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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-False_correspondence_with_vaporization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_correspondence_with_vaporization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>False correspondence with vaporization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_correspondence_with_vaporization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potential_distinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_distinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Potential distinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_distinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misuse_for_chemical_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misuse_for_chemical_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Misuse for chemical reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misuse_for_chemical_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Historical definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Carbon dioxide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naphthalene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naphthalene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Naphthalene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naphthalene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iodine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iodine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Iodine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iodine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other substances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purification_by_sublimation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purification_by_sublimation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purification by sublimation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purification_by_sublimation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sublimation_predictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sublimation_predictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sublimation predictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sublimation_predictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dye-sublimation_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dye-sublimation_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dye-sublimation printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dye-sublimation_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_phase_transitions_of_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_phase_transitions_of_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Table of phase transitions of matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_phase_transitions_of_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sublimation (phase transition)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimasie" title="Sublimasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sublimasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(Physik)" title="Sublimation (Physik) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sublimation (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تسام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimaci%C3%B3n" title="Sublimación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sublimación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimasiya_(faza_ke%C3%A7idi)" title="Sublimasiya (faza keçidi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sublimasiya (faza keçidi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="ঊর্ধ্বপাতন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঊর্ধ্বপাতন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng-ho%C3%A2" title="Seng-hoâ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seng-hoâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сублімацыя (фізіка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сублімацыя (фізіка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimasyon" title="Sublimasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sublimasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сублимация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сублимация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimacija_(fizika)" title="Sublimacija (fizika) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sublimacija (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimaci%C3%B3" title="Sublimació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sublimació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimace" title="Sublimace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sublimace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuverereka" title="Kuverereka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kuverereka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(faseovergang)" title="Sublimation (faseovergang) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sublimation (faseovergang)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(Phasen%C3%BCbergang)" title="Sublimation (Phasenübergang) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sublimation (Phasenübergang)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimeerumine" title="Sublimeerumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sublimeerumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Εξάχνωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξάχνωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimaci%C3%B3n" title="Sublimación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sublimación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimado" title="Sublimado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sublimado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimazio" title="Sublimazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sublimazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تصعید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصعید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(physique)" title="Sublimation (physique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sublimation (physique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9al%C3%BA" title="Néalú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néalú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimaci%C3%B3n_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Sublimación (física) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sublimación (física)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%B9%ED%99%94_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="승화 (화학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="승화 (화학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1)" title="Սուբլիմացիա (ֆիզիկա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուբլիմացիա (ֆիզիկա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8)" title="उर्ध्वपातन (रसायन) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उर्ध्वपातन (रसायन)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimacija" title="Sublimacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sublimacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimasi_(perubahan_wujud_zat)" title="Sublimasi (perubahan wujud zat) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sublimasi (perubahan wujud zat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation" title="Sublimation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sublimation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimazione" title="Sublimazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sublimazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="המראה (פיזיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המראה (פיזיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimasi" title="Sublimasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sublimasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="სუბლიმაცია (ფიზიკა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუბლიმაცია (ფიზიკა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Будың мұздануы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Будың мұздануы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siblimasyon" title="Siblimasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Siblimasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimatio" title="Sublimatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sublimatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublim%C4%81cija_(fizika)" title="Sublimācija (fizika) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sublimācija (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimacija" title="Sublimacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sublimacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szublim%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Szublimáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szublimáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сублимација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сублимација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഉത്പതനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉത്പതനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="संप्लवन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संप्लवन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemejalwapan" title="Pemejalwapan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemejalwapan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimatie" title="Sublimatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sublimatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%87%E8%8F%AF_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="昇華 (化学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="昇華 (化学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimasjon" title="Sublimasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sublimasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimasjon" title="Sublimasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sublimasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimacion_(fisica)" title="Sublimacion (fisica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sublimacion (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimaashinii" title="Sublimaashinii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sublimaashinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimatsiya" title="Sublimatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sublimatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਬਲੀਮੇਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਬਲੀਮੇਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimassion" title="Sublimassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sublimassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimatschoon_(Physik)" title="Sublimatschoon (Physik) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sublimatschoon (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimacja" title="Sublimacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sublimacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublima%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sublimação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sublimação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimare" title="Sublimare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sublimare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сублимация (физика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сублимация (физика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimimi_(kalimi_i_faz%C3%ABs)" title="Sublimimi (kalimi i fazës) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sublimimi (kalimi i fazës)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sublimation (phase transition)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublim%C3%A1cia_(pevn%C3%A1_l%C3%A1tka)" title="Sublimácia (pevná látka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sublimácia (pevná látka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimacija" title="Sublimacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sublimacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сублимација (физика) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сублимација (физика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimacija" title="Sublimacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sublimacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimoituminen" title="Sublimoituminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sublimoituminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimering" title="Sublimering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sublimering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimasyon" title="Sublimasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sublimasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பதங்கமாதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதங்கமாதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఉత్పతనము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్పతనము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="การระเหิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การระเหิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCblimle%C5%9Fme" title="Süblimleşme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süblimleşme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сублімація (фізика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сублімація (фізика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="عمل تصعید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمل تصعید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%83ng_hoa" title="Thăng hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thăng hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimasyon" title="Sublimasyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sublimasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E" title="升华 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="升华" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%87%E8%8F%AF" title="昇華 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="昇華" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E" title="升华 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="升华" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131800#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sublimation_(phase_transition)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sublimation_(chemistry)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">Sublimation (chemistry)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transition from solid to gas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sublimates" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sublimation (disambiguation)">Sublimation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Subliminal_stimuli" title="Subliminal stimuli">subliminal stimuli</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickelocen_an_einem_K%C3%BChlfinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nickelocen_an_einem_K%C3%BChlfinger.jpg/220px-Nickelocen_an_einem_K%C3%BChlfinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nickelocen_an_einem_K%C3%BChlfinger.jpg/330px-Nickelocen_an_einem_K%C3%BChlfinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nickelocen_an_einem_K%C3%BChlfinger.jpg/440px-Nickelocen_an_einem_K%C3%BChlfinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Dark green <a href="/wiki/Crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystals">crystals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nickelocene" title="Nickelocene">nickelocene</a>, sublimed and freshly deposited on a <a href="/wiki/Cold_finger" title="Cold finger">cold finger</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm/220px--Sublimation_of_iodine.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="Sublimation_of_iodine.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sublimation_of_iodine.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="av1"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm/Sublimation_of_iodine.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Sublimation of iodine</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sublimation</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">transition of a substance</a> directly from the <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> state, without passing through the <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verb form of sublimation is <i>sublime</i>, or less preferably, <i>sublimate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sublimate</i> also refers to the product obtained by sublimation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The point at which sublimation occurs rapidly (for further details, see <a href="#False_correspondence_with_vaporization">below</a>) is called critical sublimation point, or simply sublimation point. Notable examples include sublimation of <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a> at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and that of solid <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> with heating. </p><p>The reverse process of sublimation is <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)"><i>deposition</i></a> (also called <i>desublimation</i>), in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase, without passing through the liquid state.<sup id="cite_ref-DepositionDef_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DepositionDef-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technically, all solids may sublime, though most sublime at extremely low rates under usual conditions that are hardly detectable. At <a href="/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard conditions for temperature and pressure">normal pressures</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> possess three different states at different <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a>. In these cases, the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> state requires an intermediate liquid state. The pressure referred to is the <i><a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">pressure</a> of the substance, not the <i>total</i> (e.g. atmospheric) pressure of the entire system. Thus, any solid can sublime if its <a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour pressure">vapour pressure</a> is higher than the surrounding partial pressure of the same substance, and in some cases, sublimes at an appreciable rate (e.g. water ice just below 0 °C). </p><p>For some substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, sublimation from solid state is much more achievable than <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> from liquid state and it is difficult to obtain them as liquids. This is because the pressure of their <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">phase diagram</a> (which corresponds to the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid) is very high. </p><p>Sublimation is caused by the absorption of heat which provides enough energy for some molecules to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_force" title="Intermolecular force">attractive forces</a> of their neighbors and escape into the vapor phase. Since the process requires additional energy, sublimation is an <a href="/wiki/Endothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermic">endothermic</a> change. The <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_sublimation" title="Enthalpy of sublimation">enthalpy of sublimation</a> (also called heat of sublimation) can be calculated by adding the <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">enthalpy of fusion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">enthalpy of vaporization</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confusions">Confusions</h2></div> <p>While the definition of sublimation is simple, there is often confusion as to what counts as a sublimation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_correspondence_with_vaporization">False correspondence with vaporization</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">Vaporization</a> (from liquid to gas) is divided into two types: vaporization on the surface of the liquid is called <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, and vaporization at the boiling point with formation of bubbles in the interior of the liquid is called <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a>. However there is <i>no</i> such distinction for the solid-to-gas transition, which is always called sublimation in both corresponding cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potential_distinction">Potential distinction</h4></div> <p>For clarification, a distinction between the two corresponding cases is needed. With reference to a <a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">phase diagram</a>, the sublimation that occurs left of the solid-gas boundary, the triple point or the solid-liquid boundary (corresponding to evaporation in vaporization) may be called <i>gradual sublimation</i>; and the substance <i>sublimes gradually</i>, regardless of rate. The sublimation that occurs at the solid-gas boundary (critical sublimation point) (corresponding to boiling in vaporization) may be called <i>rapid sublimation</i>, and the substance <i>sublimes rapidly</i>. The words "gradual" and "rapid" have acquired special meanings in this context and no longer describe the rate of sublimation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misuse_for_chemical_reaction">Misuse for chemical reaction</h3></div> <p>The term <i>sublimation</i> refers specifically to a <a href="/wiki/Physical_change" title="Physical change">physical change</a> of <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state</a> and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction. For example, the dissociation on heating of solid <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is <i>not</i> sublimation but a chemical reaction. Similarly the combustion of candles, containing <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> is <i>not</i> sublimation but a chemical reaction with oxygen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_definition">Historical definition</h3></div> <p>Sublimation is historically used as a generic term to describe a two-step phase transition ― a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation in a more precise definition) followed by a gas-to-solid transition (<a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposition</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="#Historical_usage">below</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg/440px-Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg/660px-Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg/880px-Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of phase diagrams of carbon dioxide (red) and water (blue) showing the carbon dioxide sublimation point (middle-left) at 1 atmosphere. As dry ice is heated, it crosses this point along the bold horizontal line from the solid phase directly into the gaseous phase. Water, on the other hand, passes through a liquid phase at 1 atmosphere.</figcaption></figure> <p>The examples shown are substances that noticeably sublime under certain conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_dioxide">Carbon dioxide</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Ice_Vapor_(17490553041).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dry_Ice_Vapor_%2817490553041%29.jpg/220px-Dry_Ice_Vapor_%2817490553041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dry_Ice_Vapor_%2817490553041%29.jpg/330px-Dry_Ice_Vapor_%2817490553041%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dry_Ice_Vapor_%2817490553041%29.jpg/440px-Dry_Ice_Vapor_%2817490553041%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">Dry ice</a> subliming in air</figcaption></figure> <p>Solid <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a>) sublimes rapidly along the solid-gas boundary (sublimation point) below the triple point (e.g., at the temperature of −78.5 °C, at <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>), whereas its melting into liquid CO<sub>2</sub> can occur along the solid-liquid boundary (<a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>) at pressures and temperatures above the triple point (i.e., 5.1 atm, −56.6 °C). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> sublime gradually at temperatures below the solid-liquid boundary (melting point) (generally 0 °C), and at partial pressures below the triple point pressure of 612 Pa (0.00604 atm), at a low rate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">freeze-drying</a>, the material to be dehydrated is frozen and its water is allowed to sublime under reduced pressure or vacuum. The loss of snow from a <a href="/wiki/Snowfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowfield">snowfield</a> during a cold spell is often caused by sunshine acting directly on the upper layers of the snow. Sublimation of ice is a factor to the erosive wear of <a href="/wiki/Glacier_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier ice">glacier ice</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">glaciology</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naphthalene">Naphthalene</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sublimation_reaction_of_naphthalene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sublimation_reaction_of_naphthalene.jpg/220px-Sublimation_reaction_of_naphthalene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sublimation_reaction_of_naphthalene.jpg/330px-Sublimation_reaction_of_naphthalene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sublimation_reaction_of_naphthalene.jpg/440px-Sublimation_reaction_of_naphthalene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Experimental set up for the sublimation reaction of <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a>, solid naphthalene sublimes and form the crystal-like structure at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Watch_glass" title="Watch glass">watch glass</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal-like_sublimated_naphthalene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Crystal-like_sublimated_naphthalene.jpg/220px-Crystal-like_sublimated_naphthalene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Crystal-like_sublimated_naphthalene.jpg/330px-Crystal-like_sublimated_naphthalene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Crystal-like_sublimated_naphthalene.jpg/440px-Crystal-like_sublimated_naphthalene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Solid compound of <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a> sublimed to form a crystal-like structure on the cool surface.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene</a>, an organic compound commonly found in pesticides such as <a href="/wiki/Mothball" title="Mothball">mothballs</a>, sublimes easily because it is made of non-polar molecules that are held together only by <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">van der Waals</a> intermolecular forces. Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes gradually at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a high rate, with the critical sublimation point at around 80 °C (176 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At low temperature, its vapour pressure is high enough, 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>mmHg at 53<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to make the solid form of naphthalene evaporate into gas. On cool surfaces, the naphthalene vapours will solidify to form needle-like crystals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iodine">Iodine</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> sublimes gradually and produces visible fumes on gentle heating at <a href="/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard conditions for temperature and pressure">standard atmospheric temperature</a>. It is possible to obtain liquid iodine at atmospheric pressure by controlling the temperature at just between the melting point and the boiling point of iodine. In <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic science</a>, iodine vapor can reveal latent <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprints</a> on paper.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_substances">Other substances</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camphor_sublimation_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Camphor_sublimation_1.jpg/170px-Camphor_sublimation_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Camphor_sublimation_1.jpg/255px-Camphor_sublimation_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Camphor_sublimation_1.jpg/340px-Camphor_sublimation_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> subliming in a <a href="/wiki/Cold_finger" title="Cold finger">cold finger</a>. The crude product in the bottom is dark brown; the white purified product on the bottom of the cold finger above is hard to see against the light background.</figcaption></figure> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> sublimes gradually upon heating, and sublimes rapidly at 887 K (614 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-Holl3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> sublime much more than other common materials, so they are not suitable <a href="/wiki/Materials_for_use_in_vacuum" title="Materials for use in vacuum">materials for use in vacuum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purification_by_sublimation">Purification by sublimation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrocen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferrocen.jpg/220px-Ferrocen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferrocen.jpg/330px-Ferrocen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferrocen.jpg/440px-Ferrocen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Crystals of <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a> after purification by vacuum sublimation</figcaption></figure> <p>Sublimation is a technique used by <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemists</a> to purify <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>. A solid is typically placed in a <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation apparatus">sublimation apparatus</a> and heated under <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>. Under this reduced <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, the solid <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatilizes</a> and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface (<a href="/wiki/Cold_finger" title="Cold finger">cold finger</a>), leaving a non-volatile residue of <a href="/wiki/Impurities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impurities">impurities</a> behind. Once heating ceases and the vacuum is removed, the purified compound may be collected from the cooling surface.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarwoodMoodyEOCPAP_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarwoodMoodyEOCPAP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For even higher purification efficiencies, a <a href="/wiki/Temperature_gradient" title="Temperature gradient">temperature gradient</a> is applied, which also allows for the separation of different fractions. Typical setups use an evacuated glass tube that is heated gradually in a controlled manner. The material flow is from the hot end, where the initial material is placed, to the cold end that is connected to a pump stand. By controlling temperatures along the length of the tube, the operator can control the zones of re-condensation, with very volatile compounds being pumped out of the system completely (or caught by a separate <a href="/wiki/Cold_trap" title="Cold trap">cold trap</a>), moderately volatile compounds re-condensing along the tube according to their different volatilities, and non-volatile compounds remaining in the hot end. Vacuum sublimation of this type is also the method of choice for purification of organic compounds for use in the <a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">organic electronics industry</a>, where very high purities (often > 99.99%) are needed to satisfy the standards for consumer electronics and other applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h2></div> <p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">protoscience</a> that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine, alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques, theory, terminology, and experimental methods. <i>Sublimation</i> was used to refer to the process in which a substance is heated to a vapor, then immediately collects as sediment on the upper portion and neck of the heating medium (typically a <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retort</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">alembic</a>), but can also be used to describe other similar non-laboratory transitions. It was mentioned by alchemical authors such as <a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a>, and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rosarium_philosophorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosarium philosophorum">Rosarium philosophorum</a></i>, as a process necessary for the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">magnum opus</a>. Here, the word <i>sublimation</i> was used to describe an exchange of "bodies" and "spirits" similar to laboratory phase transition between solids and gases. Valentine, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine#Selected_publications" title="Basil Valentine">Le char triomphal de l'antimoine</a></i> (Triumphal Chariot of Antimony, published 1646) made a comparison to <a href="/wiki/Spagyrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Spagyrics">spagyrics</a> in which a vegetable sublimation can be used to separate the spirits in wine and beer.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ripley used language more indicative of the mystical implications of sublimation, indicating that the process has a double aspect in the spiritualization of the body and the corporalizing of the spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He writes:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>And Sublimations we make for three causes,<br /> The first cause is to make the body spiritual.<br /> The second is that the spirit may be corporeal,<br /> And become fixed with it and consubstantial.<br /> The third cause is that from its filthy original.<br /> It may be cleansed, and its saltiness sulphurious<br /> May be diminished in it, which is infectious. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sublimation_predictions">Sublimation predictions</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> of sublimation has commonly been predicted using the <a href="/wiki/Equipartition_theorem" title="Equipartition theorem">equipartition theorem</a>. If the <a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">lattice energy</a> is assumed to be approximately half the packing energy,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Define packing energy and explain why it is different from lattice energy (June 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> then the following thermodynamic corrections can be applied to predict the enthalpy of sublimation. Assuming a 1 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">molar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a> gives a correction for the thermodynamic environment (pressure and volume) in which pV = RT, hence a correction of 1RT. Additional corrections for the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_vibration" title="Molecular vibration">vibrations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigid_rotor" title="Rigid rotor">rotations</a> and translation then need to be applied. From the <a href="/wiki/Equipartition_theorem" title="Equipartition theorem">equipartition theorem</a> gaseous rotation and translation contribute 1.5RT each to the final state, therefore a +3RT correction. Crystalline vibrations and rotations contribute 3RT each to the initial state, hence −6RT. Summing the RT corrections; −6RT + 3RT + RT = −2RT.<sup id="cite_ref-Gavezzotti_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gavezzotti-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to the following approximate sublimation enthalpy. A similar approximation can be found for the <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> term if rigid bodies are assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{sublimation}}=-U_{\text{lattice energy}}-2RT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>sublimation</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>lattice energy</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{sublimation}}=-U_{\text{lattice energy}}-2RT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a02f1805eb7749d4c0b6a16929875f0f7d6d3721" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.409ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{sublimation}}=-U_{\text{lattice energy}}-2RT}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dye-sublimation_printing">Dye-sublimation printing</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dye-sublimation_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dye-sublimation printer">Dye-sublimation printer</a></div> <p>Dye-sub printing is a digital printing technology using full color artwork that works with polyester and polymer-coated substrates. Also referred to as digital sublimation, the process is commonly used for decorating apparel, signs and banners, as well as novelty items such as cell phone covers, plaques, coffee mugs, and other items with sublimation-friendly surfaces. The process uses the science of sublimation, in which heat and pressure are applied to a solid, turning it into a gas through an endothermic reaction without passing through the liquid phase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In sublimation printing, unique sublimation dyes are transferred to sheets of “transfer” paper via liquid gel ink through a piezoelectric print head. The ink is deposited on these high-release inkjet papers, which are used for the next step of the sublimation printing process. After the digital design is printed onto sublimation transfer sheets, it is placed on a heat press along with the substrate to be sublimated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In order to transfer the image from the paper to the substrate, it requires a heat press process that is a combination of time, temperature and pressure. The heat press applies this special combination, which can change depending on the substrate, to “transfer” the sublimation dyes at the molecular level into the substrate. The most common dyes used for sublimation activate at 350 degrees Fahrenheit. However, a range of 380 to 420 degrees Fahrenheit is normally recommended for optimal color.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The result of the sublimation process is a nearly permanent, high resolution, full color print. Because the dyes are infused into the substrate at the molecular level, rather than applied at a topical level (such as with screen printing and direct to garment printing), the prints will not crack, fade or peel from the substrate under normal conditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">Ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_sublimation" title="Enthalpy of sublimation">Enthalpy of sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">Freeze-drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer_burn" title="Freezer burn">Freezer burn</a> – common process involving sublimation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase transitions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table_of_phase_transitions_of_matter">Table of phase transitions of matter</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="background:transparent; border:none; text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase transitions</a> of matter (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Table_of_phase_transitions" title="Template:Table of phase transitions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Table_of_phase_transitions" title="Template talk:Table of phase transitions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Table_of_phase_transitions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Table of phase transitions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">To</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">From</div> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solid</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquid</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Solid </th> <td style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right"></div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">Melting</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sublimation</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Liquid </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">Freezing</a> </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right"></div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">Vaporization</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gas </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">Deposition</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">Condensation</a> </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right"></div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">Ionization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plasma </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plasma_recombination" title="Plasma recombination">Recombination</a> </td> <td style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right"></div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhittenGaileyDavis1992" class="citation book cs1">Whitten, Kenneth W.; Gailey, Kenneth D.; Davis, 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Gulf Professional. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128005750" title="Special:BookSources/9780128005750"><bdi>9780128005750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Gas+Hydrates&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780128005750&rft.aulast=Caroll&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASublimation+%28phase+transition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer(s)2015" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer(s) (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=4306">"what solids go through sublimation?"</a>. 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Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 781–782. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0534408336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0534408336"><bdi>978-0534408336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+organic+laboratory+technique&rft.pages=781-782&rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0534408336&rft.aulast=Pavia&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASublimation+%28phase+transition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirard2011" class="citation book cs1">Girard, James (2011). <i>Criminalistics: Forensic Science, Crime and Terrorism</i>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-7731-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-7731-9"><bdi>978-0-7637-7731-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminalistics%3A+Forensic+Science%2C+Crime+and+Terrorism&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-7731-9&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASublimation+%28phase+transition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holl3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holl3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Arsen". <i>Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</i> (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 675–681. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3"><bdi>978-3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsen&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=675-681&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASublimation+%28phase+transition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. B. King <i>Organometallic Syntheses</i>. Volume 1 Transition-Metal Compounds; Academic Press: New York, 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-42607-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-42607-8">0-444-42607-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarwoodMoodyEOCPAP-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarwoodMoodyEOCPAP_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwoodMoody1989" class="citation book cs1">Harwood, Laurence M.; Moody, Christopher J. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/experimentalorga00harw/page/154"><i>Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and Practice</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). WileyBlackwell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/experimentalorga00harw/page/154">154–155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-02017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-02017-1"><bdi>978-0-632-02017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experimental+organic+chemistry%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pages=154-155&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=WileyBlackwell&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-632-02017-1&rft.aulast=Harwood&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.&rft.au=Moody%2C+Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexperimentalorga00harw%2Fpage%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASublimation+%28phase+transition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1815" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Francis (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofalchemyst00barr"><i>The lives of alchemystical philosophers: with a critical catalogue of books in occult chemistry, and a selection of the most celebrated treatises on the theory and practice of the hermetic art</i></a>. Macdonald and Son for Lackington, Allen, & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofalchemyst00barr/page/233">233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lives+of+alchemystical+philosophers%3A+with+a+critical+catalogue+of+books+in+occult+chemistry%2C+and+a+selection+of+the+most+celebrated+treatises+on+the+theory+and+practice+of+the+hermetic+art&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Macdonald+and+Son+for+Lackington%2C+Allen%2C+%26+Co.&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofalchemyst00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASublimation+%28phase+transition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiBernard1980" class="citation book cs1">DiBernard, Barbara (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alchemyfinnegans0000dibe/page/57"><i>Alchemy and Finnegans wake</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alchemyfinnegans0000dibe/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873953887" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873953887"><bdi>978-0873953887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alchemy+and+Finnegans+wake.&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0873953887&rft.aulast=DiBernard&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falchemyfinnegans0000dibe%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASublimation+%28phase+transition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ripley, George (1591). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levity.com/alchemy/ripgat8.html"><i>Compound of Alchemy</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gavezzotti-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gavezzotti_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavezzotti1997" class="citation book cs1">Gavezzotti, A. (1997). <i>Theoretical Aspects and Computer Modeling of the Molecular Solid State</i>. Chichester: Wiley and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+Aspects+and+Computer+Modeling+of+the+Molecular+Solid+State&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gavezzotti&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASublimation+%28phase+transition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaghNathDe_FerrariVan_Mourik2014" class="citation journal cs1">McDonagh, J. L.; Nath; De Ferrari, Luna; Van Mourik, Tanja; Mitchell, John B. O. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965570">"Uniting Cheminformatics and Chemical Theory To Predict the Intrinsic Aqueous Solubility of Crystalline Druglike Molecules"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 844–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci4005805">10.1021/ci4005805</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965570">3965570</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24564264">24564264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Information+and+Modeling&rft.atitle=Uniting+Cheminformatics+and+Chemical+Theory+To+Predict+the+Intrinsic+Aqueous+Solubility+of+Crystalline+Druglike+Molecules&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=844-56&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3965570%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24564264&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fci4005805&rft.aulast=McDonagh&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Nath&rft.au=De+Ferrari%2C+Luna&rft.au=Van+Mourik%2C+Tanja&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+B.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3965570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASublimation+%28phase+transition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaghPalmerVan_MourikMitchell2016" class="citation journal cs1">McDonagh, James; Palmer, David S.; Van Mourik, Tanja; Mitchell, John B. O. (17 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/58416/1/McDonagh_etal_JCIM_2016_Are_the_sublimation_thermodynamics_of_organic.pdf">"Are The Sublimation Thermodynamics of organic molecules predictable?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling</i>. <b>56</b> (11): 2162–2179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jcim.6b00033">10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00033</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F11874">10023/11874</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1549-9596">1549-9596</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27749062">27749062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Information+and+Modeling&rft.atitle=Are+The+Sublimation+Thermodynamics+of+organic+molecules+predictable%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2162-2179&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F11874&rft.issn=1549-9596&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27749062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jcim.6b00033&rft.aulast=McDonagh&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Palmer%2C+David+S.&rft.au=Van+Mourik%2C+Tanja&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+B.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrathprints.strath.ac.uk%2F58416%2F1%2FMcDonagh_etal_JCIM_2016_Are_the_sublimation_thermodynamics_of_organic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASublimation+%28phase+transition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" 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id="Separation_processes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation processes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sorption" title="Sorption">Absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_extraction" title="Acid–base extraction">Acid–base extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">Adsorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_filtration" title="Cross-flow filtration">Cross-flow filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">Cyclonic separation</a></li> <li><a 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separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">Liquid–liquid extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroextraction" title="Electroextraction">Electroextraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiltration" title="Microfiltration">Microfiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">Osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)" title="Recrystallization (chemistry)">Recrystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-phase_extraction" title="Solid-phase extraction">Solid-phase extraction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration" title="Ultrafiltration">Ultrafiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChemSepProcDiagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Separation process schematic"><img alt="Separation process schematic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/81px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/122px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/162px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_filter" title="Belt filter">Belt filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">Centrifuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_filter" title="Depth filter">Depth filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_press" title="Filter press">Filter press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer-settler" title="Mixer-settler">Mixer-settler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_skimmer" title="Protein skimmer">Protein skimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_sand_filter" title="Rapid sand filter">Rapid sand filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_vacuum-drum_filter" title="Rotary vacuum-drum filter">Rotary vacuum-drum filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubber" title="Scrubber">Scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">Spinning cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation apparatus">Sublimation apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ceramic_filter" title="Vacuum ceramic filter">Vacuum ceramic filter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiphase<br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_two-phase_system" title="Aqueous two-phase system">Aqueous two-phase system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">Azeotrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">Unit operation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_matter_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_matter" title="Template:States of matter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_matter" title="Template talk:States of matter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_matter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of matter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_matter_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States of matter</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter" title="List of states of matter">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">Supercritical fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_change_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/150px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/225px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phase_change_-_en.svg/300px-Phase_change_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Low energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">Fermionic condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">Degenerate matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect" title="Quantum Hall effect">Quantum Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_matter" title="Rydberg matter">Rydberg matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_matter" title="Strange matter">Strange matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">Superfluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersolid" title="Supersolid">Supersolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photonic_molecule" title="Photonic molecule">Photonic molecule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">Quark–gluon plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color-glass_condensate" title="Color-glass condensate">Color-glass condensate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">Crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">Liquid crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_crystal" title="Time crystal">Time crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_spin_liquid" title="Quantum spin liquid">Quantum spin liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_matter" title="Programmable matter">Programmable matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">Antimatter</a></li> <li>Magnetically ordered <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">Antiferromagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">Ferrimagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">Ferromagnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String-net_liquid" title="String-net liquid">String-net liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superglass" title="Superglass">Superglass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phase_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase transitions">Phase transitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">Condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_line_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical line (thermodynamics)">Critical line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_evaporation" title="Flash evaporation">Flash evaporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_ionization" title="Chemical ionization">Chemical ionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">Ionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_point" title="Lambda point">Lambda point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">Melting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_recombination" title="Plasma recombination">Recombination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regelation" title="Regelation">Regelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">Saturated fluid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">Supercooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">Vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">Vitrification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quantities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Enthalpy of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_sublimation" title="Enthalpy of sublimation">Enthalpy of sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Enthalpy of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_internal_energy" title="Latent internal energy">Latent internal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouton%27s_rule" title="Trouton's rule">Trouton's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">Volatility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baryonic_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryonic matter">Baryonic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binodal" title="Binodal">Binodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_fluid" title="Compressed fluid">Compressed fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_curve" title="Cooling curve">Cooling curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_state" title="Equation of state">Equation of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leidenfrost_effect" title="Leidenfrost effect">Leidenfrost effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroscopic_quantum_phenomena" title="Macroscopic quantum phenomena">Macroscopic quantum phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpemba_effect" title="Mpemba effect">Mpemba effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_and_disorder_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order and disorder (physics)">Order and disorder (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinodal" title="Spinodal">Spinodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_water" title="Superheated water">Superheated vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheating" title="Superheating">Superheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermo-dielectric_effect" title="Thermo-dielectric effect">Thermo-dielectric effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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