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Reporte mundial 2013: Desafíos para los derechos humanos después de la Primavera Árabe | Human Rights Watch

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href="/web/20130203115209/http://www.hrw.org/es/news/2013/01/31/reporte-mundial-2013-desafios-para-los-derechos-humanos-despues-de-la-primavera-arab" title="Reporte mundial 2013: Desafíos para los derechos humanos después de la Primavera Árabe">Reporte mundial 2013: Desafíos para los derechos humanos después de la Primavera Árabe</a> </h6> </div> <h6 class="node-subtitle">Cómo construir democracias en las que se respeten los derechos después de la caída del dictador</h6> <div class="info"> <div class="meta date"> <span class="created">31 de Enero de 2013</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a 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class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <p align="center"><a href="world-report/2013"><img alt="World Report 2013" border="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203115209im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-200x/media/images/report-covers/World-Report-2013-Cover-3D_300px.jpg"/></a></p> <p>A medida que los gobiernos dominados por islamistas surgidos de la Primavera &Aacute;rabe van echando ra&iacute;ces, es posible que ninguna cuesti&oacute;n defina mejor su conducta que su trato hacia las mujeres.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> Kenneth Roth, director ejecutivo </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>(Londres, 31 de enero de 2013) &ndash; La euforia de la Primavera &Aacute;rabe ha dado paso al complicado desaf&iacute;o de crear democracias en las que se respeten los derechos humanos, se&ntilde;al&oacute; hoy Human Rights Watch con motivo de la publicaci&oacute;n de su <em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203115209/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013">Informe anual 2013</a></em>. La voluntad de los nuevos gobiernos de respetar los derechos humanos determinar&aacute; si estos levantamientos dieron lugar a una verdadera democracia o simplemente generaron nuevas formas de autoritarismo.</p> <p>En el informe de 665 p&aacute;ginas, el vig&eacute;simo tercer examen de las pr&aacute;cticas de derechos humanos alrededor del mundo, Human Rights Watch resume los principales problemas en m&aacute;s de 90 pa&iacute;ses. Con respecto a los acontecimientos ocurridos en Oriente Medio y Norte de &Aacute;frica, conocidos como la Primavera &Aacute;rabe, Human Rights Watch dijo que la creaci&oacute;n de un estado en el que se respeten los derechos humanos puede ser una labor minuciosa que exige desarrollar instituciones eficaces para la gesti&oacute;n de gobierno, establecer tribunales independientes, crear una polic&iacute;a profesional y resistirse a la tentaci&oacute;n de las mayor&iacute;as de prescindir de los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho. Sin embargo, la dificultad para establecer una democracia no justifica que se intente volver al antiguo r&eacute;gimen, se&ntilde;al&oacute; Human Rights Watch.</p> <p>&ldquo;Las incertidumbres de la libertad no son una raz&oacute;n para volver a la previsibilidad impuesta del r&eacute;gimen autoritario&rdquo;, dijo <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203115209/http://www.hrw.org/bios/kenneth-roth">Kenneth Roth</a>, director ejecutivo de Human Rights Watch. &ldquo;El camino por recorrer puede ser traicionero, pero la alternativa es condenar a pa&iacute;ses enteros a un sombr&iacute;o futuro de opresi&oacute;n&rdquo;. La tensi&oacute;n entre el gobierno de la mayor&iacute;a y el respeto por los derechos humanos constituye quiz&aacute; el reto m&aacute;s importante para los nuevos gobiernos, dijo Human Rights Watch. Es natural que los l&iacute;deres de Oriente Medio est&eacute;n ansiosos por ejercer este nuevo respaldo electoral, pero tienen el deber de gobernar sin sacrificar las libertades fundamentales ni los derechos de las minor&iacute;as, las mujeres y otros grupos en riesgo.</p> <p>Otros pa&iacute;ses pueden apoyarles sentando ejemplos positivos con sus propias pr&aacute;cticas, implementando modelos que respeten los derechos humanos, y promoviendo constantemente estos derechos en sus relaciones con el nuevo gobierno y otros interlocutores. Hacer la vista gorda a la represi&oacute;n puede ser conveniente en t&eacute;rminos pol&iacute;ticos, pero perjudica enormemente los intentos de establecer democracias en las que se respeten los derechos humanos, dijo Human Rights Watch.</p> <p>Tres ensayos adicionales del Informe anual tratan sobre otras amenazas contra los derechos humanos. En uno se describe <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203115209/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/essays/112557">la necesidad de regular las actividades de las empresas en todo el mundo</a>, especialmente en una era de globalizaci&oacute;n, con el fin de proteger los derechos de los trabajadores y de las personas afectadas negativamente por operaciones empresariales. En el segundo se se&ntilde;ala que, en <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203115209/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/essays/112465">respuesta a las crisis ambientales</a>, los gobiernos y otros actores se concentran frecuentemente en el da&ntilde;o a la naturaleza, y se olvidan del impacto sobre los derechos humanos de los que residen en las zona afectadas. En el tercer ensayo se subraya el uso de los argumentos de la<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203115209/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/essays/112851"> &ldquo;tradici&oacute;n&rdquo; y el relativismo cultural</a> para negar a las mujeres y las minor&iacute;as derechos humanos que deber&iacute;an ser universales.</p> <p>En la introducci&oacute;n del informe, Human Rights Watch se&ntilde;ala que la batalla en torno a la constituci&oacute;n de <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203115209/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/112869">Egipto</a>, quien ser&iacute;a probablemente el pa&iacute;s m&aacute;s influyente de las regiones que est&aacute;n pasando por un proceso de cambio, demuestra la dificultad para proteger los derechos humanos. La constituci&oacute;n contiene algunos elementos positivos, como prohibiciones claras de la tortura y la detenci&oacute;n arbitraria.</p> <p>Sin embargo, las disposiciones descritas de manera general y vagas acerca de la expresi&oacute;n, la religi&oacute;n y la familia tienen implicaciones peligrosas para los derechos de la mujer y el ejercicio de las libertades sociales protegidas por el derecho internacional. La constituci&oacute;n tambi&eacute;n refleja un abandono aparente de los intentos de ejercer el control civil sobre las fuerzas armadas.</p> <p>Entre los pa&iacute;ses &aacute;rabes que han cambiado sus gobiernos, Libia es el mejor ejemplo de la problem&aacute;tica un estado d&eacute;bil, una consecuencia de las decisiones del Muammar Gaddafi de no desarrollar las instituciones de gobierno para desalentar amenazas contra su r&eacute;gimen. El problema es especialmente grave respecto al estado de derecho, dijo Human Rights Watch. Las milicias dominan muchas partes del pa&iacute;s y, en algunas zonas, cometen graves abusos de impunidad. Mientras tanto, miles de personas siguen detenidas, algunas por el gobierno y otras por las milicias, con muy pocas posibilidades de que a corto plazo se formulen cargos contra ellos o se cuestione en los tribunales las pruebas que pesan sobre los detenidos.</p> <p>En <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203115209/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/113249">Siria</a>, donde 60.000 personas han muerto durante los combates en curso, seg&uacute;n la &uacute;ltima estimaci&oacute;n de las Naciones Unidas, las fuerzas gubernamentales han cometido cr&iacute;menes contra la humanidad y cr&iacute;menes de guerra, mientras que algunas fuerzas de la oposici&oacute;n tambi&eacute;n han llevado a cabo abusos graves, como actos de tortura y ejecuciones sumarias.</p> <p>Una decisi&oacute;n del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas de remitir la situaci&oacute;n en Siria a la Corte Penal Internacional constituir&iacute;a una medida de justicia y ayudar&iacute;a a frenar nuevas atrocidades y venganzas sectarias. Sin embargo, aunque muchos gobiernos dicen que apoyan esta medida, no han ejercido el tipo de presi&oacute;n p&uacute;blica sostenida que podr&iacute;a convencer a Rusia y China de que abandonen sus vetos y permitan la remisi&oacute;n del caso, dijo Human Rights Watch. Tambi&eacute;n es necesario ejercer presi&oacute;n sobre la oposici&oacute;n armada siria para que defina y acate una visi&oacute;n del pa&iacute;s en la que se respeten los derechos humanos de todas las personas.</p> <p>Los derechos de la mujer son una fuente de pol&eacute;mica en muchos pa&iacute;ses a medida que los islamistas van cobrando poder electoral, se&ntilde;al&oacute; Human Rights Watch. Algunos de los que se oponen argumentan que este tipo de derechos son una imposici&oacute;n de los pa&iacute;ses occidentales, y son incompatibles con el Islam y la cultura &aacute;rabe. Las leyes internacionales de derechos humanos no impide que las mujeres mantengan un estilo de vida conservador o religioso, siempre y cuando, ellas as&iacute; lo desean. No obstante, los gobiernos imponen con demasiada frecuencia restricciones a las mujeres que buscan la igualdad o la autonom&iacute;a. Decir que estos derechos son una imposici&oacute;n occidental no ayuda a ocultar la opresi&oacute;n local, sino que obliga a las mujeres a asumir un papel de supeditaci&oacute;n.</p> <p>&ldquo;A medida que los gobiernos dominados por islamistas surgidos de la Primavera &Aacute;rabe van echando ra&iacute;ces, es posible que ninguna cuesti&oacute;n defina mejor su conducta que su trato hacia las mujeres&rdquo;, dijo Roth. Las expresiones consideradas transgresoras de ciertos l&iacute;mites provoca que los gobiernos se vean a menudo tentados a restringir los derechos de los dem&aacute;s. Las declaraciones que contienen cr&iacute;ticas al gobierno, insultos a ciertos grupos u ofensas contra el sentimiento religioso est&aacute;n especialmente expuestas a esta situaci&oacute;n. Seg&uacute;n Human Rights Watch, en estos casos, el riesgo para la libertad de expresi&oacute;n es mayor en ausencia de instituciones fuertes e independientes que puedan proteger los derechos humanos. Los gobiernos tambi&eacute;n deben actuar con prudencia y respetar el derecho a disentir, criticar y expresar opiniones impopulares.</p> <p>Los gobiernos pueden justificar restricciones de ciertas expresiones, como las usadas para incitar a la violencia. Sin embargo, tambi&eacute;n es importante controlar a los que usan la violencia para reprimir o castigar la expresi&oacute;n, dijo Human Rights Watch. Los infractores son aquellos que reaccionan violentamente a la expresi&oacute;n porque no est&aacute;n de acuerdo con su contenido: los funcionarios tienen el deber de detener la violencia, no de censurar el discurso ofensivo.</p> <p>El problema de un gobierno de la mayor&iacute;a sin restricciones no se limita al mundo &aacute;rabe, se&ntilde;al&oacute; Human Rights Watch. Un ejemplo claro es el caso de Birmania, donde una dictadura militar afianzada durante muchos a&ntilde;os dio paso a un gobierno civil reformista. No obstante, el Gobierno birmano se ha mostrado reticente a proteger a los grupos minoritarios del pa&iacute;s o incluso a denunciar abiertamente los abusos contra ellos, en particular la persecuci&oacute;n grave y violenta de la etnia musulmana Rohingya.</p> <p>Human Rights Watch dijo que la transici&oacute;n de la revoluci&oacute;n a una democracia en la que se respeten los derechos humanos est&aacute; sobre todo en manos de la poblaci&oacute;n del pa&iacute;s que se somete al cambio, pero otros gobiernos pueden y deben ejercer una influencia significativa. Sin embargo, el apoyo occidental a los derechos humanos y la democracia en todo Oriente Medio ha sido incongruente cuando se interponen los intereses relacionados con el petr&oacute;leo, las bases militares o Israel.</p> <p>A la hora de exigir responsabilidades a funcionarios abusivos, dicha incongruencia alimenta los argumentos de los gobiernos represores de que la justicia internacional es selectiva y rara vez se aplica a los aliados de gobiernos occidentales; tambi&eacute;n menoscaba el valor disuasivo de la Corte Penal Internacional.</p> <p>&ldquo;Para que mejore la situaci&oacute;n de los derechos humanos en una regi&oacute;n que se ha resistido durante mucho tiempo al cambio democr&aacute;tico, los nuevos l&iacute;deres de Oriente Medio tendr&aacute;n que demostrar una determinaci&oacute;n fundada en principios&rdquo;, dijo Roth. &ldquo;Y necesitar&aacute;n el respaldo constante e inquebrantable de actores influyentes fuera de la regi&oacute;n&rdquo;.</p> </div><div 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