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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://assets.opensanctions.org/images/ura/logo_text.svg"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://assets.opensanctions.org/images/ura/logo_footer.svg"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://assets.opensanctions.org/images/certification_mark.png"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/f41105413d47d910.css" data-precedence="next"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/28547db39661608f.css" data-precedence="next"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/806875bab4aa2c08.css" data-precedence="next"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/160acc73dd2398ba.css" data-precedence="next"/><link rel="preload" as="script" fetchPriority="low" href="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-8abe0692631c4526.js"/><script src="/_next/static/chunks/fd9d1056-aa8e6259255953a6.js" async=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/2117-a9466c06031dbad7.js" async=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-app-fb8cf89e09e05333.js" async=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/4696-b24836b9985ce0f5.js" async=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/8173-d6692669f07d15a6.js" async=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/app/docs/%5B...slug%5D/page-3e2f9d7ff351eda7.js" async=""></script><meta name="theme-color" content="#2563eb"/><title>How we represent political office-holders - OpenSanctions</title><meta name="description" content="Information about politically-exposed persons is organized by when an individual held a position imbued with political power, and the significance associated with that position. You can use this to develop a detailed understanding of a customer or the target of an investigation."/><meta name="application-name" content="OpenSanctions.org"/><meta name="creator" content="OpenSanctions"/><meta name="robots" content="index"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.opensanctions.org/docs/pep/methodology/"/><meta property="og:title" content="How we represent political office-holders"/><meta property="og:description" content="Information about politically-exposed persons is organized by when an individual held a position imbued with political power, and the significance associated with that position. You can use this to develop a detailed understanding of a customer or the target of an investigation."/><meta property="og:site_name" content="OpenSanctions.org"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://assets.opensanctions.org/images/ura/social.png"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@open_sanctions"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="How we represent political office-holders"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Information about politically-exposed persons is organized by when an individual held a position imbued with political power, and the significance associated with that position. You can use this to develop a detailed understanding of a customer or the target of an investigation."/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://assets.opensanctions.org/images/ura/social.png"/><link rel="icon" href="https://assets.opensanctions.org/images/favicon-32x32.png"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.opensanctions.org/images/apple-touch-icon.png"/><script src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js" noModule=""></script></head><body><div class="Layout_page__19dSO"><nav role="banner" class="Navigation_navBar__sk77s navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"><div class="container"><a href="/"><span class="navbar-brand"><img src="https://assets.opensanctions.org/images/ura/logo_text.svg" width="190" height="30" class="align-top" alt="OpenSanctions"/></span></a><button type="button" aria-label="Toggle navigation" class="Navigation_navToggle__Wj4Vx navbar-toggler collapsed"><span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span></button><div class="justify-content-end navbar-collapse collapse"><div class="justify-content-end Navigation_nav__xzeZ_ navbar-nav nav-pills" aria-label="Site menu" role="navigation"><a class="nav-link Navigation_navItem__AZAkl" href="/research/">Research</a><a class="nav-link Navigation_navItem__AZAkl" href="/datasets/">Datasets</a><a class="nav-link Navigation_navItem__AZAkl" href="/showcase/">Showcase</a><a class="nav-link Navigation_navItem__AZAkl Navigation_active__YkwCH" href="/docs/">Documentation</a><a class="nav-link Navigation_navItem__AZAkl" href="/docs/about/">About</a></div></div></div></nav><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col"><h1>How we represent political office-holders</h1></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-9"><p class="util_summary__b9d2I">Information about politically-exposed persons is organized by when an individual held a position imbued with political power, and the significance associated with that position. You can use this to develop a detailed understanding of a customer or the target of an investigation.</p><div><div class="text-body Content_markdown__urIeA"><p>The PEPs data may be used via the <a href="/docs/bulk/">bulk data</a> or the <a href="/api/">API</a>. This page further documents how PEP position information is represented in our dataset so that you can make best use of it.</p> <h2 id="for-typical-pep-identification">For typical PEP identification</h2> <p>People in our dataset who are considered to be PEPs are <a href="/docs/topics">tagged</a> with the <code>role.pep</code> topic. The <a href="/reference/#schema.Position">position data</a> associated with the person further indicates</p> <ul> <li>Their role</li> <li>The country the position relates to, allowing you to identify foreign PEPs</li> <li>The time period the position was held, when available</li> </ul> <h2 id="fine-grained-control">Fine-grained control</h2> <p>We progressively classify more and more positions according to <a href="/docs/topics#politically-exposed-persons">our taxonomy</a> of role type and the scope of their jurisdiction. This can be used to implement more detailed risk policies, or provide additional information when manually inspecting a customer's PEP classification.</p> <p>Newly-detected PEPs and positions are immediately included in our dataset for completeness, but due to the changing nature of the data, the detailed classification takes place as an additional step and is not immediately available.</p> <p>See our <a href="/docs/topics#politically-exposed-persons">detailed PEP classification taxonomy</a>.</p> <h2 id="types">When is someone included as a PEP in the data?</h2> <p>People are considered PEPs if they currently occupy, or have previously occupied, any of the positions that can be placed under the categories below. How long they are considered a PEP after leaving the position is dependent on the nature of the position and the quality of the data available. While our categorisation supports sub-national and local-level PEPs, we give priority to national level.</p> <p>OpenSanctions considers people in the following non-exhaustive list PEPs, prioritising our coverage of the data as follows:</p> <table><thead><tr><th>Key PEP categories</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>National head of government, head of state (President, Prime minister, Queen)</td></tr><tr><td>National executive/cabinet</td></tr><tr><td>National legislature</td></tr><tr><td>National court judges, prosecutors</td></tr><tr><td>Security and intelligence services including militaty, police</td></tr><tr><td>Central Bank leadership</td></tr><tr><td>Diplomatic missions</td></tr><tr><td>Intergovernmental organizations senior leadership, legislators</td></tr><tr><td>Regional/sub-national head of government (Governor, Premier)</td></tr><tr><td>Regional/sub-national executive/cabinet</td></tr><tr><td>Regional/sub-national legislature</td></tr><tr><td>Regional/sub-national court judges</td></tr><tr><td>State-owned enterprises, public entities, agencies reporting to national government</td></tr><tr><td>Political party leadership</td></tr><tr><td>Local head of government (Mayor)</td></tr><tr><td>Local executive (e.g. Mayoral committee member)</td></tr><tr><td>Local legislature</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Given sufficient information from the source, we consider position-holders PEPs for the following durations after they have left the position:</p> <ul> <li>National positions: 20 years</li> <li>Intergovernmental positions: 20 years</li> <li>All other positions: 5 years</li> </ul> <p>If an end date is not available, we apply the following process</p> <ul> <li>PEPs from sources that do not provide end dates, but are known to only and reliably maintain current office-holders, are assumed to be current (government-published sources like <a href="/datasets/us_cia_world_leaders/">CIA World Leaders</a>, <a href="/datasets/eu_meps">MEPs</a>).</li> <li>PEPs from sources where no end date can not be assumed to mean current: <ul> <li>People who have died within the past 5 years are included, allowing for ongoing investigations and influence of their relations close associates.</li> <li>People are included but their status considered unclear for 120 years after their date of birth, or 40 years after they entered the position, if known.</li> <li>People without any birth, death or position dates are excluded from the database.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="in-the-data">In the data</h3> <p>The <a href="/reference/#schema.Occupancy">Occupancy</a> entity's <code>status</code> property reflects the decision from the above rules:</p> <ul> <li><code>current</code> means the data indicates they currently occupy the position.</li> <li><code>ended</code> means they do not occupy the position any more, but are still within the period in which we consider them a PEP</li> <li><code>unknown</code> means neither <code>current</code> nor <code>ended</code> could be applied, but they are still considered a PEP according to the remaining rules and the available data.</li> </ul> <p>See more on <a href="/docs/topics#politically-exposed-persons">how PEP position details are represented in the data</a>.</p> <h1 id="best-practices">Best practices</h1> <p>Position classifications are added as soon as possible. As new data is automatically imported, new positions may be created but not yet fully classified. They are included for completeness, and further details will be introduced as the data is reviewed by our team. Do not assume that complete position classification topics are always available.</p> <p>If you want to monitor specific types of positions using OpenSanctions data, we recommend removing unneeded positions (and their position-holders) based on classification <code>topics</code> that disqualify them. In this way, cases where positions are added but are not yet classified will be included in your matches, rather than being ignored because they do not yet match your search criteria.</p> <p>For example, if your risk policy requires considering national government but not local government, ignore any positions with the <code>gov.muni</code> topic. Do not rely on only including positions with the <code>gov.national</code> topic. If new positions are added to the dataset, e.g. a government creates a new ministry and the position is automatically included in our dataset but is not yet classified with the <code>gov.national</code> and <code>gov.executive</code> topics, they will still be included.</p></div><div class="Content_footer__UG8y_ d-print-none"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="/support/" class="Content_footerAction__2moLi btn btn-primary">Got more questions?</a> Our support is here to help. 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PEPs data may be used via the \u003ca href=\"/docs/bulk/\"\u003ebulk data\u003c/a\u003e or the \u003ca href=\"/api/\"\u003eAPI\u003c/a\u003e. This page further documents how PEP position information is represented in our dataset so that you can make best use of it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"for-typical-pep-identification\"\u003eFor typical PEP identification\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeople in our dataset who are considered to be PEPs are \u003ca href=\"/docs/topics\"\u003etagged\u003c/a\u003e with the \u003ccode\u003erole.pep\u003c/code\u003e topic. The \u003ca href=\"/reference/#schema.Position\"\u003eposition data\u003c/a\u003e associated with the person further indicates\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTheir role\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe country the position relates to, allowing you to identify foreign PEPs\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe time period the position was held, when available\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"fine-grained-control\"\u003eFine-grained control\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe progressively classify more and more positions according to \u003ca href=\"/docs/topics#politically-exposed-persons\"\u003eour taxonomy\u003c/a\u003e of role type and the scope of their jurisdiction. This can be used to implement more detailed risk policies, or provide additional information when manually inspecting a customer's PEP classification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNewly-detected PEPs and positions are immediately included in our dataset for completeness, but due to the changing nature of the data, the detailed classification takes place as an additional step and is not immediately available.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSee our \u003ca href=\"/docs/topics#politically-exposed-persons\"\u003edetailed PEP classification taxonomy\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"types\"\u003eWhen is someone included as a PEP in the data?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeople are considered PEPs if they currently occupy, or have previously occupied, any of the positions that can be placed under the categories below. How long they are considered a PEP after leaving the position is dependent on the nature of the position and the quality of the data available. While our categorisation supports sub-national and local-level PEPs, we give priority to national level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpenSanctions considers people in the following non-exhaustive list PEPs, prioritising our coverage of the data as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003ctable\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth\u003eKey PEP categories\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eNational head of government, head of state (President, Prime minister, Queen)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eNational executive/cabinet\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eNational legislature\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eNational court judges, prosecutors\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eSecurity and intelligence services including militaty, police\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eCentral Bank leadership\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eDiplomatic missions\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eIntergovernmental organizations senior leadership, legislators\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eRegional/sub-national head of government (Governor, Premier)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eRegional/sub-national executive/cabinet\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eRegional/sub-national legislature\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eRegional/sub-national court judges\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eState-owned enterprises, public entities, agencies reporting to national government\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ePolitical party leadership\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eLocal head of government (Mayor)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eLocal executive (e.g. Mayoral committee member)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eLocal legislature\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven sufficient information from the source, we consider position-holders PEPs for the following durations after they have left the position:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational positions: 20 years\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIntergovernmental positions: 20 years\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAll other positions: 5 years\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf an end date is not available, we apply the following process\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePEPs from sources that do not provide end dates, but are known to only and reliably maintain current office-holders, are assumed to be current (government-published sources like \u003ca href=\"/datasets/us_cia_world_leaders/\"\u003eCIA World Leaders\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/datasets/eu_meps\"\u003eMEPs\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePEPs from sources where no end date can not be assumed to mean current:\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeople who have died within the past 5 years are included, allowing for ongoing investigations and influence of their relations close associates.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeople are included but their status considered unclear for 120 years after their date of birth, or 40 years after they entered the position, if known.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeople without any birth, death or position dates are excluded from the database.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"in-the-data\"\u003eIn the data\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"/reference/#schema.Occupancy\"\u003eOccupancy\u003c/a\u003e entity's \u003ccode\u003estatus\u003c/code\u003e property reflects the decision from the above rules:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecurrent\u003c/code\u003e means the data indicates they currently occupy the position.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eended\u003c/code\u003e means they do not occupy the position any more, but are still within the period in which we consider them a PEP\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eunknown\u003c/code\u003e means neither \u003ccode\u003ecurrent\u003c/code\u003e nor \u003ccode\u003eended\u003c/code\u003e could be applied, but they are still considered a PEP according to the remaining rules and the available data.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSee more on \u003ca href=\"/docs/topics#politically-exposed-persons\"\u003ehow PEP position details are represented in the data\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1 id=\"best-practices\"\u003eBest practices\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePosition classifications are added as soon as possible. As new data is automatically imported, new positions may be created but not yet fully classified. They are included for completeness, and further details will be introduced as the data is reviewed by our team. Do not assume that complete position classification topics are always available.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you want to monitor specific types of positions using OpenSanctions data, we recommend removing unneeded positions (and their position-holders) based on classification \u003ccode\u003etopics\u003c/code\u003e that disqualify them. In this way, cases where positions are added but are not yet classified will be included in your matches, rather than being ignored because they do not yet match your search criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, if your risk policy requires considering national government but not local government, ignore any positions with the \u003ccode\u003egov.muni\u003c/code\u003e topic. Do not rely on only including positions with the \u003ccode\u003egov.national\u003c/code\u003e topic. If new positions are added to the dataset, e.g. a government creates a new ministry and the position is automatically included in our dataset but is not yet classified with the \u003ccode\u003egov.national\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003egov.executive\u003c/code\u003e topics, they will still be included.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7:[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"Layout_page__19dSO\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$Lb\",null,{\"expand\":\"lg\",\"className\":\"Navigation_navBar__sk77s\",\"role\":\"banner\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lc\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"href\":\"/\",\"passHref\":true,\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"img\",null,{\"src\":\"https://assets.opensanctions.org/images/ura/logo_text.svg\",\"width\":\"190\",\"height\":\"30\",\"className\":\"align-top\",\"alt\":\"OpenSanctions\"}]}]}],[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"className\":\"Navigation_navToggle__Wj4Vx\"}],[\"$\",\"$L10\",null,{\"className\":\"justify-content-end\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L11\",null,{\"className\":\"justify-content-end Navigation_nav__xzeZ_\",\"variant\":\"pills\",\"role\":\"navigation\",\"aria-label\":\"Site menu\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"className\":\"nav-link Navigation_navItem__AZAkl\",\"href\":\"/research/\",\"prefetch\":false,\"children\":\"Research\"}],[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"className\":\"nav-link Navigation_navItem__AZAkl\",\"href\":\"/datasets/\",\"prefetch\":false,\"children\":\"Datasets\"}],[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"className\":\"nav-link Navigation_navItem__AZAkl\",\"href\":\"/showcase/\",\"prefetch\":false,\"children\":\"Showcase\"}],[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"className\":\"nav-link Navigation_navItem__AZAkl Navigation_active__YkwCH\",\"href\":\"/docs/\",\"prefetch\":false,\"children\":\"Documentation\"}],[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"className\":\"nav-link Navigation_navItem__AZAkl\",\"href\":\"/docs/about/\",\"prefetch\":false,\"children\":\"About\"}]]}]}]]}]}],[\"$\",\"$Lc\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L13\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L14\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"children\":[\"How we represent political office-holders\",\"$undefined\"]}]}]}],[\"$\",\"$L13\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L14\",null,{\"md\":9,\"children\":[[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"util_summary__b9d2I\",\"children\":\"Information about politically-exposed persons is organized by when an individual held a position imbued with political power, and the significance associated with that position. 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