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</a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Fronde,_the_Parlementary_Fronde_(1648–1649)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Fronde,_the_Parlementary_Fronde_(1648–1649)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First Fronde, the <i>Parlementary Fronde</i> (1648–1649)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Fronde,_the_Parlementary_Fronde_(1648–1649)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Fronde,_the_Fronde_of_the_Princes_(1650–1653)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Fronde,_the_Fronde_of_the_Princes_(1650–1653)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second Fronde, the <i>Fronde of the Princes</i> (1650–1653)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_Fronde,_the_Fronde_of_the_Princes_(1650–1653)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second Fronde, the <i>Fronde of the Princes</i> (1650–1653) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_Fronde,_the_Fronde_of_the_Princes_(1650–1653)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January_1650_–_December_1651" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_1650_–_December_1651"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>January 1650 – December 1651</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_1650_–_December_1651-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_1651_–_February_1653" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_1651_–_February_1653"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>December 1651 – February 1653</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_1651_–_February_1653-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Fronde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Fronde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Spanish Fronde</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Fronde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>In French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">The Fronde</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فروند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فروند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda" title="Fronda – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fronda" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фронда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фронда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фронда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фронда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde" title="Fronde – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fronde" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde" title="Fronde – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fronde" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фронда – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фронда" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda" title="Fronda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fronda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronden" title="Fronden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fronden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde" title="Fronde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fronde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7_(%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7)" title="Σφενδόνη (εξέγερση) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφενδόνη (εξέγερση)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda_(sublevaci%C3%B3n)" title="Fronda (sublevación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fronda (sublevación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frondo" title="Frondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda" title="Fronda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fronda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شورش فروند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش فروند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde_(histoire)" title="Fronde (histoire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fronde (histoire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda" title="Fronda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fronda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%B1%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="프롱드의 난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프롱드의 난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Ֆրոնդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրոնդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde" title="Fronde – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fronde" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde" title="Fronde – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fronde" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda_parlamentare" title="Fronda parlamentare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fronda parlamentare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93" title="פרונד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרונד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde" title="Fronde – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fronde" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fronde_(opstand)" title="La Fronde (opstand) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="La Fronde (opstand)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1" title="フロンドの乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フロンドの乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronden" title="Fronden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fronden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda_(bunt)" title="Fronda (bunt) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fronda (bunt)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda" title="Fronda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fronda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda" title="Fronda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fronda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фронда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фронда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda" title="Fronda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fronda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda" title="Fronda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fronda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фронда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фронда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronda" title="Fronda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fronda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde" title="Fronde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fronde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronden" title="Fronden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fronden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="புரோந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரோந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фронда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фронда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فروند – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فروند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%9F%B3%E9%BB%A8%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="投石黨之亂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="投石黨之亂" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Fronde&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronde">Fronde</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 17th century civil war in France. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fronde_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fronde (disambiguation)">Fronde (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">The Fronde</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_General_Crisis" title="The General Crisis">the General Crisis</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_de_deux_cavaliers_lors_de_la_Fronde,_faubourg_Saint-Antoine,_sous_les_murs_de_la_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Combat_de_deux_cavaliers_lors_de_la_Fronde%2C_faubourg_Saint-Antoine%2C_sous_les_murs_de_la_Bastille.jpg/330px-Combat_de_deux_cavaliers_lors_de_la_Fronde%2C_faubourg_Saint-Antoine%2C_sous_les_murs_de_la_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Combat_de_deux_cavaliers_lors_de_la_Fronde%2C_faubourg_Saint-Antoine%2C_sous_les_murs_de_la_Bastille.jpg/500px-Combat_de_deux_cavaliers_lors_de_la_Fronde%2C_faubourg_Saint-Antoine%2C_sous_les_murs_de_la_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Combat_de_deux_cavaliers_lors_de_la_Fronde%2C_faubourg_Saint-Antoine%2C_sous_les_murs_de_la_Bastille.jpg/960px-Combat_de_deux_cavaliers_lors_de_la_Fronde%2C_faubourg_Saint-Antoine%2C_sous_les_murs_de_la_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Faubourg_St_Antoine" title="Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine">Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine</a> (1652) by the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1648–1653</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">France</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Royalist victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlements</a></i> (1648–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the Blood">Princes of the Blood</a> (1650–1653)</li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmigo_Vázquez2019153–188_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmigo_Vázquez2019153–188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Mazarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicomte_de_Turenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicomte de Turenne">Vicomte de Turenne</a> (from 1651)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div 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href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Fronde" title="Template:Campaignbox Fronde"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Fronde" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Fronde"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Fronde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Fronde"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Fronde1151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Fronde</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Paris_(1649)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Paris (1649) (page does not exist)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rethel_(1650)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rethel (1650) (page does not exist)">Rethel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jargeau_(1652)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jargeau (1652) (page does not exist)">Jargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bl%C3%A9neau" title="Battle of Bléneau">Bléneau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_%C3%89tampes_(1652)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Étampes (1652) (page does not exist)">Étampes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon_(1652)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Châtillon (1652) (page does not exist)">Châtillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Faubourg_St_Antoine" title="Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine">Faubourg St Antoine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bourg_(1653)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bourg (1653) (page does not exist)">Bourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bordeaux_(1653)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bordeaux (1653) (page does not exist)">1st Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bordeaux_(1653)" title="Battle of Bordeaux (1653)">2nd Bordeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_War_(1635–1659)13037" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Template:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Spanish_War_(1635–1659)13037" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)"><span class="wrap">Franco-Spanish War</span></a><br /> (1635–1659)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Flanders and Northern France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Avins" title="Battle of Les Avins">Les Avins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Le_Catelet_(1636)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Le Catelet (1636)">Le Catelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Capelle" title="Siege of La Capelle">La Capelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Somme" title="Crossing of the Somme">Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Corbie" title="First Siege of Corbie">1st Corbie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Landrecies_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Landrecies (1637) (page does not exist)">1st Landrecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Omer" title="Siege of Saint-Omer">1st Saint Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Thionville" title="Relief of Thionville">1st Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Charlemont_(1640)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Charlemont (1640) (page does not exist)">Charlemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arras_(1640)" title="Siege of Arras (1640)">1st Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Aire-sur-la-Lys_(1641&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Aire-sur-la-Lys (1641 (page does not exist)">Aire-sur-la-Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Marf%C3%A9e" title="Battle of La Marfée">La Marfée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Honnecourt" title="Battle of Honnecourt">Honnecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Thionville_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Thionville (1643) (page does not exist)">2nd Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gravelines_(1644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gravelines (1644)">1st Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_B%C3%A9thune_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Béthune (1645) (page does not exist)">Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Saint-Omer_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Saint-Omer (1645) (page does not exist)">2nd Saint Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lens (page does not exist)">1st Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bergues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bergues (page does not exist)">Bergues</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mardyck_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Mardyck (1646) (page does not exist)">1st Mardyck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Furnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Furnes (page does not exist)">Furnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1646)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1646)">1st Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Armenti%C3%A8res_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Armentières (1647) (page does not exist)">Armentières</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nieuwpoort_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort (1647) (page does not exist)">Nieuwpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Commines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Commines (page does not exist)">Commines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Landrecies_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Landrecies (1647) (page does not exist)">2nd Landrecies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Diksmuide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Diksmuide (page does not exist)">Diksmuide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ypres_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ypres (1647) (page does not exist)">Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lens" title="Battle of Lens">2nd Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Rethel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Rethel (page does not exist)">Rethel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:勒泰勒圍城戰">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mouzon" title="Siege of Mouzon">Mouzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1654)" title="Battle of Arras (1654)">2nd Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Landrecies_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Landrecies (1655) (page does not exist)">3rd Landrecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mardyck_(1657)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Mardyck (1657) (page does not exist)">2nd Mardyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1658)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1658)">2nd Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dunes_(1658)" title="Battle of the Dunes (1658)">The Dunes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Gravelines_(1658)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Gravelines (1658) (page does not exist)">2nd Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bergues_(1658)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bergues (1658) (page does not exist)">Bergues</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern Spain and Southern France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leucate" title="Siege of Leucate">Leucate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1638)" title="Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)">Fuenterrabía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salses" title="Siege of Salses">1st Salses</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ille-sur-T%C3%AAt_(1640)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ille-sur-Têt (1640) (page does not exist)">Ille-sur-Têt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montju%C3%AFc_(1641)" title="Battle of Montjuïc (1641)">Montjuïc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tarragona_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tarragona (1641) (page does not exist)">1st Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Almenar_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Almenar (1641) (page does not exist)">Almenar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmel%C3%B3" title="Battle of Montmeló">Montmeló</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Granada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of La Granada (page does not exist)">La Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Monz%C3%B3n_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Monzón (1642) (page does not exist)">Monzón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Collioure_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Collioure (1642) (page does not exist)">Collioure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tortosa_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tortosa (1642) (page does not exist)">1st Tortosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perpignan_(1642)" title="Siege of Perpignan (1642)">Perpignan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roses_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Roses (1642) (page does not exist)">1st Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Salses_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Salses (1642) (page does not exist)">2nd Salses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lleida_(1642)" title="Battle of Lleida (1642)">1st Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Miravet_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Miravet (1643) (page does not exist)">Miravet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Monz%C3%B3n_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Monzón (1643) (page does not exist)">Monzón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lleida_(1644)" title="Siege of Lleida (1644)">2nd Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tarragona_(1644)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tarragona (1644) (page does not exist)">4th Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roses_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Roses (1645) (page does not exist)">2nd Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Lorenzo_de_Mongay_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of San Lorenzo de Mongay (1645) (page does not exist)">San Lorenzo de Mongay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Balaguer_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Balaguer (1645) (page does not exist)">Balaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lleida_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lleida (1646) (page does not exist)">3rd Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lleida_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lleida (1647) (page does not exist)">4th Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tortosa_(1648)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tortosa (1648) (page does not exist)">2nd Tortosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Montblanc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montblanc (page does not exist)">Montblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tortosa_(1650)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tortosa (1650) (page does not exist)">3rd Tortosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(1651)" title="Siege of Barcelona (1651)">2nd Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castell%C3%B3_d%27Emp%C3%BAries_(1653)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Castelló d'Empúries (1653) (page does not exist)">Castelló d'Empúries</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Girona_(1653)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Girona (1653) (page does not exist)">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Villefranche-de-Conflent_(1654)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Villefranche-de-Conflent (1654) (page does not exist)">Villefranche-de-Conflent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cadaqu%C3%A9s_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cadaqués (1655) (page does not exist)">Cadaqués</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Solsona_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Solsona (1655) (page does not exist)">Solsona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Solsona_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Solsona (1655) (page does not exist)">Berga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Solsona_(1657)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Solsona (1657) (page does not exist)">Castellfollit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camprodon" title="Camprodon">Camprodon</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenza_(1635)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Valenza (1635) (page does not exist)">1st Valenza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Morbegno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Morbegno (page does not exist)">Morbegno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornavento" title="Battle of Tornavento">Tornavento</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Marbegno_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Marbegno (1637) (page does not exist)">Marbegno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breme_(1638)" title="Siege of Breme (1638)">Breme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Vercelli_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Vercelli (1638) (page does not exist)">Vercelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chieri_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chieri (1639) (page does not exist)">Chieri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Casale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Casale (page does not exist)">Casale</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%96%A9%E8%90%8A%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:卡薩萊戰役">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Turin_(1640)" title="Siege of Turin (1640)">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenza_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Valenza (1641) (page does not exist)">2nd Valenza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cremona_(1644)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cremona (1644) (page does not exist)">1st Cremona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Proh_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Proh (1645) (page does not exist)">Proh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Revolt_(1647%E2%80%931648)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Revolt (1647–1648)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cremona_(1648)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cremona (1648) (page does not exist)">2nd Cremona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pavia_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Pavia (1655) (page does not exist)">Siege of Pavia (1655)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Pavia_(1655)" class="extiw" title="it:Assedio di Pavia (1655)">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenza_(1656)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Valenza (1656) (page does not exist)">3rd Valenza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Alessandria_(1657)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Alessandria (1657) (page does not exist)">Siege of Alessandria (1657)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Alessandria_(1657)" class="extiw" title="it:Assedio di Alessandria (1657)">it</a>]</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>France hinterland</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Fronde</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Franche-Comté and Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Dole_(1636)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Dole (1636) (page does not exist)">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Martignat_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Martignat (1637) (page does not exist)">Martignat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Savigny_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Savigny (1637) (page does not exist)">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Arbent_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Arbent (1637) (page does not exist)">Arbent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cornod_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cornod (1637) (page does not exist)">Cornod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Saint-Amour_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Saint-Amour (1637) (page does not exist)">Saint-Amour</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sainte-Agn%C3%A8s_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sainte-Agnès (1637) (page does not exist)">Sainte-Agnès</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lons-le-Saunier_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lons-le-Saunier (1637) (page does not exist)">Lons-le-Saunier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bletterans_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bletterans (1637) (page does not exist)">Bletterans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Poligny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Poligny (page does not exist)">1st Poligny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Poligny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Poligny (page does not exist)">2nd Poligny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pontarlier_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Pontarlier (1639) (page does not exist)">Pontarlier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jonvelle_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Jonvelle (1639) (page does not exist)">Jonvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maynal_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Maynal (1641) (page does not exist)">Maynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuttlingen" title="Battle of Tuttlingen">Tuttlingen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Caribbean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tortuga" title="Capture of Tortuga">Tortuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Rocher" title="Capture of Fort Rocher">Fort Rocher</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval battles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9rins_Islands_expedition_(1635)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lérins Islands expedition (1635) (page does not exist)">1st Lérins Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Sardinia_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raid on Sardinia (1637) (page does not exist)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9rins_Islands_expedition_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lérins Islands expedition (1637) (page does not exist)">2nd Lérins Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9rins_Islands_expedition_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lérins Islands expedition (1638) (page does not exist)">3rd Lérins Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Genoa_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Genoa (1638) (page does not exist)">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Getaria" title="Battle of Getaria">Getaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Laredo_and_Santo%C3%B1a_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attack on Laredo and Santoña (1639) (page does not exist)">Laredo <b>·</b> Santoña</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%8Ele_de_R%C3%A9_(1640)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Île de Ré (1640) (page does not exist)">Île de Ré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A1diz_(1640)" title="Battle of Cádiz (1640)">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Tarragona_(July_1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Battle of Tarragona (July 1641)">2nd Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarragona_(August_1641)" title="Battle of Tarragona (August 1641)">3rd Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barcelona" title="Battle of Barcelona">1st Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(1643)" title="Battle of Cartagena (1643)">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orbetello" title="Battle of Orbetello">Orbetello</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Castellammare_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Castellammare (1647) (page does not exist)">Castellammare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Piombino_and_Porto_Longone_(1650)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Piombino and Porto Longone (1650) (page does not exist)">Piombino <b>·</b> Porto Longone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_November_1650" title="Action of 23 November 1650">Cambrils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_galleon_Lion_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Capture of the galleon Lion Couronné">Formentera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Sant_Feliu_(1651)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attack on Sant Feliu (1651) (page does not exist)">Sant Feliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bordeaux_(1653)" title="Battle of Bordeaux (1653)">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Barcelona_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Barcelona (1655) (page does not exist)">3rd Barcelona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_wars2701" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Spanish_wars2701" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Franco-Spanish wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931498" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1494–1498">1495–1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars_of_1499%E2%80%931504" title="Italian Wars of 1499–1504">1502–1504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1512–1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1521–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">1526–1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">1536–1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1551–1559</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">1580–1583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">1595–1598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndner_Wirren" title="Bündner Wirren">1618-39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valtellina_War" title="Valtellina War">1620-26</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Mantuan_Succession" title="War of the Mantuan Succession">1628–1631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">1635–1659</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">1640–1659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">1641–1659</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1648–1653</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">1667–1668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1673–1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">1683–1684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1688–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">1718–1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">1793–1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">1808–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">1815</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">1823</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>The Fronde</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fʁɔ̃d]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-VictorDtmtc-fronde.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-VictorDtmtc-fronde.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-VictorDtmtc-fronde.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-VictorDtmtc-fronde.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-VictorDtmtc-fronde.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-VictorDtmtc-fronde.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-VictorDtmtc-fronde.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a series of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War</a>, which had begun in 1635. The government of the young King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> confronted the combined opposition of the princes, the nobility, the noble regional court assemblies (<i><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">parlements</a></i>), as well as much of the French population, and managed to subdue them all. The dispute started when the government of France issued seven fiscal edicts, six of which were to increase taxation. The <i>parlements</i> resisted, questioned the constitutionality of the king's actions, and sought to check his powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Magill_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fronde was divided into two campaigns, the Parlementary Fronde and the Fronde of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">Princes</a>. The timing of the outbreak of the Parlementary Fronde, directly after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> (1648) that ended the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, was significant. The nuclei of the armed bands that terrorized parts of France under aristocratic leaders during that period had been hardened in a generation of war in Germany, where troops still tended to operate autonomously. Louis XIV, impressed as a young ruler with the experience of the Fronde, came to reorganize French fighting forces under a stricter hierarchy, whose leaders ultimately could be made or unmade by the king. <a href="/wiki/Jules_Mazarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a> blundered into the crisis but came out well ahead at the end. The Fronde represented the final attempt of the French nobility to confront the king, and ended in its humiliation. In the long run, the Fronde served to strengthen royal authority, but weakened the national economy. The Fronde facilitated the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moote_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moote-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> promoted the Fronde to the point that without its support, it would have had a more limited character; it benefited from the internal upheaval in France, as it contributed to the Spanish military's renewed success in its war against the French between 1647 and 1653, so much so that the year 1652 could be considered a Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis">annus mirabilis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmigo_Vázquez2019185_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmigo_Vázquez2019185-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following the end of the Fronde and an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">English intervention</a> on the side of France, the course of the war largely changed in France's favour, and it ultimately achieved some territorial gains in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Peace of the Pyrenees</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fronde" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fronde"> fronde</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> word <i>fronde</i> means <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">"sling"</a>; Parisian crowds used slings to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Paul_de_Gondi" title="Jean François Paul de Gondi">Jean François Paul de Gondi</a>, Cardinal de Retz, attributes the usage to a witticism in Book II of his <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Paul_de_Gondi#Writings" title="Jean François Paul de Gondi">Memoirs</a>: "Bachaumont once said, in jest, that the Parlement acted like the schoolboys in the Paris ditches, who fling stones [<i>frondent</i>, that is, fling using slings], and run away when they see the constable, but meet again as soon as he turns his back." He goes on to state that emblems based on that nickname became quite popular and were placed on hats, fans and gloves and even were baked onto bread. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jules_Mazarin_attributed_to_Mathieu_Le_Nain_%E2%80%93_Versailles_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Portrait_of_Jules_Mazarin_attributed_to_Mathieu_Le_Nain_%E2%80%93_Versailles_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Jules_Mazarin_attributed_to_Mathieu_Le_Nain_%E2%80%93_Versailles_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Portrait_of_Jules_Mazarin_attributed_to_Mathieu_Le_Nain_%E2%80%93_Versailles_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Jules_Mazarin_attributed_to_Mathieu_Le_Nain_%E2%80%93_Versailles_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Portrait_of_Jules_Mazarin_attributed_to_Mathieu_Le_Nain_%E2%80%93_Versailles_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Jules_Mazarin_attributed_to_Mathieu_Le_Nain_%E2%80%93_Versailles_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a>, French diplomat and statesman; portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Le_Nain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathieu Le Nain">Mathieu Le Nain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The insurrection did not start with revolutionary goals but aimed to protect the ancient <i>liberties</i> from royal encroachments and to defend the established rights of the <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">parlements</a></i> – courts of appeal rather than legislative bodies like the English <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliaments</a> – and especially the right of the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a> to limit the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">king</a>'s power by refusing to register decrees that ran against custom. The liberties under attack were feudal, not of individuals but of chartered towns, where they defended the prerogatives accorded to offices in the legal patchwork of local interests and provincial identities that was France. The Fronde in the end provided an incentive for the establishment of royalist <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a>, since the disorders eventually discredited the feudal concept of liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-Moote_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moote-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pressure that saw the traditional liberties under threat came in the form of extended and increased taxes as the Crown needed to recover from its expenditures in the recent wars. The costs of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) constrained Mazarin's government to raise funds by traditional means, the <i>impôts</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Taille" title="Taille">taille</a></i>, and the occasional <i><a href="/wiki/Customs_(tax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs (tax)">aides</a></i>. The nobility refused to be so taxed, based on their old liberties, or privileges, and the brunt fell upon the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moote_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moote-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement soon degenerated into factions, some of which attempted to overthrow Mazarin and to reverse the policies of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> (in office 1624–1642), who had taken power for the crown from great territorial nobles, some of whom became leaders of the Fronde. When <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> became king in 1643, he was only a child, so France was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a> and though Richelieu had died the year before, his policies continued to dominate French life under his successor Cardinal Mazarin. Most historians consider that Louis's later insistence on <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist rule</a> and depriving the nobility of actual power was a result of those events in his childhood. The term <b>frondeur</b> was later used to refer to anyone who suggested that the power of the king should be limited and has now passed into conservative French usage to refer to anyone who shows insubordination or engages in criticism of the powers in place.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Fronde,_the_Parlementary_Fronde_(1648–1649)"><span id="First_Fronde.2C_the_Parlementary_Fronde_.281648.E2.80.931649.29"></span>First Fronde, the <i>Parlementary Fronde</i> (1648–1649)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Fronde, the Parlementary Fronde (1648–1649)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1648 a tax levied on judicial officers of the Parlement of Paris provoked not merely a refusal to pay but also a condemnation of earlier financial edicts and a demand for the acceptance of a scheme of constitutional reforms framed by a united committee of the <i>parlement</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the Chambre Saint-Louis), composed of members of all the sovereign courts of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Moote_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moote-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military record of the Parlementary Fronde is almost blank. In August 1648, feeling strengthened by the news of <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_de_Bourbon,_Prince_de_Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé">Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lens" title="Battle of Lens">victory at Lens</a> (20 August 1648), Mazarin suddenly arrested the leaders of the parlement, whereupon Paris broke into insurrection and barricaded the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The noble faction demanded the calling of an assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a>, which had last been convoked in 1615. The nobles believed that in the Estates-General, they could continue to control the bourgeois element, as they had in the past. </p><p>The royal faction, having no army at its immediate disposal, had to release the prisoners and to promise reforms; on the night of 22 October, it fled from Paris. However France's signing of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> (Treaty of Münster, 24 October 1648) allowed the French army to return from the frontiers, and by January 1649, Condé had put Paris under siege. The two warring parties signed the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Rueil" title="Peace of Rueil">Peace of Rueil</a> (11 March 1649) after little blood had been shed. The Parisians, though still and always anti-cardinalist, had refused to ask for Spanish aid, as proposed by their princely and noble adherents under <a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Bourbon,_prince_de_Conti" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti">Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti</a>, and having no prospect of military success without such aid, the noble party submitted to the government and received concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Moote_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moote-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Fronde,_the_Fronde_of_the_Princes_(1650–1653)"><span id="Second_Fronde.2C_the_Fronde_of_the_Princes_.281650.E2.80.931653.29"></span>Second Fronde, the <i>Fronde of the Princes</i> (1650–1653)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Fronde, the Fronde of the Princes (1650–1653)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From then on the Fronde became a story of intrigues, half-hearted warfare in a scramble for power and control of patronage, losing all trace of its first constitutional phase. The leaders were discontented princes and nobles: <a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaston, Duke of Orleans">Gaston, Duke of Orleans</a> (the king's uncle); the great <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II de Bourbon">Louis II, Prince de Condé</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Armand,_Prince_of_Conti" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand, Prince of Conti">Armand, Prince of Conti</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Maurice_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_duc_de_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon">Frédéric, Duke of Bouillon</a>, and his brother <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_la_Tour_d%27Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne">Henri, Viscount of Turenne</a>. To those must be added Gaston's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne, Duchess of Montpensier">Mademoiselle de Montpensier (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La grande Mademoiselle</i></span>)</a>; Condé's sister, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Genevieve,_duchesse_de_Longueville" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Genevieve, duchesse de Longueville">Madame de Longueville</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Rohan-Montbazon,_duchesse_de_Chevreuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, duchesse de Chevreuse">Madame de Chevreuse</a>; and the astute intriguer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Paul_de_Gondi" title="Jean François Paul de Gondi">Jean François Paul de Gondi</a>, the future Cardinal de Retz. The military operations fell into the hands of war-experienced mercenaries, led by two great, and many lesser, generals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_1650_–_December_1651"><span id="January_1650_.E2.80.93_December_1651"></span>January 1650 – December 1651</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: January 1650 – December 1651"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fronde-LouisXIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Fronde-LouisXIV.jpg/220px-Fronde-LouisXIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/79/Fronde-LouisXIV.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>"Louis XIV Crushes the Fronde" by <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Gilles Guérin">Gilles Guérin</a> 1654</figcaption></figure> <p>The peace of <a href="/wiki/Rueil" class="mw-redirect" title="Rueil">Rueil</a> lasted until the end of 1649. The princes, received at court once more, renewed their intrigues against Mazarin. On 14 January 1650, Cardinal Mazarin, having come to an understanding with Monsieur Gondi and Madame de Chevreuse, suddenly arrested Condé, Conti, and Longueville. This time, it was Turenne, before and afterwards the most loyal soldier of his day, who headed the armed rebellion. Listening to the promptings of Madame de Longueville, he resolved to rescue her brothers, particularly Condé, his old comrade in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freiburg" title="Battle of Freiburg">Freiburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1645)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1645)">Nördlingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turenne hoped to do that with Spanish assistance; a powerful Spanish army assembled in <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a> under <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria">Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria</a>, governor-general of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, but peasants of the countryside rose against the invaders; the royal army in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a> was in the capable hands of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar,_duc_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="César, duc de Choiseul">César de Choiseul, comte du Plessis-Praslin</a>, who counted 52 years of age and 36 of war experience; and the little fortress of <a href="/wiki/Guise" title="Guise">Guise</a> successfully resisted the archduke's attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At that point Mazarin drew upon Plessis-Praslin's army for reinforcements to be sent to subdue the rebellion in the south forcing the royal general to retire. Then Archduke Leopold Wilhelm decided that he had spent enough of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a>'s money and men in the French quarrel. His regular army withdrew into winter quarters, and left Turenne to deliver the princes with a motley host of Frondeurs and Lorrainers. Plessis-Praslin by force and bribery secured the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Rethel" title="Rethel">Rethel</a> on 13 December 1650 and Turenne, who had advanced to relieve the place, fell back hurriedly. But he was a terrible opponent, and Plessis-Praslin and Mazarin himself, who accompanied the army, had many misgivings as to the result of a lost battle. The marshal chose nevertheless to force Turenne to a decision, and the Battle of Blanc-Champ (near <a href="/wiki/Sommepy-Tahure" title="Sommepy-Tahure">Sommepy-Tahure</a>) or Rethel was the consequence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247–248_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247–248-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both sides were at a standstill in strong positions, Plessis-Praslin doubtful of the trustworthiness of his cavalry, but Turenne was too weak to attack, when a dispute for precedence arose between the <a href="/wiki/French_Guards_Regiment" title="French Guards Regiment">French Guards Regiment</a> and the <i>Picardie</i> regiment. The royal infantry had to be rearranged in order of regimental seniority, and Turenne, seeing and desiring to profit by the attendant disorder, came out of his stronghold and attacked with the greatest vigour. The battle (15 December 1650) was severe and for a time doubtful, but Turenne's Frondeurs gave way in the end, and his army, as an army, ceased to exist. Turenne himself, undeceived as to the part he was playing in the drama, asked and received the young king's pardon, and meantime the court, with the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">maison du roi</i></span> and other loyal troops, had subdued the minor risings without difficulty (March–April 1651).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Condé, Conti, and Longueville were released, and by April 1651 the rebellion had everywhere collapsed. Then followed a few months of hollow peace and the court returned to Paris. Mazarin, an object of hatred to all the princes, had already retired into exile. His absence left the field free for mutual jealousies, and for the remainder of the year anarchy reigned in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_1651_–_February_1653"><span id="December_1651_.E2.80.93_February_1653"></span>December 1651 – February 1653</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: December 1651 – February 1653"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1651, Cardinal Mazarin returned to France with a small army. The war began again, and this time, Turenne and Condé were pitted against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After that campaign, the civil war ceased, but in the several other campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)#Later_War_(1648–1659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War</a> that followed, the two great soldiers were opposed to one another, Turenne as the defender of France, Condé as a Spanish invader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The début of the new Frondeurs took place in <a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a> (February–March 1652), while their Spanish ally, the archduke Leopold Wilhelm, captured various northern fortresses. On the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">centre of gravity</a> was soon transferred, the Frondeurs were commanded by intriguers and quarrelsome lords, until Condé's arrival from Guyenne. His bold leadership made itself felt in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bl%C3%A9neau" title="Battle of Bléneau">Bléneau</a> (7 April 1652) in which a portion of the royal army was destroyed, but fresh troops came up to oppose him. From the skillful dispositions made by his opponents, Condé felt the presence of Turenne and broke off the action. The royal army did likewise. Condé invited the commander of Turenne's rearguard to supper, chaffed him unmercifully for allowing the prince's men to surprise him in the morning, and by way of farewell remarked to his guest, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"Quel dommage que de braves gens comme nous se coupent la gorge pour un faquin"</i></span> ("It's too bad decent people like us are cutting our throats for a scoundrel")—an incident and a remark that displayed the feudal arrogance which ironically led to the iron-handed absolutism of Louis XIV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Bléneau, both armies marched to Paris to negotiate with the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">parlement</i></span>, de Retz and Mlle de Montpensier, while the archduke took more fortresses in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine">Charles, duke of Lorraine</a>, with an army of plundering mercenaries, marched through Champagne to join Condé. As to the latter, Turenne maneuvered past Condé and planted himself in front of the mercenaries, and their leader, not wishing to expend his men against the old French regiments, consented to depart with a money payment and the promise of two tiny Lorraine fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few more manœuvers, and the royal army was able to hem in the Frondeurs <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Faubourg_St_Antoine" title="Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine">in the Faubourg St. Antoine (2 July 1652)</a> with their backs to the closed gates of Paris. The royalists attacked all along the line and won a signal victory in spite of the knightly prowess of the prince and his great lords, but at the critical moment Gaston's daughter persuaded the Parisians to open the gates and to admit Condé's army. She herself turned the guns of the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a> on the pursuers. An insurrectionist government appeared in Paris and proclaimed Monsieur lieutenant-general of the realm. Mazarin, feeling that public opinion was solidly against him, left France again, and the bourgeois of Paris, quarreling with the princes, permitted the king to enter the city on 21 October 1652. Mazarin returned unopposed in February 1653.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_Fronde"><i>Spanish Fronde</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish Fronde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LariviereBatailleDunes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LariviereBatailleDunes.jpg/220px-LariviereBatailleDunes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LariviereBatailleDunes.jpg/330px-LariviereBatailleDunes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LariviereBatailleDunes.jpg/440px-LariviereBatailleDunes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="2237" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Dunes" title="The Battle of the Dunes">The Battle of the Dunes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Larivi%C3%A8re" title="Charles-Philippe Larivière">Charles-Philippe Larivière</a>, 1837. The battle was a decisive victory for France and its English allies over the Spanish in 1658</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9ception_du_Grand_Cond%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Versailles_(Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_1878).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/R%C3%A9ception_du_Grand_Cond%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Versailles_%28Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_1878%29.png/250px-R%C3%A9ception_du_Grand_Cond%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Versailles_%28Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_1878%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/R%C3%A9ception_du_Grand_Cond%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Versailles_%28Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_1878%29.png/330px-R%C3%A9ception_du_Grand_Cond%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Versailles_%28Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_1878%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/R%C3%A9ception_du_Grand_Cond%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Versailles_%28Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_1878%29.png/500px-R%C3%A9ception_du_Grand_Cond%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Versailles_%28Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_1878%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Reception of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Condé">Grand Condé</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> following his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seneffe" title="Battle of Seneffe">victory at Seneffe</a>. The Grand Condé advances towards Louis XIV in a respectful manner with laurel wreaths on his path, while captured enemy flags are displayed on both sides of the stairs. It marked the end of Condé's exile, following his participation in the Fronde.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fronde as a civil war was now over. Tired of the turmoil and disgusted with the princes, the country came to look to the king and his party as representing order. Thus, the Fronde paved the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV. Meanwhile, the Franco-Spanish war continued in Flanders, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, and Italy wherever a Spanish and a French garrison were face to face. Condé, along with the remnant of his army, defiantly entered the service of the king of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1653, France was so exhausted that neither invaders nor defenders were able to gather supplies to enable them to take the field until July. At one moment, near <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme" title="Péronne, Somme">Péronne</a>, Condé had Turenne at a serious disadvantage but could not galvanize Spanish General <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Vivero,_Count_of_Fuensalda%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso Pérez de Vivero, Count of Fuensaldaña">Count Fuensaldaña</a>, who was more solicitous to preserve his master's soldiers than to establish Condé as mayor of the palace to the king of France and the armies drew apart again without fighting. In 1654 the principal incident was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1654)" title="Battle of Arras (1654)">siege and relief of Arras</a>. On the night of 24/25 August the lines of <a href="/wiki/Circumvallation" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumvallation">circumvallation</a> drawn round that place by the prince were brilliantly stormed by Turenne's army and Condé won equal credit for his safe withdrawal of the besieging corps under cover of a series of bold cavalry charges led by himself as usual, sword in hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1655, Turenne captured the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Landrecies" title="Landrecies">Landrecies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cond%C3%A9" title="Château de Condé">Condé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Ghislain" title="Saint-Ghislain">St Ghislain</a>. In 1656 the prince of Condé avenged the defeat of Arras by storming Turenne's circumvallation around <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a> (16 July) but Turenne drew off his forces in good order. The campaign of 1657 was uneventful and is only to be remembered because a body of 6,000 English infantry, sent by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> in pursuance of his treaty of alliance with Mazarin, took part in it. The presence of the English contingent and its purpose of making <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkirk, France">Dunkirk</a> a new <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, to be held by England forever, gave the next campaign a character of certainty and decision which was entirely wanting in the rest of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dunkirk was besieged promptly in great force and when <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Austria the Younger">Don Juan of Austria</a> and Condé appeared with the relieving army from Fumes, Turenne advanced boldly to meet them. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dunes_(1658)" title="Battle of the Dunes (1658)">Battle of the Dunes</a>, fought on 14 June 1658, was the first real trial of strength since the battle of the Faubourg St Antoine. Successes on one wing were compromised by failure on the other but in the end Condé drew off with many losses, the success of his cavalry charges subverted by the defeat of the Spanish right wing among the dunes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here the "<a href="/wiki/Red_coat_(British_army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red coat (British army)">red-coats</a>" made their first appearance on a continental battlefield, under the leadership of Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Lockhart_of_Lee" title="William Lockhart of Lee">William Lockhart</a>, Cromwell's ambassador at Paris. They astonished both armies by the stubborn fierceness of their assaults. Dunkirk fell and was handed over to the English <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Protectorate</a>, as promised, flying the <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">St George's Cross</a> until <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> sold it to Louis XIV in 1662.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One last half-hearted campaign followed in 1659—the twenty-fifth year of a conflict between France and Spain which had begun during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>—then the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_the_Pyrenees" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of the Pyrenees">peace of the Pyrenees</a> was signed on 5 November. On 27 January 1660 the prince asked and obtained at <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> the forgiveness of Louis XIV. The later careers of Turenne and Condé were as obedient subjects of their sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248–249_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248–249-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Reapers' War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmigo_Vázquez2019153–188-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmigo_Vázquez2019153–188_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmigo_Vázquez2019">Amigo Vázquez 2019</a>, pp. 153–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary</i>, 4th ed., 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magill-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magill_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMagill1993" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank Northen (1993). <i>Magill's History of Europe</i>. Grolier Educational Corporation. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0717271733" title="Special:BookSources/978-0717271733"><bdi>978-0717271733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magill%27s+History+of+Europe&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Grolier+Educational+Corporation&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0717271733&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+Northen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Fronde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moote-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moote_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moote_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moote_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moote_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moote_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoote1972" class="citation book cs1">Moote, A. Lloyd (1972). <i>The revolt of the judges: the Parlement of Paris and the Fronde, 1643–1652</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691620107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691620107"><bdi>978-0691620107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+revolt+of+the+judges%3A+the+Parlement+of+Paris+and+the+Fronde%2C+1643%E2%80%931652&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0691620107&rft.aulast=Moote&rft.aufirst=A.+Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Fronde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmigo_Vázquez2019185-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmigo_Vázquez2019185_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmigo_Vázquez2019">Amigo Vázquez 2019</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nina R. Gelbart, "'Frondeur' Journalism in the 1770s: Theater Criticism and Radical Politics in the Prerevolutionary French Press." <i>Eighteenth Century Studies</i> (1984): 493–514. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2738132">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247–248-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911247–248_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248–249-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911248–249_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bonney, Richard J. "The French Civil War, 1649–53." <i>European History Quarterly</i> (1978) 8#1 pp: 71–100.</li> <li>Bonney, Richard J. <i>Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624–1661</i> 1988. With 309 original documents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.le.ac.uk/hi/bon/resources/bourb/Socgov/contents.html">table of contents</a></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fronde,_The" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fronde, The">Fronde, The</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">247–</span>249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fronde%2C+The&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Fronde" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Knecht, Robert Jean. <i>The French civil wars, 1562–1598</i> (Longman, 2000)</li> <li>Ranum, Orest A. <i>The Fronde: A French Revolution, 1648–1652</i> (WW Norton, 1993)</li> <li>Treasure, Geoffrey. "The Fronde, Part II: The Battle for France", <i>History Today</i> (1978) 28#7 pp 436–445, popular summary; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2%2fdV0%2bnjisfk5Ie42eqLtaashd%2ff7Ebj3u2L8ra0R6%2bsrUqup7I4s7CySLinrji%2fw6SM8Nfsi9%2fZ8oHt5Od8u6OvT7CotU21rbJPpOLfhuWz44ak2uBV5t%2ffPvLX5VW%2fxKR57LOyULSqr0yunOSH8OPfjLvm4n7E6%2bqE0tv2jAAA&hid=4109">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmigo_Vázquez2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amigo Vázquez, Lourdes (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7000940">"Un nuevo escenario de la guerra con Francia. La intervención española en la Fronda (1648–1653)"</a>. <i>Studia historica. Historia moderna</i> (in Spanish). <b>41</b> (1). España: <span class="nowrap">153–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14201%2Fshhmo2019411153188">10.14201/shhmo2019411153188</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10366%2F142076">10366/142076</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198725766">198725766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+historica.+Historia+moderna&rft.atitle=Un+nuevo+escenario+de+la+guerra+con+Francia.+La+intervenci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+en+la+Fronda+%281648%E2%80%931653%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10366%2F142076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198725766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14201%2Fshhmo2019411153188&rft.aulast=Amigo+V%C3%A1zquez&rft.aufirst=Lourdes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D7000940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Fronde" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_French">In French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fronde&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amable_Guillaume_Prosper_Brugi%C3%A8re,_baron_de_Barante" title="Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante">Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante</a>, <i>Le Parlement de Paris et vie de <a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Mathieu Molé">M. Molé</a></i> (Paris, 1859)</li> <li><i>Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz</i></li> <li><i>Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin</i> (Paris, 1878–1906)</li> <li>Louis Madelin, <i>La Fronde</i> (Paris: Flammarion, 1931)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox962" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656186#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fronde"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052063">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943500s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943500s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000310269&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553171305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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