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Narayan Deo</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Sanjay Narayan Deo"> <meta name="keywords" content="Sanjay Narayan Deo"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Sanjay Narayan Deo"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 178</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Sanjay Narayan Deo</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> Bayesian System and Copula for Event Detection and Summarization of Soccer Videos</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhanuja%20S.%20Patil">Dhanuja S. Patil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20B.%20Waykar"> Sanjay B. Waykar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Event detection is a standout amongst the most key parts for distinctive sorts of area applications of video data framework. Recently, it has picked up an extensive interest of experts and in scholastics from different zones. While detecting video event has been the subject of broad study efforts recently, impressively less existing methodology has considered multi-model data and issues related efficiency. Start of soccer matches different doubtful circumstances rise that can't be effectively judged by the referee committee. A framework that checks objectively image arrangements would prevent not right interpretations because of some errors, or high velocity of the events. Bayesian networks give a structure for dealing with this vulnerability using an essential graphical structure likewise the probability analytics. We propose an efficient structure for analysing and summarization of soccer videos utilizing object-based features. The proposed work utilizes the t-cherry junction tree, an exceptionally recent advancement in probabilistic graphical models, to create a compact representation and great approximation intractable model for client’s relationships in an interpersonal organization. There are various advantages in this approach firstly; the t-cherry gives best approximation by means of junction trees class. Secondly, to construct a t-cherry junction tree can be to a great extent parallelized; and at last inference can be performed utilizing distributed computation. Examination results demonstrates the effectiveness, adequacy, and the strength of the proposed work which is shown over a far reaching information set, comprising more soccer feature, caught at better places. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=summarization" title="summarization">summarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detection" title=" detection"> detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayesian%20network" title=" Bayesian network"> Bayesian network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=t-cherry%20tree" title=" t-cherry tree"> t-cherry tree</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32460/bayesian-system-and-copula-for-event-detection-and-summarization-of-soccer-videos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Antibacterial Activity of Calendula officinalis Extract Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Singh">Sanjay Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swati%20Jaiswal"> Swati Jaiswal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prashant%20Mishra"> Prashant Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanoparticle based formulations of drug delivery systems have shown their potential in improving the performance of existing drugs and have opened avenues for new therapies. Calendula extract is a low cost, wide spectrum bioactive material that has been used for a long term therapy of various infections. Aim: The aim of this study was to develop Calendula officinalis extract based nanoformulations and to study the antibacterial activity of either Calendula extract loaded chitosan nanoparticles or Calendula extract coated silver nanoparticles for increased bioavailability and their long term effect. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the process of ionotropic gelation, based on interaction between the negative groups of tri polyphosphate (TPP) and positively charged amino groups of chitosan. The size of the Calendula extract-loaded chitosan particles was determined using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Antibacterial activities of these formulations were determined based on minimum inhibitory concentration and time kill studies. In addition, silver nanoparticles were also synthesized in the presence of Calendula extract and characterized by UV visible spectrum, DLS and XRD. Experiments were conducted on 96-plates against two Gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis two Gram-negative bacteria; Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results: Results demonstrated time dependent antibacterial activity against different microbes studied. Both Calendula extract and Calendula extract loaded chitosan nanoparticles have shown good antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Conclusion: Calendula extract loaded chitosan nanoparticles and calendula extract coated silver nanoparticles are potential antibacterial for their long term antibacterial effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial" title="antibacterial">antibacterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Calendula%20extract" title=" Calendula extract"> Calendula extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan%20nanoparticles" title=" chitosan nanoparticles"> chitosan nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20nanoparticles" title=" silver nanoparticles"> silver nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13180/antibacterial-activity-of-calendula-officinalis-extract-loaded-chitosan-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13180.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> Association of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Gene with Obesity and Metabolic Traits in Malaysian Adults</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yamunah%20Devi%20Apalasamy">Yamunah Devi Apalasamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Rampal"> Sanjay Rampal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tin%20Tin%20Su"> Tin Tin Su</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Foong%20Ming%20Moy"> Foong Ming Moy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazreen%20Abdul%20Majid"> Hazreen Abdul Majid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Awang%20Bulgiba"> Awang Bulgiba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahurin%20Mohamed"> Zahurin Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Obesity is a growing global health issue. Obesity results from a combination of environmental and genetics factors. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a gene encodes the BDNF protein and the BDNF gene have been linked to regulation of body weight and appetite. Genome-wide association studies have identified the BDNF variants to be related to obesity among Caucasians, East Asians, and Filipinos. However, the role of BDNF in other ethnic groups remains inconclusive. This case control study aims to investigate the associations of BDNF gene polymorphisms with obesity and metabolic parameters in Malaysian Malays. BDNF rs4074134, BDNF rs10501087 and BDNF rs6265 were genotyped using Sequenom MassARRAY. Anthropometric, body fat, fasting lipids and glucose levels were measured. A total of 663 subjects (194 obese and 469 non-obese) were included in this study. There were no significant associations association between BDNF SNPs and obesity. The allelic and genotype frequencies of the BDNF SNPs were similar in the obese and non-obese groups. After adjustment for age and sex, the BDNF variants were not associated with obesity, body fat, fasting lipids and glucose levels. Haplotypes at the BDNF gene region, were not significantly associated with obesity. The BDNF rs4074134 was in strong LD with BDNF rs10501087 (D'=0.98) and BDNF rs6265 (D'=0.87). The BDNF rs10501087 was also in strong LD with BDNF rs6265 (D'=0.91). Our findings suggest that the BDNF variants and the haplotypes of BDNF gene were not associated with obesity and metabolic traits in this study population. Further research is needed to explore other BDNF variants with a larger sample size with gene-environment interactions in multi ethnic Malaysian population. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genomics%20of%20obesity" title="genomics of obesity">genomics of obesity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SNP" title=" SNP"> SNP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BMI" title=" BMI"> BMI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haplotypes" title=" haplotypes"> haplotypes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25497/association-of-brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor-bdnf-gene-with-obesity-and-metabolic-traits-in-malaysian-adults" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> p210 BCR-ABL1 CML with CMML Clones: A Rare Presentation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Vijayaran">Mona Vijayaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurleen%20Oberoi"> Gurleen Oberoi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Mishra"> Sanjay Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: p190 BCR‐ABL1 in CML is often associated with monocytosis. In the case described here, monocytosis is associated with coexisting p210 BCR‐ABL and CMML clones. Mutation analysis using next‐generation sequence (NGS) in our case showed TET2 and SRSF2 mutations. Aims & Objectives: A 75-year male was evaluated for monocytosis and thrombocytopenia. CBC showed Hb-11.8g/dl, TLC-12,060/cmm, Monocytes-35%, Platelets-39,000/cmm. Materials & Methods: Bone marrow examination showed a hypercellular marrow with myeloid series showing sequential maturation up to neutrophils with 30% monocytes. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry from bone marrow had 3% blasts. Making chronic myelomonocytic leukemia as the likely diagnosis. NGS for myeloid mutation panel had TET2 (48.9%) and SRSF2 (32.5%) mutations. This report further supported the diagnosis of CMML. To fulfil the WHO diagnostic criteria for CMML, a BCR ABL1 by RQ-PCR was sent. The report came positive for p210 (B3A2, B2A2) Major Transcript (M-BCR) % IS of 38.418. Result: The patient was counselled regarding the unique presentation of the presence of 2 clones- P210 CML and CMML. After discussion with an international faculty with vast experience in CMML. It was decided to start this elderly gentleman on Imatinib 200mg and not on azacytidine, as ASXL1 was not present; hence, his chances of progressing to AML would be less and on the other end, if CML is left untreated then chances of progression to blast phase would always be a possibility. After 3 months on Imatinib his platelet count improved to 80,000 to 90,000/cmm, but his monocytosis persists. His 3rd month BCR-ABL1 IS% is 0.004%. Conclusion: After searching the literature, there were no case reports of a coexisting CML p210 with CMML. This case might be the first case report. p190 BCR ABL1 is often associated with monocytosis. There are few case reports of p210 BCR ABL1 positivity in patients with monocytosis but none with coexisting CMML. This case highlights the need for extensively evaluating patients with monocytosis with next-generation sequencing for myeloid mutation panel and BCR-ABL1 by RT-PCR to correctly diagnose and treat them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CMML" title="CMML">CMML</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NGS" title=" NGS"> NGS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=p190%20CML" title=" p190 CML"> p190 CML</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imatinib" title=" Imatinib"> Imatinib</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159896/p210-bcr-abl1-cml-with-cmml-clones-a-rare-presentation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Evaluation of Potential of Crop Residues for Energy Generation in Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narayan%20Prasad%20Adhikari">Narayan Prasad Adhikari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Nepal, the crop residues have often been considered as one of the potential sources of energy to cope with prevailing energy crisis. However, the lack of systematic studies about production and various other competent uses of crop production is the main obstacle to evaluate net potential of the residues for energy production. Under this background, this study aims to assess the net annual availability of crop residues for energy production by undertaking three different districts with the representation of country’s three major regions of lowland, hill, and mountain. The five major cereal crops of paddy, wheat, maize, millet, and barley are considered for the analysis. The analysis is based upon two modes of household surveys. The first mode of survey is conducted to total of 240 households to obtain key information about crop harvesting and livestock management throughout a year. Similarly, the quantification of main crops along with the respective residues on fixed land is carried out to 45 households during second mode. The range of area of such fixed land is varied from 50 to 100 m2. The measurements have been done in air dry basis. The quantity for competitive uses of respective crop residues is measured on the basis of respondents’ feedback. There are four major competitive uses of crop residues at household which are building material, burning, selling, and livestock fodder. The results reveal that the net annual available crop residues per household are 4663 kg, 2513 kg, and 1731 kg in lowland, hill, and mountain respectively. Of total production of crop residues, the shares of dedicated fodder crop residues (except maize stalk and maize cob) are 94 %, 62 %, and 89 % in lowland, hill, and mountain respectively and of which the corresponding shares of fodder are 87 %, 91 %, and 82 %. The annual percapita energy equivalent from net available crop residues in lowland, hill, and mountain are 2.49 GJ, 3.42 GJ, and 0.44 GJ which represent 30 %, 33 %, and 3 % of total annual energy consumption respectively whereas the corresponding current shares of crop residues are only 23 %, 8 %, and 1 %. Hence, even utmost exploitation of available crop residues can hardly contribute to one third of energy consumption at household level in lowland, and hill whereas this is limited to particularly negligible in mountain. Moreover, further analysis has also been done to evaluate district wise supply-demand context of dedicated fodder crop residues on the basis of presence of livestock. The high deficit of fodder crop residues in hill and mountain is observed where the issue of energy generation from these residues will be ludicrous. As a contrary, the annual production of such residues for livestock fodder in lowland meets annual demand with modest surplus even if entire fodder to be derived from the residues throughout a year and thus there seems to be further potential to utilize the surplus residues for energy generation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crop%20residues" title="crop residues">crop residues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hill" title=" hill"> hill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lowland" title=" lowland"> lowland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mountain" title=" mountain"> mountain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31936/evaluation-of-potential-of-crop-residues-for-energy-generation-in-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31936.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">472</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> Phytobeds with Fimbristylis dichotoma and Ammannia baccifera for Treatment of Real Textile Effluent: An in situ Treatment, Anatomical Studies and Toxicity Evaluation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suhas%20Kadam">Suhas Kadam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vishal%20Chandanshive"> Vishal Chandanshive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niraj%20Rane"> Niraj Rane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Govindwar"> Sanjay Govindwar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fimbristylis dichotoma, Ammannia baccifera, and their co-plantation consortium FA were found to degrade methyl orange, simulated dye mixture, and real textile effluent. Wild plants of Fimbristylis dichotoma and Ammannia baccifera with equal biomass showed 91 and 89% decolorization of methyl orange within 60 h at a concentration of 50 ppm, while 95% dye removal was achieved by consortium FA within 48 h. Floating phyto-beds with co-plantation (Fimbristylis dichotoma and Ammannia baccifera) for the treatment of real textile effluent in a constructed wetland was observed to be more efficient and achieved 79, 72, 77, 66 and 56% reductions in ADMI color value, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total dissolve solid and total suspended solid of textile effluent, respectively. High performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Ultra violet-Visible spectroscopy and enzymatic assays confirmed the phytotransformation of parent dye in the new metabolites. T-RFLP analysis of rhizospheric bacteria of Fimbristylis dichotoma, Ammannia baccifera, and consortium FA revealed the presence of 88, 98 and 223 genera which could have been involved in dye removal. Toxicity evaluation of products formed after phytotransformation of methyl orange by consortium FA on bivalves Lamellidens marginalis revealed less damage in the gills architecture when analyzed histologically. Toxicity measurement by Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique revealed normal banding pattern in treated methyl orange sample suggesting less toxic nature of phytotransformed dye products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constructed%20wetland" title="constructed wetland">constructed wetland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phyto-bed" title=" phyto-bed"> phyto-bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textile%20effluent" title=" textile effluent"> textile effluent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytoremediation" title=" phytoremediation"> phytoremediation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78943/phytobeds-with-fimbristylis-dichotoma-and-ammannia-baccifera-for-treatment-of-real-textile-effluent-an-in-situ-treatment-anatomical-studies-and-toxicity-evaluation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78943.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">483</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> A Feasibility Study of Waste (d) Potential: Synergistic Effect Evaluation by Co-digesting Organic Wastes and Kinetics of Biogas Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kunwar%20Paritosh">Kunwar Paritosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Mathur"> Sanjay Mathur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monika%20Yadav"> Monika Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paras%20Gandhi"> Paras Gandhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subodh%20Kumar"> Subodh Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nidhi%20Pareek"> Nidhi Pareek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vivekanand%20Vivekanand"> Vivekanand Vivekanand</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A significant fraction of energy is wasted every year managing the biodegradable organic waste inadequately as development and sustainability are the inherent enemies. The management of these waste is indispensable to boost its optimum utilization by converting it to renewable energy resource (here biogas) through anaerobic digestion and to mitigate greenhouse gas emission. Food and yard wastes may prove to be appropriate and potential feedstocks for anaerobic co-digestion for biogas production. The present study has been performed to explore the synergistic effect of co-digesting food waste and yard trimmings from MNIT campus for enhanced biogas production in different ratios in batch tests (37±10C, 90 rpm, 45 days). The results were overwhelming and showed that blending two different organic waste in proper ratio improved the biogas generation considerably, with the highest biogas yield (2044±24 mLg-1VS) that was achieved at 75:25 of food waste to yard waste ratio on volatile solids (VS) basis. The yield was 1.7 and 2.2 folds higher than the mono-digestion of food or yard waste (1172±34, 1016±36mLg-1VS) respectively. The increase in biogas production may be credited to optimum C/N ratio resulting in higher yield. Also Adding TiO2 nanoparticles showed virtually no effect on biogas production as sometimes nanoparticles enhance biogas production. ICP-MS, FTIR analysis was carried out to gain an insight of feedstocks. Modified Gompertz and logistics models were applied for the kinetic study of biogas production where modified Gompertz model showed goodness-of-fit (R2=0.9978) with the experimental results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20co-digestion" title="anaerobic co-digestion">anaerobic co-digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas" title=" biogas"> biogas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetics" title=" kinetics"> kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticle" title=" nanoparticle"> nanoparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20waste" title=" organic waste"> organic waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57413/a-feasibility-study-of-waste-d-potential-synergistic-effect-evaluation-by-co-digesting-organic-wastes-and-kinetics-of-biogas-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> Mixotropohic Growth of Chlorella sp. on Raw Food Processing Industrial Wastewater: Effect of COD Tolerance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suvidha%20Gupta">Suvidha Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20Pandey"> R. A. Pandey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Pawar"> Sanjay Pawar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effluents from various food processing industries are found with high BOD, COD, suspended solids, nitrate, and phosphate. Mixotrophic growth of microalgae using food processing industrial wastewater as an organic carbon source has emerged as more effective and energy intensive means for the nutrient removal and COD reduction. The present study details the treatment of non-sterilized unfiltered food processing industrial wastewater by microalgae for nutrient removal as well as to determine the tolerance to COD by taking different dilutions of wastewater. In addition, the effect of different inoculum percentages of microalgae on removal efficiency of the nutrients for given dilution has been studied. To see the effect of dilution and COD tolerance, the wastewater having initial COD 5000 mg/L (±5), nitrate 28 mg/L (±10), and phosphate 24 mg/L (±10) was diluted to get COD of 3000 mg/L and 1000 mg/L. The experiments were carried out in 1L conical flask by intermittent aeration with different inoculum percentage i.e. 10%, 20%, and 30% of Chlorella sp. isolated from nearby area of NEERI, Nagpur. The experiments were conducted for 6 days by providing 12:12 light- dark period and determined various parameters such as COD, TOC, NO3-- N, PO4-- P, and total solids on daily basis. Results revealed that, for 10% and 20% inoculum, over 90% COD and TOC reduction was obtained with wastewater containing COD of 3000 mg/L whereas over 80% COD and TOC reduction was obtained with wastewater containing COD of 1000 mg/L. Moreover, microalgae was found to tolerate wastewater containing COD 5000 mg/L and obtained over 60% and 80% reduction in COD and TOC respectively. The obtained results were found similar with 10% and 20% inoculum in all COD dilutions whereas for 30% inoculum over 60% COD and 70% TOC reduction was obtained. In case of nutrient removal, over 70% nitrate removal and 45% phosphate removal was obtained with 20% inoculum in all dilutions. The obtained results indicated that Microalgae assisted nutrient removal gives maximum COD and TOC reduction with 3000 mg/L COD and 20% inoculum. Hence, microalgae assisted wastewater treatment is not only effective for removal of nutrients but also can tolerate high COD up to 5000 mg/L and solid content. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chlorella%20sp." title="Chlorella sp.">Chlorella sp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20oxygen%20demand" title=" chemical oxygen demand"> chemical oxygen demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20processing%20industrial%20wastewater" title=" food processing industrial wastewater"> food processing industrial wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixotrophic%20growth" title=" mixotrophic growth"> mixotrophic growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42921/mixotropohic-growth-of-chlorella-sp-on-raw-food-processing-industrial-wastewater-effect-of-cod-tolerance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42921.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> Recovery of Selenium from Scrubber Sludge in Copper Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lakshmikanth%20%20Reddy">Lakshmikanth Reddy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhavin%20Desai"> Bhavin Desai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandrakala%20Kari"> Chandrakala Kari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Sarkar"> Sanjay Sarkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pradeep%20Binu"> Pradeep Binu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The sulphur dioxide gases generated as a by-product of smelting and converting operations of copper concentrate contain selenium apart from zinc, lead, copper, cadmium, bismuth, antimony, and arsenic. The gaseous stream is treated in waste heat boiler, electrostatic precipitator and scrubbers to remove coarse particulate matter in order to produce commercial grade sulfuric acid. The gas cleaning section of the acid plant uses water to scrub the smelting gases. After scrubbing, the sludge settled at the bottom of the scrubber, was analyzed in present investigation. It was found to contain 30 to 40 wt% copper and selenium up to 40 wt% selenium. The sludge collected during blow-down is directly recycled to the smelter for copper recovery. However, the selenium is expected to again vaporize due to high oxidation potential during smelting and converting, causing accumulation of selenium in sludge. In present investigation, a roasting process has been developed to recover the selenium before the copper recovery from the sludge at smelter. Selenium is associated with copper in sludge as copper selenide, as determined by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The thermodynamic and thermos-gravimetry study revealed that the copper selenide phase present in the sludge was amenable to oxidation at 600°C forming oxides of copper and selenium (Cu-Se-O). However, the dissociation of selenium from the copper oxide was made possible by sulfatation using sulfur dioxide between 450 to 600°C, resulting into the formation of CuSO₄ (s) and SeO₂ (g). Lab scale trials were carried out in vertical tubular furnace to determine the optimum roasting conditions with respect to roasting time, temperature and molar ratio of O₂:SO₂. Using these optimum conditions, selenium up to 90 wt% in the form of SeO₂ vapors could be recovered from the sludge in a large-scale commercial roaster. Roasted sludge free from the selenium and containing oxides and sulfates of copper could now be recycled in the smelter for copper recovery. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title="copper">copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selenium" title=" selenium"> selenium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20selenide" title=" copper selenide"> copper selenide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludge" title=" sludge"> sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roasting" title=" roasting"> roasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SeO%E2%82%82" title=" SeO₂"> SeO₂</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92797/recovery-of-selenium-from-scrubber-sludge-in-copper-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92797.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Experimental Investigations on Setting Behavior and Compreesive Strength of Flyash Based Geopolymer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ishan%20Tank">Ishan Tank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashmita%20Rupal"> Ashmita Rupal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Kumar%20Sharma"> Sanjay Kumar Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Concrete, a widely used building material, has cement as its main constituent. An excessive amount of emissions are released into the atmosphere during the manufacture of cement, which is detrimental to the environment. To minimize this problem, innovative materials like geopolymer mortar (GPM) seem to be a better alternative. By using fly ash-based geopolymer instead of standard cement mortar as a binding ingredient, this concept has been successfully applied to the building sector. The advancement of this technology significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions and helps in source reduction, thereby minimizing pollution of the environment. In order to produce mortar and use this geopolymer mortar in the development of building materials, the current investigation is properly introducing this geopolymeric material, namely fly ash, as a binder in place of standard cement. In the domain of the building material industry, fly ash based geopolymer is a new and optimistic replacement for traditional binding materials because it is both environmentally sustainable and has good durability. The setting behaviour and strength characteristics of fly ash, when mixed with alkaline activator solution with varied concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, alkaline liquids mix ratio, and curing temperature, must be investigated, though, in order to determine its suitability and application in comparison with the traditional binding material, by activating the raw materials, which include various elements of silica and alumina, finer material known as geopolymer mortar is created. The concentration of the activator solution has an impact on the compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete formed. An experimental examination of compressive strength after 7, 14, and 28 days of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete is presented in this paper. Furthermore, the process of geopolymerization largely relies on the curing temperature. So, the setting time of Geopolymer mortar due to different curing temperatures has been studied and discussed in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geopolymer%20mortar" title="geopolymer mortar">geopolymer mortar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=setting%20time" title=" setting time"> setting time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flyash" title=" flyash"> flyash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binder%20material" title=" binder material"> binder material</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165309/experimental-investigations-on-setting-behavior-and-compreesive-strength-of-flyash-based-geopolymer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165309.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Caregiver’s Perception Regarding Diagnosis Disclosure to Children Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Resource-Limited Settings: Observational Study from India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramesh%20Chand%20Chauhan">Ramesh Chand Chauhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Kumar%20Rai"> Sanjay Kumar Rai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shashi%20kant"> Shashi kant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rakesh%20Lodha"> Rakesh Lodha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nand%20Kumar"> Nand Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: With a better understanding of HIV pathogenesis and availability of antiretroviral therapy more children are growing and entering in teenage group; informing children of their own HIV status has become an important aspect of long-term disease management. There is little evidence of how and when this type of disclosure takes place in a resource-limited setting. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2010 to May 2011 among a dyads of 156 HIV-infected children and their caregivers, those were visiting pediatric clinic at a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India. The study protocol was approved by the Institute Ethics Committee. After taking written informed consent; pretested structured questionnaire was administered to caregivers during routine clinic visits. Information regarding socio-demographic characteristics, awareness of HIV infection status among children and their perception regarding disclosure was collected. Mean and frequencies were calculated and chi-square and logistic regression test were applied. Results: The mean age of children was 8.4 ±3.45 years. Among them 73.7% were male and 39.1% were orphans. Among 156 enrolled children, 74.4% (n=116) were of ≥ 6 years and were assessed for disclosure. Only 18.1% (n=21) children had been informed of their HIV status. Of those under 9 years, 6.4% knew their status, whereas 18.4% of 9-11 years and 35.5% of 12-14 years children knew they had HIV. Awareness among males (23.3%) was higher than females (3.3%). Both age and sex of child were significantly (p<0.01) associated with disclosure status. Other factors favoring disclosure were orphan-hood, non-perinatal mode of transmission (OR = 4.32; 95% CI 1.01-7.12), ART initiation (OR = 4.21; 95% CI 1.03-6.98), and caregiver educated beyond primary level (OR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.03-3.26). Repeated enquiry regarding the visit to clinic was the most common reason (66.6%) for disclosure. In 52.4% children disclosure was done with the involvement of other family members. 82.5% caregivers felt the age of > 10 years is appropriate for disclosing the HIV infection status to the child. Conclusion: Detailed guidelines on disclosure are required focusing on children of school-going age with perinatal infection who are not on ART and with caregivers of low educational status. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=India" title=" India"> India</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disclosure" title=" disclosure"> disclosure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14629/caregivers-perception-regarding-diagnosis-disclosure-to-children-living-with-human-immunodeficiency-virus-in-resource-limited-settings-observational-study-from-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">635</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Reduced Lung Volume: A Possible Cause of Stuttering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shantanu%20Arya">Shantanu Arya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sachin%20Sakhuja"> Sachin Sakhuja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gunjan%20Mehta"> Gunjan Mehta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Munjal"> Sanjay Munjal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Stuttering may be defined as a speech disorder affecting the fluency domain of speech and characterized by covert features like word substitution, omittance and circumlocution and overt features like prolongation of sound, syllables and blocks etc. Many etiologies have been postulated to explain stuttering based on various experiments and research. Moreover, Breathlessness has also been reported by many individuals with stuttering for which breathing exercises are generally advised. However, no studies reporting objective evaluation of the pulmonary capacity and further objective assessment of the efficacy of breathing exercises have been conducted. Pulmonary Function Test which evaluates parameters like Forced Vital Capacity, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, Forced expiratory flow Rate can be used to study the pulmonary behavior of individuals with stuttering. The study aimed: a) To identify speech motor & physiologic behaviours associated with stuttering by administering PFT. b) To recognize possible reasons for an association between speech motor behaviour & stuttering severity. In this regard, PFT tests were administered on individuals who reported signs and symptoms of stuttering and showed abnormal scores on Stuttering Severity Index. Parameters like Forced Vital Capacity, Forced Expiratory Volume, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (L/min), Forced Expiratory Flow Rate (L/min) were evaluated and correlated with scores of Stuttering Severity Index. Results showed significant decrease in the parameters (lower than normal scores) in individuals with established stuttering. Strong correlation was also found between degree of stuttering and the degree of decrease in the pulmonary volumes. Thus, it is evident that fluent speech requires strong support of lung pressure and requisite volumes. Further research in demonstrating the efficacy of abdominal breathing exercises in this regard is needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forced%20expiratory%20flow%20rate" title="forced expiratory flow rate">forced expiratory flow rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forced%20expiratory%20volume" title=" forced expiratory volume"> forced expiratory volume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forced%20vital%20capacity" title=" forced vital capacity"> forced vital capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peak%20expiratory%20flow%20rate" title=" peak expiratory flow rate"> peak expiratory flow rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stuttering" title=" stuttering"> stuttering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52239/reduced-lung-volume-a-possible-cause-of-stuttering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Investigation of the Growth Kinetics of Phases in Ni–Sn System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varun%20A%20Baheti">Varun A Baheti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Kashyap"> Sanjay Kashyap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamanio%20Chattopadhyay"> Kamanio Chattopadhyay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Praveen%20Kumar"> Praveen Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aloke%20Paul"> Aloke Paul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ni–Sn system finds applications in the microelectronics industry, especially with respect to flip–chip or direct chip, attach technology. Here the region of interest is under bump metallization (UBM), and solder bump (Sn) interface due to the formation of brittle intermetallic phases there. Understanding the growth of these phases at UBM/Sn interface is important, as in many cases it controls the electro–mechanical properties of the product. Cu and Ni are the commonly used UBM materials. Cu is used for good bonding because of fast reaction with solder and Ni often acts as a diffusion barrier layer due to its inherently slower reaction kinetics with Sn–based solders. Investigation on the growth kinetics of phases in Ni–Sn system is reported in this study. Just for simplicity, Sn being major solder constituent is chosen. Ni–Sn electroplated diffusion couples are prepared by electroplating pure Sn on Ni substrate. Bulk diffusion couples prepared by the conventional method are also studied along with Ni–Sn electroplated diffusion couples. Diffusion couples are annealed for 25–1000 h at 50–215°C to study the phase evolutions and growth kinetics of various phases. The interdiffusion zone was analysed using field emission gun equipped scanning electron microscope (FE–SEM) for imaging. Indexing of selected area diffraction (SAD) patterns obtained from transmission electron microscope (TEM) and composition measurements done in electron probe micro−analyser (FE–EPMA) confirms the presence of various product phases grown across the interdiffusion zone. Time-dependent experiments indicate diffusion controlled growth of the product phase. The estimated activation energy in the temperature range 125–215°C for parabolic growth constants (and hence integrated interdiffusion coefficients) of the Ni₃Sn₄ phase shed light on the growth mechanism of the phase; whether its grain boundary controlled or lattice controlled diffusion. The location of the Kirkendall marker plane indicates that the Ni₃Sn₄ phase grows mainly by diffusion of Sn in the binary Ni–Sn system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffusion" title="diffusion">diffusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equilibrium%20phase" title=" equilibrium phase"> equilibrium phase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metastable%20phase" title=" metastable phase"> metastable phase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20Ni-Sn%20system" title=" the Ni-Sn system"> the Ni-Sn system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65844/investigation-of-the-growth-kinetics-of-phases-in-ni-sn-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65844.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Study of Palung Granite in Central Nepal with Special Reference to Field Occurrence, Petrography and Mineralization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narayan%20Bhattarai">Narayan Bhattarai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arjun%20Bhattarai"> Arjun Bhattarai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kabi%20Raj%20Paudyal"> Kabi Raj Paudyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lalu%20Paudel"> Lalu Paudel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Palung granite is leucocratic, alkali feldspar granite, which is one of the six major granite bodies of the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal. The Cambro-Ordovician granite body has intruded on the Palaeozoic metasedimentary rock of the Kathmandu Complex in Central Nepal. The granite crystallized from magma that was mainly generated by anatexis of the Precambrian continental crust. The magma is heterogeneous with respect to the primary ages and/or metamorphic histories of the magma source rocks. This indicates either a derivation from (meta-) sediments or an intense mixing of different crustally derived magmas. The genesis of the Palung granite is possibly related to an orogeny which affected the Indian shield in lower Paleozoic times. The granite body has been mapped into different zones with visual inspection and petrographical study: i. Quartz rich granite: Quartz is smokey to grayish, euhedral to subherdal, 0.2 to 0.7 cm, and constitutes 30 to 40%. Feldspar is white to brownish, subhedral to euhedral, more than 3 cm, and constitutes 20–30%. Tourmaline is black, 0.1 to 0.2 cm in size, and consists of 10 to 20%. Biotite is black flakes up to o.2 cm, representing 5-8%. ii. Feldspar rich granite: white to grayish, medium to coarse-grained, containing feldspar, quartz, biotite, muscovite and tourmaline. Feldspar porphyritic crystals up to 2.5 cm subherdral represent 50–60%, quartz is smokey transparent and represents 30–40%, biotite is dark brown to black, crystals are irregular, 0.5 cm and represent 8–20%, tourmaline is black fractured, small needles represent 5–10%, and muscovite is white to brown and represents 1-4%. iii. Biotite granite: grey to white, medium to coarse-grained, containing quartz, feldspar, biotite and tourmaline. Feldspar crystals up to 2.5 cm represent 40–50%, quartz is smokey, representing 30–40%, biotite is dark brown to black, crystal size 0.5cm, representing 10–20%, tourmaline is black, small needle, 5–10%, and muscovite is white to brown, representing 3-5%. and iv. Muscovite granite: medium-coarse-grained, brown and gray, containing quartz, feldspar, muscovite and tourmaline. Feldspar is white to brown; crystal sizes 0.2–0.4 cm represents 40–50%; quartz is brown and white, transparent, crystals up to 1 cm represent 35–50%; tourmaline is black, opaque, needle shaped; size up to 7–20%; and muscovite is brownish to white, with flakes up to 0.3 cm representing 5–10%. The xenoliths are very common and are not genetically related. Xenoliths are composed mostly of fine-grained, grayish quartz biotite (muscovite) schist and garnetiferous quartz mica schist. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leucocratic%20granite" title="leucocratic granite">leucocratic granite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cambro-ordovician%20granite" title=" cambro-ordovician granite"> cambro-ordovician granite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lesser%20himalayan%20granite" title=" lesser himalayan granite"> lesser himalayan granite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pegmatite" title=" pegmatite"> pegmatite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172349/study-of-palung-granite-in-central-nepal-with-special-reference-to-field-occurrence-petrography-and-mineralization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172349.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> Level of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness, and Attitudes towards Physical Activity among Senior Medical Students of Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hajar%20Al%20Rajaibi">Hajar Al Rajaibi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kawla%20Al%20Toubi"> Kawla Al Toubi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Al%20Jaadi"> Saeed Al Jaadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepali%20Jaju"> Deepali Jaju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Jaju"> Sanjay Jaju</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The available evidence in Oman on lack of physical activity call for immediate intervention. Physical activity counseling by doctors to their patients is influenced by their attitudes and personal physical fitness. To our best knowledge, the physical activity status of Omani medical students has not been addressed before. These future doctors will have a critical role in improving physical activity in patients and thus their overall health. Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the physical activity level, physical fitness level, and attitudes towards physical activity among Sultan Qaboos University senior medical students. Methods: In this cross-sectional study (N=110; males 55), physical activity level was assessed using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ ) short form and attitudes towards physical activity using a fifty-four-items Kenyon questionnaire. The physical fitness level was assessed by estimating maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) using Chester step test. Results: Female students reported more sitting time more than 7hr/day (85.5%) compared to male students (40%; p < 0.05). The IPAQ revealed moderate level of physical activity in 58% of students. Students showed a high positive attitude towards physical activity for health and fitness and low attitude for physical activity as tension and risk. Both female and male students had a similar level and attitude towards physical activity. Physical fitness level was excellent (VO₂max > 55ml O₂/kg/min) in 11% of students, good (VO₂max>44-54ml O₂/kg/min) in 49% and average to below-average in 40%. Objectively measured physical fitness level, subjectively reported physical activity level or attitudes towards physical activity were not correlated. Conclusion: Omani medical students have a positive attitude towards physical activity but moderate physical activity level. Longer sitting time in females need further evaluation. Efforts are required to understand reasons for present physical activity level and to promote good physical activity among medical students by creating more awareness and facilities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chester%20step%20test" title="Chester step test">Chester step test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenyon%20scale" title=" Kenyon scale"> Kenyon scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20students" title=" medical students"> medical students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20activity" title=" physical activity"> physical activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20fitness" title=" physical fitness"> physical fitness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110676/level-of-physical-activity-and-physical-fitness-and-attitudes-towards-physical-activity-among-senior-medical-students-of-sultan-qaboos-university-sultanate-of-oman" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110676.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> Microalbuminuria in Patients with Hypertension Visiting Tertiary Care Centre, Western Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Binaya%20Tamang">Binaya Tamang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Buddhi%20R.%20Pokharel"> Buddhi R. Pokharel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narayan%20Gautam"> Narayan Gautam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Puspa%20R.%20Dhakal"> Puspa R. Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuresh%20Twayana"> Yuresh Twayana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Objective: Microalbuminuria is often regarded as a sign of end-organ damage due to hypertension, with an increased risk for renal diseases. The present study was designed to find the prevalence of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients by determining albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) and the association of ACR and microalbuminuria status with different stages and duration of hypertension (HTN). Also, to establish the correlation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) with various parameters viz; ACR, urinary microalbumin (UMA), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary creatinine (Ucreat), serum creatinine (Screat), and find out their significance among HTN and ACR status. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with the Department of Internal Medicine, UCMS, Bhairahawa, Nepal from April 2019 to September 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from institutional review committee (IRC), UCMS. A total of 120 hypertensive patients were enrolled whose blood, and spot urine samples were taken. eGFR was calculated by using Cockcroft-Gault formula after determining Screat while ACR was calculated after measuring Ucreat and UMA from the spot urine sample. Creatinine was estimated from modified jaffes’ reaction, whereas urinary micro albumin was done by Mispa i3 analyzer. Data were analyzed by using SPSS. 20 using p-value ≤ 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: In our study, the highest enrolled were grade II HTN (36.7%) followed by normal (33.3%), grade I (20.8%) and grade III (9.2%). Evaluating the ACR status, 19.2% were microalbuminuria, and the rest were normal. Though the ACR status (normal and microalbuminuria) was not statistically significant with HTN status (P=0.860) and the duration of HTN status (P=0.165), 5 (45.5%) out of 11 grade III HTN were microalbuminuria and the prevalence was also higher for longer duration .i.e., more than 10 years. In microalbuminuria, both the SBP (p=0.023, r=0.471) and DBP (P=0.034, r= 0.444) were strongly and positively correlated with Screat, in contrast to eGFR, which was negatively but weakly correlated. With the significant difference between the HTN group, the mean ACR (P=0.047) and UMA (P=0.02) were found to be highest among grade III patients, i.e., 84.3 ± 113.3 mg/gm. and 88.4 ± 83.9 mg/l respectively. The mean eGFR (64.2 ± 24.8 vs 77.2 ± 18.1 ml/min) was considerably lower in microalbuminuria ( p=0.026) than the normal in contrast to the SBP (160 ± 33.7 vs. 146.6 ± 19.5 mm of Hg) which was significantly higher (P=0.008). Among the different BMI category, the mean ACR was found to be significantly different (P= 0.01) with the highest value in underweight (115.2 ± 51.5 mg/gm.) and lowest in overweight (31.8 ± 4.3 mg/gm.). Conclusion: The study recommends that the microalbuminuria can be a very useful and imperative predictor of deranged kidney functions in hypertensive patients. The high value of ACR and UMA in hypertensive patients along with significant increased Screat, SBP whereas decreased eGFR in microalbuminuria patients explicitly supports the above statement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=albumin%20creatinine%20ratio" title="albumin creatinine ratio">albumin creatinine ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypertension" title=" hypertension"> hypertension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microalbuminuria" title=" microalbuminuria"> microalbuminuria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renal%20disease" title=" renal disease"> renal disease</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112942/microalbuminuria-in-patients-with-hypertension-visiting-tertiary-care-centre-western-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112942.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Cupric Oxide Thin Films for Optoelectronic Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Kumar">Sanjay Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinesh%20Pathak"> Dinesh Pathak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudhir%20Saralch"> Sudhir Saralch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Copper oxide is a semiconductor that has been studied for several reasons such as the natural abundance of starting material copper (Cu); the easiness of production by Cu oxidation; their non-toxic nature and the reasonably good electrical and optical properties. Copper oxide is well-known as cuprite oxide. The cuprite is p-type semiconductors having band gap energy of 1.21 to 1.51 eV. As a p-type semiconductor, conduction arises from the presence of holes in the valence band (VB) due to doping/annealing. CuO is attractive as a selective solar absorber since it has high solar absorbency and a low thermal emittance. CuO is very promising candidate for solar cell applications as it is a suitable material for photovoltaic energy conversion. It has been demonstrated that the dip technique can be used to deposit CuO films in a simple manner using metallic chlorides (CuCl₂.2H₂O) as a starting material. Copper oxide films are prepared using a methanolic solution of cupric chloride (CuCl₂.2H₂O) at three baking temperatures. We made three samples, after heating which converts to black colour. XRD data confirm that the films are of CuO phases at a particular temperature. The optical band gap of the CuO films calculated from optical absorption measurements is 1.90 eV which is quite comparable to the reported value. Dip technique is a very simple and low-cost method, which requires no sophisticated specialized setup. Coating of the substrate with a large surface area can be easily obtained by this technique compared to that in physical evaporation techniques and spray pyrolysis. Another advantage of the dip technique is that it is very easy to coat both sides of the substrate instead of only one and to deposit otherwise inaccessible surfaces. This method is well suited for applying coating on the inner and outer surfaces of tubes of various diameters and shapes. The main advantage of the dip coating method lies in the fact that it is possible to deposit a variety of layers having good homogeneity and mechanical and chemical stability with a very simple setup. In this paper, the CuO thin films preparation by dip coating method and their characterization will be presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorber%20material" title="absorber material">absorber material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cupric%20oxide" title=" cupric oxide"> cupric oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dip%20coating" title=" dip coating"> dip coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20film" title=" thin film"> thin film</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82434/cupric-oxide-thin-films-for-optoelectronic-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82434.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> Bioavailability Enhancement of Ficus religiosa Extract by Solid Lipid Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Singh">Sanjay Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karunanithi%20Priyanka"> Karunanithi Priyanka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramoji%20Kosuru"> Ramoji Kosuru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raju%20Prasad%20Sharma"> Raju Prasad Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Herbal drugs are well known for their mixed pharmacological activities with the benefit of no harmful side effects. The use of herbal drugs is limited because of their higher dose requirement, frequent drug administration, poor bioavailability of phytochemicals and delayed onset of action. Ficus religiosa, a potent anti-oxidant plant useful in the treatment of diabetes and cancer was selected for the study. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of Ficus religiosa extract was developed for the enhancement in oral bioavailability of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol-d-glucoside, principal components present in the extract. Hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication method was used to develop extract loaded SLN. Developed extract loaded SLN were characterized for particle size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release and kinetics, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractrometry and stability studies. Entrapment efficiency of optimized extract loaded SLN was found to be 68.46 % (56.13 % of stigmasterol and 12.33 % of β-sitosteryl-d-glucoside, respectively). RP HPLC method development was done for simultaneous estimation of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol-d-glucoside in Ficus religiosa extract in rat plasma. Bioavailability studies were carried out for extract in suspension form and optimized extract loaded SLN. AUC of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol-d-glucoside were increased by 6.7-folds by 9.2-folds, respectively in rats treated with extract loaded SLN compared to extract suspension. Also, Cmax of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol-d-glucoside were increased by 4.3-folds by 3.9-folds, respectively in rats treated with extract loaded SLN compared to extract suspension. Mean residence times (MRT) for stigmasterol were found to be 12.3 ± 0.67 hours from extract and 7.4 ± 2.1 hours from SLN and for β-sitosterol-d-glucoside, 10.49 ± 2.9 hours from extract and 6.4 ± 0.3 hours from SLN. Hence, it was concluded that SLN enhanced the bioavailability and reduced the MRT of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol-d-glucoside in Ficus religiosa extract which in turn may lead to reduction in dose of Ficus religiosa extract, prolonged duration of action and also enhanced therapeutic efficacy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ficus%20religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Ficus religiosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytosterolins" title=" phytosterolins"> phytosterolins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioavailability" title=" bioavailability"> bioavailability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20lipid%20nanoparticles" title=" solid lipid nanoparticles"> solid lipid nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stigmasterol%20and%20%CE%B2-sitosteryl-d-glucoside" title=" stigmasterol and β-sitosteryl-d-glucoside"> stigmasterol and β-sitosteryl-d-glucoside</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17390/bioavailability-enhancement-of-ficus-religiosa-extract-by-solid-lipid-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17390.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Preparation and Properties of Polylactic Acid/MDI Modified Thermoplastic Starch Blends </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sukhila%20Krishnan">Sukhila Krishnan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Smita%20Mohanty"> Smita Mohanty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20K.%20Nayak"> Sanjay K. Nayak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polylactide (PLA) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) are the most promising bio-based materials presently available on the market. Polylactic acid is one of the versatile biodegradable polyester showing wide range of applications in various fields and starch is a biopolymer which is renewable, cheap as well as extensively available. The usual increase in the cost of petroleum-based commodities in the next decades opens bright future for these materials. Their biodegradability and compostability was an added advantage in applications that are difficult to recycle. Currently, thermoplastic starch (TPS) has been used as a substitute for synthetic plastic in several commercial products. But, TPS shows some limitations mainly due to its brittle and hydrophilic nature, which has to be resolved to widen its application.The objective of the work we report here was to initiate chemical modifications on TPS and to build up a process to control its chemical structure using a solution process which can reduce its water sensitive properties and then blended it with PLA to improve compatibility between PLA and TPS. The method involves in cleavage of starch amylose and amylopectin chain backbone to plasticize with glycerol and water in batch mixer and then the prepared TPS was reacted in solution with diisocyanates i.e, 4,4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI).This diisocyanate was used before with great success for the chemical modification of TPS surface. The method utilized here will form an urethane-linkages between reactive isocyanate groups (–NCO) and hydroxyl groups (-OH) of starch as well as of glycerol. New polymer synthesised shows a reduced crystallinity, less hydrophilic and enhanced compatibility with other polymers. The TPS was prepared by Haake Rheomix 600 batch mixer with roller rotors operating at 50 rpm. The produced material is then refluxed for 5hrs with MDI in toluene with constant stirring. Finally, the modified TPS was melt blended with PLA in different compositions. Blends obtained shows an improved mechanical properties. These materials produced are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR), DSC, X-Ray diffraction and mechanical tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polylactic%20acid" title="polylactic acid">polylactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermoplastic%20starch" title=" thermoplastic starch"> thermoplastic starch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Methylenediphenyl%20Diisocyanate" title=" Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate"> Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Polylactide%20%28PLA%29" title=" Polylactide (PLA)"> Polylactide (PLA)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20919/preparation-and-properties-of-polylactic-acidmdi-modified-thermoplastic-starch-blends" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20919.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> Development of Methotrexate Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis: Optimization, Evaluation, and in vitro Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yogeeta%20O.%20Agrawal">Yogeeta O. Agrawal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hitendra%20S.%20Mahajan"> Hitendra S. Mahajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20J.%20Surana"> Sanjay J. Surana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Methotrexate is effective in controlling recalcitrant psoriasis when administered by the oral or parenteral route long-term. However, the systematic use of this drug may provoke any of a number of side effects, notably hepatotoxic effects. To reduce these effects, clinical studies have been done with topical MTx. It is useful in treating a number of cutaneous conditions, including psoriasis. A major problem in topical administration of MTx currently available in market is that the drug is hydrosoluble and is mostly in the dissociated form at physiological pH. Its capacity for passive diffusion is thus limited. Localization of MTx in effected layers of skin is likely to improve the role of topical dosage form of the drug as a supplementary to oral therapy for treatment of psoriasis. One of the possibilities for increasing the penetration of drugs through the skin is the use of Nanostructured lipid Carriers. The objective of the present study was to formulate and characterize Methotrexate loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (MtxNLCs), to understand in vitro drug release and evaluate the role of the developed gel in the topical treatment of psoriasis. MtxNLCs were prepared by solvent diffusion technique using 3(2) full factorial design.The mean diameter and surface morphology of MtxNLC was evaluated. MtxNLCs were lyophilized and crystallinity of NLC was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimtery (DSC) and powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The NLCs were incorporated in 1% w/w Carbopol 934 P gel base and in vitro skin deposition studies in Human Cadaver Skin were conducted. The optimized MtxNLCs were spherical in shape, with average particle size of 253(±9.92)nm, zeta potential of -30.4 (±0.86) mV and EE of 53.12(±1.54)%. DSC and XRD data confirmed the formation of NLCs. Significantly higher deposition of Methotrexate was found in human cadaver skin from MtxNLC gel (71.52 ±1.23%) as compared to Mtx plain gel (54.28±1.02%). Findings of the studies suggest that there is significant improvement in therapeutic index in treatment of psoriasis by MTx-NLCs incorporated gel base developed in this investigation over plain drug gel currently available in the market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methotrexate" title="methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psoriasis" title=" psoriasis"> psoriasis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NLCs" title=" NLCs"> NLCs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatotoxic%20effects" title=" hepatotoxic effects"> hepatotoxic effects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23230/development-of-methotrexate-nanostructured-lipid-carriers-for-topical-treatment-of-psoriasis-optimization-evaluation-and-in-vitro-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> A Prospective Audit to Look into Antimicrobial Prescribing in the Clinical Setting: In a Teaching Hospital in the UK</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richa%20Sinha">Richa Sinha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Irfan%20Javed"> Mohammad Irfan Javed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Singh"> Sanjay Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Good antimicrobial prescribing reduces length of stay in hospital, risk of adverse events, antimicrobial resistance, and unnecessary hospital expenditure. The aim of this prospective audit was to identify any problems with antimicrobial prescribing including documentation of the relevant aspects as well as appropriateness of antibiotics use. The audit was conducted on the surgical wards in a teaching hospital in the UK. Methods: Standards included the indication, duration, choice, and prescription of antibiotic should be in line with current Regional Guidelines and should be clearly documented on the prescription chart. There should be an entry in each patients’ medical record of the diagnosis and indication for each acute antibiotic prescription issued. All prescriptions should clearly document the route, frequency and dose of antibiotic. Data collection was done for 2 weeks in the month of March 2014. A proforma including all the questions above was completed for all the patients. The results were analysed using Excel. Results: 35 patients in total were selected for the audit. 85.7% of patients had indication of antibiotic documented on the prescription chart and 68.5% of patients had indication documented in the notes. The antibiotic used was in line with hospital guidelines in 45.7% of patients, however, in a further 28.5% of patients the reason for the antibiotic prescription was microbiology approved. Therefore, in total 74.2% of patients had been prescribed appropriate antibiotics. The duration of antibiotic was documented in 68.6% of patients and the antibiotic was reviewed in 37.1% of patients. The dose, frequency and route was documented clearly in 100% of patients. Conclusion: Overall, prescribing can be improved on the surgical wards in this hospital. Only 37.1% of patients had clear documentation of a review of antibiotics. It may be that antibiotics have been reviewed but this should be clearly highlighted on the prescription chart or the notes. Failure to review antibiotics can lead to poor patient care and antimicrobial resistance and therefore it is important to address this. It is also important to address the appropriateness of antibiotics as inappropriate antibiotic prescription can lead to failure of treatment as well as antimicrobial resistance. The good points from the audit was that all patients had clear documentation of dose, route and frequency which is extremely important in the administration of antibiotics. Recommendations from this audit included to emphasize good antimicrobial prescribing at induction (twice yearly), an antimicrobial handbook for junior doctors, and re-audit in 6 months time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prescribing" title="prescribing">prescribing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial" title=" antimicrobial"> antimicrobial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indication" title=" indication"> indication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=duration" title=" duration"> duration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11047/a-prospective-audit-to-look-into-antimicrobial-prescribing-in-the-clinical-setting-in-a-teaching-hospital-in-the-uk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11047.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Novel Uses of Discarded Work Rolls of Cold Rolling Mills in Hot Strip Mill of Tata Steel India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uday%20Shanker%20Goel">Uday Shanker Goel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinay%20Vasant%20Mahashabde"> Vinay Vasant Mahashabde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biswajit%20Ghosh"> Biswajit Ghosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arvind%20Jha"> Arvind Jha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Kumar"> Amit Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Kumar%20Patel"> Sanjay Kumar Patel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uma%20Shanker%20Pattanaik"> Uma Shanker Pattanaik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinit%20Kumar%20Shah"> Vinit Kumar Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaitanya%20Bhanu"> Chaitanya Bhanu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pinch rolls of the Hot Mills must possess resistance to wear, thermal stability, high thermal conductivity and through hardness. Conventionally, pinch rolls have been procured either as new ones or refurbished ones. Discarded Work Rolls from the Cold Mill were taken and machined inhouse at Tata Steel to be used subsequently as the bottom pinch rolls of the Hot Mill. The hardness of the scrapped work rolls from CRM is close to 55HRC and the typical composition is ( C - 0.8% , Mn - 0.40 % , Si - 0.40% , Cr - 3.5% , Mo - 0.5% & V - 0.1% ).The Innovation was the use of a roll which would otherwise have been otherwise discarded as scrap. Also, the innovation helped in using the scrapped roll which had better wear and heat resistance. In a conventional Pinch roil (Hardness 50 HRC and typical chemistry - C - 10% , Mo+Co+V+Nb ~ 5 % ) , Pick-up is a condition whereby foreign material becomes adhered to the surface of the pinch roll during service. The foreign material is usually adhered metal from the actual product being rolled. The main attributes of the weld overlay rolls are wear resistance and crack resistance. However, the weld overlay roll has a strong tendency for strip pick-up particularly in the area of bead overlap. However, the greatest disadvantage is the depth of weld deposit, which is less than half of the usable shell thickness in most mills. Because of this, the stainless rolls require re-welding on a routine basis. By providing a significantly cheaper in house and more robust alternative of the existing bottom pinch rolls , this innovation results in significant lower worries for the roll shop. Pinch rolls now don't have to be sent outside Jamshedpur for refurbishment or for procuring new ones. Scrapped rolls from adjacent Cold Mill are procured and sent for machining to our Machine Shop inside Tata Steel works in Jamshedpur. This is far more convenient than the older methodology. The idea is also being deployed to the other hot mills of Tata Steel. Multiple campaigns have been tried out at both down coilers of Hot Strip with significantly lower wear. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20rolling%20flat" title="hot rolling flat">hot rolling flat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20mill%20work%20roll" title=" cold mill work roll"> cold mill work roll</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20strip%20pinch%20roll" title=" hot strip pinch roll"> hot strip pinch roll</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strip%20surface" title=" strip surface"> strip surface</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166767/novel-uses-of-discarded-work-rolls-of-cold-rolling-mills-in-hot-strip-mill-of-tata-steel-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166767.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Trends in Endoscopic Versus Open Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arman%20Kishan">Arman Kishan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Kubsad"> Sanjay Kubsad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steve%20Li"> Steve Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Haft"> Mark Haft</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duc%20Nguyen"> Duc Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dawn%20Laporte"> Dawn Laporte</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: Carpal tunnel syndrome can be managed surgically with endoscopic or open carpal tunnel release (CTR). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a known risk factor for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) and is believed to be related to compression of the median nerve secondary to inflammation. We aimed to analyze national trends, outcomes, and patient-specific comorbidities associated with ECTR and OCTR in patients with RA. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the PearlDiver database, identifying 683 RA patients undergoing ECTR and 4234 undergoing OCTR between 2010 and 2014. Demographic data, comorbidities, and complication rates were analyzed. Univariate and multivariable analyses assessed differences between the treatment methods. Results:  Patients with RA undergoing ECTR in comparison to OCTR had no significant differences in medical comorbidities such as hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus. Patients in the ECTR group reported a risk ratio of 1.44 (95%CI: 1.10-1.89, p=0.01) of requiring repeat procedures within 90 days of the initial procedure. Five-year trends in ECTR and OCTR procedures reported a combined annual growth rate of 5.6% and 13.15, respectively. Conclusion: Endoscopic and open approaches to CTR are important considerations in surgical planning. RA and ECTR have previously been identified as independent risk factors for revision CTR. Our study has identified the 90-day risk of repeat procedures to be elevated in the ECTR group in comparison to the OCTR group. Additionally, the growth of OCTR procedures has outpaced the growth of ECTR procedures in the same period, likely in response to the trend of ECTR leading to higher rates of repeat procedures. The need for revision following ECTR in patients with RA could be related to chronic inflammation leading to transverse carpal ligament thickening and concomitant tenosynovitis. Future directions could include further characterization of repeat procedures performed in this subset of patients.  <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endoscopic%20treatment%20of%20carpal%20tunnel%20syndrome" title="endoscopic treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome">endoscopic treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20treatment%20of%20carpal%20tunnel%20syndrome" title=" open treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome"> open treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheumatoid%20arthritis" title=" rheumatoid arthritis"> rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trends%20analysis" title=" trends analysis"> trends analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carpal%20tunnel%20syndrome" title=" carpal tunnel syndrome"> carpal tunnel syndrome</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170987/trends-in-endoscopic-versus-open-treatment-of-carpal-tunnel-syndrome-in-rheumatoid-arthritis-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170987.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> An Unusual Cause of Electrocardiographic Artefact: Patient's Warming Blanket</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Dhiraaj">Sanjay Dhiraaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Puneet%20Goyal"> Puneet Goyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aditya%20Kapoor"> Aditya Kapoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaurav%20Misra"> Gaurav Misra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In electrocardiography, an ECG artefact is used to indicate something that is not heart-made. Although technological advancements have produced monitors with the potential of providing accurate information and reliable heart rate alarms, despite this, interference of the displayed electrocardiogram still occurs. These interferences can be from the various electrical gadgets present in the operating room or electrical signals from other parts of the body. Artefacts may also occur due to poor electrode contact with the body or due to machine malfunction. Knowing these artefacts is of utmost importance so as to avoid unnecessary and unwarranted diagnostic as well as interventional procedures. We report a case of ECG artefacts occurring due to patient warming blanket and its consequences. A 20-year-old male with a preoperative diagnosis of exstrophy epispadias complex was posted for surgery under epidural and general anaesthesia. Just after endotracheal intubation, we observed nonspecific ECG changes on the monitor. At a first glance, the monitor strip revealed broad QRs complexes suggesting a ventricular bigeminal rhythm. Closer analysis revealed these to be artefacts because although the complexes were looking broad on the first glance there was clear presence of normal sinus complexes which were immediately followed by 'broad complexes' or artefacts produced by some device or connection. These broad complexes were labeled as artefacts as they were originating in the absolute refractory period of the previous normal sinus beat. It would be physiologically impossible for the myocardium to depolarize so rapidly as to produce a second QRS complex. A search for the possible reason for the artefacts was made and after deepening the plane of anaesthesia, ruling out any possible electrolyte abnormalities, checking of ECG leads and its connections, changing monitors, checking all other monitoring connections, checking for proper grounding of anaesthesia machine and OT table, we found that after switching off the patient’s warming apparatus the rhythm returned to a normal sinus one and the 'broad complexes' or artefacts disappeared. As misdiagnosis of ECG artefacts may subject patients to unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions so a thorough knowledge of the patient and monitors allow for a quick interpretation and resolution of the problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ECG%20artefacts" title="ECG artefacts">ECG artefacts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20warming%20blanket" title=" patient warming blanket"> patient warming blanket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peri-operative%20arrhythmias" title=" peri-operative arrhythmias"> peri-operative arrhythmias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20messaging%20services" title=" mobile messaging services"> mobile messaging services</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79130/an-unusual-cause-of-electrocardiographic-artefact-patients-warming-blanket" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79130.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Regional Disparities in Microfinance Distribution: Evidence from Indian States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunil%20Sangwan">Sunil Sangwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narayan%20Chandra%20Nayak"> Narayan Chandra Nayak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the last few decades, Indian banking system has achieved remarkable growth in its credit volume. However, one of the most disturbing facts about this growth is the uneven distribution of financial services across regions. Having witnessed limited success from all the earlier efforts towards financial inclusion targeting the rural poor and the underprivileged, provision of microfinance, of late, has emerged as a supplementary mechanism. There are two prominent modes of microfinance distribution in India namely Bank-SHG linkage (SBLP) and private Microfinance Institutions (MFIs). Ironically, such efforts also seem to have failed to achieve the desired targets as the microfinance services have witnessed skewed distribution across the states of the country. This study attempts to make a comparative analysis of the geographical skew of the SBLP and MFI in India and examine the factors influencing their regional distribution. The results indicate that microfinance services are largely concentrated in the southern region, accounting for about 50% of all microfinance clients and 49% of all microfinance loan portfolios. This is distantly followed by an eastern region where client outreach is close to 25% only. The north-eastern, northern, central, and western regions lag far behind in microfinance sectors, accounting for only 4%, 4%, 10%, and 7 % client outreach respectively. The penetration of SHGs is equally skewed, with the southern region accounting for 46% of client outreach and 70% of loan portfolios followed by an eastern region with 21% of client outreach and 13% of the loan portfolio. Contrarily, north-eastern, northern, central, western and eastern regions account for 5%, 5%, 10%, and 13% of client outreach and 3%, 3%, 7%, and 4% of loan portfolios respectively. The study examines the impact of literacy rate, rural poverty, population density, primary sector share, non-farm activities, loan default behavior and bank penetration on the microfinance penetration. The study is limited to 17 major states of the country over the period 2008-2014. The results of the GMM estimation indicate the significant positive impact of literacy rate, non-farm activities and population density on microfinance penetration across the states, while the rise in loan default seems to deter it. Rural poverty shows the significant negative impact on the spread of SBLP, while it has a positive impact on MFI penetration, hence indicating the policy of exclusion being adhered to by the formal financial system especially towards the poor. However, MFIs seem to be working as substitute mechanisms to banks to fill the gap. The findings of the study are a pointer towards enhancing financial literacy, non-farm activities, rural bank penetration and containing loan default for achieving greater microfinance prevalence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20penetration" title="bank penetration">bank penetration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literacy%20rate" title=" literacy rate"> literacy rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfinance" title=" microfinance"> microfinance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primary%20sector%20share" title=" primary sector share"> primary sector share</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20non-farm%20activities" title=" rural non-farm activities"> rural non-farm activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20poverty" title=" rural poverty"> rural poverty</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54387/regional-disparities-in-microfinance-distribution-evidence-from-indian-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54387.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Removal of Heavy Metals from Municipal Wastewater Using Constructed Rhizofiltration System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christine%20A.%20Odinga">Christine A. Odinga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Sanjay"> G. Sanjay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mathew"> M. Mathew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Gupta"> S. Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20M.%20Swalaha"> F. M. Swalaha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20A.%20O.%20Otieno"> F. A. O. Otieno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Bux"> F. Bux</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wastewater discharged from municipal treatment plants contain an amalgamation of trace metals. The presence of metal pollutants in wastewater poses a huge challenge to the choice and applications of the preferred treatment method. Conventional treatment methods are inefficient in the removal of trace metals due to their design approach. This study evaluated the treatment performance of a constructed rhizofiltration system in the removal of heavy metals from municipal wastewater. The study was conducted at an eThekwni municipal wastewater treatment plant in Kingsburgh - Durban in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. The construction details of the pilot-scale rhizofiltration unit included three different layers of substrate consisting of medium stones, coarse gravel and fine sand. The system had one section planted with Phragmites australis L. and Kyllinga nemoralis L. while the other section was unplanted and acted as the control. Influent, effluent and sediment from the system were sampled and assessed for the presence of and removal of selected trace heavy metals using standard methods. Efficiency of metals removal was established by gauging the transfer of metals into leaves, roots and stem of the plants by calculations based on standard statistical packages. The Langmuir model was used to assess the heavy metal adsorption mechanisms of the plants. Heavy metals were accumulated in the entire rhizofiltration system at varying percentages of 96.69% on planted and 48.98% on control side for cadmium. Chromium was 81% and 24%, Copper was 23.4% and 1.1%, Nickel was 72% and 46.5, Lead was 63% and 31%, while Zinc was 76% and 84% on the on the water and sediment of the planted and control sides of the rhizofilter respectively. The decrease in metal adsorption efficiencies on the planted side followed the pattern of Cd>Cr>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cu and Ni>Cd>Pb>Cr>Cu>Zn on the control side. Confirmatory analysis using Electron Scanning Microscopy revealed that higher amounts of metals was deposited in the root system with values ranging from 0.015mg/kg (Cr), 0.250 (Cu), 0.030 (Pb) for P. australis, and 0.055mg/kg (Cr), 0.470mg/kg (Cu) and 0.210mg/kg,(Pb) for K. nemoralis respectively. The system was found to be efficient in removing and reducing metals from wastewater and further research is necessary to establish the immediate mechanisms that the plants display in order to achieve these reductions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20treatment" title="wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phragmites%20australis%20L." title=" Phragmites australis L."> Phragmites australis L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyllinga%20nemoralis%20L." title=" Kyllinga nemoralis L."> Kyllinga nemoralis L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathogens" title=" pathogens"> pathogens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizofiltration" title=" rhizofiltration"> rhizofiltration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46890/removal-of-heavy-metals-from-municipal-wastewater-using-constructed-rhizofiltration-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46890.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Rhizosphere Microbial Communities in Fynbos Endemic Legumes during Wet and Dry Seasons</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tiisetso%20Mpai">Tiisetso Mpai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20K.%20Jaiswal"> Sanjay K. Jaiswal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Felix%20D.%20Dakora"> Felix D. Dakora</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The South African Cape fynbos biome is a global biodiversity hotspot. This biome contains a diversity of endemic shrub legumes, including Polhillia, Wiborgia, and Wiborgiella species, which are important for ecotourism as well as for improving soil fertility status. This is due to their proven N₂-fixing abilities when in association with compatible soil bacteria. In fact, Polhillia, Wiborgia, and Wiborgiella species have been reported to derive over 61% of their needed nitrogen through biological nitrogen fixation and to exhibit acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in their rhizospheres. Thus, their interactions with soil microbes may explain their survival mechanisms under the continued summer droughts and acidic, nutrient-poor soils in this region. However, information regarding their rhizosphere microbiome is still unavailable, yet it is important for Fynbos biodiversity management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the microbial community structures associated with rhizosphere soils of Polhillia pallens, Polhillia brevicalyx, Wiborgia obcordata, Wiborgia sericea, and Wiborgiella sessilifolia growing at different locations of the South African Cape fynbos, during the wet and dry seasons. The hypothesis is that the microbial communities in these legume rhizospheres are the same type and are not affected by the growing season due to the restricted habitat of these wild fynbos legumes. To obtain the results, DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of each rhizosphere soil using PowerSoil™ DNA Isolation Kit, and sequences were obtained using the 16S rDNA Miseq Illumina technology. The results showed that in both seasons, bacteria were the most abundant microbial taxa in the rhizosphere soils of all five legume species, with Actinobacteria showing the highest number of sequences (about 30%). However, over 19.91% of the inhabitants in all five legume rhizospheres were unclassified. In terms of genera, Mycobacterium and Conexibacter were common in rhizosphere soils of all legumes in both seasons except for W. obcordata soils sampled during the dry season, which had Dehalogenimonas as the major inhabitant (6.08%). In conclusion, plant species and season were found to be the main drivers of microbial community structure in Cape fynbos, with the wet season being more dominant in shaping microbial diversity relative to the dry season. Wiborgia obcordata had a greater influence on microbial community structure than the other four legume species. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=16S%20rDNA" title="16S rDNA">16S rDNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cape%20fynbos" title=" Cape fynbos"> Cape fynbos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endemic%20legumes" title=" endemic legumes"> endemic legumes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiome" title=" microbiome"> microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizosphere" title=" rhizosphere"> rhizosphere</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140574/rhizosphere-microbial-communities-in-fynbos-endemic-legumes-during-wet-and-dry-seasons" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140574.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> A Ground Observation Based Climatology of Winter Fog: Study over the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Kumar%20Srivastava">Sanjay Kumar Srivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anu%20Rani%20Sharma"> Anu Rani Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamna%20Sachdeva"> Kamna Sachdeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Every year, fog formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs) of Indian region during the winter months of December and January is believed to create numerous hazards, inconvenience, and economic loss to the inhabitants of this densely populated region of Indian subcontinent. The aim of the paper is to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of winter fog over IGPs. Long term ground observations of visibility and other meteorological parameters (1971-2010) have been analyzed to understand the formation of fog phenomena and its relevance during the peak winter months of January and December over IGP of India. In order to examine the temporal variability, time series and trend analysis were carried out by using the Mann-Kendall Statistical test. Trend analysis performed by using the Mann-Kendall test, accepts the alternate hypothesis with 95% confidence level indicating that there exists a trend. Kendall tau’s statistics showed that there exists a positive correlation between time series and fog frequency. Further, the Theil and Sen’s median slope estimate showed that the magnitude of trend is positive. Magnitude is higher during January compared to December for the entire IGP except in December when it is high over the western IGP. Decade wise time series analysis revealed that there has been continuous increase in fog days. The net overall increase of 99 % was observed over IGP in last four decades. Diurnal variability and average daily persistence were computed by using descriptive statistical techniques. Geo-statistical analysis of fog was carried out to understand the spatial variability of fog. Geo-statistical analysis of fog revealed that IGP is a high fog prone zone with fog occurrence frequency of more than 66% days during the study period. Diurnal variability indicates the peak occurrence of fog is between 06:00 and 10:00 local time and average daily fog persistence extends to 5 to 7 hours during the peak winter season. The results would offer a new perspective to take proactive measures in reducing the irreparable damage that could be caused due to changing trends of fog. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fog" title="fog">fog</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climatology" title=" climatology"> climatology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mann-Kendall%20test" title=" Mann-Kendall test"> Mann-Kendall test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trend%20analysis" title=" trend analysis"> trend analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20variability" title=" spatial variability"> spatial variability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temporal%20variability" title=" temporal variability"> temporal variability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visibility" title=" visibility"> visibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46037/a-ground-observation-based-climatology-of-winter-fog-study-over-the-indo-gangetic-plains-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46037.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Design and Development of Permanent Magnet Quadrupoles for Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vikas%20Teotia">Vikas Teotia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Malhotra"> Sanjay Malhotra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elina%20Mishra"> Elina Mishra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prashant%20Kumar"> Prashant Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20R.%20Singh"> R. R. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priti%20Ukarde"> Priti Ukarde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20P.%20Marathe"> P. P. Marathe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20S.%20Mayya"> Y. S. Mayya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay is developing low energy high intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) as pre-injector for 1 GeV proton accelerator for accelerator driven sub-critical reactor system (ADSS). LEHIPA consists of RFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupole) and DTL (Drift Tube Linac) as major accelerating structures. DTL is RF resonator operating in TM010 mode and provides longitudinal E-field for acceleration of charged particles. The RF design of drift tubes of DTL was carried out to maximize the shunt impedance; this demands the diameter of drift tubes (DTs) to be as low as possible. The width of the DT is however determined by the particle β and trade-off between a transit time factor and effective accelerating voltage in the DT gap. The array of Drift Tubes inside DTL shields the accelerating particle from decelerating RF phase and provides transverse focusing to the charged particles which otherwise tends to diverge due to Columbic repulsions and due to transverse e-field at entry of DTs. The magnetic lenses housed inside DTS controls the transverse emittance of the beam. Quadrupole magnets are preferred over solenoid magnets due to relative high focusing strength of former over later. The availability of small volume inside DTs for housing magnetic quadrupoles has motivated the usage of permanent magnet quadrupoles rather than Electromagnetic Quadrupoles (EMQ). This provides another advantage as joule heating is avoided which would have added thermal loaded in the continuous cycle accelerator. The beam dynamics requires uniformity of integral magnetic gradient to be better than ±0.5% with the nominal value of 2.05 tesla. The paper describes the magnetic design of the PMQ using Sm2Co17 rare earth permanent magnets. The paper discusses the results of five pre-series prototype fabrications and qualification of their prototype permanent magnet quadrupoles and a full scale DT developed with embedded PMQs. The paper discusses the magnetic pole design for optimizing integral Gdl uniformity and the value of higher order multipoles. A novel but simple method of tuning the integral Gdl is discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DTL" title="DTL">DTL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=focusing" title=" focusing"> focusing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMQ" title=" PMQ"> PMQ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proton" title=" proton"> proton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rate%20earth%20magnets" title=" rate earth magnets"> rate earth magnets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35560/design-and-development-of-permanent-magnet-quadrupoles-for-low-energy-high-intensity-proton-accelerator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">472</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Production and Evaluation of Physicochemical, Nutritional, Sensorial and Microbiological Properties of Mixed Fruit Juice Blend Prepared from Apple, Orange and Mosambi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalaya%20Patir">Himalaya Patir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bitupon%20Baruah"> Bitupon Baruah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Gayary"> Sanjay Gayary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subhajit%20Ray"> Subhajit Ray</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent age significant importance is given for the development of nutritious and health beneficial foods. Fruit juices collected from different fruits when blended that improves not only the physicochemical and nutritional properties but also enhance the sensorial or organoleptic properties. The study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical, nutritional, microbiological analysis and sensory evaluation of mixed fruit juice blend. Juice of orange (Citrus sinensis), apple (Malus domestica), mosambi (Citrus limetta) were blended in the ratio of sample-I (30% apple:30% orange:40% mosambi), sample-II ( 40% apple :30% orange :30% mosambi), sample-III (30% apple :40% orange :30% mosambi) , sample-IV (50% apple :30% orange :20% mosambi), sample-V (30% apple:20% orange:50% mosambi), sample-VI (20% apple :50% orange :30% mosambi) to evaluate all quality characteristics. Their colour characteristics in terms of hue angle, chroma and colour difference (∆E) were evaluated. The physico-chemical parameters analysis carried out were total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), pH, acidity (FA), volatile acidity (VA), pH, and vitamin C. There were significant differences (p˂0.05) in the TSS of the samples. However, sample-V (30% apple: 20% orange: 50% mosambi) provides the highest TSS of 9.02gm and significantly differed from other samples (p˂0.05). Sample-IV (50% apple: 30% orange: 20% mosambi) was shown the highest titratable acidity (.59%) in comparison to other samples. The highest value of pH was found as 5.01 for sample-IV (50% apple: 30% orange: 20% mosambi). Sample-VI (20% apple: 50% orange :30% mosambi) blend has the highest hue angle, chroma and colour changes of 72.14,25.29 and 54.48 and vitamin C, i.e. Ascorbic acid (.33g/l) content compared to other samples. The nutritional compositions study showed that, sample- VI (20% apple: 50% orange: 30% mosambi) has the significantly higher carbohydrate (51.67%), protein (.78%) and ash (1.24%) than other samples, while sample-V (30% apple: 20% orange: 50% mosambi) has higher dietary fibre (12.84%) and fat (2.82%) content. Microbiological analysis of all samples in terms of total plate count (TPC) ranges from 44-60 in 101 dilution and 4-5 in 107 dilutions and was found satisfactory. Moreover, other pathogenic bacterial count was found nil. The general acceptability of the mixed fruit juice blend samples were moderately liked by the panellists, and sensorial quality studies showed that sample-V (30% apple: 20% orange: 50% mosambi) contains highest overall acceptability of 8.37 over other samples and can be considered good for consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiological" title="microbiological">microbiological</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritional" title=" nutritional"> nutritional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physico-chemical" title=" physico-chemical"> physico-chemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensory%20properties" title=" sensory properties"> sensory properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98932/production-and-evaluation-of-physicochemical-nutritional-sensorial-and-microbiological-properties-of-mixed-fruit-juice-blend-prepared-from-apple-orange-and-mosambi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98932.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Narayan%20Deo&page=4" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Narayan%20Deo&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Narayan%20Deo&page=2">2</a></li> <li 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