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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swim_bladder_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swim_bladder_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Swim bladder disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swim_bladder_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_of_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_of_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Risk of injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_of_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_structures_in_other_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_structures_in_other_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Similar structures in other organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_structures_in_other_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swim bladder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85" title="مثانة العوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مثانة العوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="পটকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পটকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Плавальны пузыр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плавальны пузыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80" title="Плавателен мехур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плавателен мехур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riblji_mjehur" title="Riblji mjehur – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Riblji mjehur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufeta_natat%C3%B2ria" title="Bufeta natatòria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bufeta natatòria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plynov%C3%BD_m%C4%9Bch%C3%BD%C5%99" title="Plynový měchýř – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plynový měchýř" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%B8mmebl%C3%A6re" title="Svømmeblære – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svømmeblære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwimmblase" title="Schwimmblase – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwimmblase" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujup%C3%B5is" title="Ujupõis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ujupõis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejiga_natatoria" title="Vejiga natatoria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vejiga natatoria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C4%9Doveziko" title="Naĝoveziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naĝoveziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igeri-maskuri" title="Igeri-maskuri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Igeri-maskuri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بادکنک شناوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بادکنک شناوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessie_natatoire" title="Vessie natatoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vessie natatoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexiga_natatoria" title="Vexiga natatoria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vexiga natatoria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%A0%88_(%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80)" title="부레 (기관) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부레 (기관)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%BF" title="Լողափամփուշտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լողափամփուշտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF" title="वायुशय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वायुशय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riblji_mjehur" title="Riblji mjehur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Riblji mjehur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelembung_renang" title="Gelembung renang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gelembung renang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundmagi" title="Sundmagi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sundmagi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vescica_natatoria" title="Vescica natatoria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vescica natatoria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="שלפוחית אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלפוחית אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="საცურავი ბუშტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საცურავი ბუშტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%95_%DA%AF%DB%84%DA%98" title="سرٛانٛٹھٕ گۄژ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سرٛانٛٹھٕ گۄژ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaukiojimo_p%C5%ABsl%C4%97" title="Plaukiojimo pūslė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plaukiojimo pūslė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Asz%C3%B3h%C3%B3lyag" title="Úszóhólyag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Úszóhólyag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundi_renang" title="Pundi renang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pundi renang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwemblaas" title="Zwemblaas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwemblaas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B0%BE" title="鰾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鰾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%B8mmebl%C3%A6re" title="Svømmeblære – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svømmeblære" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symjebl%C3%A6re" title="Symjeblære – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Symjeblære" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%99cherz_p%C5%82awny" title="Pęcherz pławny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pęcherz pławny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexiga_natat%C3%B3ria" title="Bexiga natatória – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bexiga natatória" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezic%C4%83_%C3%AEnot%C4%83toare" title="Vezică înotătoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vezică înotătoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Плавательный пузырь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плавательный пузырь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Swim bladder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%99%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80" title="Рибљи мехур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рибљи мехур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riblji_mjehur" title="Riblji mjehur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Riblji mjehur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uimarakko" title="Uimarakko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uimarakko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbl%C3%A5sa" title="Simblåsa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Simblåsa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="กระเพาะปลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระเพาะปลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Air bladder" redirects here. For the special effects technique, see <a href="/wiki/Air_bladder_effect" title="Air bladder effect">Air bladder effect</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Swim_bladder.jpg/500px-Swim_bladder.jpg" decoding="async" width="333" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Swim_bladder.jpg/666px-Swim_bladder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The swim bladder of a <a href="/wiki/Scardinius" title="Scardinius">rudd</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg/333px-PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg" decoding="async" width="333" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg/500px-PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg/666px-PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Internal positioning of the swim bladder of a <a href="/wiki/Alburnoides_bipunctatus" title="Alburnoides bipunctatus">bleak</a><br />S: anterior, S': posterior portion of the air bladder<br />œ: œsophagus; l: air passage of the air bladder</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>swim bladder</b>, <b>gas bladder</b>, <b>fish maw</b>, or <b>air bladder</b> is an internal gas-filled <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a> that functions to modulate <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, and thus allowing the fish to stay at desired water depth without having to maintain <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> via swimming, which expends more <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> position of the swim bladder means that the expansion of the bladder moves the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a> downwards, allowing it to act as a stabilizing apparatus. Additionally, the swim bladder functions as a <a href="/wiki/Resonating_chamber_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonating chamber (anatomy)">resonating chamber</a> to produce or receive sound. </p><p>The swim bladder is <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionarily</a> <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bowfin" title="Bowfin">bowfins</a> have also evolved similar respiratory functions in their swim bladders. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> remarked upon this in <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-origin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reasoned that the lung in air-breathing vertebrates had derived from a more primitive swim bladder as a specialized form of <a href="/wiki/Enteral_respiration" title="Enteral respiration">enteral respiration</a>. </p><p>Some species, such as mostly <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">bottom dwellers</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Weather_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather fish">weather fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ophioblennius_atlanticus" title="Ophioblennius atlanticus">redlip blenny</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have secondarily lost the swim bladder during the embryonic stage. Other fish, like the <a href="/wiki/Opah" title="Opah">opah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pomfret" title="Pomfret">pomfret</a>, use their <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fin">pectoral fins</a> to swim and balance the weight of the head to keep a horizontal position. The normally bottom-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Sea_robin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea robin">sea robin</a> can use their pectoral fins to produce lift while swimming like cartilaginous fish do. </p><p>The gas/tissue interface at the swim bladder produces a strong reflection of sound, which is used by <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> equipment to <a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">find fish</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">Cartilaginous fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray (fish)">rays</a> do not have swim bladders,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they belong to a completely different evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>. Without swim bladders to modular buoyancy, most cartilaginous fish can only control depth by actively swimming, which produce <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_lift_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic lift (fish)">dynamic lift</a>; others store up <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> with <a href="/wiki/Specific_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific density">specific density</a> less than that of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> to produce a neutral or near-neutral buoyancy, which cannot be readily changed with depth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_function">Structure and function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swim_bladder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oste023c_labelled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oste023c_labelled.png/500px-Oste023c_labelled.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oste023c_labelled.png/960px-Oste023c_labelled.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Swim bladder from a bony (teleost) fish</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GasbladderpumpingEng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GasbladderpumpingEng.png/360px-GasbladderpumpingEng.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GasbladderpumpingEng.png/540px-GasbladderpumpingEng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GasbladderpumpingEng.png/720px-GasbladderpumpingEng.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>How gas is pumped into the swim bladder using <a href="/wiki/Counter-current_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-current exchange">counter-current exchange</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The swim bladder normally consists of two gas-filled sacs located in the <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> portion of the fish, although in a few primitive species, there is only a single sac. It has flexible walls that contract or expand according to the ambient <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>. The walls of the bladder contain very few <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood vessels">blood vessels</a> and are lined with <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> crystals, which make them impermeable to gases. By adjusting the gas pressurising organ using the gas gland or oval window, the fish can obtain neutral buoyancy and ascend and descend to a large range of depths. Due to the dorsal position it gives the fish lateral stability. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Physostome" title="Physostome">physostomous</a> swim bladders, a connection is retained between the swim bladder and the <a href="/wiki/Gut_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (zoology)">gut</a>, the pneumatic duct, allowing the fish to fill up the swim bladder by "gulping" air. Excess gas can be removed in a similar manner. </p><p>In more derived varieties of fish (the <a href="/wiki/Physoclisti" title="Physoclisti">physoclisti</a>), the connection to the digestive tract is lost. In early life stages, these fish must rise to the surface to fill up their swim bladders; in later stages, the pneumatic duct disappears, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_gland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas gland (page does not exist)">gas gland</a> has to introduce gas (usually <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>) to the bladder to increase its <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> and thus increase <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. This process begins with the acidification of the blood in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rete_mirabile" title="Rete mirabile">rete mirabile</a></i> when the gas gland excretes <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> and produces <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, the latter of which acidifies the blood via the <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_buffer_system" title="Bicarbonate buffer system">bicarbonate buffer system</a>. The resulting acidity causes the <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> of the blood to lose its oxygen (<a href="/wiki/Root_effect" title="Root effect">Root effect</a>) which then <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffuses</a> partly into the swim bladder. Before returning to the body, the blood re-enters the <i>rete mirabile</i>, and as a result, virtually all the excess carbon dioxide and oxygen produced in the gas gland diffuses back to the arteries supplying the gas gland via a <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent multiplication loop</a>. Thus a very high gas pressure of oxygen can be obtained, which can even account for the presence of gas in the swim bladders of deep sea fish like the <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a>, requiring a pressure of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelster2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelster2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, at a similar structure known as the 'oval window', the bladder is in contact with blood and the oxygen can diffuse back out again. Together with oxygen, other gases are salted out<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the swim bladder which accounts for the high pressures of other gases as well.<sup id="cite_ref-biolbull.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biolbull.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combination of gases in the bladder varies. In shallow water fish, the ratios closely approximate that of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, while deep sea fish tend to have higher percentages of oxygen. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Synaphobranchus" title="Synaphobranchus">Synaphobranchus</a></i> has been observed to have 75.1% oxygen, 20.5% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, 3.1% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> in its swim bladder. </p><p>Physoclist swim bladders have one important disadvantage: they prohibit fast rising, as the bladder would burst. <a href="/wiki/Physostome" title="Physostome">Physostomes</a> can "burp" out gas, though this complicates the process of re-submergence. </p><p>The swim bladder in some species, mainly fresh water fishes (<a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowfin" title="Bowfin">bowfin</a>) is interconnected with the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a> of the fish. They are connected by four bones called the <a href="/wiki/Weberian_ossicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Weberian ossicles">Weberian ossicles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a>. These bones can carry the vibrations to the <a href="/wiki/Saccule" title="Saccule">saccule</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lagena_(anatomy)" title="Lagena (anatomy)">lagena</a>. They are suited for detecting sound and vibrations due to its low density in comparison to the density of the fish's body tissues. This increases the ability of sound detection.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swim bladder can radiate the pressure of sound which help increase its sensitivity and expand its hearing. In some deep sea fishes like the <i><a href="/wiki/Antimora" title="Antimora">Antimora</a></i>, the swim bladder maybe also connected to the <a href="/wiki/Macula_of_saccule" title="Macula of saccule">macula of saccule</a> in order for the inner ear to receive a sensation from the sound pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Red-bellied_piranha" title="Red-bellied piranha">red-bellied piranha</a>, the swim bladder may play an important role in sound production as a resonator. The sounds created by piranhas are generated through rapid contractions of the sonic muscles and is associated with the swim bladder.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">Teleosts</a> are thought to lack a sense of absolute <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic pressure">hydrostatic pressure</a>, which could be used to determine absolute depth.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been suggested that teleosts may be able to determine their depth by sensing the rate of change of swim-bladder volume.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swim_bladder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V20_D769_Lepidosiren_annectens_using_the_air_bladder_as_a_lung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PSM_V20_D769_Lepidosiren_annectens_using_the_air_bladder_as_a_lung.jpg/250px-PSM_V20_D769_Lepidosiren_annectens_using_the_air_bladder_as_a_lung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PSM_V20_D769_Lepidosiren_annectens_using_the_air_bladder_as_a_lung.jpg/330px-PSM_V20_D769_Lepidosiren_annectens_using_the_air_bladder_as_a_lung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PSM_V20_D769_Lepidosiren_annectens_using_the_air_bladder_as_a_lung.jpg/500px-PSM_V20_D769_Lepidosiren_annectens_using_the_air_bladder_as_a_lung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/West_African_lungfish" title="West African lungfish">West African lungfish</a> possesses a lung homologous to swim bladders</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:333px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The illustration of the swim bladder in fishes ... shows us clearly the highly important fact that an organ originally constructed for one purpose, namely, flotation, may be converted into one for a widely different purpose, namely, respiration. The swim bladder has, also, been worked in as an accessory to the auditory organs of certain fishes. All physiologists admit that the swimbladder is homologous, or “ideally similar” in position and structure with the lungs of the <a href="/wiki/Higher_vertebrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher vertebrate">higher vertebrate</a> animals: hence there is no reason to doubt that the swim bladder has actually been converted into lungs, or an organ used exclusively for respiration. According to this view it may be inferred that all vertebrate animals with true lungs are descended by ordinary generation from an ancient and unknown prototype, which was furnished with a floating apparatus or swim bladder. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, 1859<sup id="cite_ref-origin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Swim bladders are evolutionarily closely related (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>. The first lungs originated in the last common ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> (ray-finned fish) and <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a> (lobe-finned fish and the <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>) as expansions of the upper digestive tract which allowed them to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Actinopteri" title="Actinopteri">Actinopteri</a> (ray-finned fish minus the <a href="/wiki/Bichir" title="Bichir">bichirs</a>) the lungs evolved into a swim bladder (secondary absent in some lineages), which unlike lungs that bud ventrally, buds dorsally from the anterior foregut.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">Coelacanths</a> have a "fatty organ" that have sometimes been referred to as a swim bladder, but is structurally different and have a separate evolutionary history.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, Farmer proposed that lungs evolved to supply the heart with oxygen. In fish, blood circulates from the gills to the skeletal muscle, and only then to the heart. During intense exercise, the oxygen in the blood gets used by the skeletal muscle before the blood reaches the heart. Primitive lungs gave an advantage by supplying the heart with oxygenated blood via the cardiac shunt. This theory is robustly supported by the fossil record, the ecology of extant air-breathing fishes, and the physiology of extant fishes.<sup id="cite_ref-farmer_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonal</a> development, both lung and swim bladder originate as an outpocketing from the gut; in the case of swim bladders, this connection to the gut continues to exist as the pneumatic duct in the more "primitive" ray-finned fish, and is lost in some of the more derived teleost orders. There are no animals which have both lungs and a swim bladder. </p><p>As an adaptation to migrations between the surface and deeper waters, some fish have evolved a swim bladder where the gas is replaced with low-density <a href="/wiki/Wax_ester" title="Wax ester">wax esters</a> as a way to cope with <a href="/wiki/Boyle%27s_law" title="Boyle's law">Boyle's law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">cartilaginous fish</a> (e.g., sharks and rays) split from the other fishes about 420 million years ago, and lack both lungs and swim bladders, suggesting that these structures evolved after that split.<sup id="cite_ref-farmer_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correspondingly, these fish also have both <a href="/wiki/Protocercal" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocercal">heterocercal</a> and stiff, wing-like <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fin">pectoral fins</a> which provide the necessary lift needed due to the lack of swim bladders. Teleost fish with swim bladders have neutral buoyancy, and have no need for this lift.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sonar_reflectivity">Sonar reflectivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swim_bladder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sonar reflectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The swim bladder of a fish can strongly reflect sound of an appropriate frequency. Strong reflection happens if the frequency is tuned to the volume resonance of the swim bladder. This can be calculated by knowing a number of properties of the fish, notably the volume of the swim bladder, although the well-accepted method for doing so<sup id="cite_ref-Love_1978_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Love_1978-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requires correction factors for gas-bearing zooplankton where the radius of the swim bladder is less than about 5 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-Baik_2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baik_2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is important, since sonar scattering is used to estimate the biomass of commercially- and environmentally-important fish species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deep_scattering_layer">Deep scattering layer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swim_bladder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deep scattering layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_headlightfish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/California_headlightfish.png/330px-California_headlightfish.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/California_headlightfish.png/500px-California_headlightfish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/California_headlightfish.png/520px-California_headlightfish.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Most mesopelagic fishes are small <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a> which ascend at night using their swimbladders to feed in the nutrient rich waters of the <a href="/wiki/Epipelagic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipelagic zone">epipelagic zone</a>. During the day, they return to the dark, cold, oxygen deficient waters of the mesopelagic where they are relatively safe from predators. <a href="/wiki/Lanternfish" title="Lanternfish">Lanternfish</a> account for as much as 65 percent of all deep sea fish <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and are largely responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">deep scattering layer</a> of the world's oceans.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sonar operators, using the newly developed sonar technology during World War II, were puzzled by what appeared to be a false sea floor 300–500 metres deep at day, and less deep at night. This turned out to be due to millions of marine organisms, most particularly small mesopelagic fish, with swimbladders that reflected the sonar. These organisms migrate up into shallower water at dusk to feed on plankton. The layer is deeper when the moon is out, and can become shallower when clouds obscure the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-TeAraMZ_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAraMZ-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most mesopelagic fish make daily <a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">vertical migrations</a>, moving at night into the epipelagic zone, often following similar migrations of zooplankton, and returning to the depths for safety during the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Moyle585_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moyle585-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vertical migrations often occur over large vertical distances, and are undertaken with the assistance of a swim bladder. The swim bladder is inflated when the fish wants to move up, and, given the high pressures in the mesopelagic zone, this requires significant energy. As the fish ascends, the pressure in the swimbladder must adjust to prevent it from bursting. When the fish wants to return to the depths, the swimbladder is deflated.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mesopelagic fishes make daily migrations through the <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a>, where the temperature changes between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F), thus displaying considerable tolerance for temperature change. </p><p>Sampling via deep <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a> indicates that <a href="/wiki/Lanternfish" title="Lanternfish">lanternfish</a> account for as much as 65% of all deep sea fish <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, lanternfish are among the most widely distributed, populous, and diverse of all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, playing an important <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> role as prey for larger organisms. The estimated global biomass of lanternfish is 550–660 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, several times the annual world fisheries catch. Lanternfish also account for much of the biomass responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">deep scattering layer</a> of the world's oceans. <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> reflects off the millions of lanternfish swim bladders, giving the appearance of a false bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_uses">Human uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swim_bladder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the East Asian culinary sphere, the swim bladders of certain large fishes are considered a food delicacy. In Chinese cuisine, they are known as <i>fish maw</i>, 花膠/鱼鳔,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are served in soups or stews. </p><p>The vanity price of a vanishing kind of maw is behind the imminent extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Vaquita" title="Vaquita">vaquita</a>, the world's smallest porpoise species. Found only in Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>, the once numerous vaquita are now critically endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaquita die in <a href="/wiki/Gillnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillnets">gillnets</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set to catch <a href="/wiki/Totoaba" title="Totoaba">totoaba</a> (the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Drum_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum fish">drum fish</a>). Totoaba are being hunted to extinction for its maw, which can sell for as much $10,000 per kilogram. </p><p>Swim bladders are also used in the food industry as a source of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>. They can be made into a strong, water-resistant glue, or used to make <a href="/wiki/Isinglass" title="Isinglass">isinglass</a> for the clarification of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In earlier times, they were used to make <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swim_bladder_disease">Swim bladder disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swim_bladder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Swim bladder disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder_disease" title="Swim bladder disease">Swim bladder disease</a> is a common ailment in <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquarium fish">aquarium fish</a>. A fish with swim bladder disorder can float nose down tail up, or can float to the top or sink to the bottom of the aquarium.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_of_injury">Risk of injury</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swim_bladder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Risk of injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Pile_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Pile driving">pile driving</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Seismic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic waves">seismic waves</a>, can create high-intensity sound waves that cause internal injury to fish that possess a gas bladder. Physoclisti can not expel air quickly enough from the gas bladder, the organ most susceptible to sonic damage, thus making it difficult for them to escape major injury. Physostomes, on the other hand, <i>can</i> release air from their gas bladder expeditiously enough to protect it; nevertheless, they can not relieve pressure in their other vital organs, and are therefore also vulnerable to injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Halvorsen_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halvorsen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the commonly seen injuries include ruptured gas bladder and renal <a href="/wiki/Haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemorrhage">Haemorrhage</a>. These mostly affect the overall health of the fish but not their mortality rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Halvorsen_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halvorsen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigators employed the High-Intensity-Controlled Impedance-Fluid-Filled (HICI-FT), a stainless-steel wave tube with an electromagnetic shaker. It simulates high-energy sound waves in aquatic far-field, plane-wave acoustic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_structures_in_other_organisms">Similar structures in other organisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swim_bladder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Similar structures in other organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Siphonophores" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonophores">Siphonophores</a> have a special swim bladder that allows the jellyfish-like colonies to float along the surface of the water while their tentacles trail below. This organ is unrelated to the one in fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark1961_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark1961-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swim_bladder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melaka-mall-Fish-maw-kiosk-2267.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swim bladder display in a Malacca shopping mall"><img alt="Swim bladder display in a Malacca shopping mall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Melaka-mall-Fish-maw-kiosk-2267.jpg/330px-Melaka-mall-Fish-maw-kiosk-2267.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Melaka-mall-Fish-maw-kiosk-2267.jpg/500px-Melaka-mall-Fish-maw-kiosk-2267.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Melaka-mall-Fish-maw-kiosk-2267.jpg/960px-Melaka-mall-Fish-maw-kiosk-2267.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swim bladder display in a <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> shopping mall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_maw_soup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish maw soup"><img alt="Fish maw soup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Fish_maw_soup.jpg/500px-Fish_maw_soup.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Fish_maw_soup.jpg/960px-Fish_maw_soup.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fish maw soup</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldfish_with_swim_bladder_disease.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Swim bladder disease has resulted in this female ryukin goldfish floating upside down"><img alt="Swim bladder disease has resulted in this female ryukin goldfish floating upside down" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Goldfish_with_swim_bladder_disease.JPG/290px-Goldfish_with_swim_bladder_disease.JPG" decoding="async" width="194" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Goldfish_with_swim_bladder_disease.JPG/436px-Goldfish_with_swim_bladder_disease.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Goldfish_with_swim_bladder_disease.JPG/580px-Goldfish_with_swim_bladder_disease.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="1713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder_disease" title="Swim bladder disease">Swim bladder disease</a> has resulted in this female <a href="/wiki/Ryukin" title="Ryukin">ryukin</a> goldfish floating upside down</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swim_bladder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Orr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orr_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Fish". <i>Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe 1999</i>. Microsoft. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fish&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Encarta+Encyclopedia+Deluxe+1999&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwim+bladder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-origin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-origin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-origin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarwin,_Charles1859" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQtjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA190"><i>Origin of Species</i></a> (reprinted 1872 ed.). D. Appleton. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Species&rft.pages=190&rft.edition=reprinted+1872&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQtjAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwim+bladder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNursall1989" class="citation journal cs1">Nursall, J. R. (1989). 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(1996) <i>Biology of Fishes</i>, 2nd ed., Saunders, pp. 283–290.</li> <li>Pelster, Bernd (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_yI3mB2QI8C&q=%22Deep-sea+fishes%22">"Buoyancy at depth"</a> In: WS Hoar, DJ Randall and AP Farrell (Eds) <i>Deep-Sea Fishes</i>, pages 195–237, Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080585406" title="Special:BookSources/9780080585406">9780080585406</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fish574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template talk:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fish574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoichthyology" title="Ethnoichthyology">Ethnoichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">- as food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_fish" title="Fear of fish">Fear of -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">Hypoxia in -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antennarius_striatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striated frogfish"><img alt="Striated frogfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/250px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/330px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Anatomy</a><br /> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_determination_in_fish" title="Age determination in fish">Age determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilliformity" title="Anguilliformity">Anguilliformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_bone" title="Fish bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_bone" title="Dermal bone">dermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification" title="Intramembranous ossification">intramembranous ossification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">Cleithrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">Fins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_gill" title="Fish gill">Gill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill raker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobranch" title="Pseudobranch">pseudobranch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossohyal" title="Glossohyal">Glossohyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_jaw" title="Fish jaw">Jaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyomandibula" title="Hyomandibula">hyomandibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_jaw" title="Pharyngeal jaw">pharyngeal jaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leydig%27s_organ" title="Leydig's organ">Leydig's organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthner_cell" title="Mauthner cell">Mauthner cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristics" title="Meristics">Meristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">Operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_papillare" title="Operculum papillare">papillare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilla_(fish_anatomy)" title="Papilla (fish anatomy)">Papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_effect" title="Root effect">Root effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_cartilage" title="Shark cartilage">Shark cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">Scales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganoine" title="Ganoine">ganoine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_valve" title="Spiral valve">Spiral valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckermouth" title="Suckermouth">Suckermouth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swim bladder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physoclisti" title="Physoclisti">physoclisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostome" title="Physostome">physostome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">Teeth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_teeth" title="Pharyngeal teeth">pharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tooth" title="Shark tooth">shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleost_leptins" title="Teleost leptins">Teleost leptins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Fish_Library" title="Digital Fish Library">Digital Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_systems_in_fish" title="Sensory systems in fish">Sensory<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbel (anatomy)">Barbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_reception" title="Hydrodynamic reception">Hydrodynamic reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Capacity for pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schreckstoff" title="Schreckstoff">Schreckstoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection_by_animals" title="Surface wave detection by animals">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision in fishes">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">Reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_nest" title="Bubble nest">Bubble nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clasper" title="Clasper">Clasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)" title="Egg case (Chondrichthyes)">Egg case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_development" title="Fish development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">Life history theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt" title="Milt">Milt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthbrooder" title="Mouthbrooder">Mouthbrooder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_fish" title="Polyandry in fish">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_in_fish" title="Pregnancy in fish">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">triggers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion" title="Fin and flipper locomotion">Fin and flipper locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_fish" title="Amphibious fish">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_fish" title="Walking fish">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water" title="Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboTuna" title="RoboTuna">RoboTuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">Bait ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">Cleaner fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corallivore" title="Corallivore">Corallivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">Electric fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">Filter feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paedophagy" title="Paedophagy">Paedophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">Scale eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Schooling fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_fish" title="Sleep in fish">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_intelligence" title="Fish intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">Euryhaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundfish">Groundfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">Coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Genetically modified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_fish" title="Hallucinogenic fish">Hallucinogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">Oily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisonous_fish" title="Poisonous fish">Poisonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_fish" title="Rough fish">Rough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Salmonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">lampreys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">chimaeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">spiny-finned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">fleshy-finned</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_aquarium_life" title="Lists of aquarium life">Aquarium life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_fish" title="Blind fish">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_common_names" title="List of fish common names">Fish common names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_families" title="List of fish families">Fish families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Glossary of ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_fish" title="List of largest fish">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_fish" title="List of smallest fish">Smallest</a></li> <li>Threatened <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish" title="Lists of prehistoric fish">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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