</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tey" title="Tey">Tey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritaten" title="Meritaten">Meritaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meketaten" title="Meketaten">Meketaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenamun" title="Ankhesenamun">Ankhesenamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten_Tasherit" title="Neferneferuaten Tasherit">Neferneferuaten Tasherit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferure" title="Neferneferure">Neferneferure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setepenre_(princess)" title="Setepenre (princess)">Setepenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritaten_Tasherit" title="Meritaten Tasherit">Meritaten Tasherit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpaaten_Tasherit" title="Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit">Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Nobles</li><li>Officials</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aperel" title="Aperel">Aperel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bek_(sculptor)" title="Bek (sculptor)">Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huya_(noble)" title="Huya (noble)">Huya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(noble)" title="Ipy (noble)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahu_(noble)" title="Mahu (noble)">Mahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia_(nurse)" title="Maia (nurse)">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_(noble)" title="May (noble)">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryneith" title="Meryneith">Meryneith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryre" title="Meryre">Meryre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryre_II" title="Meryre II">Meryre II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutbenret" title="Mutbenret">Mutbenret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhtpaaten" title="Nakhtpaaten">Nakhtpaaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkheperu-her-sekheper" title="Neferkheperu-her-sekheper">Neferkheperuhersekheper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paatenemheb" title="Paatenemheb">Paatenemheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panehesy" title="Panehesy">Panehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parennefer" title="Parennefer">Parennefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthu" title="Penthu">Penthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramose_(TT55)" title="Ramose (TT55)">Ramose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_(sculptor)" title="Thutmose (sculptor)">Thutmose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Akhetaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Karnak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KV55" title="KV55">KV55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KV62" class="mw-redirect" title="KV62">KV62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Nobles_(Amarna)" title="Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)">Amarna Tombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_succession" title="Amarna succession">Amarna succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhamunzu" title="Dakhamunzu">Dakhamunzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_art" title="Amarna art">Amarna Art Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-3150 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tutankhamun" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tutankhamun" title="Template:Tutankhamun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tutankhamun" title="Template talk:Tutankhamun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tutankhamun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tutankhamun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tutankhamun" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Akhenaten (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Younger_Lady" title="The Younger Lady">"The Younger Lady" (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenamun" title="Ankhesenamun">Ankhesenamun (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/317a_and_317b_mummies" title="317a and 317b mummies">317a and 317b mummies (daughters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiye" title="Tiye">Tiye (grandmother)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutanhkamun_innermost_coffin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mask on Tutankhamun's innermost coffin"><img alt="Mask on Tutankhamun's innermost coffin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tutanhkamun_innermost_coffin.jpg/140px-Tutanhkamun_innermost_coffin.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tutanhkamun_innermost_coffin.jpg/210px-Tutanhkamun_innermost_coffin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tutanhkamun_innermost_coffin.jpg/280px-Tutanhkamun_innermost_coffin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts and<br />exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mask_of_Tutankhamun" title="Mask of Tutankhamun">Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun%27s_mummy" title="Tutankhamun's mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis_Shrine" title="Anubis Shrine">Anubis Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_Nefertem" title="Head of Nefertem">Head of Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_chalice" title="Lotus chalice">Lotus chalice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun%27s_trumpets" title="Tutankhamun's trumpets">Trumpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun%27s_meteoric_iron_dagger" title="Tutankhamun's meteoric iron dagger">Meteoric iron dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Tutankhamun" title="Chariots of Tutankhamun">Chariots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibitions_of_artifacts_from_the_tomb_of_Tutankhamun" title="Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun">Exhibitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Tutankhamun" title="Tomb of Tutankhamun">Tomb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_tomb_of_Tutankhamun" title="Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Carter" title="Howard Carter">Howard Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Carnarvon" title="George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon">Earl of Carnarvon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Burton_(Egyptologist)" title="Harry Burton (Egyptologist)">Harry Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Callender" title="Arthur Callender">Arthur Callender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Evelyn_Beauchamp" title="Lady Evelyn Beauchamp">Lady Evelyn Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lucas_(chemist)" title="Alfred Lucas (chemist)">Alfred Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lythgoe" title="Albert Lythgoe">Albert Lythgoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cruttenden_Mace" title="Arthur Cruttenden Mace">Arthur Mace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Of_Time,_Tombs_and_Treasures" title="Of Time, Tombs and Treasures"><i>Of Time, Tombs and Treasures</i> (1977 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_King_Tut%27s_Tomb_(1980_film)" title="The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (1980 film)"><i>The Curse of King Tut's Tomb</i> (1980 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Egypt" title="Mysteries of Egypt"><i>Mysteries of Egypt</i> (1998 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutenstein" title="Tutenstein"><i>Tutenstein</i> (2003 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(TV_series)" title="Egypt (TV series)"><i>Egypt</i> (2005 TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_King_Tut%27s_Tomb_(2006_film)" title="The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (2006 film)"><i>The Curse of King Tut's Tomb</i> (2006 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tut_(miniseries)" title="Tut (miniseries)"><i>Tut</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun_(TV_series)" title="Tutankhamun (TV series)"><i>Tutankhamun</i> (2016 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Tut_(song)" title="King Tut (song)">Steve Martin song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_the_pharaohs" title="Curse of the pharaohs">Curse of the pharaohs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_4g7sw1bwtks9xff1egkl1osg5qy2kno"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_Greece" coords="760,104,874,125" title="Archaic period in Greece" alt="Archaic period in Greece" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" coords="656,104,776,125" title="Greek Dark Ages" alt="Greek Dark Ages" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" coords="553,104,678,125" title="Mycenaean Greece" alt="Mycenaean Greece" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Minoan_Crete" coords="479,104,576,125" title="Minoan Crete" alt="Minoan Crete" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Minoan_Crete" coords="420,104,528,125" title="Minoan Crete" alt="Minoan Crete" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neo%2DHittite" coords="641,89,838,109" title="Neo-Hittite" alt="Neo-Hittite" /><area shape="rect" 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[\"CITEREFBaptistaSantamarinaConant2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBickerstaffe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilolo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrand2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBravermanMackowiak2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBravermanRedfordMackowiak2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreasted1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreasted1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreasted2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica.com2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryce1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurridge1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBártaDulíková2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaney2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaney2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoiPak2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenWestbrook2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDana2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarnellManassa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1903–1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesroches-Noblecourt1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDictionary.com2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodsonHilton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriotonVandier1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuhig2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_Mahdy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElmar1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFecht1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreud1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabolde1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabolde2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGohary1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldwasser1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrajetzki2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisWente1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawass2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawassGadSomaiaKhairat2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHessler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmeier2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmeier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornung1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornung2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornungKraussWarburton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHotton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemp2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozloff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaboury2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaroche1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeprohon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLocker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzenWillerslev2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManniche2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarchant2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartín_ValentínBedman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAvoy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontserrat2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurnane1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurnaneVan_Siclen_III2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMálek1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajovits2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Center_for_Advancing_Translational_Sciences2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNims1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;ConnorSilverman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOckinga2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedford1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedford1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedford1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedfordShanksMeinhardt1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRita_E._FreedYvonne_J._Markowitz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobins1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchemm2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSethe1906–1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShortridge_K1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShupak1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilvermanWegnerWegner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSooke2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSooke2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStent2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrachey1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrouhal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakácsCline2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriggerKempO\u0026#039;ConnorLloyd2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyldesley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyldesley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyldesley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_College_London2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Dyke1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Perre2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Perre2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaki2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Dijk2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFČavkaKelavaČavkaBušić2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Amarna Period\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Near East\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite podcast\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 6,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"In Our Time\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox pharaoh\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pharaohs\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 10,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pronunciation\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 318,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Tutankhamun\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","17.6"],["?","340","14.3"],["recursiveClone 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Akhenaten","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akhenaten","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q81794","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q81794","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-23T06:49:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T02:54:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e061.JPG","headline":"Egyptian pharaoh in 18th Dynasty"}</script> </body> </html>