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<span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayreuth_under_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayreuth_under_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bayreuth under Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bayreuth_under_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bayreuth under Nazi Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bayreuth_under_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bayreuth_Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayreuth_Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bayreuth Memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayreuth_Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>New festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Wagner_Werkstatt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Wagner_Werkstatt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Wagner <i>Werkstatt</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Wagner_Werkstatt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tickets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tickets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tickets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tickets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recordings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DVD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DVD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>DVD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DVD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laserdisc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laserdisc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Laserdisc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laserdisc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VHS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VHS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>VHS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VHS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>CD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Historical recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_performances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_performances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Postwar performances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_performances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bayreuth Festival</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuther_Festspiele" title="Bayreuther Festspiele – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bayreuther Festspiele" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayroyt_festival%C4%B1" title="Bayroyt festivalı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bayroyt festivalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareida_Festspui" title="Bareida Festspui – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bareida Festspui" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_de_Bayreuth" title="Festival de Bayreuth – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Festival de Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Байройт фестивалĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Байройт фестивалĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudebn%C3%AD_slavnosti_v_Bayreuthu" title="Hudební slavnosti v Bayreuthu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hudební slavnosti v Bayreuthu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festspillene_i_Bayreuth" title="Festspillene i Bayreuth – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Festspillene i Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuther_Festspiele" title="Bayreuther Festspiele – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bayreuther Festspiele" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B9%CF%84" title="Φεστιβάλ του Μπαϊρόιτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φεστιβάλ του Μπαϊρόιτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_de_Bayreuth" title="Festival de Bayreuth – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Festival de Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivalo_de_Bayreuth" title="Festivalo de Bayreuth – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Festivalo de Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جشنواره بایرویت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جشنواره بایرویت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_de_Bayreuth" title="Festival de Bayreuth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Festival de Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_de_Bayreuth" title="Festival de Bayreuth – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Festival de Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%B6%95%EC%A0%9C" title="바이로이트 축제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이로이트 축제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Bayreuth" title="Festival Bayreuth – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Festival Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_di_Bayreuth" title="Festival di Bayreuth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Festival di Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פסטיבל ביירוית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסטיבל ביירוית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriae_Baruthenses" title="Feriae Baruthenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Feriae Baruthenses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baireitas_festiv%C4%81ls" title="Baireitas festivāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baireitas festivāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuthi_%C3%9Cnnepi_J%C3%A1t%C3%A9kok" title="Bayreuthi Ünnepi Játékok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bayreuthi Ünnepi Játékok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бајројтски фестивал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бајројтски фестивал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuther_Festspiele" title="Bayreuther Festspiele – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bayreuther Festspiele" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E7%A5%AD" title="バイロイト音楽祭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイロイト音楽祭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festspillene_i_Bayreuth" title="Festspillene i Bayreuth – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Festspillene i Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festspela_i_Bayreuth" title="Festspela i Bayreuth – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Festspela i Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festiwal_w_Bayreuth" title="Festiwal w Bayreuth – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Festiwal w Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_de_Bayreuth" title="Festival de Bayreuth – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Festival de Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivalul_de_la_Bayreuth" title="Festivalul de la Bayreuth – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Festivalul de la Bayreuth" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%91%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Байрёйтский фестиваль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Байрёйтский фестиваль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bayreuth Festival" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuthski_festival" title="Bayreuthski festival – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bayreuthski festival" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuthin_musiikkijuhlat" title="Bayreuthin musiikkijuhlat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bayreuthin musiikkijuhlat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuthfestspelen" title="Bayreuthfestspelen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bayreuthfestspelen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festivali" title="Bayreuth Festivali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bayreuth Festivali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Байройтський фестиваль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Байройтський фестиваль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E8%8A%82" title="拜罗伊特音乐节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拜罗伊特音乐节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q157596#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German music festival of Wagner's stage works</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the annual festival. For the building used, see <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bayreuther Festspiele</i></span><br />Bayreuth Festival</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayreuth_Festspielhaus_2006-07-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus_2006-07-16.jpg/300px-Bayreuth_Festspielhaus_2006-07-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus_2006-07-16.jpg/450px-Bayreuth_Festspielhaus_2006-07-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus_2006-07-16.jpg/600px-Bayreuth_Festspielhaus_2006-07-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="1647" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Festspielhaus</a> in Bayreuth, the festival's main venue, in 2006</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_canon" title="Bayreuth canon">Canon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s stage works</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, Bavaria, Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugurated</th><td class="infobox-data">1876<span class="noprint">; 149 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1876</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayreuther-festspiele.de/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157596#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayreuthfest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bayreuthfest.jpg/290px-Bayreuthfest.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bayreuthfest.jpg/435px-Bayreuthfest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bayreuthfest.jpg/580px-Bayreuthfest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Bayreuth Festival</b> (German: <i lang="de"><b>Bayreuther Festspiele</b></i>) is a music festival held annually in <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, Germany, at which performances of stage works by the 19th-century German composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> are presented. Wagner himself conceived and promoted the idea of a special festival to showcase his own works, in particular his monumental cycle <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i>. </p><p>Performances take place in a specially designed theatre, the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a>. Wagner personally supervised the design and construction of the theatre, which contained many architectural innovations to accommodate the huge orchestras for which Wagner wrote as well as the composer's particular vision about the staging of his works. The Festival has become a pilgrimage destination for Wagnerians and classical-music enthusiasts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the Festival itself lie rooted in Richard Wagner's interest in establishing his financial independence. A souring of the relationship with his patron, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II of Bavaria</a>, led to his expulsion from Munich, where he had originally intended to launch the festival. Wagner next considered Nuremberg, which would have reinforced the thematic significance of works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a></i>. On the advice of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Richter_(conductor)" title="Hans Richter (conductor)">Hans Richter</a>, however, the focus fell upon <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a> which enjoyed three distinct advantages. </p><p>First, the town boasted a splendid venue: the <a href="/wiki/Markgr%C3%A4fliches_Opernhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Markgräfliches Opernhaus">Markgräfliches Opernhaus</a> built for <a href="/wiki/Margrave_of_Bayreuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Bayreuth">Margrave Frederick</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_of_Bayreuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmine of Bayreuth">Friederike Sophie Wilhelmine</a> (sister of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>) in 1747. With its ample capacity and strong acoustics, the opera house seemed a good match for Wagner's vision. Second, the town of Bayreuth was located outside those regions where Wagner no longer owned the rights to the performance of his own works, which he had sold off in 1864 in order to alleviate pressing financial concerns. Finally, the town had no cultural life that could offer competition to Wagner's own artistic dominance. The Festival, once launched, would be the dominant feature of Bayreuth's cultural landscape. In addition, "Richard Wagner did not want his works interpreted amid the hustle and noise or the distractions of a large city; he sought a place remote from the usual theatrical world where it was so quiet so that the hearers could concentrate their whole attention on the work offered, and could in the pauses refresh themselves in natural surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" </p><p>In April 1870, Wagner and his wife <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima</a> visited Bayreuth. On inspection, the opera house proved to be inadequate. It was built to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> orchestras of the 18th century and was therefore unsuited for the complex stagings and large orchestras that Wagner's later stage works required. Nonetheless, the burgermeisters proved open to assisting Wagner with the construction of an entirely new theatre, and the Festival was planned to launch in 1873. After a fruitless meeting in the spring of 1871 with the German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> to obtain funds, Wagner embarked on a fundraising tour across Germany, including Leipzig and Frankfurt. </p><p>An initial public subscription proved disappointing until Wagner, at the suggestion of his friend and admirer Emil Heckel, launched a number of <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner Societies">Wagner Societies</a> to increase participation in the Festival's subscription. Societies were established in Leipzig, Berlin, Vienna and other places. </p><p>Despite making direct appeals based on Wagner's role as a composer of the new German Reich, the Societies and other fundraising channels were well short of the needed sum by the end of 1872. Wagner made another appeal to Bismarck in August 1873 and was again denied. </p><p>Desperate, Wagner turned to his former patron, Ludwig II, who reluctantly agreed to help. In January 1874, Ludwig granted 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">Thaler</a> and construction on the theatre, designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Semper" title="Gottfried Semper">Gottfried Semper</a>, started shortly thereafter. Semper, inspired by the classical amphitheater, built a double proscenium in the theatre, creating a necessary space between the listener’s “real world” and the imaginary world that occurred on stage. Later in the construction of the theatre, architect Carl Brandt expanded Semper’s double proscenium to six pairs of proscenia, and also created its amphitheater shape.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performances featured a sunken pit and dimmed lighting; it is clear that Wagner was adamant about controlling the audience’s visual and aural experience during his performances. These specific considerations resulted in a delayed opening of the theatre.A planned 1875 debut was postponed for a year due to construction and other delays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felixmottl3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Felixmottl3.jpg/300px-Felixmottl3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Felixmottl3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mottl" title="Felix Mottl">Felix Mottl</a> conducted <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> at Bayreuth in 1886.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since its opening in 1876, the Bayreuth Festival has been a socio-cultural phenomenon. The inauguration took place on 13 August 1876, with a performance of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">"Choral" Symphony</a>, which is occasionally programmed during the festival. (It was played at the post-war reopening in 1951, and subsequently in 1953, 1954, 1963, 2001, and had been planned for the cancelled 2020 season.)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then came the first performance of <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i>. Present at this unique musical event were <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I of Germany">Kaiser Wilhelm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Dom Pedro II</a> of Brazil, King Ludwig (who attended in secret, probably to avoid the Kaiser), and other members of the nobility, as well as the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> who committed much effort to helping his then good friend Wagner establish the festival,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and such accomplished composers as <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Tchaikovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, and the young <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Arthur Foote</a>. </p><p>Artistically, the festival was a success. ("Something has taken place at Bayreuth which our grandchildren and their children will still remember", wrote <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>, attending the Festival as a Russian correspondent.) Financially, however, the festival was a disaster and did not begin to make money until several years later. Wagner abandoned his original plan to hold a second festival the following year, and travelled to London to conduct a series of concerts in an attempt to make up the deficit. Although the festival was plagued by financial problems in its early years, it survived through state intervention and the continued support of influential Wagnerians, including <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">King Ludwig II</a> of Bavaria. </p><p>Following the financial failure of the initial Bayreuth Festival, as well as Wagner's death in 1883, there was a political discourse of Wagner's works involving a disenchantment with the Reich that led to a cultural lull of the festival. The declining popularity of the current centralized government created an artistic shift away from Richard Wagner who had preemptively popularized his works amongst the German government in an attempt to gain mass popularity and recognition. This consequently led to a general lack of public interest in the festival in its early history.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From its inception, the festival has attracted leading conductors and singers, many of whom performed without pay. Among these was <a href="/wiki/Hans_Richter_(conductor)" title="Hans Richter (conductor)">Hans Richter</a>, who conducted the premiere of the Ring Cycle in 1876. Another was the talented conductor <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Levi" title="Hermann Levi">Hermann Levi</a>, who was personally chosen by Richard Wagner to conduct the debut of <i>Parsifal</i> in 1882 with the assistance of the young <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(composer)" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)">Engelbert Humperdinck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spotts_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Wagner's death, his widow <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima</a> continued running the festival at one or, more frequently, two-year intervals. She gradually introduced the early operas which complete the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_canon" title="Bayreuth canon">Bayreuth canon</a> of Wagner's last ten mature works. Levi, the son of a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, remained the festival's principal conductor for the next two decades. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mottl" title="Felix Mottl">Felix Mottl</a>, who was involved with the festival from 1876 to 1901, conducted <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> there in 1886. Until the 1920s, performances were strictly in accordance with the traditions established under King Ludwig's patronage. Not a note was "cut" from any of the enormous scores; no concessions were made to the limits of human patience on the part of the audiences. <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a> preserved the productions of <i>Parsifal</i> and the Ring just as they had been in Wagner's day, defending any proposed changes with appeals to her son <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Wagner" title="Siegfried Wagner">Siegfried</a>: "Was this not how Papa did it in 1876?" During her era of leadership, the festival became increasingly associated with <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">antisemitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Cosima's retirement in 1906, Siegfried Wagner took over management of the festival, introducing new staging and performance styles. His early death in 1930 left the Festival in the hands of his English-born wife <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Wagner" title="Winifred Wagner">Winifred Wagner</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Tietjen" title="Heinz Tietjen">Heinz Tietjen</a> as artistic director. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bayreuth_under_Nazi_Germany">Bayreuth under Nazi Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bayreuth under Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Festspiel-Stiftung_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Deutsche_Festspiel-Stiftung_1922.jpg/220px-Deutsche_Festspiel-Stiftung_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Deutsche_Festspiel-Stiftung_1922.jpg/330px-Deutsche_Festspiel-Stiftung_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Deutsche_Festspiel-Stiftung_1922.jpg/440px-Deutsche_Festspiel-Stiftung_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3311" data-file-height="4116" /></a><figcaption>Patronage certificate for funding the Bayreuth festival, issued 22. May 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s, well before the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, Winifred Wagner became a strong supporter and close personal friend of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>; her correspondence with Hitler has never been released by the Wagner family. She and other festival leaders were members of Nazi chief ideologue <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Kultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur">Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur</a></i>, which actively suppressed modernist music and works by "degenerate" artists. The festival maintained some artistic independence under <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi rule</a>. Ironically, Hitler attended performances that included Jewish and foreign singers, long after they had been banned from all other venues across Germany (including homosexual <a href="/wiki/Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor">heldentenor</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Lorenz_(tenor)" title="Max Lorenz (tenor)">Max Lorenz</a>, married to a well-known Jewish woman). Winifred's influence with Hitler was so strong that at her behest, he wrote a letter to anti-fascist Italian conductor <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>, inviting him to lead the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toscanini, who had conducted there in 1930 and 1931, refused in 1933. From 1933 to 1942, the festival was conducted principally by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Elmendorff" title="Karl Elmendorff">Karl Elmendorff</a>. </p><p>It was in Nazi Germany that the festival made its first break from tradition, abandoning the deteriorating 19th century sets created by Richard Wagner. Many protested at the changes, including prominent conductors such as Toscanini and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, and even some members of the Wagner family. In their view, any change to the festival was a profanation against "the Master" (Wagner). Nevertheless, Hitler approved of the changes, thus paving the way for more innovations in the decades to come. </p><p>During the war, the festival was turned over to the Nazi Party, which continued to sponsor performances for wounded soldiers returning from the front. These soldiers were forced to attend lectures on Wagner before the performances, and most found the festival to be tedious.<sup id="cite_ref-Spotts_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as "guests of the Führer", none complained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayreuth_Memorial">Bayreuth Memorial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bayreuth Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottilie-Metzger-Gedenkplatte-Bayreuth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ottilie-Metzger-Gedenkplatte-Bayreuth.jpg/220px-Ottilie-Metzger-Gedenkplatte-Bayreuth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ottilie-Metzger-Gedenkplatte-Bayreuth.jpg/330px-Ottilie-Metzger-Gedenkplatte-Bayreuth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ottilie-Metzger-Gedenkplatte-Bayreuth.jpg/440px-Ottilie-Metzger-Gedenkplatte-Bayreuth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Jewish singers in the Bayreuth Festival Park</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1970s, Winifred Wagner was repeatedly petitioned to install a memorial to the Jewish singers at the Bayreuth Festival who had been murdered in concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A plaque was finally installed honouring <a href="/wiki/Ottilie_Metzger-Lattermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann">Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Gottlieb" title="Henriette Gottlieb">Henriette Gottlieb</a> after Winifred's death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_festival">New festival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two-thirds of the town of Bayreuth were <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth#The_Nazi_era_(1933–1945)" title="Bayreuth">destroyed by American bombing</a> in the final days of World War II, taking with it the rotunda, living room and guest room of <a href="/wiki/Wahnfried" title="Wahnfried">Wahnfried</a>, though the theatre itself was undamaged. Following the war, Winifred Wagner was sentenced to probation by a war court for her support of the Nazi Party. The court also banned her from administration of the Bayreuth Festival and its assets, which fell eventually to her two sons, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wieland_Wagner" title="Wieland Wagner">Wieland</a>. </p><p>During American occupation of the region after World War II, the theatre was used for army recreation and religious services for American soldiers. Only popular concerts and mixed entertainment were allowed: comedy, dancing, acrobatics, and then only <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Fledermaus" title="Die Fledermaus">Die Fledermaus</a></i> was staged. When the Festival House was handed over to the city of Bayreuth in 1946, it was used for concerts of the Bayreuth Symphony Orchestra and the performances of such operas as Beethoven's <i><a href="/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio">Fidelio</a></i>, d'Albert's <i><a href="/wiki/Tiefland_(opera)" title="Tiefland (opera)">Tiefland</a></i>, Puccini's <i><a href="/wiki/Madama_Butterfly" title="Madama Butterfly">Madama Butterfly</a>,</i> and Verdi's <i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i> and talks about reopening of the Wagnerian Festival started. Finally, it reopened on 29 July 1951 with, as always, a performance by the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival_Orchestra" title="Bayreuth Festival Orchestra">Bayreuth Festival Orchestra</a> under conductor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a> of Beethoven's 9th Symphony, followed by the first post-war performance of Wagner's <i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the direction of Wieland Wagner, the "New Bayreuth" ushered in an era that was no less than revolutionary. Gone were the elaborate naturalistic sets, replaced with minimalist modern productions. In comparison, the pre-war changes seemed tame. For the first time in its history, the Bayreuth audience booed at the end of productions. Wieland was particularly derided for his 1956 production of <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a>.</i> Stripped of its pageantry, conservatives viewed the breaking of this "sacred German tradition" as an outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-Spotts_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wieland defended the changes as an attempt to create an "invisible stage" that would allow the audience to experience the full psychosocial aspects of the drama without the baggage and distraction of elaborate set designs. Others have speculated that by stripping Wagner's works of their Germanic and historic elements, Wieland was attempting to distance Bayreuth from its nationalistic past and create productions with universal appeal. Over time, many critics came to appreciate the unique beauty of Wieland's reinterpretation of his grandfather's works.<sup id="cite_ref-Spotts_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wieland's innovative productions invited comparison to Wolfgang's, which critics unanimously found to be uninspired. If Wieland's productions were radical, Wolfgang's were regressive. Although still minimalist in approach, Wolfgang resurrected much of the naturalistic and romantic elements of pre-war productions. Thus, when Wieland died prematurely from lung cancer in 1966, many wondered if Bayreuth had a future. They began to question Bayreuth's primacy among German opera houses, and some suggested that more interesting productions were being staged elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Spotts_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time (1955), in order to broaden its audience, the whole Bayreuth Festival company conducted performances in Paris and Barcelona, performing <i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i>. </p><p>In 1973, faced with overwhelming criticism and family infighting, the Bayreuth Festival and its assets were transferred to a newly created <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Foundation" title="Richard Wagner Foundation">Richard Wagner Foundation</a>. The board of directors included members of the Wagner family and others appointed by the state. As chairman, Wolfgang Wagner remained in charge of administration of the festival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Wagner_Werkstatt">The Wagner <i>Werkstatt</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Wagner Werkstatt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Wolfgang Wagner continued to administer the festival, beginning in the 1970s, production was handled by a number of new directors in what Wolfgang called <i>Werkstatt Bayreuth</i> (Bayreuth Workshop). The idea was to turn the festival into an opportunity for directors to experiment with new methods for presenting the stage works. The change came out of necessity, as it was impossible for Wolfgang to both administer and direct the festival. It also provided an opportunity for Bayreuth to renew itself with each production, rather than continue to present the same stage works in the same way, year after year. <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a>, who famously made a <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute_(1975_film)" title="The Magic Flute (1975 film)">film version in Swedish</a> of Mozart's <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zauberfl%C3%B6te" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Zauberflöte">Die Zauberflöte</a></i>, turned down an invitation to direct the festival. </p><p>The most sensational production in <i>Werkstatt Bayreuth</i> was the centennial <i>Ring</i> cycle (<i><a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></i>) directed by <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a>, who used an updated 19th-century setting, following the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> who regarded the Ring as a social commentary on the exploitation of the working class by wealthy 19th-century capitalists.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audience reaction was initially split between those who saw the production as an offence and those who considered it the best Ring Cycle ever produced. The ensuing conflict, short only of outright riot, between supporters and detractors was unprecedented in the history of the festival. Later, the performances proved influential for the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Regietheater" title="Regietheater">Regietheater</a></i>. </p><p>Other notable directors to have participated in <i>Werkstatt Bayreuth</i> included <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ponnelle" title="Jean-Pierre Ponnelle">Jean-Pierre Ponnelle</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(theatre_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Hall (theatre director)">Peter Hall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Friedrich" title="Götz Friedrich">Götz Friedrich</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin" title="Deutsche Oper Berlin">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kupfer" title="Harry Kupfer">Harry Kupfer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a> in the former communist East Germany and <a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a>. In the end, Wolfgang's decision to bring in experimental directors helped rejuvenate Bayreuth and restore its reputation as the world leader in Wagnerian opera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was uncertainty over how the Festival was to be managed after the retirement of Wolfgang Wagner at the end of August 2008. In 2001, the Festival's 21-member board of directors had voted for his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Wagner-Pasquier" title="Eva Wagner-Pasquier">Eva Wagner-Pasquier</a>, to succeed him. Wolfgang Wagner, however, proposed to hand control over to his second wife, Gudrun, and their daughter Katharina.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gudrun died in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No successor was named at that time, but it was speculated that Wagner-Pasquier and Katharina would eventually be named as joint directors of the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Directors have stated that preference will be given to descendants of Richard Wagner, and that a non-descendant would have to be a clearly better candidate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 1 September 2008, Wolfgang Wagner's daughters, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Wagner-Pasquier" title="Eva Wagner-Pasquier">Eva Wagner-Pasquier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katharina_Wagner" title="Katharina Wagner">Katharina Wagner</a>, were named by Bavaria's culture minister, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goppel" title="Thomas Goppel">Thomas Goppel</a>, to take over the Festival. They were to take up their duties immediately, since their father had announced his retirement at the conclusion of the 2008 Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were chosen ahead of the pair of their cousin, <a href="/wiki/Nike_Wagner" title="Nike Wagner">Nike Wagner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Mortier" title="Gerard Mortier">Gerard Mortier</a>, who had placed a late bid for the directorship on 24 August.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conductor <a href="/wiki/Christian_Thielemann" title="Christian Thielemann">Christian Thielemann</a> has agreed to act as chief adviser to the new directors, effectively taking the role of music director of the Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 it was announced that Eva would be stepping down from the co-directorship leaving, in accord with her father's will,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katharina in sole charge.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 31 March 2020 it was announced that, due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and the resulting restrictions, the 2020 festival (due to take place from 25 July to 30 August) would be cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> production planned for that festival would be postponed until at least 2022. </p><p>Restrictions were eased for the 2021 festival, which went ahead with a limited audience capacity and testing/vaccination requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2022 festival went ahead as normal, including the new production of the <i>Ring</i>. </p><p>In 2023 the festival had mixed opinions due to the use of AR goggles and 3D glasses to enhance the experience. The festival has attempted to modernize to aid with low ticket sales.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tickets">Tickets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tickets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The festival draws thousands of Wagner fans to Bayreuth every summer. It is very difficult to get tickets, because demand (estimated at 500,000) greatly exceeds supply (58,000 tickets); the waiting time is between five and ten years (or more). The process entails submitting an order form every summer; applicants are usually successful after about ten years. Failure to make an application every year results in being placed at the back of the queue. Although some tickets are allocated by lottery, preference is given to members of the Society of Friends of Bayreuth (financial donors), famous patrons, and to regional and international Wagner societies, which are distributed to their own members through lottery or the willingness to pay a high contribution. </p><p>However, in 2013 tickets for one opera production were offered exclusively online, on a first come first served basis with no preferential eligibility. It is reported that they sold out within seconds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This offer was repeated for the 2014 season, with tickets being available for eight performances including one complete Ring cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, retail ticket prices ranged from €320 for a front row stalls seat to €45 for a gallery (third level) back row seat.<sup id="cite_ref-bfs_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfs-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Festival authorities assiduously police the traffic of tickets, and monitor sites such as <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>. On admission patrons may be required to show photographic identification matching the name on the ticket, with any not matching being refused admission to the performance. </p><p>In 2011 it was revealed that the German <a href="/wiki/Bundesrechnungshof" title="Bundesrechnungshof">Bundesrechnungshof</a> (federal audit office) were investigating the situation where, for a publicly subsidised event, only 40 percent of the tickets were actually available to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in 2012 it was announced that changes would be made to the allocation system, including the ending of allocations to <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Wagner_Societies" title="International Association of Wagner Societies">Wagner Societies</a> (but not including the Society of Friends of Bayreuth as they make a substantial financial contribution) and a reduction in the proportion reserved for travel agents and hotels. As a result, the proportion of tickets available to the general public would increase to about 65 percent of the total available.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen"><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Der Ring des Nibelungen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bayreuth_Festival_productions_of_Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="List of Bayreuth Festival productions of Der Ring des Nibelungen">List of Bayreuth Festival productions of Der Ring des Nibelungen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></div> <p>A new production of <i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i>, or the <i>Ring</i> cycle, is presented every five to seven years, following a year in which no <i>Ring</i> is presented. In years in which the <i>Ring</i> is staged, three other works are also presented. When no <i>Ring</i> is staged, five other works are presented. Tickets for the <i>Ring</i> are normally sold only as a complete set for all four performances.<sup id="cite_ref-bfs_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfs-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Ring</i> produced for the Festival's centenary in 1976 was produced by a French team around director <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a> and conductor <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>. Known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></i>, it was filmed. </p><p>The newest production of the <i>Ring</i> (directed by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Schwarz" class="extiw" title="de:Valentin Schwarz">Valentin Schwarz</a>) premiered in 2022 after pandemic-related delays.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schwarz's modern staging of the cycle— depicting a complex, tangled family drama spanning generations—was met with mixed reviews from audiences and the press.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> (1876–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Liszt Wagner</a> (1883–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Wagner" title="Siegfried Wagner">Siegfried Wagner</a> (1908–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winifred_Wagner" title="Winifred Wagner">Winifred Williams Wagner</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieland_Wagner" title="Wieland Wagner">Wieland Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a> (1951–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a> (1967–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Wagner-Pasquier" title="Eva Wagner-Pasquier">Eva Wagner-Pasquier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katharina_Wagner" title="Katharina Wagner">Katharina Wagner</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Wagner" title="Katharina Wagner">Katharina Wagner</a> (2015–today)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DVD">DVD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: DVD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Tannhäuser</i> (1978) Director: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Friedrich" title="Götz Friedrich">Götz Friedrich</a>, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Colin_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Colin Davis">Sir Colin Davis</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Spas_Wenkoff" title="Spas Wenkoff">Spas Wenkoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dame_Gwyneth_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Gwyneth Jones">Dame Gwyneth Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Weikl" title="Bernd Weikl">Bernd Weikl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sotin" title="Hans Sotin">Hans Sotin</a>, Label: <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>/Unitel.</li> <li><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (1980) Complete Cycle Director: <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a>, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, Soloists: Dame Gwyneth Jones, <a href="/wiki/Donald_McIntyre" title="Donald McIntyre">Donald McIntyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hofmann" title="Peter Hofmann">Peter Hofmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeannine_Altmeyer" title="Jeannine Altmeyer">Jeannine Altmeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matti_Salminen" title="Matti Salminen">Matti Salminen</a>, Label: Deutsche Grammophon/Unitel</li> <li><i>Parsifal</i> (1981) Director: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a>, Conductor: Horst Stein, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Jerusalem" title="Siegfried Jerusalem">Siegfried Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Randov%C3%A1" title="Eva Randová">Eva Randová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Weikl" title="Bernd Weikl">Bernd Weikl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sotin" title="Hans Sotin">Hans Sotin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matti_Salminen" title="Matti Salminen">Matti Salminen</a>, Label: Deutsche Grammophon/Unitel</li> <li><i>Tristan und Isolde</i> (1983) Director, stage design & costumes: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ponnelle" title="Jean-Pierre Ponnelle">Jean-Pierre Ponnelle</a>, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Kollo" title="René Kollo">René Kollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Meier" title="Johanna Meier">Johanna Meier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matti_Salminen" title="Matti Salminen">Matti Salminen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Schwarz" title="Hanna Schwarz">Hanna Schwarz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Becht" title="Hermann Becht">Hermann Becht</a>, Label: Deutsche Grammophon/Unitel</li> <li><i>Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</i> (1984) Centenary Production: Director: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a>, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Horst_Stein" title="Horst Stein">Horst Stein</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Weikl" title="Bernd Weikl">Bernd Weikl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Jerusalem" title="Siegfried Jerusalem">Siegfried Jerusalem</a>, Mari Anne Häggander, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Prey" title="Hermann Prey">Hermann Prey</a>, Label: Deutsche Grammophon/Unitel</li> <li><i>Der fliegende Holländer</i> (1985) Director: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kupfer" title="Harry Kupfer">Harry Kupfer</a>, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Woldemar_Nelsson" title="Woldemar Nelsson">Woldemar Nelsson</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Estes" title="Simon Estes">Simon Estes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbeth_Balslev" title="Lisbeth Balslev">Lisbeth Balslev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matti_Salminen" title="Matti Salminen">Matti Salminen</a>, Label: Deutsche Grammophon/Unitel</li> <li><i>Lohengrin</i> (1990) Director: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schneider_(conductor)" title="Peter Schneider (conductor)">Peter Schneider</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Frey" title="Paul Frey">Paul Frey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Studer" title="Cheryl Studer">Cheryl Studer</a>, Manfred Schenk, Label: Deutsche Grammophon/Unitel</li> <li><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (1992) Director: Harry Kupfer, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/John_Tomlinson_(bass)" title="John Tomlinson (bass)">John Tomlinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Evans_(soprano)" title="Anne Evans (soprano)">Anne Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Secunde" title="Nadine Secunde">Nadine Secunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Jerusalem" title="Siegfried Jerusalem">Siegfried Jerusalem</a>, Label: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727141318/http://www.warnerclassicsandjazz.com/dvd.php?release=4770">[1]</a> Warner Classics</li> <li><i>Tristan und Isolde</i> (1995) Director: <a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a>, Stage design: <a href="/wiki/Erich_Wonder" title="Erich Wonder">Erich Wonder</a>, Costumes: <a href="/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto" title="Yohji Yamamoto">Yohji Yamamoto</a>, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Jerusalem" title="Siegfried Jerusalem">Siegfried Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waltraud_Meier" title="Waltraud Meier">Waltraud Meier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falk_Struckmann" title="Falk Struckmann">Falk Struckmann</a>, Label: Deutsche Grammophon/Unitel</li> <li><i>Götterdämmerung</i> (1997) Director: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kirchner" title="Alfred Kirchner">Alfred Kirchner</a>, Stage design: rosalie, Conductor: <a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a>, Soloists: Wolfgang Schmidt, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Polaski" title="Deborah Polaski">Deborah Polaski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Schwarz" title="Hanna Schwarz">Hanna Schwarz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Halfvarson" title="Eric Halfvarson">Eric Halfvarson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekkehard_Wlaschiha" title="Ekkehard Wlaschiha">Ekkehard Wlaschiha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falk_Struckmann" title="Falk Struckmann">Falk Struckmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Schwanewilms" title="Anne Schwanewilms">Anne Schwanewilms</a>, Label: Deutsche Grammophon/Unitel</li> <li><i>Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</i> (2008) Director: <a href="/wiki/Katharina_Wagner" title="Katharina Wagner">Katharina Wagner</a>, Conductor: Sebastian Weigle, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Michaela_Kaune" title="Michaela Kaune">Michaela Kaune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Florian_Vogt" title="Klaus Florian Vogt">Klaus Florian Vogt</a>, Franz Hawlata, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Volle" title="Michael Volle">Michael Volle</a>, Label: BF Medien/United Motion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laserdisc">Laserdisc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Laserdisc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Tristan und Isolde</i> (1983) Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>, Orchester der Bayreuther Festspiele, Staged and Directed by: Jean-Pierre Ponnelle, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Kollo" title="René Kollo">René Kollo</a>, Johanna Meier, <a href="/wiki/Matti_Salminen" title="Matti Salminen">Matti Salminen</a>, Hermann Becht, <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Schwarz" title="Hanna Schwarz">Hanna Schwarz</a>, Unitel, <a href="/wiki/Laserdisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">Laserdisc</a> Philips 070–509–1</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VHS">VHS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: VHS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</i> (1984) Conductor: Horst Stein, Orchester der Bayreuther Festspiele, Staged by: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a> Video Director: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Large" title="Brian Large">Brian Large</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Weikl" title="Bernd Weikl">Bernd Weikl</a>, Siegfried Jerusalem, Hermann Prey, Mari Anne Häggander, Graham Clark, Unitel</li> <li><i>Parsifal</i> (1999) Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sinopoli" title="Giuseppe Sinopoli">Giuseppe Sinopoli</a>, Chor und Orchester der Bayreuther Festspiele, Staged by: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Poul_Elming" title="Poul Elming">Poul Elming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Watson_(soprano)" title="Linda Watson (soprano)">Linda Watson</a>, Hans Sotin, <a href="/wiki/Falk_Struckmann" title="Falk Struckmann">Falk Struckmann</a>, Ekkehard Wlaschiha, Unitel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CD">CD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: CD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_recordings">Historical recordings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historical recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical performances of Wagner's operas at Bayreuth, available on CD, are too numerous to list. The following are a few outstanding examples. </p> <ul><li><i>100 Jahre Bayreuth auf Schallplatte</i>: The Early Festival Singers, 1887–1906, Gebhardt Records</li></ul> <dl><dd>This 12 CD set put together all of the surviving recordings done by the Gramophone and <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">Typewriter</a> Company in 1904 at Bayreuth and includes some of the original artists from the 1876 debut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050508181541/http://www.bayreuth-edition.com/en/samples.html">Listen</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> (1928) Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Elmendorff" title="Karl Elmendorff">Karl Elmendorff</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Nanny_Lars%C3%A9n-Todsen" title="Nanny Larsén-Todsen">Nanny Larsén-Todsen</a> (as Isolde), <a href="/wiki/Anny_Helm" title="Anny Helm">Anny Helm</a> (Brangäne), <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Graarud" title="Gunnar Graarud">Gunnar Graarud</a> (Tristan), <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bockelmann" title="Rudolf Bockelmann">Rudolf Bockelmann</a> (Kurwenal], <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Andr%C3%A9sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivar Andrésen">Ivar Andrésen</a> (König Marke), Joachim Sattler (Melot), Gustav Rodin (Ein junger Seemann), Hans Beer (Ein Hirt)</li></ul> <dl><dd>– recorded during the summer of 1928 with the approval of Siegfried Wagner, in the Festspielhaus without an audience, by Columbia EMI onto 40 78rpm sides (for 20 discs)</dd> <dd>– several reissues on CD: Grammofono, 2000 AB 78925-26 (2 CDs – "First Bayreuth Recordings Vol. 2") | Naxos, CD 8.110200-02 (3 CDs) | Preiser, PSR 90383 (2 CDs)</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Götterdämmerung</i> (1942) Conductor: Karl Elmendorff, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Marta_Fuchs" title="Marta Fuchs">Marta Fuchs</a> (Brünnhilde), <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Kallab" title="Camilla Kallab">Camilla Kallab</a> (1. Norne, Waltraute), Else Fischer (Gutrune). <a href="/wiki/Set_Svanholm" title="Set Svanholm">Set Svanholm</a> (Siegfried), Friedrich Dalberg (Hagen), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burg" title="Robert Burg">Robert Burg</a> (Alberich), Egmont Koch (Gunther)</li></ul> <dl><dd>– from a radio broadcast of <i>Deutscher Rundfunk</i>; this is what German soldiers would have heard as "Guests of the Führer"</dd> <dd>– issued by various labels: among them Music and Arts, CD-1058 (4 CDs) | Preiser, PRE 90164 (4 CDs)</dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a></i> (1943) Conductor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a>, Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Maria_M%C3%BCller" title="Maria Müller">Maria Müller</a> (Eva), Camilla Kallab (Magdalene), <a href="/wiki/Max_Lorenz_(tenor)" title="Max Lorenz (tenor)">Max Lorenz</a> (Walther), Jaro Prohaska (Hans Sachs), <a href="/wiki/Josef_Greindl" title="Josef Greindl">Josef Greindl</a> (Veit Pogner), Eugen Fuchs ( Beckmesser)</li></ul> <dl><dd>– issued by various labels: among them Grammofono 2000, AB 78602/05 (4 CDs)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar_performances">Postwar performances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Postwar performances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> – <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 9</a> <i>Choral</i> (1951): Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a>. Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_H%C3%B6ngen" title="Elisabeth Höngen">Elisabeth Höngen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hopf" title="Hans Hopf">Hans Hopf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Edelmann" title="Otto Edelmann">Otto Edelmann</a>, (<a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, mono)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a></i> (1951): Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>. Soloists: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Otto Edelmann, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Kunz" title="Erich Kunz">Erich Kunz</a>, Hans Hopf, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Unger" title="Gerhard Unger">Gerhard Unger</a>. Recorded live. (EMI, mono)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i> (1951) Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch" title="Hans Knappertsbusch">Hans Knappertsbusch</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Testament_Records_(UK)" title="Testament Records (UK)">Testament Records</a>, mono)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i> (1951): Conductor: Hans Knappertsbusch. Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Windgassen" title="Wolfgang Windgassen">Wolfgang Windgassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Weber" title="Ludwig Weber">Ludwig Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_London_(bass-baritone)" title="George London (bass-baritone)">George London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_M%C3%B6dl" title="Martha Mödl">Martha Mödl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Uhde" title="Hermann Uhde">Hermann Uhde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Mill" title="Arnold van Mill">Arnold van Mill</a>. Recorded live. (Teldec, mono)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> (1952): Conductor: Herbert von Karajan. Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Vinay" title="Ramón Vinay">Ramón Vinay</a>, Martha Mödl, <a href="/wiki/Ira_Malaniuk" title="Ira Malaniuk">Ira Malaniuk</a>, Ludwig Weber, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a>, Hermann Uhde. Recorded live on 23 July. (Orfeo, mono)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i> (1953): Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Krauss" title="Clemens Krauss">Clemens Krauss</a>. Soloists: Ramón Vinay, Wolfgang Windgassen, <a href="/wiki/Regina_Resnik" title="Regina Resnik">Regina Resnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Varnay" title="Astrid Varnay">Astrid Varnay</a>, Hans Hotter, Hermann Uhde, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Neidlinger" title="Gustav Neidlinger">Gustav Neidlinger</a>, Ludwig Weber, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Greindl" title="Josef Greindl">Josef Greindl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Stolze" title="Gerhard Stolze">Gerhard Stolze</a>, Ira Malaniuk, <a href="/wiki/Maria_von_Ilosvay" title="Maria von Ilosvay">Maria von Ilosvay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ku%C3%ABn" title="Paul Kuën">Paul Kuën</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Streich" title="Rita Streich">Rita Streich</a>. Recorded live. (Archipel Records, mono)</li> <li><i>Lohengrin</i> (1953) Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keilberth" title="Joseph Keilberth">Joseph Keilberth</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a> LW 50006, mono)</li> <li><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (1955): Conductor: Joseph Keilberth. Recorded live. (Testament, stereo)</li> <li><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (1956): Conductor: Hans Knappertsbusch. Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Windgassen" title="Wolfgang Windgassen">Wolfgang Windgassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Suthaus" title="Ludwig Suthaus">Ludwig Suthaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Varnay" title="Astrid Varnay">Astrid Varnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9_Brouwenstijn" title="Gré Brouwenstijn">Gré Brouwenstijn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgine_von_Milinkovi%C4%8D" title="Georgine von Milinkovič">Georgine von Milinkovič</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Madeira" title="Jean Madeira">Jean Madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Neidlinger" title="Gustav Neidlinger">Gustav Neidlinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Greindl" title="Josef Greindl">Josef Greindl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_von_Ilosvay" title="Maria von Ilosvay">Maria von Ilosvay</a>. Recorded Live. (Orfeo, mono)</li> <li><i>Parsifal</i> (1962): Conductor: Hans Knappertsbusch. Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Jess_Thomas" title="Jess Thomas">Jess Thomas</a>, Hans Hotter, George London, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Dalis" title="Irene Dalis">Irene Dalis</a>, Gustav Neidlinger, <a href="/wiki/Martti_Talvela" title="Martti Talvela">Martti Talvela</a>, (Philips, stereo)</li> <li><i>Tristan und Isolde</i> (1966): Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a>. Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Windgassen" title="Wolfgang Windgassen">Wolfgang Windgassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christa_Ludwig" title="Christa Ludwig">Christa Ludwig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martti_Talvela" title="Martti Talvela">Martti Talvela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Waechter_(baritone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eberhard Waechter (baritone)">Eberhard Waechter</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>, stereo)</li> <li><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (1966–67): Conductor: Karl Böhm. Soloists: <a href="/wiki/Helga_Dernesch" title="Helga Dernesch">Helga Dernesch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theo_Adam" title="Theo Adam">Theo Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_King_(tenor)" title="James King (tenor)">James King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonie_Rysanek" title="Leonie Rysanek">Leonie Rysanek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Windgassen" title="Wolfgang Windgassen">Wolfgang Windgassen</a>, (Philips, stereo)</li> <li><i>Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</i> (1968): Conductor: Karl Böhm. Soloists: Theo Adam, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ridderbusch" title="Karl Ridderbusch">Karl Ridderbusch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Kmentt" title="Waldemar Kmentt">Waldemar Kmentt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dame_Gwyneth_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Gwyneth Jones">Dame Gwyneth Jones</a>, (Orfeo, stereo)</li> <li><i>Parsifal</i> (1970): Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>. Soloists: James King, Franz Crass, Thomas Stewart, Sir <a href="/wiki/Donald_McIntyre" title="Donald McIntyre">Donald McIntyre</a> and Dame Gwyneth Jones, (Deutsche Grammophon, stereo)</li> <li><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (1980): Conductor: Pierre Boulez. Soloists: Dame Gwyneth Jones, Sir Donald McIntyre, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Jung" title="Manfred Jung">Manfred Jung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hofmann" title="Peter Hofmann">Peter Hofmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeannine_Altmeyer" title="Jeannine Altmeyer">Jeannine Altmeyer</a>, (Philips, stereo)</li> <li><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (1991): Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>, (Warner Classics, stereo)</li> <li><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (2008): Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Thielemann" title="Christian Thielemann">Christian Thielemann</a>, (Opus Arte, stereo)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayreuther_Bl%C3%A4tter" title="Bayreuther Blätter">Bayreuther Blätter</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wagneropera.net/Bayreuth/Tickets-Bayreuth-Festival.htm">"How to get tickets for the Wagner Festival in Bayreuth"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100128063856/http://www.wagneropera.net/Bayreuth/Tickets-Bayreuth-Festival.htm">Archived</a> 28 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on wagneropera.net Retrieved 1 July 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWagner1930" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Siegfried (1 June 1930). "The Bayreuth Festival Plays". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1048): <span class="nowrap">506–</span>507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F917356">10.2307/917356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4666">0027-4666</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/917356">917356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=The+Bayreuth+Festival+Plays&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1048&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E506-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=1930-06-01&rft.issn=0027-4666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F917356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F917356&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD’OrazioDe_CesarisMorandiGarai2018" class="citation journal cs1">D’Orazio, Dario; De Cesaris, Simona; Morandi, Federica; Garai, Massimo (1 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1296207417305721">"The aesthetics of the Bayreuth Festspielhaus explained by means of acoustic measurements and simulations"</a>. <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage</i>. Technoheritage 2017. <b>34</b>: 152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.culher.2018.03.003">10.1016/j.culher.2018.03.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1296-2074">1296-2074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+aesthetics+of+the+Bayreuth+Festspielhaus+explained+by+means+of+acoustic+measurements+and+simulations&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=152&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.culher.2018.03.003&rft.issn=1296-2074&rft.aulast=D%E2%80%99Orazio&rft.aufirst=Dario&rft.au=De+Cesaris%2C+Simona&rft.au=Morandi%2C+Federica&rft.au=Garai%2C+Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1296207417305721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bayreuther-festspiele.de/fsdb/inszenierungen/">"Aufführungsdatenbank"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auff%C3%BChrungsdatenbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bayreuther-festspiele.de%2Ffsdb%2Finszenierungen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nietzsche, Friedrich, <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Idols" title="Twilight of the Idols">Twilight of the Idols</a></i>, Penguin Books, 2003. Translator's note (<a href="/wiki/R._J._Hollingdale" title="R. J. Hollingdale">R. J. Hollingdale</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFifield2016" class="citation book cs1">Fifield, Christopher (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1c3gx63"><i>Hans Richter</i></a> (NED - New ed.). Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-021-7"><bdi>978-1-78327-021-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1c3gx63">10.7722/j.ctt1c3gx63</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hans+Richter&rft.edition=NED+-+New&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7722%2Fj.ctt1c3gx63%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-78327-021-7&rft.aulast=Fifield&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7722%2Fj.ctt1c3gx63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spotts-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spotts_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spotts_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spotts_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spotts_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spotts_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpotts1994" class="citation book cs1">Spotts, Frederic (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWqXGqaCOEQC"><i>Bayreuth: A History of the Wagner Festival</i></a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300066651" title="Special:BookSources/0300066651"><bdi>0300066651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayreuth%3A+A+History+of+the+Wagner+Festival&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0300066651&rft.aulast=Spotts&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWqXGqaCOEQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilmes2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hilmes, Oliver (12 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300168235">"Cosima Wagner"</a>. <i>Yale University</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2F9780300168235">10.12987/9780300168235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16823-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16823-5"><bdi>978-0-300-16823-5</bdi></a> – via De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+University&rft.atitle=Cosima+Wagner&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300168235&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16823-5&rft.aulast=Hilmes&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.12987%2F9780300168235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Civetta, Cesare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cesarecivetta.com/toscanini-defied-mussolini-and-protested-against-hitler/"><i>Toscanini Defied Mussolini and Protested Against Hitler</i></a>. Paragraph 6. Website: <i>cesarecivetta.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"[title missing]". <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_(British_magazine)" title="Opera (British magazine)">Opera</a></i>. Vol. 48. London. 1997. pp. <span class="nowrap">914–</span>915. <q>The festival's archive, with its correspondence with Hitler and other documentation of the period, is still closed to research. He has not even been willing to have a modest memorial for the three Bayreuth singers who perished in concentration camps. The proposal for a memorial plaque was proposed to Wolfgang ages ago by a retired singer and Bayreuth antiquarian bookseller, Peer Baedeker. And therein lies a revealing story. When the centenary festival opened in 1976 with a wreath-laying ceremony at Wagner's grave, Baedeker placed his own wreath with a ribbon attached, with the words: In memory of Richard Breitenfeld, Henriette Gottlieb, Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann Honoured as festival singers murdered in Nazi concentration camps. Within 24 hours of the ceremony, the ribbon had vanished. An article about the incident, which later appeared in an Israeli newspaper, was sent to Winifred, who wrote the following ineffable letter to Baedeker: 'Herr Heinrich Schaar in Munich sends me from time to time cuttings from the Israel Nachrichten, including this one. ... Herr Schaar appears to suspect that this was my doing or at my behest, since otherwise he would not have sent me the press cutting. In the first place I had no idea you had laid a wreath, and in the second I seldom go to RW's resting place; since it is now permanently open to the public, it is never possible to visit the grave alone. I myself never heard Frau Metzger-Lattermann in Bayreuth. but I know that my husband had a very high impression of her. Frau <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Gottlieb" title="Henriette Gottlieb">Gottlieb</a> sang here in my time and I had a high opinion of her as well. Herr <a href="/wiki/Richard_Breitenfeld" title="Richard Breitenfeld">Breitenfeld</a> is unknown to me. But were all three really killed at Auschwitz? I would doubt that in the case of Frau Lattermann, since she must have been terribly old. With best wishes, also to your wife, whom I recently greeted in front of Wahnfried.' – The casualness of this brush-off, the brutal indifference to the murder of three old singers speaks volumes about the attitude in Bayreuth to its past. And so the monument that the festival visitor sees today on the Green Hill – the massive copy of the bust of a glowering Wagner made for Hitler by the Nazi sculptor <a href="/wiki/Arno_Breker" title="Arno Breker">Arno Breker</a> – is, properly viewed, a brazen symbol of Bayreuth's (??)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera&rft.atitle=%5Btitle+missing%5D&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E914-%3C%2Fspan%3E915&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either "|first=" and the actual title of the cited work, or use "|title=[untitled]" for intentional omission. (July 2022)">title missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either |first= / |last=, an organizational author with |author=, or use |author= for intentional omission. (July 2022)">author missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations"><span title="too-lengthy quotation (July 2022)">excessive quote</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmerich1992" class="citation book cs1">Emmerich, Peter (1992). <i>Wagner in Bayreuth: A Documentary</i>. Belgium: Philips Classics Productions, Baarn. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner+in+Bayreuth%3A+A+Documentary&rft.place=Belgium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Philips+Classics+Productions%2C+Baarn&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Emmerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/shaw/works/wagner.htm">Bernard Shaw, <i>The Perfect Wagnerite</i> (1883) online at www.marxists.org</a> Shaw's examination of Wagner's approach to the cycle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7592659.stm">"Daughters chosen to run Bayreuth"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 1 September 2008. Retrieved on 1 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/0,1518,520138,00.html">Obituary</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>, 28 November 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3301199,00.html">"Bayreuth Festival's Wolfgang Wagner to Retire"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>, 29 April 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickley2008" class="citation news cs1">Hickley, Catherine (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601100&sid=a_Nlu8t5Lw8k">"Wagner Sisters Katharina, Eva Named to Lead Bayreuth (Update2)"</a>. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wagner+Sisters+Katharina%2C+Eva+Named+to+Lead+Bayreuth+%28Update2%29&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.aulast=Hickley&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601100%26sid%3Da_Nlu8t5Lw8k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGroartyRon_Blum2008" class="citation news cs1">McGroarty, Patrick; Ron Blum (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/09/01/europe/EU-Germany-Bayreuth-Festival.php">"Bayreuth names Wagner half-sisters as co-directors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bayreuth+names+Wagner+half-sisters+as+co-directors&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.aulast=McGroarty&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Ron+Blum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2008%2F09%2F01%2Feurope%2FEU-Germany-Bayreuth-Festival.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Boyes" title="Roger Boyes">Roger Boyes</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616043348/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4656805.ece">"Wagner hits a note of peace over Bayreuth"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> (London), 2 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2014" class="citation news cs1">Service, Tom (26 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/feb/26/eva-wagner-leaves-bayreuth-festival">"Eva Wagner to leave Bayreuth - what does this mean for the festival?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Guardian News & Media Limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eva+Wagner+to+leave+Bayreuth+-+what+does+this+mean+for+the+festival%3F&rft.date=2014-02-26&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F26%2Feva-wagner-leaves-bayreuth-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGereben2014" class="citation news cs1">Gereben, Janos (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfcv.org/article/bayreuth-and-then-there-was-one">"Bayreuth: And Then There Was One"</a>. <i>San Francisco Classical Voice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Classical+Voice&rft.atitle=Bayreuth%3A+And+Then+There+Was+One&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Gereben&rft.aufirst=Janos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfcv.org%2Farticle%2Fbayreuth-and-then-there-was-one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bayreuther-festspiele.de/en/festspiele/news/2020/suspension-bayreuth-festival-2020/">"Suspension Bayreuth Festival 2020"</a>. Bayreuther Festspiele. 31 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audience+Capacity+2021&rft.pub=Bayreuther+Festspiele&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bayreuther-festspiele.de%2Fen%2Ffestspiele%2Fnews%2F2021%2Faudience-capacity-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bayreuther-festspiele.de/en/festspiele/news/2021/registration-process-and-important-hygiene-regulations-of-the-2021-festival/">"Registration Process 2021"</a>. Bayreuther Festspiele. 8 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Registration+Process+2021&rft.pub=Bayreuther+Festspiele&rft.date=2021-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bayreuther-festspiele.de%2Fen%2Ffestspiele%2Fnews%2F2021%2Fregistration-process-and-important-hygiene-regulations-of-the-2021-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrug2023" class="citation news cs1">Brug, Manuel (31 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opera/what-to-see/bayreuth-opera-festival-wagner-feuds/">"Chaos at Bayreuth: what's really going on at Germany's beloved opera festival"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Chaos+at+Bayreuth%3A+what%27s+really+going+on+at+Germany%27s+beloved+opera+festival&rft.date=2023-07-31&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Brug&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fopera%2Fwhat-to-see%2Fbayreuth-opera-festival-wagner-feuds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927073826/http://tickets.bayreuther-festspiele.de/en/info">"Bayreuth Festival 2014"</a>. Bayreuther Festspiele. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tickets.bayreuther-festspiele.de/en/info">the original</a> on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bayreuth+Festival+2014&rft.pub=Bayreuther+Festspiele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftickets.bayreuther-festspiele.de%2Fen%2Finfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bfs-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bfs_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfs_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayreuther Festspiele: "Spielfolge/Programme 2014" leaflet, issued September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucas Wiegelmann: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/kultur/article13447695/Mit-den-Foerderzielen-des-Bundes-nicht-vereinbar.html">"Mit den Förderzielen des Bundes nicht vereinbar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i>, 24 June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2011/06/bayreuth-festival">"Götterdämmerung"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 20 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fprospero%2F2011%2F06%2Fbayreuth-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazin.klassik.com/news/teaser.cfm?ID=9201">"Was lange währt: Reform der Ticketvergabe in Bayreuth kommt voran"</a>. <i>Klassik Magazine</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Klassik+Magazine&rft.atitle=Was+lange+w%C3%A4hrt%3A+Reform+der+Ticketvergabe+in+Bayreuth+kommt+voran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazin.klassik.com%2Fnews%2Fteaser.cfm%3FID%3D9201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bayreuther-festspiele.de/en/fsdb/">"Performance Database"</a>. <i>Bayreuther Festspiele</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bayreuther+Festspiele&rft.atitle=Performance+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bayreuther-festspiele.de%2Fen%2Ffsdb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2022" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Ben (28 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/28/arts/music/valentin-schwarz-bayreuth-ring.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Stone in the Mosaic': A Director Enters the House of Wagner"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27A+Stone+in+the+Mosaic%27%3A+A+Director+Enters+the+House+of+Wagner&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F07%2F28%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fvalentin-schwarz-bayreuth-ring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolfe2022" class="citation news cs1">Woolfe, Zachary (7 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/07/arts/music/bayreuth-ring-review.html">"Review: A New 'Ring' at Bayreuth Does Wagner Without Magic"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review%3A+A+New+%27Ring%27+at+Bayreuth+Does+Wagner+Without+Magic&rft.date=2022-08-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Woolfe&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F07%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fbayreuth-ring-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettle2022" class="citation news cs1">Kettle, Martin (8 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/aug/08/bayreuth-festival-the-ring-cycle-review-ideas-free-patchwork-valentin-schwarz-cornelius-meister">"The Ring Cycle review – ideas-free patchwork staging signals Bayreuth's fading authority"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Ring+Cycle+review+%E2%80%93+ideas-free+patchwork+staging+signals+Bayreuth%27s+fading+authority&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Kettle&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2022%2Faug%2F08%2Fbayreuth-festival-the-ring-cycle-review-ideas-free-patchwork-valentin-schwarz-cornelius-meister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1912" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.85202/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Story of Bayreuth as Told in the Bayreuth Letters of Richard Wagner</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_V._Kerr" title="Caroline V. Kerr">Kerr, Caroline V.</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Small,_Maynard_%26_Company" title="Small, Maynard & Company">Small, Maynard & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000KWL6SI">B000KWL6SI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Bayreuth+as+Told+in+the+Bayreuth+Letters+of+Richard+Wagner&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Small%2C+Maynard+%26+Company&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000KWL6SI%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.85202%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayreuth+Festival" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Bayreuth", <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine, 11 August 1924</li> <li><i>Wagner in Bayreuth</i>, Documentary film on the festival narrated by Wolfgang Wagner. In German with English <a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">subtitles</a>. Polygram Video, 1992</li> <li><i>Wagner wins Bayreuth battle</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1711724.stm">BBC News Online</a>, 14 December 2001</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth_Festival&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayreuther-festspiele.de/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157596#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in German and English)</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Wagner" title="Template:Richard Wagner"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Wagner" title="Template talk:Richard Wagner"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Wagner" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Wagner"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Wagner491" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_for_the_stage_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of works for the stage by Richard Wagner">List of works for the stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of compositions by Richard Wagner">List of compositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prose_works_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of prose works by Richard Wagner">List of prose works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complete operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Early_works11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Feen" title="Die Feen">Die Feen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesverbot" title="Das Liebesverbot">Das Liebesverbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rienzi" title="Rienzi">Rienzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romantic operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder" title="Der fliegende Holländer">Der fliegende Holländer</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder_discography" title="Der fliegende Holländer discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_discography" title="Tannhäuser discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_discography" title="Lohengrin discography">discography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music dramas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen(discography)89" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_discography" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen discography">discography</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold_discography" title="Das Rheingold discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre_discography" title="Die Walküre discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_discography" title="Siegfried discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_discography" title="Götterdämmerung discography">discography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde_discography" title="Tristan und Isolde discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg_discography" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_discography" title="Parsifal discography">discography</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-operatic music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_major_(Wagner)" title="Symphony in C major (Wagner)">Symphony in C major</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(Wagner)" title="Polonia (Wagner)"><i>Polonia</i> Overture</a> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesmahl_der_Apostel" title="Das Liebesmahl der Apostel">Das Liebesmahl der Apostel</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faust_Overture" title="Faust Overture">Faust Overture</a></i> (1840, rev. 1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wesendonck_Lieder" title="Wesendonck Lieder">Wesendonck Lieder</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Idyll" title="Siegfried Idyll">Siegfried Idyll</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisermarsch" title="Kaisermarsch">Kaisermarsch</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Art_and_Revolution" title="Art and Revolution">Art and Revolution</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Artwork_of_the_Future" title="The Artwork of the Future">The Artwork of the Future</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Autobiographic_Sketch_(Wagner)" title="Autobiographic Sketch (Wagner)">Autobiographic Sketch</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Communication_to_My_Friends" title="A Communication to My Friends">A Communication to My Friends</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik" title="Das Judenthum in der Musik">Das Judenthum in der Musik (Jewishness in Music)</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leubald" title="Leubald">Leubald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Leben_(Wagner)" title="Mein Leben (Wagner)">Mein Leben</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Future" title="Music of the Future">Music of the Future</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opera_and_Drama" title="Opera and Drama">Opera and Drama</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Opera_excerpts14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera excerpts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bridal_Chorus" title="Bridal Chorus">Bridal Chorus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries" title="Ride of the Valkyries">Ride of the Valkyries</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Liebestod" title="Liebestod">Liebestod</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unfinished operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Laune_des_Verliebten" title="Die Laune des Verliebten">Die Laune des Verliebten</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hochzeit" title="Die Hochzeit">Die Hochzeit</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nnerlist_gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fer_als_Frauenlist" title="Männerlist größer als Frauenlist">Männerlist größer als Frauenlist</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wieland_der_Schmied_(libretto)" title="Wieland der Schmied (libretto)">Wieland der Schmied</a></i> (1850; text only)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sieger" title="Die Sieger">Die Sieger</a></i> (1858; text only)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holztrompete" title="Holztrompete">Holztrompete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bayreuth Festival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayreuther_Bl%C3%A4tter" title="Bayreuther Blätter">Bayreuther Blätter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_canon" title="Bayreuth canon">Bayreuth canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Circle" title="Bayreuth Circle">Bayreuth Circle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bayreuth Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival_Orchestra" title="Bayreuth Festival Orchestra">Bayreuth Festival Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Foundation" title="Richard Wagner Foundation">Richard Wagner Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wagner_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner family tree">Wagner family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isolde_Beidler" title="Isolde Beidler">Isolde Beidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Chamberlain" title="Eva Chamberlain">Eva Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Geyer" title="Ludwig Geyer">Ludwig Geyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Wagner" title="Katharina Wagner">Katharina Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minna_Planer" title="Minna Planer">Minna Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Wagner" title="Nike Wagner">Nike Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Wagner" title="Siegfried Wagner">Siegfried Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieland_Wagner" title="Wieland Wagner">Wieland Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winifred_Wagner" title="Winifred Wagner">Winifred Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Wagner-Pasquier" title="Eva Wagner-Pasquier">Eva Wagner-Pasquier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Dream" title="Wagner Dream">Wagner Dream</a></i> (opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_(film)" title="Wagner (film)"><i>Wagner</i></a> (1983 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_Dream" title="Wagner's Dream">Wagner's Dream</a></i> (2012 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahnfried_(film)" title="Wahnfried (film)"><i>Wahnfried</i> (1986 film)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Film_adaptations16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(1904_film)" title="Parsifal (1904 film)"><i>Parsifal</i> (1904 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(1982_film)" title="Parsifal (1982 film)"><i>Parsifal</i> (1982 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Named for Wagner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Monument" title="Richard Wagner Monument">Richard Wagner Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Memorial" title="Richard Wagner Memorial">Richard Wagner Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Richard_Wagner" title="Bust of Richard Wagner">Bust of Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_(crater)" title="Wagner (crater)">Wagner (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Ice_Piedmont" title="Wagner Ice Piedmont">Wagner Ice Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3992_Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="3992 Wagner">3992 Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Wagner" title="The Case of Wagner">The Case of Wagner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Wagner_Societies" title="International Association of Wagner Societies">International Association of Wagner Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_using_the_music_of_Richard_Wagner" title="List of films using the music of Richard Wagner">List of films using the music of Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musikdrama" title="Musikdrama">Musikdrama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_contra_Wagner" title="Nietzsche contra Wagner">Nietzsche contra Wagner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_bell" title="Parsifal bell">Parsifal bells</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Wagnerite" title="The Perfect Wagnerite">The Perfect Wagnerite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_in_Minden" title="Der Ring in Minden">Der Ring in Minden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Richard_Wagner" title="Controversies surrounding Richard Wagner">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis" title="Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis">Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Vendramin_Calergi" title="Ca' Vendramin Calergi">Museo Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Museum,_Lucerne" title="Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne">Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahnfried" title="Wahnfried">Wahnfried</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Wagner" title="Category:Richard Wagner">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157596#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107258256">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147715047">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2005447-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50053013">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01191150">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bayreuther Festspiele (festival)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20060328018&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258324905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027310264">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/series/ae341de8-5d50-4ad5-8e2d-f5ee60bddd1b">MusicBrainz series</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output 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