CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_glossy+ret_img+to_auto/www.article19.org/apple-touch-icon.png" data-spai-egr="1"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_glossy+ret_img+to_auto/www.article19.org/favicon-32x32.png" data-spai-egr="1"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_glossy+ret_img+to_auto/www.article19.org/favicon-16x16.png" data-spai-egr="1"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/ret_img/www.article19.org/safari-pinned-tab.svg" data-spai-egr="1" color="#da291c"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#da291c"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <script> /*! modernizr 3.5.0 (Custom Build) | MIT * * https://modernizr.com/download/?-flexbox-objectfit-srcset-svg-touchevents-printshiv-setclasses !*/ !function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){return typeof e===t}function o(){var e,t,n,o,i,a,s;for(var l in S)if(S.hasOwnProperty(l)){if(e=[],t=S[l],t.name&&(e.push(t.name.toLowerCase()),t.options&&t.options.aliases&&t.options.aliases.length))for(n=0;n<t.options.aliases.length;n++)e.push(t.options.aliases[n].toLowerCase());for(o=r(t.fn,"function")?t.fn():t.fn,i=0;i<e.length;i++)a=e[i],s=a.split("."),1===s.length?Modernizr[s[0]]=o:(!Modernizr[s[0]]||Modernizr[s[0]]instanceof Boolean||(Modernizr[s[0]]=new Boolean(Modernizr[s[0]])),Modernizr[s[0]][s[1]]=o),E.push((o?"":"no-")+s.join("-"))}}function i(e){var t=C.className,n=Modernizr._config.classPrefix||"";if(x&&(t=t.baseVal),Modernizr._config.enableJSClass){var r=new RegExp("(^|\\s)"+n+"no-js(\\s|$)");t=t.replace(r,"$1"+n+"js$2")}Modernizr._config.enableClasses&&(t+=" "+n+e.join(" "+n),x?C.className.baseVal=t:C.className=t)}function a(){return"function"!=typeof t.createElement?t.createElement(arguments[0]):x?t.createElementNS.call(t,"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",arguments[0]):t.createElement.apply(t,arguments)}function s(e){return e.replace(/([a-z])-([a-z])/g,function(e,t,n){return t+n.toUpperCase()}).replace(/^-/,"")}function l(){var e=t.body;return e||(e=a(x?"svg":"body"),e.fake=!0),e}function u(e,n,r,o){var i,s,u,c,f="modernizr",d=a("div"),p=l();if(parseInt(r,10))for(;r--;)u=a("div"),u.id=o?o[r]:f+(r+1),d.appendChild(u);return i=a("style"),i.type="text/css",i.id="s"+f,(p.fake?p:d).appendChild(i),p.appendChild(d),i.styleSheet?i.styleSheet.cssText=e:i.appendChild(t.createTextNode(e)),d.id=f,p.fake&&(p.style.background="",p.style.overflow="hidden",c=C.style.overflow,C.style.overflow="hidden",C.appendChild(p)),s=n(d,e),p.fake?(p.parentNode.removeChild(p),C.style.overflow=c,C.offsetHeight):d.parentNode.removeChild(d),!!s}function c(e,t){return!!~(""+e).indexOf(t)}function f(e,t){return function(){return e.apply(t,arguments)}}function d(e,t,n){var o;for(var i in e)if(e[i]in t)return n===!1?e[i]:(o=t[e[i]],r(o,"function")?f(o,n||t):o);return!1}function p(e){return e.replace(/([A-Z])/g,function(e,t){return"-"+t.toLowerCase()}).replace(/^ms-/,"-ms-")}function m(t,n,r){var o;if("getComputedStyle"in e){o=getComputedStyle.call(e,t,n);var i=e.console;if(null!==o)r&&(o=o.getPropertyValue(r));else if(i){var a=i.error?"error":"log";i[a].call(i,"getComputedStyle returning null, its possible modernizr test results are inaccurate")}}else o=!n&&t.currentStyle&&t.currentStyle[r];return o}function h(t,r){var o=t.length;if("CSS"in e&&"supports"in e.CSS){for(;o--;)if(e.CSS.supports(p(t[o]),r))return!0;return!1}if("CSSSupportsRule"in e){for(var i=[];o--;)i.push("("+p(t[o])+":"+r+")");return i=i.join(" or "),u("@supports ("+i+") { #modernizr { position: absolute; } }",function(e){return"absolute"==m(e,null,"position")})}return n}function v(e,t,o,i){function l(){f&&(delete k.style,delete k.modElem)}if(i=r(i,"undefined")?!1:i,!r(o,"undefined")){var u=h(e,o);if(!r(u,"undefined"))return u}for(var f,d,p,m,v,g=["modernizr","tspan","samp"];!k.style&&g.length;)f=!0,k.modElem=a(g.shift()),k.style=k.modElem.style;for(p=e.length,d=0;p>d;d++)if(m=e[d],v=k.style[m],c(m,"-")&&(m=s(m)),k.style[m]!==n){if(i||r(o,"undefined"))return l(),"pfx"==t?m:!0;try{k.style[m]=o}catch(y){}if(k.style[m]!=v)return l(),"pfx"==t?m:!0}return l(),!1}function g(e,t,n,o,i){var a=e.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+e.slice(1),s=(e+" "+N.join(a+" ")+a).split(" ");return r(t,"string")||r(t,"undefined")?v(s,t,o,i):(s=(e+" "+z.join(a+" ")+a).split(" "),d(s,t,n))}function y(e,t,r){return g(e,n,n,t,r)}var E=[],S=[],b={_version:"3.5.0",_config:{classPrefix:"",enableClasses:!0,enableJSClass:!0,usePrefixes:!0},_q:[],on:function(e,t){var n=this;setTimeout(function(){t(n[e])},0)},addTest:function(e,t,n){S.push({name:e,fn:t,options:n})},addAsyncTest:function(e){S.push({name:null,fn:e})}},Modernizr=function(){};Modernizr.prototype=b,Modernizr=new Modernizr,Modernizr.addTest("svg",!!t.createElementNS&&!!t.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","svg").createSVGRect);var C=t.documentElement,x="svg"===C.nodeName.toLowerCase();x||!function(e,t){function n(e,t){var n=e.createElement("p"),r=e.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]||e.documentElement;return n.innerHTML="x<style>"+t+"</style>",r.insertBefore(n.lastChild,r.firstChild)}function r(){var e=w.elements;return"string"==typeof e?e.split(" "):e}function o(e,t){var n=w.elements;"string"!=typeof n&&(n=n.join(" ")),"string"!=typeof e&&(e=e.join(" ")),w.elements=n+" "+e,u(t)}function i(e){var t=x[e[b]];return t||(t={},C++,e[b]=C,x[C]=t),t}function a(e,n,r){if(n||(n=t),v)return n.createElement(e);r||(r=i(n));var o;return o=r.cache[e]?r.cache[e].cloneNode():S.test(e)?(r.cache[e]=r.createElem(e)).cloneNode():r.createElem(e),!o.canHaveChildren||E.test(e)||o.tagUrn?o:r.frag.appendChild(o)}function s(e,n){if(e||(e=t),v)return e.createDocumentFragment();n=n||i(e);for(var o=n.frag.cloneNode(),a=0,s=r(),l=s.length;l>a;a++)o.createElement(s[a]);return o}function l(e,t){t.cache||(t.cache={},t.createElem=e.createElement,t.createFrag=e.createDocumentFragment,t.frag=t.createFrag()),e.createElement=function(n){return w.shivMethods?a(n,e,t):t.createElem(n)},e.createDocumentFragment=Function("h,f","return function(){var n=f.cloneNode(),c=n.createElement;h.shivMethods&&("+r().join().replace(/[\w\-:]+/g,function(e){return t.createElem(e),t.frag.createElement(e),'c("'+e+'")'})+");return n}")(w,t.frag)}function u(e){e||(e=t);var r=i(e);return!w.shivCSS||h||r.hasCSS||(r.hasCSS=!!n(e,"article,aside,dialog,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section{display:block}mark{background:#FF0;color:#000}template{display:none}")),v||l(e,r),e}function c(e){for(var t,n=e.getElementsByTagName("*"),o=n.length,i=RegExp("^(?:"+r().join("|")+")$","i"),a=[];o--;)t=n[o],i.test(t.nodeName)&&a.push(t.applyElement(f(t)));return a}function f(e){for(var t,n=e.attributes,r=n.length,o=e.ownerDocument.createElement(_+":"+e.nodeName);r--;)t=n[r],t.specified&&o.setAttribute(t.nodeName,t.nodeValue);return o.style.cssText=e.style.cssText,o}function d(e){for(var t,n=e.split("{"),o=n.length,i=RegExp("(^|[\\s,>+~])("+r().join("|")+")(?=[[\\s,>+~#.:]|$)","gi"),a="$1"+_+"\\:$2";o--;)t=n[o]=n[o].split("}"),t[t.length-1]=t[t.length-1].replace(i,a),n[o]=t.join("}");return n.join("{")}function p(e){for(var t=e.length;t--;)e[t].removeNode()}function m(e){function t(){clearTimeout(a._removeSheetTimer),r&&r.removeNode(!0),r=null}var r,o,a=i(e),s=e.namespaces,l=e.parentWindow;return!N||e.printShived?e:("undefined"==typeof s[_]&&s.add(_),l.attachEvent("onbeforeprint",function(){t();for(var i,a,s,l=e.styleSheets,u=[],f=l.length,p=Array(f);f--;)p[f]=l[f];for(;s=p.pop();)if(!s.disabled&&T.test(s.media)){try{i=s.imports,a=i.length}catch(m){a=0}for(f=0;a>f;f++)p.push(i[f]);try{u.push(s.cssText)}catch(m){}}u=d(u.reverse().join("")),o=c(e),r=n(e,u)}),l.attachEvent("onafterprint",function(){p(o),clearTimeout(a._removeSheetTimer),a._removeSheetTimer=setTimeout(t,500)}),e.printShived=!0,e)}var h,v,g="3.7.3",y=e.html5||{},E=/^<|^(?:button|map|select|textarea|object|iframe|option|optgroup)$/i,S=/^(?:a|b|code|div|fieldset|h1|h2|h3|h4|h5|h6|i|label|li|ol|p|q|span|strong|style|table|tbody|td|th|tr|ul)$/i,b="_html5shiv",C=0,x={};!function(){try{var e=t.createElement("a");e.innerHTML="<xyz></xyz>",h="hidden"in e,v=1==e.childNodes.length||function(){t.createElement("a");var e=t.createDocumentFragment();return"undefined"==typeof e.cloneNode||"undefined"==typeof e.createDocumentFragment||"undefined"==typeof e.createElement}()}catch(n){h=!0,v=!0}}();var w={elements:y.elements||"abbr article aside audio bdi canvas data datalist details dialog figcaption figure footer header hgroup main mark meter nav output picture progress section summary template time video",version:g,shivCSS:y.shivCSS!==!1,supportsUnknownElements:v,shivMethods:y.shivMethods!==!1,type:"default",shivDocument:u,createElement:a,createDocumentFragment:s,addElements:o};e.html5=w,u(t);var T=/^$|\b(?:all|print)\b/,_="html5shiv",N=!v&&function(){var n=t.documentElement;return!("undefined"==typeof t.namespaces||"undefined"==typeof t.parentWindow||"undefined"==typeof n.applyElement||"undefined"==typeof n.removeNode||"undefined"==typeof e.attachEvent)}();w.type+=" print",w.shivPrint=m,m(t),"object"==typeof module&&module.exports&&(module.exports=w)}("undefined"!=typeof e?e:this,t);var w=b._config.usePrefixes?" -webkit- -moz- -o- -ms- ".split(" "):["",""];b._prefixes=w,Modernizr.addTest("srcset","srcset"in a("img"));var T=b.testStyles=u;Modernizr.addTest("touchevents",function(){var n;if("ontouchstart"in e||e.DocumentTouch&&t instanceof DocumentTouch)n=!0;else{var r=["@media (",w.join("touch-enabled),("),"heartz",")","{#modernizr{top:9px;position:absolute}}"].join("");T(r,function(e){n=9===e.offsetTop})}return n});var _="Moz O ms Webkit",N=b._config.usePrefixes?_.split(" "):[];b._cssomPrefixes=N;var j=function(t){var r,o=w.length,i=e.CSSRule;if("undefined"==typeof i)return n;if(!t)return!1;if(t=t.replace(/^@/,""),r=t.replace(/-/g,"_").toUpperCase()+"_RULE",r in i)return"@"+t;for(var a=0;o>a;a++){var s=w[a],l=s.toUpperCase()+"_"+r;if(l in i)return"@-"+s.toLowerCase()+"-"+t}return!1};b.atRule=j;var z=b._config.usePrefixes?_.toLowerCase().split(" "):[];b._domPrefixes=z;var P={elem:a("modernizr")};Modernizr._q.push(function(){delete P.elem});var k={style:P.elem.style};Modernizr._q.unshift(function(){delete k.style}),b.testAllProps=g,b.testAllProps=y,Modernizr.addTest("flexbox",y("flexBasis","1px",!0));var F=b.prefixed=function(e,t,n){return 0===e.indexOf("@")?j(e):(-1!=e.indexOf("-")&&(e=s(e)),t?g(e,t,n):g(e,"pfx"))};Modernizr.addTest("objectfit",!!F("objectFit"),{aliases:["object-fit"]}),o(),i(E),delete b.addTest,delete b.addAsyncTest;for(var D=0;D<Modernizr._q.length;D++)Modernizr._q[D]();e.Modernizr=Modernizr}(window,document); </script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://www.article19.org/podcasts/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.article19.org/podcasts/" />  <title>Podcasts - ARTICLE 19</title> <meta name="description" content="Our podcasts focus on freedom of expression around the globe. Our two new series are Boundaries of Expression and The Free Word Podcast." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.article19.org/podcasts/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Podcasts - ARTICLE 19" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Our podcasts focus on freedom of expression around the globe. Our two new series are Boundaries of Expression and The Free Word Podcast." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.article19.org/podcasts/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="ARTICLE 19" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-14T14:51:39+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/thailand-protestors1-min.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1300" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@article19org" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="2 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.article19.org/podcasts/","url":"https://www.article19.org/podcasts/","name":"Podcasts - ARTICLE 19","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.article19.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.article19.org/podcasts/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.article19.org/podcasts/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/thailand-protestors1-min.jpg","datePublished":"2022-02-01T16:47:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-14T14:51:39+00:00","description":"Our podcasts focus on freedom of expression around the globe. Our two new series are Boundaries of Expression and The Free Word Podcast.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.article19.org/podcasts/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.article19.org/podcasts/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.article19.org/podcasts/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/thailand-protestors1-min.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/thailand-protestors1-min.jpg","width":1300,"height":800,"caption":"Pro democracy protestors demonstrating in Thailand, Image: kan Sangtong / Shutterstock.com"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.article19.org/podcasts/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.article19.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Podcasts"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.article19.org/#website","url":"https://www.article19.org/","name":"ARTICLE 19","description":"","inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/thailand-protestors1-min.jpg"/><link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='ugb-style-css-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/frontend_blocks.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='ugb-style-css-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root {--stk-block-width-default-detected: 640px;} </style> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='ugb-style-css-responsive-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/frontend_blocks_responsive.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='ugb-style-css-premium-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/frontend_blocks__premium_only.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='ugb-style-css-v2-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/deprecated/frontend_blocks_deprecated_v2.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='ugb-style-css-v2-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root {--stk-block-width-default-detected: 640px;} :root { --content-width: 640px; } </style> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='ugb-style-css-premium-v2-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/deprecated/frontend_blocks_deprecated_v2__premium_only.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /** * These rules are needed for backwards compatibility. * They should match the button element rules in the base theme.json file. */ .wp-block-button__link { color: #ffffff; background-color: #32373c; border-radius: 9999px; /* 100% causes an oval, but any explicit but really high value retains the pill shape. */ /* This needs a low specificity so it won't override the rules from the button element if defined in theme.json. */ box-shadow: none; text-decoration: none; /* The extra 2px are added to size solids the same as the outline versions.*/ padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px); font-size: 1.125em; } .wp-block-file__button { background: #32373c; color: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; } </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--grey: #777;--wp--preset--color--lightgreybg: #ededed;--wp--preset--color--red: #da291c;--wp--preset--color--darkred: #b22117;--wp--preset--color--yellow: #f2a900;--wp--preset--color--orange: #ed8b00;--wp--preset--color--green: #01956F;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-blocks-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/dist/css/blocks/styles.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-includes/css/dashicons.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='to-top-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/to-top/public/css/to-top-public.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-menu-item-0-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/menu-item/style.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='pojo-a11y-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/pojo-accessibility/modules/legacy/assets/css/style.min.css?ver=1.0.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/css/style.min.css?ver=1740391773' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='algolia-autocomplete-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/css/algolia-autocomplete.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpml-cookie-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpml_cookies = {"wp-wpml_current_language":{"value":"en","expires":1,"path":"\/"}}; var wpml_cookies = {"wp-wpml_current_language":{"value":"en","expires":1,"path":"\/"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/js/cookies/language-cookie.js?ver=4.6.15" id="wpml-cookie-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="ugb-block-frontend-js-v2-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var stackable = {"restUrl":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-json\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/deprecated/frontend_blocks_deprecated_v2.js?ver=3.14.2" id="ugb-block-frontend-js-v2-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/deprecated/frontend_blocks_deprecated_v2__premium_only.js?ver=3.14.2" id="ugb-block-frontend-js-premium-v2-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="to-top-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var to_top_options = {"scroll_offset":"100","icon_opacity":"50","style":"icon","icon_type":"dashicons-arrow-up-alt2","icon_color":"#ffffff","icon_bg_color":"#dd3333","icon_size":"32","border_radius":"5","image":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/to-top\/admin\/images\/default.png","image_width":"65","image_alt":"","location":"bottom-right","margin_x":"20","margin_y":"20","show_on_admin":"0","enable_autohide":"0","autohide_time":"2","enable_hide_small_device":"0","small_device_max_width":"640","reset":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script async type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/to-top/public/js/to-top-public.js?ver=2.5.4" id="to-top-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-image-zoooom/assets/js/jquery.image_zoom.min.js?ver=1.59" id="image_zoooom-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="image_zoooom-init-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var IZ = {"with_woocommerce":"0","exchange_thumbnails":"1","woo_categories":"0","enable_mobile":"","options":{"lensShape":"round","zoomType":"lens","lensSize":400,"borderSize":1,"borderColour":"#ffffff","cursor":"default","lensFadeIn":0.5,"lensFadeOut":0.5,"tint":"true","tintColour":"#ffffff","tintOpacity":0.1},"woo_slider":"0","enable_surecart":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-image-zoooom/assets/js/image_zoom-init.js?ver=1.59" id="image_zoooom-init-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.article19.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.article19.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/255093" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.article19.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.article19.org%2Fpodcasts%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.article19.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.article19.org%2Fpodcasts%2F&format=xml" /> <style type="text/css"> #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-toggle a{ background-color: #da291c; color: #ffffff;} #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay, #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay ul.pojo-a11y-toolbar-items.pojo-a11y-links{ border-color: #da291c;} body.pojo-a11y-focusable a:focus{ outline-style: initial !important; outline-width: 1px !important; outline-color: #FF0000 !important;} #pojo-a11y-toolbar{ top: 0px !important;} #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay{ background-color: #ffffff;} #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay ul.pojo-a11y-toolbar-items li.pojo-a11y-toolbar-item a, #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay p.pojo-a11y-toolbar-title{ color: #333333;} #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay ul.pojo-a11y-toolbar-items li.pojo-a11y-toolbar-item a.active{ background-color: #4054b2; color: #ffffff;} @media (max-width: 767px) { #pojo-a11y-toolbar { top: 50px !important; } }</style>  <script> (function(w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-WQDP2F9'); </script>  <style> .algolia-search-highlight { background-color: #fffbcc; border-radius: 2px; font-style: normal; } </style> <style class="stk-block-styles">.stk-fbadeec{margin-bottom:0px !important;}.stk-6159977{margin-bottom:15px !important;}.stk-8d74d17{background-color:#f2a900 !important;margin-top:0px !important;margin-bottom:15px !important;}.stk-8d74d17:before{background-color:#f2a900 !important;}.stk-2286089{margin-right:20px !important;margin-left:20px !important;}.stk-b3d585d{margin-top:0px !important;margin-bottom:15px !important;}.stk-7b5ec9b{margin-top:0px !important;margin-bottom:0px !important;}.stk-0657673{margin-top:0px !important;}@media screen and (min-width: 768px){.stk-8147205{flex:var(--stk-flex-grow, 1) 1 calc(25% - var(--stk-column-gap, 0px) * 1 / 2 ) !important;}.stk-e44b4e2{flex:var(--stk-flex-grow, 1) 1 calc(75% - var(--stk-column-gap, 0px) * 1 / 2 ) !important;}}</style><style type="text/css">img.zoooom,.zoooom img{padding:0!important;}</style><script type="text/javascript"></script> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .publications-template-default .entry-title { font-size: 1.75em; } .page-id-64298 .flexible__block .campaign-video { padding: 60px 0; color: #fff; background: #E19132; } .wp-container-63 { margin-top: 2rem; } </style> <style type='text/css'>#to_top_scrollup {background-color: #dd3333;}</style> <link data-minify="1" href="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/fonts/fonts.css?ver=1741694064" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="https://www.jonthornton.com/jquery-timepicker/jquery.timepicker.js" defer></script> <script defer data-domain="article19.org" src="https://plausible.io/js/plausible.js"></script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,n,a){if(!w[n]){var l='call,catch,on,once,set,then,track' .split(','),i,o=function(n){return'function'==typeof n?o.l.push([arguments])&&o :function(){return o.l.push([n,arguments])&&o}},t=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s);j.async=!0;j.src='https://cdn.fundraiseup.com/widget/'+a; t.parentNode.insertBefore(j,t);o.s=Date.now();o.v=4;o.h=w.location.href;o.l=[]; for(i=0;i<7;i++)o[l[i]]=o(l[i]);w[n]=o} })(window,document,'script','FundraiseUp','AZEPDYHJ');</script>  <link href="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai" rel="preconnect" crossorigin></head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-255093 wp-embed-responsive has-post-thumbnail">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WQDP2F9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id="page" class="site default-font"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="cookies-notice" id="site-cookies-notice" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="cookies-notice__banner has-dark-grey-background-color"> <h2 class="cookies-notice__heading"> Cookies from ARTICLE 19 </h2> <div class="cookies-notice__message"> <p>To make our website work, we save some essential small files (cookies) on your computer. With your permission, we would also like to save some extra cookies that help us improve how people find out about ARTICLE 19.</p> <p>Read more about the cookies we use in our Cookie Policy.</p> </div> <form class="cookies-notice__preferences cookies-preferences" id="cookies-1" data-feedback-text="{"savedPreferences":"Cookies consent preferences saved."}"> <fieldset id="cookies-1-consent-groups" class="cookies-preferences__consent-groups" aria-hidden="true"> <legend class="screen-reader-text">Select cookie consent by type</legend> <div class="cookies-preferences__consent-group">  <label for="cookies-1-consent-type-analytics_storage" class="toggle-field"> <input id="cookies-1-consent-type-analytics_storage" type="checkbox" name="gtm_consent_type_analytics_storage" value="granted" /> <span class="toggle-field__indicator" hidden> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 65 52" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="0" height="0"><g fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M55.97.544l8.486 8.485-42.427 42.427-8.485-8.485z"></path><path d="M30.456 42.97l-8.485 8.486L.757 30.243l8.486-8.486z"></path></g></svg> </span> <div class="toggle-field__label"><span>Visitor Statistics<span class="screen-reader-text">; </span></span><span>These help us make our website better.</span></div> </label> </div> <div class="cookies-preferences__consent-group">  <label for="cookies-1-consent-type-ad_storage" class="toggle-field"> <input id="cookies-1-consent-type-ad_storage" type="checkbox" name="gtm_consent_type_ad_storage" value="granted" /> <span class="toggle-field__indicator" hidden> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 65 52" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="0" height="0"><g fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M55.97.544l8.486 8.485-42.427 42.427-8.485-8.485z"></path><path d="M30.456 42.97l-8.485 8.486L.757 30.243l8.486-8.486z"></path></g></svg> </span> <div class="toggle-field__label"><span>Marketing<span class="screen-reader-text">; </span></span><span>These let us make our marketing more relevant to potential customers.</span></div> </label> </div> </fieldset> <ul class="cookies-preferences__action-list button-list"> <li class="cookies-preferences__action"> <button class="button button--white cookies-preferences__save-consent js-cookies-consent-selected"> Allow selected <span class="screen-reader-text"> extra cookies </span> </button> </li> <li class="cookies-preferences__action"> <button class="button button--white cookies-preferences__accept js-cookies-consent-all"> Allow all <span class="screen-reader-text"> extra cookies </span> </button> </li> <li class="cookies-preferences__action" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="button button--white cookies-preferences__reject js-cookies-reject-all"> Reject all <span class="screen-reader-text"> extra cookies </span> </button> </li> <li class="cookies-preferences__action"> <button type="button" class="button button--white button button--white--blend cookies-preferences__consent-groups-toggler expander" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="cookies-1-consent-groups"> Manage preferences <span class="screen-reader-text"> related to cookie consent in more detail </span> </button> </li> </ul> </form> </div> </div> <header id="masthead" class="site-header headroom"> <div class="announcement-banner" style="background-color: #f2a900"> <div class="announcement-banner__inner"> <div class="announcement-banner__message" style="color: #000000"> <p>Urgent Appeal: With USAID halted, <span style="font-weight: 400;">defending free expression is more crucial than ever</span>. <span style="color: #d62d26;"><strong><a style="color: #d62d26;" href="https://www.article19.org/?form=FUNVZUGBFZM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>Will you help?</u></a></strong></span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-header__inner"> <button class="site-header__burger menu-btn" aria-label="Open menu"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </button> <div class="header-desktop"> <div class="header-desktop__inner"> <a href="https://www.article19.org" title="ARTICLE 19" class="header-desktop__logo"> <img width="155" height="80" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNTUgODAiIHdpZHRoPSIxNTUiIGhlaWdodD0iODAiIGRhdGEtdT0iaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cuYXJ0aWNsZTE5Lm9yZyUyRndwLWNvbnRlbnQlMkZ0aGVtZXMlMkZhcnRpY2xlMTklMkZhc3NldHMlMkZpbWFnZXMlMkZsb2dvLnN2ZyIgZGF0YS13PSIxNTUiIGRhdGEtaD0iODAiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" alt="ARTICLE 19" class="logo"> </a> <nav id="site-navigation" class="header-desktop__nav main-navigation"><div class="menu-header-container"><ul id="primary-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-1360" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1360"><a href="https://www.article19.org/what-we-do/">What we do</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1361" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1361"><a href="https://www.article19.org/where-we-work/">Where we work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-39657"><a href="https://www.article19.org/law-and-policy/">Law and policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-336237" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-336237"><a href="https://www.article19.org/campaigns/">Campaigns</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1358" class="explore-menu-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1358"><a href="https://www.article19.org/explore/">Latest News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-299500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-search menu-item-299500"><a href="#0">Search</a><div class="menu-search__inner"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.article19.org/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form><button class="menu-search__close" aria-label="Close search"></button></div></li> <li id="menu-item-314921" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-style menu-style--button-red menu-item-314921"><a href="https://www.article19.org/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39504" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-39504"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/">About us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-287593" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-287593"><a target="_blank" href="https://stories.article19.org/article-19-defending-expression-since-1987/index.html">The ARTICLE 19 story</a></li> <li id="menu-item-285300" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-285300"><a href="https://www.article19.org/our-strategy-the-power-of-our-voices/">Our strategy: The Power of Our Voices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-309408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-309408"><a href="https://www.globalexpressionreport.org/">Global Expression Report 2024</a></li> <li id="menu-item-277998" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-277998"><a href="https://www.article19.org/what-is-freedom-of-expression/">What is freedom of expression?</a></li> <li id="menu-item-356590" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-356590"><a href="https://www.article19.org/reports/">Reports</a></li> <li id="menu-item-280682" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-280682"><a href="https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/">International Board of Trustees</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48626" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-48626"><a href="https://www.article19.org/financials/">Governance and funding</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39505" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-39505"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/team/">Meet our teams</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39506" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-39506"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/annual-report/">Annual reports and accounts</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="menu--responsive menu--responsive-right"> <div class="menu--responsive-content"> <div class="menu--responsive-form"> <form action="https://www.article19.org" method="get" class="heading--search"> <input type="text" id="algolia-search-box" name="s" class="input-field" value="" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search..." required> <button class="button--small button--squared heading--search-button" aria-label="Search...">Submit</button> </form> </div> <div class="menu-header-responsive-container"><ul id="responsive-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-36655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36655"><a href="https://www.article19.org/what-we-do/">What we do</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36654"><a href="https://www.article19.org/where-we-work/">Where we work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36653"><a href="/campaigns/">Campaigns</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36656"><a href="https://www.article19.org/law-and-policy/">Law and policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36657"><a href="https://www.article19.org/explore/">Latest News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1371"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/">About us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-330964" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-330964"><a href="https://www.article19.org/what-is-freedom-of-expression/">What is freedom of expression?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-270417" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-270417"><a href="https://www.article19.org/financials/">Governance and funding</a></li> <li id="menu-item-270424" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-270424"><a href="https://www.article19.org/?page_id=48094">Global Management Team</a></li> <li id="menu-item-270425" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-270425"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/team/">Meet our teams</a></li> <li id="menu-item-270427" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-270427"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/annual-report/">Annual reports and accounts</a></li> </ul></div> <button class="menu-btn" aria-label="Open menu"> X </button> </div> </nav> <div class="overlay overlay--vertical-middle overlay--horizontal-left"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns"> <div class="overlay__content"> <h1 class="overlay__heading"> <span> Podcasts </span> </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="overlay__background img-fit"> <img width="1300" height="800" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMzAwIDgwMCIgd2lkdGg9IjEzMDAiIGhlaWdodD0iODAwIiBkYXRhLXU9Imh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3LmFydGljbGUxOS5vcmclMkZ3cC1jb250ZW50JTJGdXBsb2FkcyUyRjIwMjElMkYwMyUyRnRoYWlsYW5kLXByb3Rlc3RvcnMxLW1pbi5qcGciIGRhdGEtdz0iMTMwMCIgZGF0YS1oPSI4MDAiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" class="attachment-super size-super" alt="Pro democracy protestors demonstrating in Thailand" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> </div> <div class="site-overlay"></div> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main gutenberg"> <div class="wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-fbadeec" id="silenced" data-block-id="fbadeec"><div class="stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-fbadeec-column"> <div class="wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-column stk-block stk-8147205" data-v="4" data-block-id="8147205"><div class="stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-8147205-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding"><div class="stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-8147205-inner-blocks"> <div class="wp-block-stackable-image stk-block-image stk-block stk-930e5ba" data-block-id="930e5ba"><figure><span class="stk-img-wrapper stk-image--shape-stretch"><img decoding="async" class="stk-img wp-image-351090" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMDgwIDEwODAiIHdpZHRoPSIxMDgwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwODAiIGRhdGEtdT0iaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cuYXJ0aWNsZTE5Lm9yZyUyRndwLWNvbnRlbnQlMkZ1cGxvYWRzJTJGMjAyMSUyRjA3JTJGU2lsZW5jZWQtQW5uYS1NeXJvbml1ay5qcGciIGRhdGEtdz0iMTA4MCIgZGF0YS1oPSIxMDgwIiBkYXRhLWJpcD0iIj48L3N2Zz4=" data-spai="1" width="1080" height="1080" alt="Journalist Philip Obaji Jr." /></span></figure></div> </div></div></div> <div class="wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-column stk-block stk-e44b4e2" data-v="4" data-block-id="e44b4e2"><div class="stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-e44b4e2-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding"><div class="stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-e44b4e2-inner-blocks"> <div class="wp-block-stackable-heading stk-block-heading stk-block-heading--v2 stk-block stk-6159977" id="silenced-vietnamese-editor-and-journalist-quỳnh-vi-trầndan" data-block-id="6159977"><h2 class="stk-block-heading__text">Ukrainian investigative journalist Anna Myroniuk</h2></div> <p><strong><strong>It’s 23 February 2022 and investigative journalist Anna Myroniuk is at home in Ukraine’s capital Kiev, watching history unfold. President Putin has taken to the airwaves, delivering an address that any Ukrainian would immediately recognise as a declaration of war.</strong></strong></p> <p>For months there had been troop build-ups and a steady drum of warnings that Russia was about to invade. Then, only a couple of hours after Putin’s address, Anna awoke to the sounds of explosions outside her home.</p> <p>In this – the last episode of the series – Nicola speaks to Anna about how she and her colleagues continued to report from inside Ukraine despite missile strikes, internet shutdowns and an aggressive Russian disinformation campaign. She describes the complexities of setting up the Kyiv Independent after she and 50 of her co-workers were fired from another paper and the ongoing challenges of getting impartial information out of the country.</p> <iframe src="https://share.transistor.fm/e/b2eb8013" width="100%" height="180" frameborder="no"></iframe> </div></div></div> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-stackable-columns alignfull stk-block-columns stk-block stk-8d74d17 stk-block-background" data-block-id="8d74d17"><div class="stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-8d74d17-column alignwide"> <div class="wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-column stk-block stk-2286089" data-v="4" data-block-id="2286089"><div class="stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-2286089-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding"><div class="stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-2286089-inner-blocks"> <div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <p>Our podcasts delve into aspects of freedom of expression; from exploring the right to protest, to fighting for basic freedoms under repressive regimes.</p> <p>‘Silenced’, presented by Nicola Kelly and produced by Chris Hooton, explores extraordinary real-life stories from journalists and activists around the world. We hear the experiences of those who have been arrested, detained and murdered in their pursuit of the truth. Told in the first-person narrative and through immersive sound, the series takes us into the lives of those seeking justice and holding their governments to account. ‘Silenced’ was highly commended for ‘Podcast of the Year’ at the Society of Editors Media Freedom Awards 2022.</p> <p>‘Boundaries of Expression’ takes an in-depth look at freedom of expression issues, including central debates surrounding topics such as the right to truth, protest, privacy and surveillance. An additional mini series on the right to protest explores limits to our right to speak freely, focusing on women’s rights, the environment and climate change, the monarchy and international sporting events.</p> <p><strong>Remember to subscribe on your preferred podcast platform for alerts about new episodes.</strong></p> </div></div> </div></div></div> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-b3d585d" data-block-id="b3d585d"><div class="stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-b3d585d-column"> <div class="wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-column stk-block stk-a2611b9" data-v="4" data-block-id="a2611b9"><div class="stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-a2611b9-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding"><div class="stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-a2611b9-inner-blocks"> <div class="wp-block-stackable-heading stk-block-heading stk-block-heading--v2 stk-block stk-1e04270" id="discover-more-podcasts-from-article-19" data-block-id="1e04270"><h2 class="stk-block-heading__text">Discover more podcasts from ARTICLE 19</h2></div> </div></div></div> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-stackable-columns stk-block-columns stk-block stk-7b5ec9b" data-block-id="7b5ec9b"><div class="stk-row stk-inner-blocks stk-block-content stk-content-align stk-7b5ec9b-column"> <div class="wp-block-stackable-column stk-block-column stk-column stk-block stk-0657673" data-v="4" data-block-id="0657673"><div class="stk-column-wrapper stk-block-column__content stk-container stk-0657673-container stk--no-background stk--no-padding"><div class="stk-block-content stk-inner-blocks stk-0657673-inner-blocks"> <div class="wp-block-group has-lightgreybg-background-color has-background"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Silenced</h3> <iframe width="100%" height="390" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://share.transistor.fm/e/silenced/playlist"></iframe> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-group has-white-background-color has-background"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="techtonic">Techtonic</h3> <iframe width="100%" height="400" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://share.transistor.fm/e/techtonic/playlist"></iframe> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-group has-lightgreybg-background-color has-background"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Taming the Titans</h3> <iframe width="100%" height="390" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://share.transistor.fm/e/taming-the-titans/playlist"></iframe> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-group has-white-background-color has-background"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="boundariesofexpression"><span style="color: #000;" class="stk-highlight">Boundaries of Expression</span></h3> <iframe width="100%" height="390" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://share.transistor.fm/e/the-right-to-truth/playlist"></iframe> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-group has-lightgreybg-background-color has-background"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Freedom of expression in a pandemic</h3> <iframe width="100%" height="180" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://share.transistor.fm/e/freedom-of-expression-in-a-pandemic/latest"></iframe> </div></div> </div></div></div> </div></div> </main> </div> <footer id="site-footer" class="site-footer"> <div class="footer-inner"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 large-2 columns footer__logo-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.article19.org" title="ARTICLE 19"> <img width="145" height="75" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNTUgODAiIHdpZHRoPSIxNTUiIGhlaWdodD0iODAiIGRhdGEtdT0iaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cuYXJ0aWNsZTE5Lm9yZyUyRndwLWNvbnRlbnQlMkZ0aGVtZXMlMkZhcnRpY2xlMTklMkZhc3NldHMlMkZpbWFnZXMlMkZsb2dvLnN2ZyIgZGF0YS13PSIxNTUiIGRhdGEtaD0iODAiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" alt="ARTICLE 19" class="logo"> </a> </div> <div class="small-12 large-6 columns"> <nav class="footer-menu"> <div class="menu-footer-container"><ul id="footer-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-239536" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-239536"><a href="https://www.article19.org/press-and-media/">Press and Media</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-37519" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-37519"><a href="https://www.article19.org/financials/">Governance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37520" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-37520"><a href="https://www.article19.org/careers/">Work with us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-79190" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-79190"><a href="https://www.article19.org/article-19-privacy-notice/">Privacy Notice</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-37521" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-37521"><a href="https://www.article19.org/privacy-policy/">About this site</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37522" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-37522"><a href="https://www.article19.org/raising-a-concern-or-complaint-with-article-19/">Raising a concern</a></li> <li id="menu-item-40061" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-40061"><a href="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Safeguarding-Policy-May-2019.pdf">Safeguarding</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-40060" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-40060"><a href="https://www.article19.org/contact-us/">Contact us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-280598" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-280598"><a href="https://www.article19.org/accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div class="small-12 large-3 columns"> <div class="site-footer__socials"> <p><a class="button" href="https://www.article19.org/ie-sign-up/">Join our email list</a></p> <ul class="social-icons"> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/article19"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--youtube" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDB6E_x0xRSfF62b872n9YQ"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on Youtube</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--instagram" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/article19org/"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--bluesky" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://web-cdn.bsky.app/profile/article19.bsky.social"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on Bluesky</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--fb" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/article19org/"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--twitter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/follow?screen_name=article19org"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on Twitter</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 large-10 large-offset-2 columns"> <div class="footer-copyright"> Registered charity number 327421 | A company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales no. 02097222<br /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <span aria-hidden="true" id="to_top_scrollup" class="dashicons dashicons-arrow-up-alt2"><span class="screen-reader-text">Scroll Up</span></span><script type="text/javascript">var algolia = {"debug":true,"application_id":"7T2JPDE6PM","search_api_key":"2cd1c59dbf0444020cbd9f22acdfd5e1","powered_by_enabled":true,"query":"","autocomplete":{"sources":[{"index_id":"posts_page","index_name":"a19_prod_posts_page","label":"Pages","admin_name":"Pages","position":0,"max_suggestions":5,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"posts_resources","index_name":"a19_prod_posts_resources","label":"Resources","admin_name":"Resources","position":1,"max_suggestions":5,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"posts_campaign","index_name":"a19_prod_posts_campaign","label":"Campaigns","admin_name":"Campaigns","position":2,"max_suggestions":5,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"posts_vacancies","index_name":"a19_prod_posts_vacancies","label":"Vacancies","admin_name":"Vacancies","position":3,"max_suggestions":5,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true}],"input_selector":"input[name='s']:not(.no-autocomplete):not(#adminbar-search)"},"indices":{"searchable_posts":{"name":"a19_prod_searchable_posts","id":"searchable_posts","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_page":{"name":"a19_prod_posts_page","id":"posts_page","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_resources":{"name":"a19_prod_posts_resources","id":"posts_resources","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_vacancies":{"name":"a19_prod_posts_vacancies","id":"posts_vacancies","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_campaign":{"name":"a19_prod_posts_campaign","id":"posts_campaign","enabled":true,"replicas":[]}}};</script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-header"> <div class="autocomplete-header"> <div class="autocomplete-header-title">{{{ data.label }}}</div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-post-suggestion"> <a class="suggestion-link" href="{{ data.permalink }}" title="{{ data.post_title }}"> <# if ( data.images.thumbnail ) { #> <img class="suggestion-post-thumbnail" src="{{ data.images.thumbnail.url }}" alt="{{ data.post_title }}"> <# } #> <div class="suggestion-post-attributes"> <span class="suggestion-post-title">{{{ data._highlightResult.post_title.value }}}</span> <# if ( data._snippetResult['content'] ) { #> <span class="suggestion-post-content">{{{ data._snippetResult['content'].value }}}</span> <# } #> </div> </a> </script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-term-suggestion"> <a class="suggestion-link" href="{{ data.permalink }}" title="{{ data.name }}"> <svg viewBox="0 0 21 21" width="21" height="21"> <svg width="21" height="21" viewBox="0 0 21 21"> <path d="M4.662 8.72l-1.23 1.23c-.682.682-.68 1.792.004 2.477l5.135 5.135c.7.693 1.8.688 2.48.005l1.23-1.23 5.35-5.346c.31-.31.54-.92.51-1.36l-.32-4.29c-.09-1.09-1.05-2.06-2.15-2.14l-4.3-.33c-.43-.03-1.05.2-1.36.51l-.79.8-2.27 2.28-2.28 2.27zm9.826-.98c.69 0 1.25-.56 1.25-1.25s-.56-1.25-1.25-1.25-1.25.56-1.25 1.25.56 1.25 1.25 1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </svg> <span class="suggestion-post-title">{{{ data._highlightResult.name.value }}}</span> </a> </script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-user-suggestion"> <a class="suggestion-link user-suggestion-link" href="{{ data.posts_url }}" title="{{ data.display_name }}"> <# if ( data.avatar_url ) { #> <img class="suggestion-user-thumbnail" src="{{ data.avatar_url }}" alt="{{ data.display_name }}"> <# } #> <span class="suggestion-post-title">{{{ data._highlightResult.display_name.value }}}</span> </a> </script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-footer"> <div class="autocomplete-footer"> <a class="js-header-search-submit algolia-submit-button" href="https://www.article19.org/search/">Go to search results</a> </div> </script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-empty"> <div class="autocomplete-empty"> No results matched your query <span class="empty-query">"{{ data.query }}"</span> </div> </script> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'> /** * Core styles: block-supports */ </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="spai-scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var spai_settings = {"api_domain":"cdn.shortpixel.ai","api_url":"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/spai\/w_%WIDTH%+q_glossy+ret_img","api_short_url":"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/spai\/ret_img","method":"src","crop":"","size_breakpoints":{"on":false,"base":50,"rate":10},"lqip":"","lazy_threshold":"500","hover_handling":"","native_lazy":"","serve_svg":"1","debug":"","site_url":"https:\/\/www.article19.org","plugin_url":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/shortpixel-adaptive-images","version":"3.10.0","excluded_selectors":[],"eager_selectors":[".overlay__background img"],"noresize_selectors":[],"alter2wh":"","use_first_sizes":[],"lazy_bg_style":"","active_integrations":{"nextgen":false,"modula":false,"elementor":false,"elementor-addons":false,"viba-portfolio":false,"envira":false,"everest":false,"wp-bakery":false,"woocommerce":false,"wpc-variations":false,"foo":false,"global-gallery":false,"essential-grid":false,"oxygen":false,"slider-revolution":false,"custom-facebook-feed":false,"smart-slider":false,"real3d-flipbook":false,"wp-grid-builder":false,"beaver-builder":false,"the-grid":false,"social-pug":false,"instagram-feed":false,"insta-gallery":false,"content-views":false,"featherlight":false,"lightbox-photoswipe":false,"acf":true,"soliloquy":false,"jetpack":false,"wp-rocket":{"lazyload":false,"css-filter":true,"minify-css":true,"defer-all-js":false,"video-placeholder":false},"perfmatters":false,"swift-performance":false,"imagify":{"active":false},"wp-fastest-cache":false,"litespeed-cache":false,"w3-total-cache":false,"wp-super-cache":false,"wp-optimize":{"active":false,"enable_css":false,"enable_merging_of_css":false},"breeze":false,"smart-cookie-kit":false,"wpzoom-theme":false,"avia-gallery-module":false,"theme":"article19"},"parse_css_files":"","backgrounds_max_width":"1920","sep":"+","webp":"1","avif":"1","webp_detect":"","extensions_to_nextgenimg":{"png":true,"jpg":true,"gif":true},"sniper":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/shortpixel-adaptive-images\/assets\/img\/target.cur","affected_tags":"{\"figure\":2,\"img\":1,\"link\":1}","ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_nonce":"5a987e6b6c","excluded_paths":["cmVnZXg6L1wvXC8oW15cL10qXC58KWdyYXZhdGFyLmNvbVwvLw=="]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/shortpixel-adaptive-images/assets/js/ai-2.0.min.js" id="spai-scripts-js" defer data-spai-excluded="true"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="pojo-a11y-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var PojoA11yOptions = {"focusable":"1","remove_link_target":"","add_role_links":"1","enable_save":"1","save_expiration":"12"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/pojo-accessibility/modules/legacy/assets/js/app.min.js?ver=1.0.0" id="pojo-a11y-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/js/vendors.min.js?ver=1644405064" id="a19-vendors-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/js/main.js?ver=1738167108" id="main-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/js/search/autocomplete.js?ver=1678314397" id="autocomplete-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.7" id="underscore-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-util-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _wpUtilSettings = {"ajax":{"url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-includes/js/wp-util.js?ver=6.7.2" id="wp-util-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/js/algoliasearch/dist/algoliasearch-lite.umd.js?ver=2.8.2" id="algolia-search-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/js/autocomplete.js/dist/autocomplete.js?ver=2.8.2" id="algolia-autocomplete-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/js/autocomplete-noconflict.js?ver=2.8.2" id="algolia-autocomplete-noconflict-js" defer></script> <nav id="pojo-a11y-toolbar" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-left pojo-a11y-visible-desktop" role="navigation"> <div class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-toggle"> <a class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-toolbar-toggle-link" href="javascript:void(0);" title="Accessibility Tools" role="button"> <span class="pojo-sr-only sr-only">Open toolbar</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" fill="currentColor" width="1em"> <title>Accessibility Tools</title> <path d="M50 8.1c23.2 0 41.9 18.8 41.9 41.9 0 23.2-18.8 41.9-41.9 41.9C26.8 91.9 8.1 73.2 8.1 50S26.8 8.1 50 8.1M50 0C22.4 0 0 22.4 0 50s22.4 50 50 50 50-22.4 50-50S77.6 0 50 0zm0 11.3c-21.4 0-38.7 17.3-38.7 38.7S28.6 88.7 50 88.7 88.7 71.4 88.7 50 71.4 11.3 50 11.3zm0 8.9c4 0 7.3 3.2 7.3 7.3S54 34.7 50 34.7s-7.3-3.2-7.3-7.3 3.3-7.2 7.3-7.2zm23.7 19.7c-5.8 1.4-11.2 2.6-16.6 3.2.2 20.4 2.5 24.8 5 31.4.7 1.9-.2 4-2.1 4.7-1.9.7-4-.2-4.7-2.1-1.8-4.5-3.4-8.2-4.5-15.8h-2c-1 7.6-2.7 11.3-4.5 15.8-.7 1.9-2.8 2.8-4.7 2.1-1.9-.7-2.8-2.8-2.1-4.7 2.6-6.6 4.9-11 5-31.4-5.4-.6-10.8-1.8-16.6-3.2-1.7-.4-2.8-2.1-2.4-3.9.4-1.7 2.1-2.8 3.9-2.4 19.5 4.6 25.1 4.6 44.5 0 1.7-.4 3.5.7 3.9 2.4.7 1.8-.3 3.5-2.1 3.9z"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay"> <div class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-inner"> <p class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-title">Accessibility Tools</p> <ul class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-items pojo-a11y-tools"> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-resize-font pojo-a11y-btn-resize-plus" data-action="resize-plus" data-action-group="resize" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Increase Text</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 200v16c0 4.25-3.75 8-8 8h-56v56c0 4.25-3.75 8-8 8h-16c-4.25 0-8-3.75-8-8v-56h-56c-4.25 0-8-3.75-8-8v-16c0-4.25 3.75-8 8-8h56v-56c0-4.25 3.75-8 8-8h16c4.25 0 8 3.75 8 8v56h56c4.25 0 8 3.75 8 8zM288 208c0-61.75-50.25-112-112-112s-112 50.25-112 112 50.25 112 112 112 112-50.25 112-112zM416 416c0 17.75-14.25 32-32 32-8.5 0-16.75-3.5-22.5-9.5l-85.75-85.5c-29.25 20.25-64.25 31-99.75 31-97.25 0-176-78.75-176-176s78.75-176 176-176 176 78.75 176 176c0 35.5-10.75 70.5-31 99.75l85.75 85.75c5.75 5.75 9.25 14 9.25 22.5z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Increase Text</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-resize-font pojo-a11y-btn-resize-minus" data-action="resize-minus" data-action-group="resize" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Decrease Text</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 200v16c0 4.25-3.75 8-8 8h-144c-4.25 0-8-3.75-8-8v-16c0-4.25 3.75-8 8-8h144c4.25 0 8 3.75 8 8zM288 208c0-61.75-50.25-112-112-112s-112 50.25-112 112 50.25 112 112 112 112-50.25 112-112zM416 416c0 17.75-14.25 32-32 32-8.5 0-16.75-3.5-22.5-9.5l-85.75-85.5c-29.25 20.25-64.25 31-99.75 31-97.25 0-176-78.75-176-176s78.75-176 176-176 176 78.75 176 176c0 35.5-10.75 70.5-31 99.75l85.75 85.75c5.75 5.75 9.25 14 9.25 22.5z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Decrease Text</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-background-group pojo-a11y-btn-grayscale" data-action="grayscale" data-action-group="schema" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Grayscale</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M15.75 384h-15.75v-352h15.75v352zM31.5 383.75h-8v-351.75h8v351.75zM55 383.75h-7.75v-351.75h7.75v351.75zM94.25 383.75h-7.75v-351.75h7.75v351.75zM133.5 383.75h-15.5v-351.75h15.5v351.75zM165 383.75h-7.75v-351.75h7.75v351.75zM180.75 383.75h-7.75v-351.75h7.75v351.75zM196.5 383.75h-7.75v-351.75h7.75v351.75zM235.75 383.75h-15.75v-351.75h15.75v351.75zM275 383.75h-15.75v-351.75h15.75v351.75zM306.5 383.75h-15.75v-351.75h15.75v351.75zM338 383.75h-15.75v-351.75h15.75v351.75zM361.5 383.75h-15.75v-351.75h15.75v351.75zM408.75 383.75h-23.5v-351.75h23.5v351.75zM424.5 383.75h-8v-351.75h8v351.75zM448 384h-15.75v-352h15.75v352z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Grayscale</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-background-group pojo-a11y-btn-high-contrast" data-action="high-contrast" data-action-group="schema" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>High Contrast</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M192 360v-272c-75 0-136 61-136 136s61 136 136 136zM384 224c0 106-86 192-192 192s-192-86-192-192 86-192 192-192 192 86 192 192z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">High Contrast</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-background-group pojo-a11y-btn-negative-contrast" data-action="negative-contrast" data-action-group="schema" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Negative Contrast</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M416 240c-23.75-36.75-56.25-68.25-95.25-88.25 10 17 15.25 36.5 15.25 56.25 0 61.75-50.25 112-112 112s-112-50.25-112-112c0-19.75 5.25-39.25 15.25-56.25-39 20-71.5 51.5-95.25 88.25 42.75 66 111.75 112 192 112s149.25-46 192-112zM236 144c0-6.5-5.5-12-12-12-41.75 0-76 34.25-76 76 0 6.5 5.5 12 12 12s12-5.5 12-12c0-28.5 23.5-52 52-52 6.5 0 12-5.5 12-12zM448 240c0 6.25-2 12-5 17.25-46 75.75-130.25 126.75-219 126.75s-173-51.25-219-126.75c-3-5.25-5-11-5-17.25s2-12 5-17.25c46-75.5 130.25-126.75 219-126.75s173 51.25 219 126.75c3 5.25 5 11 5 17.25z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Negative Contrast</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-links-underline" data-action="links-underline" data-action-group="toggle" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Links Underline</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M364 304c0-6.5-2.5-12.5-7-17l-52-52c-4.5-4.5-10.75-7-17-7-7.25 0-13 2.75-18 8 8.25 8.25 18 15.25 18 28 0 13.25-10.75 24-24 24-12.75 0-19.75-9.75-28-18-5.25 5-8.25 10.75-8.25 18.25 0 6.25 2.5 12.5 7 17l51.5 51.75c4.5 4.5 10.75 6.75 17 6.75s12.5-2.25 17-6.5l36.75-36.5c4.5-4.5 7-10.5 7-16.75zM188.25 127.75c0-6.25-2.5-12.5-7-17l-51.5-51.75c-4.5-4.5-10.75-7-17-7s-12.5 2.5-17 6.75l-36.75 36.5c-4.5 4.5-7 10.5-7 16.75 0 6.5 2.5 12.5 7 17l52 52c4.5 4.5 10.75 6.75 17 6.75 7.25 0 13-2.5 18-7.75-8.25-8.25-18-15.25-18-28 0-13.25 10.75-24 24-24 12.75 0 19.75 9.75 28 18 5.25-5 8.25-10.75 8.25-18.25zM412 304c0 19-7.75 37.5-21.25 50.75l-36.75 36.5c-13.5 13.5-31.75 20.75-50.75 20.75-19.25 0-37.5-7.5-51-21.25l-51.5-51.75c-13.5-13.5-20.75-31.75-20.75-50.75 0-19.75 8-38.5 22-52.25l-22-22c-13.75 14-32.25 22-52 22-19 0-37.5-7.5-51-21l-52-52c-13.75-13.75-21-31.75-21-51 0-19 7.75-37.5 21.25-50.75l36.75-36.5c13.5-13.5 31.75-20.75 50.75-20.75 19.25 0 37.5 7.5 51 21.25l51.5 51.75c13.5 13.5 20.75 31.75 20.75 50.75 0 19.75-8 38.5-22 52.25l22 22c13.75-14 32.25-22 52-22 19 0 37.5 7.5 51 21l52 52c13.75 13.75 21 31.75 21 51z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Links Underline</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-reset" data-action="reset" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Reset</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M384 224c0 105.75-86.25 192-192 192-57.25 0-111.25-25.25-147.75-69.25-2.5-3.25-2.25-8 0.5-10.75l34.25-34.5c1.75-1.5 4-2.25 6.25-2.25 2.25 0.25 4.5 1.25 5.75 3 24.5 31.75 61.25 49.75 101 49.75 70.5 0 128-57.5 128-128s-57.5-128-128-128c-32.75 0-63.75 12.5-87 34.25l34.25 34.5c4.75 4.5 6 11.5 3.5 17.25-2.5 6-8.25 10-14.75 10h-112c-8.75 0-16-7.25-16-16v-112c0-6.5 4-12.25 10-14.75 5.75-2.5 12.75-1.25 17.25 3.5l32.5 32.25c35.25-33.25 83-53 132.25-53 105.75 0 192 86.25 192 192z"></path></svg></span> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Reset</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </body> </html>