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اروینګ ګافمن - ويکيپېډيا

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ps" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>اروینګ ګافمن - ويکيپېډيا</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 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call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l752\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:752\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatSnak\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l713\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:713\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l297\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:297\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function 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href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1271\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1271\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getAllExpandedArguments\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:196\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"pairs\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l207\"\u003EModule:Arguments:207\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"mergeArgs\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l320\"\u003EModule:Arguments:320\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"pairs\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l92\"\u003EModule:TableTools:92\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"numKeys\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l187\"\u003EModule:TableTools:187\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"compressSparseArray\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Separated_entries\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l15\"\u003EModule:Separated_entries:15\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E(tail call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getExpandedArgument\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:177\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l26\"\u003EModule:Unsubst:26\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E" ,"ScribuntoErrors-bccc910b": "\u003Cp\u003ELua error in Module:Wikidata2/monolingualtext at line 4: assign to undeclared variable 'fetchName'.\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBacktrace:\u003C/p\u003E\u003Col class=\"scribunto-trace\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"error\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Estrict.lua:21\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2/monolingualtext\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l4\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2/monolingualtext:4\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"\u0026#95;main\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1047\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1047\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E(tail call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l752\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:752\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatSnak\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l713\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:713\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l297\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:297\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2/P106\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l7\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2/P106:7\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatGenderLabelForEntityId\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2/P106\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l33\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2/P106:33\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"fun\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1065\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1065\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatDatavalue\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l752\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:752\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatSnak\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l713\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:713\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l297\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:297\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1271\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1271\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getExpandedArgument\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:177\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l26\"\u003EModule:Unsubst:26\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E" ,"ScribuntoErrors-9075ed69": "\u003Cp\u003ELua error in Module:Wikidata2/monolingualtext at line 4: assign to undeclared variable 'fetchName'.\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBacktrace:\u003C/p\u003E\u003Col class=\"scribunto-trace\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"error\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Estrict.lua:21\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2/monolingualtext\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l4\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2/monolingualtext:4\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"\u0026#95;main\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1047\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1047\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E(tail call)\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l752\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:752\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatSnak\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l713\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:713\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l297\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:297\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1298\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1298\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"wikidata\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l111\"\u003EModule:Cite:111\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"ValueFromItem\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l200\"\u003EModule:Cite:200\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"GetItemValue\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l324\"\u003EModule:Cite:324\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"gettitle\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l483\"\u003EModule:Cite:483\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getreftable\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Cite\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l645\"\u003EModule:Cite:645\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"citeitem2\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l590\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:590\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatReferences\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l426\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:426\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatOneStatement\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l557\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:557\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"formatStatements\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata2\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l1271\"\u003EModule:Wikidata2:1271\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"getExpandedArgument\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:177\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l26\"\u003EModule:Unsubst:26\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E" ,"ScribuntoErrors-ae5dab85": "\u003Cp\u003ELua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).\u003C/p\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBacktrace:\u003C/p\u003E\u003Col class=\"scribunto-trace\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"ipairs\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l38\"\u003EModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:38\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"in_array\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l4265\"\u003EModule:Citation/CS1:4265\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"validate\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"//ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1\u0026amp;action=edit#mw-ce-l4428\"\u003EModule:Citation/CS1:4428\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E: in function \"chunk\"\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emw.lua:527\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E[C]\u003C/strong\u003E:\u0026#160;?\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ol\u003E" 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ننوتل</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="شخصي اوزار" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">شخصي اوزار</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=ps.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ps"><span>مرسته وکړئ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&amp;returnto=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB+%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>گڼون جوړول</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&amp;returnto=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB+%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې 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ده.\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="مالومات" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ژوند" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ژوند"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>ژوند</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ژوند-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-مسلکي_ژوند" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#مسلکي_ژوند"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>مسلکي ژوند</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-مسلکي_ژوند-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-اغېز_او_میراث" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#اغېز_او_میراث"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>اغېز او میراث</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-اغېز_او_میراث-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴</span> <span>سرچينې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">اروینګ ګافمن</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۴۸ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۴۸ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إرفنغ غوفمان – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرفنغ غوفمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ارفنج جوفمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارفنج جوفمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rvinq_Hofman" title="İrvinq Hofman – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrvinq Hofman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86" title="اروینق قافمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اروینق قافمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Έρβινγκ Γκόφμαν – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έρβινγκ Γκόφμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86" title="اروینگ گافمن – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروینگ گافمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="ארווינג גופמן – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארווינג גופמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="इरविंग गोफमैन – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इरविंग गोफमैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%83%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="アーヴィング・ゴッフマン – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーヴィング・ゴッフマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эрвин Гофман – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрвин Гофман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%B9%99_%EA%B3%A0%ED%94%84%EB%A8%BC" title="어빙 고프먼 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어빙 고프먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92rvings_Gofmanis" title="Ērvings Gofmanis – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ērvings Gofmanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – ملغاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملغاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="എർവിംഗ് ഗോഫ്മാൻ – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എർവിംഗ് ഗോഫ്മാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гофман, Ирвинг – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гофман, Ирвинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ервинг Гофман – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ервинг Гофман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ірвінг Гофман – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірвінг Гофман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Erving Goffman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="厄文·高夫曼 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="厄文·高夫曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="厄文·高夫曼 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="厄文·高夫曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="艾榮·高夫曼 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾榮·高夫曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q314471#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم-تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions 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href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%25AB_%25DA%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%2585%25D9%2586"><span>لنډ URL ترلاسه کړئ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrKodu&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%25AB_%25DA%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%2585%25D9%2586"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB+%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86&amp;printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپي بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Erving_Goffman" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q314471" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><table class="infobox_v2 infobox plainlist" cellspacing="3px"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" class="entete humain" style="line-height:1.5em; background-color:#C0C0C0;color:#000000">اروینګ ګافمن </th></tr> <tr><th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> </th> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:GoffmanE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="اروینګ ګافمن"><img alt="اروینګ ګافمن" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/GoffmanE.jpg/280px-GoffmanE.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/GoffmanE.jpg/420px-GoffmanE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/GoffmanE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>اروینګ ګافمن</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px;background-color: #E1E1E1;color:#E1E1E1;" /> </td></tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> د شخص مالومات </th></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">پيدايښت </th><td style=""> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">مړینه </th><td style=""> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">د مړینې لامل </th><td style=""><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان">سرطان</a> &#160; <span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314471#P509" title="ويکيډاټا کې (P509) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ"><img alt="ويکيډاټا کې (P509) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/13px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/26px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">تابعیت </th><td style=""><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%89%D8%A7" title="کاناډا">کاناډا</a> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1795-1818).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="امریکا متحده ايالات">د امریکا متحده ایالات</a> &#160; <span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314471#P27" title="ويکيډاټا کې (P27) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ"><img alt="ويکيډاټا کې (P27) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/13px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/26px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">رکن </th><td style="">د امریکا د هنرونو او پوهنې اکاډمي &#160; <span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314471#P463" title="ويکيډاټا کې (P463) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ"><img alt="ويکيډاټا کې (P463) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/13px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/26px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> عملي ژوند </th> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="تعلیم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">تعلیم</a> </th><td style=""><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="منيټوبه پوهنتون">منيټوبه پوهنتون</a> &#160; <span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314471#P69" title="ويکيډاټا کې (P69) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ"><img alt="ويکيډاټا کې (P69) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/13px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/26px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">کار/مسلک </th><td style=""> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">کاروونکي ژبه </th><td style=""> </td></tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">د کړنې څانګه </th><td style=""><a href="/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ټولنپوهنه">ټولنپوهنه</a> &#160; <span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314471#P101" title="ويکيډاټا کې (P101) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ"><img alt="ويکيډاټا کې (P101) ځانګړنې بدلې کړئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/13px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/26px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #E1E1E1 dotted; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: left;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:right;"><a class="external text" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0"><span style="color:#555;">سمول</span></a></span>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5" title="کينډۍ لاسوند وګورئ"><img alt="کينډۍ لاسوند وګورئ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> </tr></tbody></table><p>اروینګ ګافمن (زوکړه: د ۱۹۲۲ زکال د جون ۱۱ مه – مړینه: د ۱۹۸۲ زکال د نومبر ۱۹مه) کاناډايي ټولنپوه، ټولنیز ارواه پوه او لیکوال و چې د یو شمېر کسانو له خوا «د شلمې پېړۍ د تر ټولو اغېزمن امریکایي ټولنپوه» په توګه پېژندل کېږي. په ۲۰۰۷ زکال کې د عالي زده کړو د لارښودې ټایمز مجلې له خوا د انساني او ټولنیزو علومو د مستندو کتابونو د لیکوالونو په نوملړ کې له میشل فوکو، پیر بوردیو او اننتوني ګیدنز وروسته او له یوګرن هابرماس څخه وړاندې شپږم ځایګي لري. </p><p>ګافمن د امریکا د ټولنپوهنې د ټولنې ۷۳م مشر و. د ټولنیزې نظریې په برخه کې د هغه تر ټولو پېژندل شوې ونډه د سمبولیک تعامل اړوند څېړنه ده. دغې څېړنه د ډراماتورژیک تحلیلي لیدلوري پر بنسټ وه چې په ورځني ژوندانه کې د ځان څرګندونې (The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life) په نامه د هغه له کتاب څخه چې په ۱۹۵۶ زکال کې خپور شوی و سرچینه یې اخیسته. د ګافمن په نورو مهمو اثارو کې پناه ځایونه (Asylums؛ ۱۹۶۱ زکال)، بدنامي (Stigma؛ ۱۹۶۳ زکال)، د تعامل ائین (Interaction Ritual؛ ۱۹۶۷ زکال)، قالبي تحلیل (Frame Analysis؛ ۱۹۷۴ زکال) او د خبرو کولو اشکال (Forms of Talk؛ ۱۹۸۱ زکال) شاملېږي. د هغه په مطالعاتي مهمو برخو کې د ورځني ژوند ټولنپوهنه، ټولنیز تعاملات، د ځان ټولنیز جوړښت، د تجربې ټولنیز جوړښت (جوړېدنه یې) او د ټولنیز ژوند ځانګړي عناصر لکه ټول بنسټونه یې او همدارنګه ټولنیزې ننګونې (داغونه) په کې شاملېږي. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ژوند"><span id=".DA.98.D9.88.D9.86.D8.AF"></span>ژوند</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: ژوند"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ګافمن د ۱۹۲۲ زکال د جون په ۱۱ مه د کاناډا د البرټا ایالت په مانویل کې د ماکس ګافمن او آن ګافمن په کورنۍ کې وزېږېد؛ د مور کورنۍ نوم یې اورباخ و. نوموړی د اوکرایني یهودانو له کورنۍ څخه و چې د پېړۍ د بدلېدو پر مهال کاناډا ته کډوال شوي و. هغه د فرانسېس بې په نامه یوه مشره خور لرله چې بیا فلمي ستورې شوه. د دوی کورنۍ د مانیټوبا، ډوفین ته کډه شوه چېرې یې چې پلار د خیاطۍ یوه بریالۍ سوداګري مدیریت کوله. </p><p>په ۱۹۳۷ زکال کې ګافمن په وینیپګ کې د سنټ جان تخنیکي عالي ښوونځي ته لاړ چېرې چې یې کورنۍ همدغه کال دغه سیمې ته کډه کړې وه. په ۱۹۳۹ زکال کې نوموړي د مانیټوبا په پوهنتون کې د کیمیا په څانګه کې نوم ثبت کړ. هغه خپلو زده کړو ته وقفه ورکړه او اوتاوا ته لاړ څو د فلمونو د صنعت په برخه کې د کاناډا د فیلمونو په ملي پلاوي کې کار وکړي هغه چې جان ګریرسون یې بنسټ اېښی و. وروسته نوموړي له ټولنپوهنې سره لیوالتیا پیدا کړه. له دې سربېره نوموړي دغه مهال د شمالي امریکا له مشهور ټولنپوه دنیس رانګ سره هم ولیدل. د دوی لیدنو ګافمن ته انګېزه ورکړه څو د مانیټوبا پوهنتون پرېږدي او د اوتاوا په پوهنتون کې داخله وکړي، چېرې چې نوموړي د سي.ډبلیو.ام.هارت او رې برډویسل تر نظر لاندې لاندې زده کړې وکړې او په ۱۹۴۵ زکال کې یې د ټولنپوهنې او انسان پوهنې په برخه کې د لیسانس سند ترلاسه کړ. وروسته د شیکاګو پوهنتون ته ولاړ او له دغه پوهنتون څخه یې د ټولنپوهنې په برخه کې ماسټري (۱۹۴۵ زکال) او دوکتورا (۱۹۵۳ زکال) ترلاسه کړه. </p><p>په ۱۹۵۲ زکال کې ګافمن له انګلیکا شایلر چواټ (Angelica Schuyler Choate) سره (په سکای یا آسمان یې شهرت درلود) واده وکړ؛ په ۱۹۵۳ زکال کې د دوی زوی توماس وزېږېد. انګلیکا په رواني ناروغي اخته شوه او په ۱۹۶۴ زکال کې په ځان وژنې سره مړه شوه. د علمي ځایګي لرلو او د ونډو له بازار سره د لیوالتیا او په هغو کې د نسبي بریاوو له لرلو سربېره د قمار په میدانونو کې یې هم شهرت درلود. یو مهال نوموړی د قومي څېړنو او بوختیاوو په تعقیب کې د لاس ویګاس د یوې کازینو په مشر واوښت. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>ګافمن په ۱۹۸۱ زکال کې د ټولنیزې ژبپوهې ګالیان سانکوف سره واده وکړه. راتلونکی کال د هغوی لور الیس وزېږېده. د ۱۹۸۲ زکال د نومبر په ۱۹ مه ګافمن د معدې د سرطان له امله د پنسلوانیا په فیلادلفیا کې ومړ. د هغه لور هم ټولنپوهه ده.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="مسلکي_ژوند"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B3.D9.84.DA.A9.D9.8A_.DA.98.D9.88.D9.86.D8.AF"></span>مسلکي ژوند</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: مسلکي ژوند"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د یونسټ (Unst) اړوند د ګافمن څېړنو هغه ته الهام وروبخښه څو په ورځني ژوندانه کې د ځان څرګندونې په نامه خپل لومړنی مهم اثر په ۱۹۵۶ زکال کې ولیکي. له شیکاګو پوهنتون څخه له فراغت وروسته له ۱۹۵۴ زکال څخه تر ۱۹۵۷ زکال پورې نوموړی د مریلنډ په بتسدا کې د اروایي درملنې د ملي انستیتیوت د ورزشي مدیر مرستیال و. په دغه ځای کې د ګډون کوونکو څخه د نوموړي مشاهدات د اروايي ناروغیو اړوند د هغه د ګڼ شمېر مقالاتو موضوعات وګرځېدل چې په ټولیزه توګه یې د پناه ځایونه: د اروايي ناروغانو او نورو بندیانو د ټولنیز وضعیت اړوند د مقالاتو (Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates) په نامه د هغه دویم اثر رامنځته کړ چې په ۱۹۶۱ زکال کې خپور شو. </p><p>په ۱۹۵۸ زکال کې ګافمن د کالیفورنیا د برکلي پوهنتون د ټولنپوهنې په څانګه کې علمي غړیتوب ترلاسه کړ، په پیل کې هغه مرستیال ښوونکی و او له ۱۹۶۲ زکال وروسته اصلي ښوونکی شو. په ۱۹۶۸ زکال کې نوموړی د پنسلوانیا پوهنتون ته ولاړ او هلته یې په برکلي کې د خپل پخواني همکار ډل هایمز په هڅو سره وکولای شول د ټولنپوهنې او انسان پوهنې په څانګه کې د بنجامین فرانکلین څوکۍ خپله کړي. په ۱۹۶۹ زکال کې نوموړی د امریکا د علومو او هنرونو د اکاډمۍ غړی شو. په ۱۹۷۰ زکال کې ګافمن د اروایي درملنې د غیر ارادي بستري کېدو د لغو کولو اړوند د امریکايي ټولنې له بنسټګرو غړو څخه شو او د هغو د اساسنامې په لیکلو کې یې ونډه واخیسته. په ۱۹۷۱ زکال کې نوموړي د عمومي روابطو په نامه خپل بل اثر ولیکه چې په کې یې د سوسیالوژیکي لیدلوري له مخې د ورځني ژوند اړوند ډیری خپل نظریات تشریح کړل. نوموړي له ۱۹۷۷ زکال څخه تر ۱۹۷۸ زکال پورې د ګوګنهایم فیلوشیپ ترلاسه کړ. په ۱۹۷۹ زکال کې ګافمن د ویاړلو سکالرشیپونو په برخه کې د کولی مېډ جایزه د امریکا د ټولن پوهنې د بنسټ د ټولنیزې ارواه پوهنې له برخې څخه ترلاسه کړه. نوموړی د امریکا د ټولنپوهنې د بنسټ د ۷۳م مشر په توګه وټاکل شو چې له ۱۹۸۱ زکال څخه یې تر ۱۹۸۲ زکال پورې په دغه بنسټ کې خدمت وکړ خو د مخ پر زیاتېدونکې ناروغۍ له امله یې نه شو کولای د خپلې مشرۍ وینا ترسره کړي. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>له مړینې وروسته یې، په ۱۹۸۳ زکال کې د سمبولیک متقابل تعامل د څېړنیزې ټولنې له خوا د میډ جایزه ورکړل شوه. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="اغېز_او_میراث"><span id=".D8.A7.D8.BA.DB.90.D8.B2_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D9.85.DB.8C.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AB"></span>اغېز او میراث</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: اغېز او میراث"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ګافمن د هربرټ بلومر، امیلی دورکیم، زیګموند فروید، اورت هیوز، الفر راډکیلیف – براون، تالکوت پارسونز، الفرد شوتز، ګئورګ زیمل او ډبلیو لوید وارنر تر اغېز لاندې و. د ټام برنز په خبره هیوز «د هغه تر ټولو اغېزمن ښوونکی» و. ګری آلن فاین او فیلیپ منینګ ویلي چې، ګافمن هېڅکله له نورو نظریه ورکوونکو سره جدي بحث نه درلود خو چارو یې د انتوني ګیدنز، یورګن هابرمان او پیربوردیو په ګډون د ګڼ شمېر معاصرو ټولنپوهانو په څېړنو اغېز لرلی او د هغوی له خوا یې اړوند بحثونه شوي. </p><p>په داسې حال کې چې ګافمن تر ډېره پورې د ټولنپوهنې د سمبولیک تعمال مکتب ته اړوند دی، خو ځان یې د هغو استازی نه باله او له همدې امله فاین او منینګ دې پایلې ته رسېدلی چې نوموړی «په اسانۍ سره د ټولنپوهنې د مفکورو ځانګړي مکتب ته اړوند نه شي بلل کېدلای». د هغه نظریات هم «په ډېرۍ سختۍ یو شمېر کلیدي موضوعاتو ته اړوندې بلل کېدای شي». د هغه چارې په پراخه کچه د «پرتله ئیزې او کیفي ټولنپوهنې په برخه کې د انساني چلن د عمومي کولو» د ودې په توګه توصیف کېدای شي. </p><p>ګافمن د مخامخ تعامل د څېړنو په برخه کې پام وړ پرمختګ رامنځته کړ، «ډراماتورژیک لیدلوری» یې له انساني تعامل سره پیوند کړ او هغو ګڼ شمېر مفاهمیو ته یې پراختیا ورکړه چې د ورځني ژوند د مایکرو ټولنپوهنې په برخه کې یې ځانګړې اغېز درلود. د هغه ډېری چارې د ورځني چلن د تنظیم اړوند وې، هغه مفهوم چې ده ورته «تعاملي نظم» وایه. نوموړي د ټولن پوهنې د چارچوب جوړنې (قالبي تحلیل)، د لوبو د نظریې (د ستراتیژیک تعامل مفهوم) او د تعاملاتو او ژبپوهنې له مفاهیمو سره مرسته وکړه. هغه استدلال کاوه چې د خبرو کولو فعالیت ته باید د ژبني جوړښت پر ځای د ټولنیز جوړښت په سترګه وکتل شي. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e3f7e60fd57a19a620f403bcf0bc3c7519ed92fc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-e3f7e60fd57a19a620f403bcf0bc3c7519ed92fc_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">پیوستون&#160;: 118696076&#160; — د نشر نېټه: ۲۷ اپرېل ۲۰۱۴ — منښتلیک: Creative Commons CC0 License </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-ae5dab85">Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).</span></strong></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-ae5dab85">Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).</span></strong></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winkin, Y., &amp; Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2013). <i>Erving Goffman: A critical introduction to media and communication theory.</i> New York: Peter Lang.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asanet.org/sections/psychology_recipients_History.cfm">Section on Social Psychology Award Recipients</a>, American Sociological Association. Accessed: 14 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2008). Goffman, Erving. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), <i>The international encyclopedia of communication</i> (vol. 5, pp. 2001−2003). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.</span> </li> </ol> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐754858f5b9‐b5wl2 Cached time: 20241210183549 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc, vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.584 seconds Real time usage: 3.375 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 18165/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 70464/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9696/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 29/100 Expensive parser function count: 19/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 760/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.193/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 35042172/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity 580 ms 38.7% ? 380 ms 25.3% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 240 ms 16.0% (for generator) 100 ms 6.7% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 40 ms 2.7% chunk <Module:Wikidata2> 40 ms 2.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap 40 ms 2.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 20 ms 1.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::addStatementUsage 20 ms 1.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getLabel 20 ms 1.3% [others] 20 ms 1.3% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 19/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 3273.537 1 -total 97.73% 3199.319 1 کينډۍ:Infobox_person 79.31% 2596.247 93 کينډۍ:ص.م/سطر_مختلط_اختياري 77.46% 2535.714 56 کينډۍ:قيمة_ويكي_بيانات 49.14% 1608.727 44 کينډۍ:ص.م/سطر_مختلط_اختياري_ويكي_بيانات2 22.01% 720.431 4 کينډۍ:قيمة_ويكي_بيانات/تصفيات 21.27% 696.126 79 کينډۍ:تقليم 10.20% 333.753 9 کينډۍ:ص.م/عنوان_فرعي_اختياري 8.83% 289.049 1 کينډۍ:ص.م/ميلاد_ووفاة 8.59% 281.176 4 کينډۍ:مداخل_على_سطور --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key pswiki:pcache:64577:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241210183549 and revision id 285976. 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