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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Esoteric writings and objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esoteric_writings_and_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings_of_questionable_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_of_questionable_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writings of questionable value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings_of_questionable_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spurious_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spurious_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spurious writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spurious_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphorical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphorical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Metaphorical usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphorical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Intertestamental books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intertestamental_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Canonicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_apocrypha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_apocrypha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>New Testament apocrypha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_apocrypha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Sixty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Sixty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>List of Sixty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Sixty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" 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href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7" title="أبوكريفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبوكريفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84" title="Апокрыф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апокрыф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Апокриф – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Апокриф" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryffa" title="Apocryffa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Apocryffa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%B3crifo_(literatura)" title="Apócrifo (literatura) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apócrifo (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7" title="آپوکریفاها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپوکریفاها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryphe_(litt%C3%A9rature_et_art)" title="Apocryphe (littérature et art) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apocryphe (littérature et art)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apacrafa" title="Apacrafa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Apacrafa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EA%B2%BD" title="외경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%86" title="Ապոկրիֆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապոկրիֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrifa" title="Apokrifa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apokrifa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="აპოკრიფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპოკრიფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrifas" title="Apokrifas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apokrifas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%B4krifa_(literatiora_sy_zavakanto)" title="Apôkrifa (literatiora sy zavakanto) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Apôkrifa (literatiora sy zavakanto)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%B3crifo_(literatura)" title="Apócrifo (literatura) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apócrifo (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrieri_apocrife" title="Scrieri apocrife – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scrieri apocrife" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Апокриф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апокриф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7" title="اپاکرفا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپاکرفا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Works of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the general concept of apocryphal literature. For the section found in some Bibles called Apocrypha, see <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Apocrypha (disambiguation)">Apocrypha (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notes_et_extraits_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_des_croisades_au_XVe_si%C3%A8cle,_pp._126-127_(Jorga,_1915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Notes_et_extraits_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_des_croisades_au_XVe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_pp._126-127_%28Jorga%2C_1915%29.jpg/310px-Notes_et_extraits_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_des_croisades_au_XVe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_pp._126-127_%28Jorga%2C_1915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Notes_et_extraits_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_des_croisades_au_XVe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_pp._126-127_%28Jorga%2C_1915%29.jpg/465px-Notes_et_extraits_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_des_croisades_au_XVe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_pp._126-127_%28Jorga%2C_1915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Notes_et_extraits_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_des_croisades_au_XVe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_pp._126-127_%28Jorga%2C_1915%29.jpg/620px-Notes_et_extraits_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_des_croisades_au_XVe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_pp._126-127_%28Jorga%2C_1915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>The apocryphal letter of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> to the Pope (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Notes et extraits pour servir à l'histoire des croisades au XVe siècle</i></span>), published by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a>. Series 4: 1453–1476, Paris; Bucarest, 1915, pages 126–127</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Apocrypha</b> are biblical or related writings not forming part of the accepted canon of scripture, some of which might be of doubtful authorship or authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the word <i>apocryphal</i> (ἀπόκρυφος) was first applied to writings that were to be read privately rather than in the public context of church services. Apocrypha were edifying Christian works that were not always initially included as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scripture</a>. </p><p>The adjective "apocryphal", meaning of doubtful authenticity, mythical, fictional, is recorded from the late 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then taking on the popular meaning of "false," "spurious," "bad," or "heretical." It may be used for any book which might have scriptural claims but which does not appear in the canon accepted by the author. A related term for non-canonical apocryphal texts whose authorship seems incorrect is <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a>, a term that means "<a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">false attribution</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ISBE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Christianity, the name "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">the Apocrypha</a>" is applied to a particular set of books which, when they appear in a Bible, are sometimes placed between the Old and New Testaments in a section called "Apocrypha."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canonicity of such books took longer to determine. Various of these books are accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Churches</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanon">deuterocanonical</a>. Some Protestant traditions reject them outright; others regard the Apocrypha as non-canonical books that are useful for instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FUP1970_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUP1970-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word's origin is the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> adjective <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">apocryphus</i></span> (secret, or non-canonical) from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> adjective <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀπόκρυφος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apokryphos</i></span>, (private) from the verb <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀποκρύπτειν</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apokryptein</i></span> (to hide away).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It comes from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and is formed from the combination of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apo</i></span> (away) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kryptein</i></span> (hide or conceal).<sup id="cite_ref-978-1-59955-384-9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-978-1-59955-384-9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>apocrypha</i> has undergone a major change in meaning throughout the centuries. The word <i>apocrypha</i> in its ancient Christian usage originally meant a text read in private, rather than in public church settings. In English, it later came to have a sense of the esoteric, suspicious, or heretical, largely because of the Protestant interpretation of the usefulness of non-canonical texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esoteric_writings_and_objects">Esoteric writings and objects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Esoteric writings and objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>apocryphal</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀπόκρυφος</span></span>) was first applied to writings that were kept secret<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because they were the vehicles of <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> knowledge considered too profound or too sacred to be disclosed to anyone other than the initiated. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">disciples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> <a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a> boasted that they possessed the secret (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀπόκρυφα</span></span>) books of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>. The term in general enjoyed high consideration among the <a href="/wiki/Gnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostics">Gnostics</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a>, pp. 10, 27, 44).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">Sinologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Seidel" title="Anna Seidel">Anna Seidel</a> refers to texts and even items produced by ancient Chinese sages as apocryphal and studied their uses during <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a> China (AD 220–589). These <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> were used as symbols legitimizing and guaranteeing the Emperor's <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Heavenly Mandate</a>. Examples of these include talismans, charts, writs, tallies, and registers. The first examples were stones, jade pieces, bronze vessels and weapons, but came to include talismans and magic diagrams.<sup id="cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeidelAnna-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From their roots in <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> era China (1066–256 BC), these items came to be surpassed in value by texts by the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC – AD 220). Most of these texts have been destroyed as Emperors, particularly during the Han dynasty, collected these legitimizing objects and proscribed, forbade and burnt nearly all of them to prevent them from falling into the hands of political rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeidelAnna-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings_of_questionable_value">Writings of questionable value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writings of questionable value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Apocrypha</i> was also applied to writings that were hidden not because of their divinity but because of their questionable value to the church. The early Christian theologian <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, in his <i>Commentaries on Matthew</i>, distinguishes between writings that were read by the churches and apocryphal writings: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γραφὴ μὴ φερομένη μέν ἒν τοῖς κοινοῖς καὶ δεδημοσιευμένοις βιβλίοις εἰκὸς δ' ὅτι ἒν ἀποκρύφοις φερομένη</span></span> (<i>writing not found in the common and published books on one hand [and] actually found in the secret ones on the other</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αποκρυφος</span></span> is here practically equivalent to "excluded from the public use of the church" and prepares the way for an even less favourable use of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spurious_writings">Spurious writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spurious writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general use, the word <i>apocrypha</i> came to mean "of doubtful authenticity".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meaning also appears in <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>'s prologue to his commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, of which only the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> translation survives: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De scripturis his, quae appellantur apocriphae, pro eo quod multa in iis corrupta et contra fidem veram inveniuntur a maioribus tradita non placuit iis dari locum nec admitti ad auctoritatem.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> "Concerning these scriptures, which are called apocryphal, for the reason that many things are found in them corrupt and against the true faith handed down by the elders, it has pleased them that they not be given a place nor be admitted to authority."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a> (generally held now as being the work of an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553) refers to religious works by <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">church fathers</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> as apocrypha. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> defined the word as meaning simply "obscurity of origin", implying that any book of unknown authorship or questionable authenticity would be considered apocryphal. <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Prologus_Galeatus" title="Prologus Galeatus">Prologus Galeatus</a></i> declared that all books outside the Hebrew canon were apocryphal. In practice, Jerome treated some books outside the Hebrew canon as if they were canonical, and the Western Church did not accept Jerome's definition of apocrypha, instead retaining the word's prior meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, various church authorities labeled different books as apocrypha, treating them with varying levels of regard. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> stated that "the canonical books, as the Hebrews have handed them down, are twenty-two".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a> and others cited some apocryphal books as "scripture", "divine scripture", "inspired", and the like. Teachers connected with <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and familiar with the Hebrew canon (the <a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">protocanon</a>) excluded from the canon all of the Old Testament not found there. This view is reflected in the canon of <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a>, and in the prefaces and letters of Jerome. A third view was that the books were not as valuable as the canonical scriptures of the Hebrew collection, but were of value for moral uses, as introductory texts for new converts from <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>, and to be read in congregations. They were referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a>" works by <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1546, the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> reconfirmed the canon of Augustine, dating to the second and third centuries, declaring "He is also to be anathema who does not receive these entire books, with all their parts, as they have been accustomed to be read in the Catholic Church, and are found in the ancient editions of the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, as sacred and canonical." The whole of the books in question, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a>, were declared canonical at Trent.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Protestants, in comparison, were diverse in their opinion of the deuterocanon early on. Some considered them divinely inspired, others rejected them. Lutherans and Anglicans retained the books as Christian intertestamental readings and a part of the Bible (in a section called "Apocrypha"), but no doctrine should be based on them.<sup id="cite_ref-GeislerMacKenzie1995_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeislerMacKenzie1995-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>, a 14th-century Christian Humanist, had declared in his biblical translation that "whatever book is in the Old Testament besides these twenty-five shall be set among the apocrypha, that is, without authority or belief."<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, his translation of the Bible included the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle of the Laodiceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martin Luther did not class apocryphal books as being scripture, but in the German <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> (1534) the apocrypha are published in a separate section from the other books, although the Lutheran and Anglican lists are different. <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a>, which contains the intertestamental books; <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> wedding ceremonies include "the retelling of the marriage of Tobias and Sarah in the Apocrypha".<sup id="cite_ref-Wesner_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesner-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fathers of Anabaptism, such as <a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a>, quoted "them [the Apocrypha] with the same authority and nearly the same frequency as books of the Hebrew Bible" and the texts regarding the martyrdoms under Antiochus IV in <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> are held in high esteem by the Anabaptists, who faced persecution in their history.<sup id="cite_ref-deSilva2018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSilva2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> editions (like the Westminster), readers were warned that these books were not "to be any otherwise approved or made use of than other human writings". A milder distinction was expressed elsewhere, such as in the "argument" introducing them in the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a>, and in the Sixth Article of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, where it is said that "the other books the church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners," though not to establish doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among some <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a>, the term <i>apocryphal</i> began to take on extra or altered connotations: not just of dubious authenticity, but having spurious or false content,<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestants, being diverse in theological views, were not unanimous in adopting those meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Thirty-Nine_Articles_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Thirty-Nine_Articles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wesley1825_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley1825-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FUP1970_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUP1970-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, Anabaptists and magisterial Protestants recognize the fourteen books of the Apocrypha as being non-canonical, but useful for reading "for example of life and instruction of manners": a view that continues today throughout the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>, the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, among many other denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quakerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quakerism">Quaker Yearly Meetings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Thirty-Nine_Articles_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Thirty-Nine_Articles-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wesley1825_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley1825-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FUP1970_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUP1970-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liturgically, the Catholic, Methodist and Anglican churches have a scripture reading from the Book of Tobit in services of Holy Matrimony.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Anglican Church">Orthodox Anglican Church</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the other hand, the Anglican Communion emphatically maintains that the Apocrypha is part of the Bible and is to be read with respect by her members. Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the Benedictus es and Benedicite, are taken from the Apocrypha. One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8–9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily, Sunday, and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary [The books used are: II Esdras, Tobit, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Three Holy Children, and I Maccabees.] The position of the Church is best summarized in the words of Article Six of the Thirty-nine Articles: "In the name of Holy Scripture we do understand those canonical Books of the Old and New Testament, of whose authority there was never any doubt in the Church... And the other Books (as Hierome [St. Jerome] saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Though Protestant Bibles historically include <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_of_the_King_James_Version#Preliminary_note" title="List of books of the King James Version">80 books</a>, 66 of these form the Protestant canon (such as listed in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a> of 1646),<sup id="cite_ref-Ewert_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewert-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been well established for centuries, with many today supporting the use of the Apocrypha and others contending against the Apocrypha using various arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewert_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewert-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metaphorical_usage">Metaphorical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metaphorical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Metaphorical_usage"></span> The adjective <i>apocryphal</i> is commonly used in modern English to refer to any text or story considered to be of dubious veracity or authority, although it may contain some moral truth. In this broader metaphorical sense, the word suggests a claim that is in the nature of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">factoid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_apocrypha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist apocrypha">Buddhist apocrypha</a></div> <p>Apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jatakas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>, such as those belonging to the Paññāsajātaka collection, have been adapted to fit local culture in certain <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries and have been retold with amendments to the plots to better reflect Buddhist morals.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Pali tradition, the apocryphal Jatakas of later composition (some dated even to the 19th century) are treated as a separate category of literature from the "official" Jataka stories that have been more-or-less formally canonized from at least the 5th century—as attested to in ample epigraphic and archaeological evidence, such as extant illustrations in <a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">bas relief</a> from ancient temple walls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish apocrypha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a></div> <p>The Jewish apocrypha, known in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> as הספרים החיצונים (<i>Sefarim Hachizonim:</i> "the external books"), are books written in large part by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, not accepted as sacred manuscripts when the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> was <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">canonized</a>. Some of these books are considered sacred by some <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, and are included in their versions of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The Jewish apocrypha is distinctive from the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a> as it is the only one of these collections that works within a Jewish theological framework.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a> believe in the exclusive <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> of the current 24 books in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, they also consider the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>, which they believe was <a href="/wiki/Law_given_to_Moses_at_Sinai" title="Law given to Moses at Sinai">handed down from Moses</a>, to be authoritative. Some argue that the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> but like the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>, seem to have maintained an earlier and smaller number of texts as canonical, preferring to hold to only what was written in the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making most of the presently accepted canon, both Jewish and Christian, apocryphal in their eyes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Others believe that it is often mistakenly asserted that the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> only accepted the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a> (Torah).<sup id="cite_ref-Holman_study_bible_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holman_study_bible-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Essene" class="mw-redirect" title="Essene">Essenes</a> in Judea and the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutae" title="Therapeutae">Therapeutae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> were said to have a secret literature (see <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_scrolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead Sea scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other traditions maintained different customs regarding canonicity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Ethiopian Jews</a>, for instance, seem to have retained a spread of canonical texts similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodoxy">Ethiopian Orthodox Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intertestamental_books">Intertestamental books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Intertestamental books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg/350px-Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg/525px-Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg/700px-Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Copies of the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> include the deuterocanonical books as an intertestamental section between the Old Testament and New Testament; they are termed the "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>" in Christian Churches having their origins in the Reformation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition,_vol._1.djvu&page=21" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu/page21-220px-KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu/page21-330px-KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu/page21-440px-KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="3841" /></a><figcaption>The contents page in a complete 80 book <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>, listing "The Books of the Old Testament", "The Books called Apocrypha", and "The Books of the New Testament".</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_of_the_King_James_Version" title="List of books of the King James Version">List of books of the King James Version</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century#Apostolic_Age" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a> many Jewish texts of Hellenistic origin existed within Judaism and were frequently used by Christians. Patristic authorities frequently recognized these books as important to the emergence of Christianity, but the inspired authority and value of the apocrypha remained widely disputed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Christians included several of these books in the canons of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bibles</a>, calling them the "apocrypha" or the "hidden books".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the sixteenth century, during the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, the canonical validity of the intertestamental books was challenged and <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_of_the_King_James_Version#Apocrypha" title="List of books of the King James Version">fourteen books</a> were classed in 80 book Protestant Bibles as an intertestamental section called the Apocrypha, which straddles the Old Testament and New Testament. Prior to 1629, all English-language Protestant Bibles included the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament; examples include the "<a href="/wiki/Matthew%27s_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew's Bible">Matthew's Bible</a> (1537), the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bible" title="Great Bible">Great Bible</a> (1539), the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a> (1560), the <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop's Bible">Bishop's Bible</a> (1568), and the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> (1611)".<sup id="cite_ref-Ewert_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewert-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_of_the_King_James_Version#Apocrypha" title="List of books of the King James Version">Fourteen out of eighty biblical books</a> comprise the Protestant Apocrypha, first published as such in Luther's Bible (1534). Many of these texts are considered <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> Old Testament books by the Catholic Church, affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> (AD 382) and later reaffirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–63); all of the books of the Protestant Apocrypha are considered canonical by the Eastern Orthodox Church and are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Apocrypha#Anagignoskomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Apocrypha"><i>anagignoskomena</i></a> per the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a> (1672). To this date, <a href="/wiki/Lection" title="Lection">scripture readings</a> from the Apocrypha are included in the <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionaries</a> of the Lutheran Churches and the Anglican Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a>, which contains the intertestamental books; <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> wedding ceremonies include "the retelling of the marriage of Tobias and Sarah in the Apocrypha".<sup id="cite_ref-Wesner_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesner-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> accepts the Protestant Apocrypha "for instruction in life and manners, but not for the establishment of doctrine (Article VI in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a>)",<sup id="cite_ref-Ewert2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewert2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many "lectionary readings in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Common_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Common Prayer">The Book of Common Prayer</a> are taken from the Apocrypha", with these lessons being "read in the same ways as those from the Old Testament".<sup id="cite_ref-ThomasWondra2002_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThomasWondra2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> liturgical book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></i>, employs verses from the Apocrypha, such as in the Eucharistic liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley1825_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley1825-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books (1 Esdras, 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical, but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles.<sup id="cite_ref-HenzeBoccaccini2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HenzeBoccaccini2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1800s, the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society" title="British and Foreign Bible Society">British and Foreign Bible Society</a> did not regularly publish the intertestamental section in its Bibles, citing the cost of printing the Apocrypha in addition to the Old Testament and New Testament as a major factor; this legacy came to characterize English-language Bibles in Great Britain and the Americas, unlike in Europe where Protestant Bibles are printed with 80 books in three sections: the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2003_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2003-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGrath2008_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath2008-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the present-day, "English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again", usually being printed as <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">intertestamental books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewert_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewert-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Revised_Common_Lectionary" title="Revised Common Lectionary">Revised Common Lectionary</a>, in use by most mainline Protestants including Methodists and Moravians, lists readings from the Apocrypha in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a>, although alternate Old Testament <a href="/wiki/Scripture_lesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture lesson">scripture lessons</a> are provided.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of the deuterocanonicals remains unchanged in Catholic and Orthodox Christianity, though there is a difference in number of these books between these two branches of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimbrough_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimbrough-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authorities began using term <i><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a></i> to refer to this traditional intertestamental collection as books of "the second canon".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These books are often seen as helping to explain the theological and cultural transitions that took place between the Old and New Testaments. They are also sometimes called "intertestamental" by religious groups who do not recognize <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> as belonging with either Jewish or Christian testaments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Slightly varying collections of apocryphal, deuterocanonical or intertestamental books of the Bible form part of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox</a> canons. The deuterocanonical or intertestamental books of the Catholic Church include Tobit, Judith, Baruch, Sirach, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, Wisdom and additions to Esther, Daniel, and Baruch. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> is included in the biblical canon of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> alludes to a story in the book of Enoch, and some believe the use of this book also appears in the four gospels and <a href="/wiki/1_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter">1 Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and his disciples sometimes used phrases also featured in some of the Apocryphal books,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Apocrypha#Dubious" title="Talk:Apocrypha">discuss</a></i>]</sup> the Book of Enoch was never referenced by Jesus. The genuineness and inspiration of Enoch were believed in by the writer of the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many others of the <a href="/wiki/Early_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early church">early church</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of Paul">Epistles of Paul</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> also show influences from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which is part of the Ethiopian canon, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Moses" title="Assumption of Moses">Assumption of Moses</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Twelve_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs">Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which are included in no biblical canon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonicity">Canonicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canonicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Christian biblical canons</a></div> <p>The establishment of a largely settled uniform <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">canon</a> was a process of centuries, and what the term <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canon</a></i> (as well as <i>apocrypha</i>) precisely meant also saw development. The canonical process took place with believers recognizing writings as being <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspired by God</a> from known or accepted origins, subsequently being followed by official affirmation of what had become largely established through the study and debate of the writings.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first ecclesiastical decree on the Catholic Church's canonical books of the Sacred Scriptures is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> (382), and is correspondent to that of Trent.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, favored the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic</a> canon for the Old Testament, excluding apocryphal books in the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> as unworthy to be properly called scripture, but included most of them in a separate section.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther did not include the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> in his Old Testament, terming them "Apocrypha, that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but are useful and good to read."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Church accepts four other books into its canon than what are contained in the Catholic canon: <a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disputes">Disputes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The status of the books that the Catholic Church terms <i><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonicals</a></i> (second canon) and Protestantism refers to as <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></i> has been an issue of disagreement that preceded the Reformation. Many believe that the pre-Christian-era Jewish translation (into Greek) of holy scriptures known as the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures originally compiled around 280 BC, originally included the apocryphal writings in dispute, with little distinction made between them and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. Others argue that the Septuagint of the first century did not contain these books but they were added later by Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Wegner_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest extant manuscripts of the Septuagint are from the fourth century, and suffer greatly from a lack of uniformity as regards containing apocryphal books,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some also contain books classed as <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a>, from which texts were cited by some early writers in the second and later centuries as being scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a few scholars conclude that the Jewish canon was the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is generally considered not to have been finalized until about 100 AD<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or somewhat later, at which time considerations of Greek language and beginnings of Christian acceptance of the Septuagint weighed against some of the texts. Some were not accepted by the Jews as part of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> canon and the Apocrypha is not part of the historical Jewish canon<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The second clause is redundant, contradicts the first clause, and is unsourced. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Early church fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a>, spoke against the canonicity of much or all of the apocrypha,<sup id="cite_ref-Wegner_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the most weighty opposition was the fourth century Catholic scholar <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> who preferred the Hebrew canon, whereas Augustine and others preferred the wider (Greek) canon,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with both having followers in the generations that followed. The <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> states as regards the Middle Ages, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Latin Church, all through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> [5th century to the 15th century] we find evidence of hesitation about the character of the deuterocanonicals. There is a current friendly to them, another one distinctly unfavourable to their authority and sacredness, while wavering between the two are a number of writers whose veneration for these books is tempered by some perplexity as to their exact standing, and among those we note St. Thomas Aquinas. Few are found to unequivocally acknowledge their canonicity.</p></blockquote> <p>The prevailing attitude of Western medieval authors is substantially that of the Greek Fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wider Christian canon accepted by Augustine became the more established canon in the western Church<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being promulgated for use in the Easter Letter of Athanasius (circa 372 A.D.), the Synod of Rome (382 A.D., but its <a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gelasianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Decretum Gelasianum">Decretum Gelasianum</a> is generally considered to be a much later addition<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the local councils of Carthage and Hippo in north Africa (391 and 393 A.D). Athanasius called canonical all books of the Hebrew Bible including Baruch, while excluding Esther. He adds that "there are certain books which the Fathers had appointed to be read to catechumens for edification and instruction; these are the Wisdom of Solomon, the Wisdom of Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Esther, Judith, Tobias, the Didache, or Doctrine of the Apostles, and the Shepherd of Hermas. All others are apocrypha and the inventions of heretics (Festal Epistle for 367)".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, none of these constituted indisputable definitions, and significant scholarly doubts and disagreements about the nature of the Apocrypha continued for centuries and even into Trent,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provided the first infallible definition of the Catholic canon in 1546.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century, the Protestant reformers challenged the canonicity of the books and partial-books found in the surviving Septuagint but not in the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>. In response to this challenge, after the death of Martin Luther (February 8, 1546) the ecumenical <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> officially ("infallibly") declared these books (called "deuterocanonical" by Catholics) to be part of the canon in April, 1546 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Protestant Reformers rejected the parts of the canon that were not part of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, they included the four New Testament books Luther considered of doubtful canonicity along with the Apocrypha in his non-binding <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther's canon</a> (although most were separately included in his Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they were in some editions of the KJV bible until 1947).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protestantism therefore established a 66 book canon with the 39 books based on the ancient Hebrew canon, along with the traditional 27 books of the New Testament. Protestants also rejected the Catholic term "deuterocanonical" for these writings, preferring to apply the term "apocryphal", which was already in use for other early and disputed writings. As today (but along with other reasons),<sup id="cite_ref-Wegner_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> various reformers argued that those books contained doctrinal or other errors and thus should not have been added to the canon for that reason. The differences between canons can be seen under <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon#Old_Testament" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Development of the Christian biblical canon</a>. </p><p>Explaining the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Church's canon is made difficult because of differences of perspective with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> church in the interpretation of how it was done. Those differences (in matters of jurisdictional authority) were contributing factors in the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">separation of the Roman Catholics and Orthodox</a> around 1054, but the formation of the canon that Trent would later officially definitively settle was largely complete by the fifth century, if not settled, six centuries before the separation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the eastern part of the church, it took much of the fifth century also to come to agreement, but in the end it was accomplished. The canonical books thus established by the undivided church became the predominant canon for what was later to become Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox alike.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The East already differed from the West in not considering every question of canon yet settled, and it subsequently adopted a few more books into its Old Testament. It also allowed consideration of yet a few more to continue not fully decided, which led in some cases to adoption in one or more jurisdictions, but not all. Thus, there are today a few remaining differences of canon among Orthodox, and all Orthodox accept a few more books than appear in the Catholic canon. The <a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a>, <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jeremiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle of Jeremiah">Epistle of Jeremiah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Book of Odes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a> are included in some copies of the Septuagint,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of which are accepted as canonical by Eastern Orthodox and some other churches. Protestants accept none of these additional books as canon, but see them having roughly the same status as the other Apocrypha.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> uses a different definition than the Roman Catholic Church does for the books of its canon that it calls <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books#In_Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical</a>, referring to them as a class of books with less authority than other books of the Old Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> uses this term to refer to a class of books that were added to its canon later than the other books in its Old Testament canon, considering them all of equal authority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New Testament apocrypha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a></div> <p>New Testament apocrypha—books similar to those in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> but almost universally rejected by Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants—include several gospels and lives of apostles. Some were written by early Jewish Christians (see the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_according_to_the_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel according to the Hebrews">Gospel according to the Hebrews</a>). Others of these were produced by <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> authors or members of other groups later defined as <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodox</a>. Many texts believed lost for centuries were unearthed in the 19th and 20th centuries, producing lively speculation about their importance in early <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> among religious scholars,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while many others survive only in the form of quotations from them in other writings; for some, no more than the title is known. Artists and theologians have drawn upon the New Testament apocrypha for such matters as the names of <a href="/wiki/Dismas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dismas">Dismas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gestas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestas">Gestas</a> and details about the <a href="/wiki/Three_Wise_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Wise Men">Three Wise Men</a>. The first explicit mention of the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">perpetual virginity of Mary</a> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphical">pseudepigraphical</a> <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy Gospel of James">Infancy Gospel of James</a>. </p><p>Before the fifth century, the Christian writings that were then under discussion for inclusion in the canon but had not yet been accepted were classified in a group known as the ancient <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">antilegomenae</a>. These were all candidates for the New Testament and included several books that were eventually accepted, such as: <a href="/wiki/The_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Epistle to the Hebrews">The Epistle to the Hebrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Peter">2 Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_John" class="mw-redirect" title="3 John">3 John</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revelation_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation of John">Revelation of John</a> (Apocalypse). None of those accepted books can be considered Apocryphal now, since all Christendom accepts them as canonical. Of the uncanonized ones, the Early Church considered some heretical but viewed others quite positively.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Christians, in an extension of the meaning, might also consider the non-heretical books to be "apocryphal" along the manner of Martin Luther: not canon, but useful to read. This category includes books such as the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a>, which are sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic tradition</a> was a prolific source of apocryphal gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While these writings borrowed the characteristic poetic features of apocalyptic literature from Judaism, Gnostic sects largely insisted on allegorical interpretations based on a secret apostolic tradition. With them, these apocryphal books were highly esteemed. A well-known Gnostic apocryphal book is the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>, the only complete text of which was found in the Egyptian town of <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a> in 1945. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a>, a Gnostic gospel, also received much media attention when it was reconstructed in 2006. </p><p>Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestants all agree on the canon of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> have in the past also included <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Clement_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of Clement (disambiguation)">I & II Clement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a> in their <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> canon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_Sixty">List of Sixty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of Sixty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The List of Sixty, dating to around the 7th century, lists the sixty books of the Bible. The unknown author also lists many apocryphal books that are not included amongst the sixty. These books are:<sup id="cite_ref-ISBE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Adam" title="Books of Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Lamech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Twelve_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs">Twelve Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Joseph" title="Prayer of Joseph">Prayer of Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldad_and_Modad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eldad and Modad (page does not exist)">Eldad and Modad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Testament of Moses">Testament of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Moses" title="Assumption of Moses">Assumption of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Elijah" title="Apocalypse of Elijah">Apocalypse of Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Zephaniah" title="Apocalypse of Zephaniah">Apocalypse of Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocalypse_of_Zechariah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apocalypse of Zechariah (page does not exist)">Apocalypse of Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Apocalypse_of_Ezra" title="Greek Apocalypse of Ezra">Apocalyptic Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_James&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of James (page does not exist)">History of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itinerary_and_Teaching_of_the_Apostles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itinerary and Teaching of the Apostles (page does not exist)">Itinerary and Teaching of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didascalia_of_Clement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didascalia of Clement (page does not exist)">Didascalia of Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didascalia_of_Ignatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didascalia of Ignatius (page does not exist)">Didascalia of Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didascalia_of_Polycarp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didascalia of Polycarp (page does not exist)">Didascalia of Polycarp</a></li> <li>Gospel According to Barnabas<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gospel According to Matthew<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, the supposed reports of the words, actions, and silent approval of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, are accused by some Muslims of being fabrications (<a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a>) created in the 8th and 9th centuries AD, and falsely attributed to Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, some sects of the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> also rejected the hadiths, while <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilites" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilites">Mu'tazilites</a> rejected the hadiths as the basis for Islamic law, while at the same time accepting the Sunnah and <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sindima_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindima-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main points of internal Islamic criticism of hadith literature are based on questions regarding its authenticity. However, Muslim criticism of hadith is also based on arguments and criticisms of Islamic theology and philosophy. </p><p>Traditionally, some sects of the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> have rejected Hadith. There are some who even oppose the writing of Hadith for fear that it will compete with or even replace the Quran. <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilite">Mu'tazilite</a> followers also reject hadith as the basis for Islamic law, while simultaneously accepting the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sindima_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindima-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Mu'tazilites, the basic argument for rejecting hadith is that "because of its nature as the transmission of individuals, [it] cannot be a sure path to our understanding of the Prophet's teachings, unlike the Quran whose transmission has a general consensus among Muslims". Some Muslim critics of hadith have even gone so far as to completely reject them as fundamental texts of Islam and instead adhere to the movement known as <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taoism">Taoism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prophetic texts called the <i>Ch'an-wei</i> were written by <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC – AD 220) <a href="/wiki/Daoshi" title="Daoshi">Taoist priests</a> to legitimize as well as curb imperial power.<sup id="cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeidelAnna-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They deal with treasure objects that were part of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> (1066–256 BC) royal treasures. Emerging from the instability of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (476–221 BC), ancient Chinese scholars saw the centralized rule of the Zhou as an ideal model for the new Han empire to emulate. </p><p>The <i>Ch'an-wei</i> are texts written by Han scholars about the Zhou royal treasures, only they were not written to record history for its own sake, but for legitimizing the current imperial reign. These texts took the form of stories about texts and objects being conferred upon the Emperors by Heaven and comprising these ancient sage-king's (this is how the Zhou emperors were referred to by this time, about 500 years after their peak) royal regalia.<sup id="cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeidelAnna-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desired effect was to confirm the Han emperor's <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Heavenly Mandate</a> through the continuity offered by his possession of these same sacred talismans. </p><p>It is because of this politicized recording of their history that it is difficult to retrace the exact origins of these objects. What is known is that these texts were most likely produced by a class of literati called the <i><a href="/wiki/Fangshi" title="Fangshi">fangshi</a></i>. These were a class of nobles who were not part of the state administration; they were considered specialists or occultists, for example diviners, astrologers, alchemists or healers.<sup id="cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeidelAnna-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is from this class of nobles that the first <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> priests are believed to have emerged. <a href="/wiki/Seidel,_Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Seidel, Anna">Seidel</a> points out, however, that the scarcity of sources relating to the formation of early <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> make the exact link between the apocryphal texts and the Taoist beliefs unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeidelAnna-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List of Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_apocrypha" title="Shakespeare apocrypha">Shakespeare apocrypha</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Apocrypha" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/9256">"Apocrypha"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocrypha&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F9256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-apocryphal" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/9258">"apocryphal"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=apocryphal&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F9258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISBE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISBE_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISBE_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromley2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bromley, Geoffrey William, ed. (2009). "Apocrypha". <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i> (2 ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocrypha&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwert2010" class="citation book cs1">Ewert, David (11 May 2010). <i>A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations</i>. Zondervan. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310872436" title="Special:BookSources/9780310872436"><bdi>9780310872436</bdi></a>. <q>English Bibles were patterned after those of the Continental Reformers by having the Apocrypha set off from the rest of the OT. Coverdale (1535) called them "Apocrypha". All English Bibles prior to 1629 contained the Apocrypha. Matthew's Bible (1537), the Great Bible (1539), the Geneva Bible (1560), the Bishop's Bible (1568), and the King James Bible (1611) contained the Apocrypha. Soon after the publication of the KJV, however, the English Bibles began to drop the Apocrypha and eventually they disappeared entirely. The first English Bible to be printed in America (1782–83) lacked the Apocrypha. In 1826 the British and Foreign Bible Society decided to no longer print them. Today the trend is in the opposite direction, and English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Introduction+to+the+Bible%3A+From+Ancient+Tablets+to+Modern+Translations&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.isbn=9780310872436&rft.aulast=Ewert&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wells1911_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1911" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Preston B. (1911). <i>The Story of the English Bible</i>. Pentecostal Publishing Company. p. 41. <q>Fourteen books and parts of books are considered <i>Apocryphal</i> by Protestants. Three of these are recognized by Roman Catholics also as <i>Apocryphal</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+English+Bible&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Pentecostal+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Preston+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FUP1970-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FUP1970_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FUP1970_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FUP1970_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Quaker Life, Volume 11</i>. Friends United Press. 1970. p. 141. <q>Even though they were not placed on the same level as the canonical books , still they were useful for instruction . ... These–and others that total fourteen or fifteen altogether-are the books known as the Apocrypha.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaker+Life%2C+Volume+11&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Friends+United+Press&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apocrypha">"Apocrypha - Definition"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Apocrypha+-+Definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fapocrypha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-978-1-59955-384-9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-978-1-59955-384-9_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2010" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Diana Barton (2010). <i>Forgotten women of God</i>. Bonneville Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59955-384-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59955-384-9"><bdi>978-1-59955-384-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/704859621">704859621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+women+of+God&rft.pub=Bonneville+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F704859621&rft.isbn=978-1-59955-384-9&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Diana+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2014" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, James (2014). <i>A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume I (Part I: A -- Cyrus)</i>. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410217226" title="Special:BookSources/9781410217226"><bdi>9781410217226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible%3A+Volume+I+%28Part+I%3A+A+--+Cyrus%29&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=The+Minerva+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781410217226&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharles1911">Charles 1911</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeidelAnna-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeidelAnna_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidel" class="citation book cs1">Seidel, Anna. "Imperial treasures and Taoist sacraments". In Strickmann, M. (ed.). <i>Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honor of Rolf A. Stein, II</i>. Bruxelles: Institut belge des hautes etudes chinoises. pp. 291–371.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+treasures+and+Taoist+sacraments&rft.btitle=Tantric+and+Taoist+Studies+in+Honor+of+Rolf+A.+Stein%2C+II&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pages=291-371&rft.pub=Institut+belge+des+hautes+etudes+chinoises&rft.aulast=Seidel&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1016.htm"><i>Commentaries on Matthew</i>, X. 18, XIII. 57</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (March 2010)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apocryphal">"apocryphal - Definition"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>. 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=apocryphal+-+Definition&rft.date=2024-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fapocryphal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/origen.html">"Origen on the Canon"</a>. <i>BibleResearcher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BibleResearcher.com&rft.atitle=Origen+on+the+Canon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Forigen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeislerMacKenzie1995-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GeislerMacKenzie1995_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeislerMacKenzie1995" class="citation book cs1">Geisler, Norman L.; MacKenzie, Ralph E. (1995). <i>Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences</i>. Baker Publishing Group. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3875-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3875-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3875-4</bdi></a>. <q>Lutherans and Anglicans used it only for ethical / devotional matters but did not consider it authoritative in matters of faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholics+and+Evangelicals%3A+Agreements+and+Differences&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3875-4&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+Ralph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/biblical_studies/wycliffe/">"John Wycliffe's Translation"</a>. <i>nnu.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nnu.edu&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe%27s+Translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Fbiblical_studies%2Fwycliffe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesner-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wesner_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wesner_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesner2015" class="citation web cs1">Wesner, Erik J. (8 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amishamerica.com/bible/#apocrypha">"The Bible"</a>. Amish America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible&rft.pub=Amish+America&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.aulast=Wesner&rft.aufirst=Erik+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famishamerica.com%2Fbible%2F%23apocrypha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deSilva2018-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deSilva2018_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeSilva2018" class="citation book cs1">deSilva, David A. (20 February 2018). <i>Introducing the Apocrypha: Message, Context, and Significance</i>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1307-2"><bdi>978-1-4934-1307-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+Apocrypha%3A+Message%2C+Context%2C+and+Significance&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-1307-2&rft.aulast=deSilva&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonald-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2009" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Lee Martin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n9U4T2aYQJ8C&q=Forgotten+Scriptures:+The+Selection+and+Rejection+of+Early+Religious+Writings+By+Lee+Martin+McDonald&pg=PR4"><i>Forgotten Scriptures: The Selection and Rejection of Early Religious Writings</i></a>. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 11–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664233570" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664233570"><bdi>978-0664233570</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Scriptures%3A+The+Selection+and+Rejection+of+Early+Religious+Writings&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pages=11-33&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0664233570&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Lee+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn9U4T2aYQJ8C%26q%3DForgotten%2BScriptures%3A%2BThe%2BSelection%2Band%2BRejection%2Bof%2BEarly%2BReligious%2BWritings%2BBy%2BLee%2BMartin%2BMcDonald%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Thirty-Nine_Articles-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Thirty-Nine_Articles_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Thirty-Nine_Articles_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicansonline.org/basics/thirty-nine_articles.html">"The Thirty-Nine Articles"</a>. Anglicans Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Nine+Articles&rft.pub=Anglicans+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicansonline.org%2Fbasics%2Fthirty-nine_articles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesley1825-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wesley1825_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wesley1825_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wesley1825_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1825" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">Wesley, John</a> (1825). <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists;_With_Other_Occasional_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists; With Other Occasional Services"><i>The Sunday Service of the Methodists; With Other Occasional Services</i></a>. J. Kershaw. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunday+Service+of+the+Methodists%3B+With+Other+Occasional+Services&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=J.+Kershaw&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSilva2002" class="citation book cs1">DeSilva, David Arthur (2002). <i>Introducing the Apocrypha: Message, Context, and Significance</i>. Baker Academic. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2319-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2319-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-2319-4</bdi></a>. <q>The author also promotes an ideology of marriage, revealed mainly in the prayer of 8:5–7 (which is an optional Old Testament reading in Catholic, Anglican, and United Methodist marriage services).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+Apocrypha%3A+Message%2C+Context%2C+and+Significance&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2319-4&rft.aulast=DeSilva&rft.aufirst=David+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxanglican.net/downloads/apocrypha.PDF"><i>The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809124209/http://www.orthodoxanglican.net/downloads/apocrypha.PDF">Archived</a> August 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewert-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ewert_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewert_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewert_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewert_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwert2010" class="citation book cs1">Ewert, David (11 May 2010). <i>A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310872436" title="Special:BookSources/9780310872436"><bdi>9780310872436</bdi></a>. <q>English Bibles were patterned after those of the Continental Reformers by having the Apocrypha set off from the rest of the OT. Coverdale (1535) called them "Apocrypha". All English Bibles prior to 1629 contained the Apocrypha. Matthew's Bible (1537), the Great Bible (1539), the Geneva Bible (1560), the Bishop's Bible (1568), and the King James Bible (1611) contained the Apocrypha. Soon after the publication of the KJV, however, the English Bibles began to drop the Apocrypha and eventually they disappeared entirely. The first English Bible to be printed in America (1782–83) lacked the Apocrypha. In 1826, the British and Foreign Bible Society decided to no longer print them. Today the trend is in the opposite direction, and English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Introduction+to+the+Bible%3A+From+Ancient+Tablets+to+Modern+Translations&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.isbn=9780310872436&rft.aulast=Ewert&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/wescontext.html">"THE WESTMINSTER CONFESSION OF FAITH"</a>. <i>BibleResearcher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BibleResearcher.com&rft.atitle=THE+WESTMINSTER+CONFESSION+OF+FAITH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fwescontext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlocher2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blocher, Henri (2004). "Helpful or Harmful? The "Apocrypha" and Evangelical Theology". <i>European Journal of Theology</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 81–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Helpful+or+Harmful%3F+The+%22Apocrypha%22+and+Evangelical+Theology&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-90&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Blocher&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster" class="citation web cs1">Webster, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151213013409/http://www.christiantruth.com/articles/Apocrypha3.html">"The Old Testament Canon and the Apocrypha Part 3"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiantruth.com/articles/Apocrypha3.html">the original</a> on 13 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+Canon+and+the+Apocrypha+Part+3&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantruth.com%2Farticles%2FApocrypha3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudak1993" class="citation book cs1">Hudak, Thomas (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xt3YAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Tale of Prince Samuttakote</i></a>. Ohio University Center for International Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896801745" title="Special:BookSources/9780896801745"><bdi>9780896801745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tale+of+Prince+Samuttakote&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Center+for+International+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780896801745&rft.aulast=Hudak&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxt3YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sengpan Pannyawamsa (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/the_tham_vessantara_jataka_-_a_critical_study_of_the_vj_and_its_influence_on_kengtung_buddhism_eastern_shan_state.pdf">"The Tham Vessantara-jAtaka: A Critical Study of the Tham Vessantara-jAtaka and its Influence on Kengtung Buddhism, Eastern Shan State, Burma."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004201000/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/the_tham_vessantara_jataka_-_a_critical_study_of_the_vj_and_its_influence_on_kengtung_buddhism_eastern_shan_state.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PhD Thesis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1644-apocrypha">"APOCRYPHA - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=APOCRYPHA+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1644-apocrypha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=40&letter=S&search=Sadducees">"SADDUCEES"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SADDUCEES&rft.btitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D40%26letter%3DS%26search%3DSadducees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holman_study_bible-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holman_study_bible_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Holman study bible</i>. Howard, Jeremy Royal., Blum, Edwin., Stabnow, David K., Holman Bible Staff. (NKJV ed.). Nashville, TN: Holman Bible Pub. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-0509-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-0509-3"><bdi>978-1-4336-0509-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828886896">828886896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holman+study+bible.&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.edition=NKJV&rft.pub=Holman+Bible+Pub&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828886896&rft.isbn=978-1-4336-0509-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/sbrandt/canon.htm">The Old Testament Canon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206105955/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/sbrandt/canon.htm">Archived</a> December 6, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gbgm-umc.org/UMW/BIBLE/ethold.stm">Ethiopian Orthodox Old Testament</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231095249/http://gbgm-umc.org/UMW/BIBLE/ethold.stm">Archived</a> December 31, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>, Vol 6, p 1147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Readings from the Apocrypha</i>. Forward Movement Publications. 1981. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+from+the+Apocrypha&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Forward+Movement+Publications&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewert2010-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ewert2010_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwert2010" class="citation book cs1">Ewert, David (11 May 2010). <i>A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310872436" title="Special:BookSources/9780310872436"><bdi>9780310872436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Introduction+to+the+Bible%3A+From+Ancient+Tablets+to+Modern+Translations&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.isbn=9780310872436&rft.aulast=Ewert&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThomasWondra2002-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThomasWondra2002_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasWondra2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Owen C.; <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Wondra" title="Ellen Wondra">Wondra, Ellen K.</a> (1 July 2002). <i>Introduction to Theology</i> (3rd ed.). Church Publishing, Inc. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819218971" title="Special:BookSources/9780819218971"><bdi>9780819218971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Theology&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.isbn=9780819218971&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Owen+C.&rft.au=Wondra%2C+Ellen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HenzeBoccaccini2013-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HenzeBoccaccini2013_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenzeBoccaccini2013" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Matthias; Boccaccini, Gabriele (20 November 2013). <i>Fourth Ezra and Second Baruch: Reconstruction after the Fall</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Publishing">Brill</a>. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004258815" title="Special:BookSources/9789004258815"><bdi>9789004258815</bdi></a>. <q>Why 3 and 4 Esdraas (called 1 and 2 Esdras in the NRSV Apocrypha) are pushed to the front of the list is not clear, but the motive may have been to distinguish the Anglican Apocrypha from the Roman Catholic canon affirmed at the fourth session of the Council of trent in 1546, which included all of the books in the Anglican Apocrypha list <i>except</i> 3 and 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh. These three texts were designated at Trent as Apocrypha and later included in an appendix to the Clementine Vulgate, first published in 1592 (and the standard Vulgate text until Vatican II).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth+Ezra+and+Second+Baruch%3A+Reconstruction+after+the+Fall&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft.isbn=9789004258815&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.au=Boccaccini%2C+Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2003-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2003_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2003" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Charles R. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puzzlesessaysfro00ande/page/123"><i>Puzzles and Essays from "The Exchange": Tricky Reference Questions</i></a></span>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puzzlesessaysfro00ande/page/123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789017628" title="Special:BookSources/9780789017628"><bdi>9780789017628</bdi></a>. <q>Paper and printing were expensive and early publishers were able to hold down costs by eliminating the Apocrypha once it was deemed secondary material.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puzzles+and+Essays+from+%22The+Exchange%22%3A+Tricky+Reference+Questions&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780789017628&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuzzlesessaysfro00ande%2Fpage%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath2008-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath2008_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2008" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister (10 December 2008). <i>In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307486226" title="Special:BookSources/9780307486226"><bdi>9780307486226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning%3A+The+Story+of+the+King+James+Bible+and+How+It+Changed+a+Nation%2C+a+Language%2C+and+a+Culture&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft.isbn=9780307486226&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701230910/http://www.commontexts.org/rcl/RCL_Introduction_Web.pdf">"The Revised Common Lectionary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Consultation on Common Texts. 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commontexts.org/rcl/rcl_introduction_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>In all places where a reading from the deuterocanonical books (The Apocrypha) is listed, an alternate reading from the canonical Scriptures has also been provided.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Revised+Common+Lectionary&rft.pub=Consultation+on+Common+Texts&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commontexts.org%2Frcl%2Frcl_introduction_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimbrough-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kimbrough_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbrough2005" class="citation book cs1">Kimbrough, S.T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q-vhwjamOioC&pg=PA23"><i>Orthodox And Wesleyan Scriptural Understanding And Practice</i></a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-301-4"><bdi>978-0-88141-301-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+And+Wesleyan+Scriptural+Understanding+And+Practice&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-301-4&rft.aulast=Kimbrough&rft.aufirst=S.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-vhwjamOioC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Style Manual for the Society of Biblical Literature</i> recommends the use of the term <i>deuterocanonical literature</i> instead of <i>apocrypha</i> in academic writing, although not all apocryphal books are properly deuterocanonical.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClontzClontz2008" class="citation book cs1">Clontz, T.E.; Clontz, J. (2008). <i>The Comprehensive New Testament</i>. Cornerstone Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9778737-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9778737-1-5"><bdi>978-0-9778737-1-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comprehensive+New+Testament&rft.pub=Cornerstone+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9778737-1-5&rft.aulast=Clontz&rft.aufirst=T.E.&rft.au=Clontz%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAccordance_Bible_Software2011" class="citation web cs1">Accordance Bible Software (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accordancebible.com/Comprehensive-Crossreferences">"New Release: Comprehensive Bible Cross References"</a>. <i>Accordance Bible Software</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Accordance+Bible+Software&rft.atitle=New+Release%3A+Comprehensive+Bible+Cross+References&rft.date=2011-12&rft.au=Accordance+Bible+Software&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accordancebible.com%2FComprehensive-Crossreferences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scripturecatholic.com/deuterocanonical-books-new-testament/">"References to the Apocrypha in the New Testament"</a>. 7 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=References+to+the+Apocrypha+in+the+New+Testament&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scripturecatholic.com%2Fdeuterocanonical-books-new-testament%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taylormarshall.com/2008/08/decree-of-council-of-rome-ad-382-on.html">"Decree of Council of Rome (AD 382) on the Biblical Canon"</a>. <i>Taylor Marshall</i>. 19 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taylor+Marshall&rft.atitle=Decree+of+Council+of+Rome+%28AD+382%29+on+the+Biblical+Canon&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaylormarshall.com%2F2008%2F08%2Fdecree-of-council-of-rome-ad-382-on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2007" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael David (2007). <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books</i>. Oxford, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible+with+the+Apocryphal%2FDeuterocanonical+Books&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett1910" class="citation book cs1">Willett, Herbert Lockwood (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rl3lcbLkHV0C&q=luther+%22are+useful+and+good+to+read%22&pg=PA521"><i>The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary: Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms, Including Biographical, Geographical, Historical, Archæological and Doctrinal Themes, Superbly Illustrated with Over 600 Maps and Engravings</i></a>. Howard-Severance Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+and+Critical+Bible+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+and+Scriptural+Dictionary%3A+Fully+Defining+and+Explaining+All+Religious+Terms%2C+Including+Biographical%2C+Geographical%2C+Historical%2C+Arch%C3%A6ological+and+Doctrinal+Themes%2C+Superbly+Illustrated+with+Over+600+Maps+and+Engravings&rft.pub=Howard-Severance+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Lockwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drl3lcbLkHV0C%26q%3Dluther%2B%2522are%2Buseful%2Band%2Bgood%2Bto%2Bread%2522%26pg%3DPA521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. T. 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London: Burns & Oates. pp. 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Writ+or+Holy+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Tavard&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent</i>. Translated by Buckley, Theodore Alois. 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Norcross, GA: Trinity Press International. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563383403" title="Special:BookSources/1563383403"><bdi>1563383403</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity+Guide+to+the+Bible&rft.place=Norcross%2C+GA&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Trinity+Press+International&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft.isbn=1563383403&rft.aulast=Hiers&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKhBPOKzHkUC%26q%3Dluther%2Binclude%2Bthe%2Bapocrypha%2Bin%2Bhis%2Bbible%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/canon2.html">"The Old Testament Canon and Apocrypha"</a>. <i>BibleResearcher</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BibleResearcher&rft.atitle=The+Old+Testament+Canon+and+Apocrypha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fcanon2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxanswers.org/answer/39/">Orthodox Answer To a Question About Apocrypha, Canon, Deuterocanonical – Answer #39</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314205050/http://www.orthodoxanswers.org/answer/39/">Archived</a> 14 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Bratcher" class="citation cs2">Dennis Bratcher (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crivoice.org/creeddositheus.html"><i>The Confession of Dositheus (Eastern Orthodox, 1672)</i></a>, Question 3, CRI / Voice, Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confession+of+Dositheus+%28Eastern+Orthodox%2C+1672%29&rft.pub=CRI+%2F+Voice%2C+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crivoice.org%2Fcreeddositheus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://submission.org/Corruption_of_Religion.html">"Hadith and the Corruption of the great religion of Islam | Submission.org - Your best source for Submission (Islam)"</a>. <i>submission.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=submission.org&rft.atitle=Hadith+and+the+Corruption+of+the+great+religion+of+Islam+%7C+Submission.org+-+Your+best+source+for+Submission+%28Islam%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsubmission.org%2FCorruption_of_Religion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur’anists, Florida International University, accessed May 22, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neal_Robinson_2013_pp._85-89_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878402243" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878402243">978-0878402243</a>, Chapter 7, pp. 85-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindima-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sindima_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sindima_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSindima2017" class="citation book cs1">Sindima, Harvey J (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8c_DwAAQBAJ&dq=khawarij+rejected+the+hadith&pg=PA75"><i>Major Issues in Islam: The Challenges Within and Without</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761870173" title="Special:BookSources/9780761870173"><bdi>9780761870173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Issues+in+Islam%3A+The+Challenges+Within+and+Without&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780761870173&rft.aulast=Sindima&rft.aufirst=Harvey+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj8c_DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkhawarij%2Brejected%2Bthe%2Bhadith%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Charles, Robert Henry (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Apocryphal_Literature" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apocryphal Literature">Apocryphal Literature</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocryphal+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=175-183&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Robert+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Apocrypha" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apocrypha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alinsuciu.com/">Alin Suciu's blog on various Coptic apocrypha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.elib.com/Library/Religious/AP/Apocry_index.html"><i>The Apocrypha</i></a> is in the religion section at the e.Lib.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/biblical_studies/noncanon/index.htm">Noncanonical Literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040614161145/http://www.comparative-religion.com/christianity/apocrypha/">Complete NT Apocrypha</a> Claims to be the largest collection of New Testament apocrypha online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://st-takla.org/pub_Deuterocanon/Deuterocanon-Apocrypha_El-Asfar_El-Kanoneya_El-Tanya__0-index.html">Deuterocanonical books</a> - Full text from Saint Takla Haymanot Church Website (also presents the full text in Arabic)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bd/apocrypha">LDS Bible Dictionary - Apocrypha</a> – Definition & LDS POV, including brief book descriptions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AldenicumTheTrilogy/">Aldenicum The Trilogy</a>, an apocryphal view on life and reality around us.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=a&word=APOCRYPHA">Christian Cyclopedia article on Apocrypha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014070146/http://bombaxo.com/allusions.html">New Testament Allusions to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudymagazine.com/interactive/canon/">Canon Comparison Chart</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchem1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._Schem" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. Schem">Schem, A. J.</a> (1879). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Apocrypha"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Apocrypha">"Apocrypha" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocrypha&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Schem&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Apocrypha"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Apocrypha">"Apocrypha" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocrypha&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com">EarlyChristianWritings.com</a> A chronological list of early Christian books and letters, both complete and incomplete works; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a>, apocryphal and <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a>. Many with links to English translations.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historicity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historicity" title="Template:Historicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historicity" title="Template talk:Historicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem" title="Bayes' theorem">Bayes' theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">'<i>Ilm al-rijāl</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demythologization" title="Demythologization">Demythologization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_philology" title="Cognitive philology">Cognitive philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decipherment" title="Decipherment">Decipherment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">Comparative linguistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Criteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_contextual_credibility" title="Criterion of contextual credibility">Contextual credibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_dissimilarity" title="Criterion of dissimilarity">Dissimilarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectio_difficilior_potior" title="Lectio difficilior potior">Lectio difficilior potior</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">Multiple attestation</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Mutawatir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawatir">Mutawatir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Historicity" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua#Historicity" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">The <i>Iliad</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Quran" title="Historical reliability of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham#Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya / Smerdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha#Historical_person" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitatus" title="Incitatus">Caligula's horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David#Historicity" title="David">King David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Feng" title="Lei Feng">Lei Feng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Historicity" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood#Historicity" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu#Historicity" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tell#Historicity_debate" title="William Tell">William Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br />places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus#Origins_and_historicity" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus" title="Sources and parallels of the Exodus">Sources and parallels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents#History_and_theology" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey" title="Geography of the Odyssey">Geography of the <i>Odyssey</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">Hadith terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth#Mythology" title="Myth">Myth § Mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity" title="Category:Historicity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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