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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɛnɪkə/</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SEN-ik-ə</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 BC – AD 65),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> usually known <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mononymously?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymously">mononymously</a> as Seneca, was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stoicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> philosopher of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, a statesman, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dramatist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatist</a>, and in one work, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satirist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirist">satirist</a>, from the post-Augustan age of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>. <table class="infobox biography vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"> <div class="fn"> Seneca the Younger </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Duble_herma_of_Socrates_and_Seneca_Antikensammlung_Berlin_07.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Duble_herma_of_Socrates_and_Seneca_Antikensammlung_Berlin_07.jpg/220px-Duble_herma_of_Socrates_and_Seneca_Antikensammlung_Berlin_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Duble_herma_of_Socrates_and_Seneca_Antikensammlung_Berlin_07.jpg/330px-Duble_herma_of_Socrates_and_Seneca_Antikensammlung_Berlin_07.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Duble_herma_of_Socrates_and_Seneca_Antikensammlung_Berlin_07.jpg/440px-Duble_herma_of_Socrates_and_Seneca_Antikensammlung_Berlin_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="2208"></a> <div class="infobox-caption"> Ancient bust of Seneca, part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Double_Herm_of_Socrates_and_Seneca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca">Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 BC <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Córdoba, Spain">Corduba</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispania_Baetica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (present-day Spain) </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th> <td class="infobox-data">AD 65 (aged 68–69) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>, Roman Empire </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th> <td class="infobox-data category"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th> <td class="infobox-data nickname">Seneca the Younger, Seneca</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epistulae_Morales_ad_Lucilium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium">Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medea_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medea (Seneca)">Medea</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thyestes_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thyestes (Seneca)">Thyestes</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phaedra_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phaedra (Seneca)">Phaedra</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a> (father)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th> <td class="infobox-data category"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th> <td class="infobox-data category"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th> <td class="infobox-data category"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stoicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Main interests </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Notable ideas </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Problem_of_evil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Seneca was born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Córdoba, Spain">Colonia Patricia Corduba</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, and was trained in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhetoric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a>. His father was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a>, his elder brother was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus</a>, and his nephew was the poet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>. In AD 41, Seneca was exiled to the island of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corsica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> under emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> but was allowed to return in 49 to become a tutor to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nero">Nero</a>. When Nero became emperor in 54, Seneca became his advisor and, together with the praetorian prefect <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sextus_Afranius_Burrus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sextus Afranius Burrus">Sextus Afranius Burrus</a>, provided competent government for the first five years of Nero's reign. Seneca's influence over Nero declined with time, and in 65 Seneca was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forced_suicide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forced suicide">forced to take his own life</a> for alleged complicity in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pisonian_conspiracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pisonian conspiracy">Pisonian conspiracy</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assassination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assassination">assassinate</a> Nero, of which he was probably innocent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> His stoic and calm <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suicide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suicide">suicide</a> has become the subject of numerous paintings. As a writer, Seneca is known for his philosophical works, and for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senecan_tragedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senecan tragedy">his plays</a>, which are all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tragedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tragedy">tragedies</a>. His prose works include 12 essays and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epistulae_Morales_ad_Lucilium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium">124 letters</a> dealing with moral issues. These writings constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stoicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> As a tragedian, he is best known for plays such as his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medea_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medea (Seneca)">Medea</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thyestes_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thyestes (Seneca)">Thyestes</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phaedra_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phaedra (Seneca)">Phaedra</a>. Seneca had an immense influence on later generations—during the Renaissance he was "a sage admired and venerated as an oracle of moral, even of Christian edification; a master of literary style and a model [for] dramatic art."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Life">1 Life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_life,_family_and_adulthood">1.1 Early life, family and adulthood</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politics_and_exile">1.2 Politics and exile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imperial_advisor">1.3 Imperial advisor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Retirement">1.4 Retirement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Death">1.5 Death</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Philosophy">2 Philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Drama">3 Drama</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Works">4 Works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Seneca's_tragedies">4.1 Seneca's tragedies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Essays_and_letters">4.2 Essays and letters</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Essays">4.2.1 Essays</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_essays">4.2.2 Other essays</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Letters">4.2.3 Letters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other">4.2.4 Other</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Spurious">4.2.5 Spurious</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Editions">4.3 Editions</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legacy">5 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#As_a_proto-Christian_saint">5.1 As a proto-Christian saint</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Disputed_quotations">5.2 Disputed quotations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#An_improving_reputation">5.3 An improving reputation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_popular_culture">6 In popular culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notable_fictional_portrayals">6.1 Notable fictional portrayals</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Life">Life</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_life,_family_and_adulthood">Early life, family and adulthood</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early life, family and adulthood" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Seneca was born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> in the Roman province of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispania_Baetica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> His branch of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annaea_gens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annaea gens">Annaea gens</a> consisted of Italic colonists, of Umbrian or Paelignian origins.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> His father was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seneca the Elder">Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Elder</a>, a Spanish-born <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equites">Roman knight</a> who had gained fame as a writer and teacher of rhetoric in Rome.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dandy-8">[8]</a> Seneca's mother, Helvia, was from a prominent Baetician family.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-habby7-9">[9]</a> Seneca was the second of three brothers; the others were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Lucius Annaeus Novatus</a> (later known as Junius Gallio), and Annaeus Mela, the father of the poet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rgm92-10">[10]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miriam_Griffin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Miriam Griffin">Miriam Griffin</a> says in her biography of Seneca that "the evidence for Seneca's life before his exile in 41 is so slight, and the potential interest of these years, for social history, as well as for biography, is so great that few writers on Seneca have resisted the temptation to eke out knowledge with imagination."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-thegriff-11">[11]</a> Griffin also infers from the ancient sources that Seneca was born in either 8, 4, or 1 BC. She thinks he was born between 4 and 1 BC and was resident in Rome by AD 5.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-thegriff-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Cordoue.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Cordoue.JPG/220px-S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Cordoue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2240"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Cordoue.JPG/220px-S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Cordoue.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Cordoue.JPG/330px-S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Cordoue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Cordoue.JPG/440px-S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Cordoue.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Modern statue of Seneca in Córdoba </figcaption> </figure> Seneca is said to have been taken to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> in the "arms" of his aunt (his mother's stepsister) at a young age, probably when he was about five years old.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> His father resided for much of his life in the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi7-13">[13]</a> Seneca was taught the usual subjects of literature, grammar, and rhetoric, as part of the standard education of high-born Romans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-habby8-14">[14]</a> While still young he received philosophical training from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attalus_(Stoic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attalus (Stoic)">Attalus</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stoicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a>, and from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sotion_(Pythagorean)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sotion (Pythagorean)">Sotion</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papirius_Fabianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papirius Fabianus">Papirius Fabianus</a>, both of whom belonged to the short-lived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a>, which combined Stoicism with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pythagoreanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rgm92-10">[10]</a> Sotion persuaded Seneca when he was a young man (in his early twenties) to become a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vegetarian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>, which he practiced for around a year before his father urged him to desist because the practice was associated with "some foreign rites".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Seneca often had breathing difficulties throughout his life, probably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asthma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asthma">asthma</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and at some point in his mid-twenties (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 20) he appears to have been struck down with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuberculosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> He was sent to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a> to live with his aunt (the same aunt who had brought him to Rome), whose husband <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaius_Galerius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaius Galerius">Gaius Galerius</a> had become <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prefect_of_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefect of Egypt">Prefect of Egypt</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-habby7-9">[9]</a> She nursed him through a period of ill health that lasted up to ten years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wilko62-18">[18]</a> In 31 AD he returned to Rome with his aunt, his uncle dying en route in a shipwreck.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wilko62-18">[18]</a> His aunt's influence helped Seneca be elected <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaestor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> (probably after AD 37<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-habby8-14">[14]</a>), which also earned him the right to sit in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wilko62-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Politics_and_exile">Politics and exile</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Politics and exile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Seneca's early career as a senator seems to have been successful and he was praised for his oratory.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny24-19">[19]</a> In his writings Seneca has nothing good to say about Caligula and frequently depicts him as a monster.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cassius_Dio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> relates a story that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caligula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> was so offended by Seneca's oratorical success in the Senate that he ordered him to commit suicide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny24-19">[19]</a> Seneca survived only because he was seriously ill and Caligula was told that he would soon die anyway.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny24-19">[19]</a> Seneca explains his own survival as due to his patience and his devotion to his friends: "I wanted to avoid the impression that all I could do for loyalty was die."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In AD 41, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> became emperor, and Seneca was accused by the new empress <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messalina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messalina">Messalina</a> of adultery with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Livilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a>, sister to Caligula and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-habby9-22">[22]</a> The affair has been doubted by some historians, since Messalina had clear political motives for getting rid of Julia Livilla and her supporters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi7-13">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wilko79-23">[23]</a> The Senate pronounced a death sentence on Seneca, which Claudius commuted to exile, and Seneca spent the next eight years on the island of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corsica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny23-24">[24]</a> Two of Seneca's earliest surviving works date from the period of his exile—both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca%27s_Consolations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seneca's Consolations">consolations</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-habby9-22">[22]</a> In his Consolation to Helvia, his mother, Seneca comforts her as a bereaved mother for losing her son to exile.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny23-24">[24]</a> Seneca incidentally mentions the death of his only son, a few weeks before his exile.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny23-24">[24]</a> Later in life Seneca was married to a woman younger than himself, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pompeia_Paulina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pompeia Paulina">Pompeia Paulina</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rgm92-10">[10]</a> It has been thought that the infant son may have been from an earlier marriage,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny23-24">[24]</a> but the evidence is "tenuous".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rgm92-10">[10]</a> Seneca's other work of this period, his Consolation to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polybius_(freedman)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polybius (freedman)">Polybius</a>, one of Claudius' freedmen, focused on consoling Polybius on the death of his brother. It is noted for its flattery of Claudius, and Seneca expresses his hope that the emperor will recall him from exile.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny23-24">[24]</a> In 49 AD Agrippina married her uncle Claudius, and through her influence Seneca was recalled to Rome.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-habby9-22">[22]</a> Agrippina gained the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praetor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Praetor">praetorship</a> for Seneca and appointed him tutor to her son, the future emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny22-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Imperial_advisor">Imperial advisor</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Imperial advisor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca_(Barr%C3%B3n).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca_%28Barr%C3%B3n%29.JPG/220px-Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca_%28Barr%C3%B3n%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="2864"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca_%28Barr%C3%B3n%29.JPG/220px-Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca_%28Barr%C3%B3n%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca_%28Barr%C3%B3n%29.JPG/330px-Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca_%28Barr%C3%B3n%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca_%28Barr%C3%B3n%29.JPG/440px-Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca_%28Barr%C3%B3n%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Nero and Seneca, by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eduardo_Barr%C3%B3n_Gonz%C3%A1lez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eduardo Barrón González">Eduardo Barrón</a> (1904). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_del_Prado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a> </figcaption> </figure> From AD 54 to 62, Seneca acted as Nero's advisor, together with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praetorian_prefect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sextus_Afranius_Burrus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sextus Afranius Burrus">Sextus Afranius Burrus</a>. Early in Nero's reign, his mother Agrippina exercised his authority to make decisions. Seneca and Burrus opposed this authoritarian matriarchy which had become the cause of irresponsibility of the emperor. One by-product of his new position was that Seneca was appointed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffect_consul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffect consul">suffect consul</a> in 56.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Seneca's influence was said to have been especially strong in the first year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Seneca composed Nero's accession speeches in which he promised to restore proper legal procedure and authority to the Senate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny22-25">[25]</a> He also composed the eulogy for Claudius that Nero delivered at the funeral.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny22-25">[25]</a> Seneca's satirical skit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apocolocyntosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apocolocyntosis">Apocolocyntosis</a>, which lampoons the deification of Claudius and praises Nero, dates from the earliest period of Nero's reign.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny22-25">[25]</a> In AD 55, Seneca wrote <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Clementia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Clementia">On Clemency</a> following Nero's murder of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britannicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>, perhaps to assure the citizenry that the murder was the end, not the beginning of bloodshed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-habby10-28">[28]</a> On Clemency is a work which, although it flatters Nero, was intended to show the correct (Stoic) path of virtue for a ruler.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny22-25">[25]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tacitus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and Dio suggest that Nero's early rule, during which he listened to Seneca and Burrus, was quite competent. However, the ancient sources suggest that, over time, Seneca and Burrus lost their influence over the emperor. In 59 they had reluctantly agreed to Agrippina's murder, and afterward Tacitus reports that Seneca had to write a letter justifying the murder to the Senate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-habby10-28">[28]</a> In AD 58 the senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publius_Suillius_Rufus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Publius Suillius Rufus">Publius Suillius Rufus</a> made a series of public attacks on Seneca.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny21-29">[29]</a> These attacks, reported by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tacitus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cassius_Dio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> included charges that, in a mere four years of service to Nero, Seneca had acquired a vast personal fortune of three hundred million <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sestertius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sestertius">sestertii</a> by charging high interest on loans throughout Italy and the provinces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi9-31">[31]</a> Suillius' attacks included claims of sexual corruption, with a suggestion that Seneca had slept with Agrippina.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wilko130-32">[32]</a> Tacitus, though, reports that Suillius was highly prejudiced: he had been a favorite of Claudius,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny21-29">[29]</a> and had been an embezzler and informant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi9-31">[31]</a> In response, Seneca brought a series of prosecutions for corruption against Suillius: half of his estate was confiscated and he was sent into exile.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wilko131-33">[33]</a> However, the attacks reflect a criticism of Seneca that was made at the time and continued through later ages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny21-29">[29]</a> Seneca was undoubtedly extremely rich: he had properties at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baiae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baiae">Baiae</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomentum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomentum">Nomentum</a>, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alba_Longa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alba Longa">Alban</a> villa, and Egyptian estates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny21-29">[29]</a> Cassius Dio even reports that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boudica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boudica">Boudica</a> uprising in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a> was caused by Seneca forcing large loans on the indigenous British aristocracy in the aftermath of Claudius's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman conquest of Britain">conquest of Britain</a>, and then calling them in suddenly and aggressively.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brauny21-29">[29]</a> Seneca was sensitive to such accusations: his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Vita_Beata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Vita Beata">De Vita Beata</a> ("On the Happy Life") dates from around this time and includes a defense of wealth along Stoic lines, arguing that properly gaining and spending wealth is appropriate behavior for a philosopher.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi9-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Retirement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After Burrus's death in 62, Seneca's influence declined rapidly; as Tacitus puts it (Ann. 14.52.1), mors Burri infregit Senecae potentiam ("the death of Burrus broke Seneca's power").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Tacitus reports that Seneca tried to retire twice, in 62 and AD 64, but Nero refused him on both occasions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi9-31">[31]</a> Nevertheless, Seneca was increasingly absent from the court.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi9-31">[31]</a> He adopted a quiet lifestyle on his country estates, concentrating on his studies and seldom visiting Rome. It was during these final few years that he composed two of his greatest works: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturales_quaestiones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturales quaestiones">Naturales quaestiones</a>—an encyclopedia of the natural world; and his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letters_to_Lucilius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to Lucilius">Letters to Lucilius</a>—which document his philosophical thoughts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-habby14-35">[35]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Dying_Seneca.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Dying_Seneca.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Dying_Seneca.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3111" data-file-height="3749"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 241px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Dying_Seneca.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Dying_Seneca.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Dying_Seneca.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Dying_Seneca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Dying_Seneca.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Dying_Seneca.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Death of Seneca by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Death">Death</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In AD 65, Seneca was caught up in the aftermath of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pisonian_conspiracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pisonian conspiracy">Pisonian conspiracy</a>, a plot to kill Nero. Although it is unlikely that Seneca was part of the conspiracy, Nero ordered him to kill himself.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi9-31">[31]</a> Seneca followed tradition by severing several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vein">veins</a> in order to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exsanguination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exsanguination">bleed to death</a>, and his wife Pompeia Paulina attempted to share his fate. Cassius Dio, who wished to emphasize the relentlessness of Nero, focused on how Seneca had attended to his last-minute letters, and how his death was hastened by soldiers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A generation after the Julio-Claudian emperors, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tacitus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> wrote an account of the suicide, which, in view of his republican sympathies, is perhaps somewhat romanticized.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brodby-37">[37]</a> According to this account, Nero ordered Seneca's wife saved. Her wounds were bound up and she made no further attempt to kill herself. As for Seneca himself, his age and diet were blamed for slow loss of blood and extended pain rather than a quick death. He also took poison, which was not fatal. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_S%C3%A1nchez_-_El_suicidio_de_S%C3%A9neca.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_S%C3%A1nchez_-_El_suicidio_de_S%C3%A9neca.jpg/300px-Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_S%C3%A1nchez_-_El_suicidio_de_S%C3%A9neca.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="1827"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_S%C3%A1nchez_-_El_suicidio_de_S%C3%A9neca.jpg/300px-Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_S%C3%A1nchez_-_El_suicidio_de_S%C3%A9neca.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_S%C3%A1nchez_-_El_suicidio_de_S%C3%A9neca.jpg/450px-Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_S%C3%A1nchez_-_El_suicidio_de_S%C3%A9neca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_S%C3%A1nchez_-_El_suicidio_de_S%C3%A9neca.jpg/600px-Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_S%C3%A1nchez_-_El_suicidio_de_S%C3%A9neca.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_S%C3%A1nchez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel Domínguez Sánchez">Manuel Domínguez Sánchez</a>, Death of Seneca, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_del_Prado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a> </figcaption> </figure> After dictating his last words to a scribe, and with a circle of friends attending him in his home, he immersed himself in a warm bath, which he expected would speed blood flow and ease his pain. Tacitus wrote, "He was then carried into a bath, with the steam of which he was suffocated, and he was burnt without any of the usual funeral rites. So he had directed in a codicil of his will, even when in the height of his wealth and power he was thinking of life's close."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brodby-37">[37]</a> This may give the impression of a favorable portrait of Seneca, but Tacitus's treatment of him is at best ambivalent. Alongside Seneca's apparent fortitude in the face of death, for example, one can also view his actions as rather histrionic and performative; and when Tacitus tells us that he left his family an imago suae vitae (Annales 15.62), "an image of his life", he is possibly being ambiguous: in Roman culture, the imago was a kind of mask that commemorated the great ancestors of noble families, but at the same time, it may also suggest duplicity, superficiality, and pretense.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:S%C3%A8necaQuestionibusNaturalibus.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/S%C3%A8necaQuestionibusNaturalibus.jpg/220px-S%C3%A8necaQuestionibusNaturalibus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1349"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 311px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/S%C3%A8necaQuestionibusNaturalibus.jpg/220px-S%C3%A8necaQuestionibusNaturalibus.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/S%C3%A8necaQuestionibusNaturalibus.jpg/330px-S%C3%A8necaQuestionibusNaturalibus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/S%C3%A8necaQuestionibusNaturalibus.jpg/440px-S%C3%A8necaQuestionibusNaturalibus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> First page of the Naturales Quaestiones, made for the Aragonese court </figcaption> </figure> As "a major philosophical figure of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman philosophy">Roman</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Imperial Period</a>",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Seneca's lasting contribution to philosophy has been to the school of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stoicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>. His writing is highly accessible<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gill37-41">[41]</a> and was the subject of attention from the Renaissance onwards by writers such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> He has been described as “a towering and controversial figure of antiquity”<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a> and “the world’s most interesting Stoic”.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Seneca wrote a number of books on Stoicism, mostly on ethics, with one work (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturales_quaestiones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturales quaestiones">Naturales Quaestiones</a>) on the physical world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gill34-45">[45]</a> Seneca built on the writings of many of the earlier Stoics: he often mentions <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cleanthes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chrysippus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and frequently cites <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Posidonius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a>, with whom Seneca shared an interest in natural phenomena.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He frequently quotes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epicurus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a>, especially in his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epistulae_Morales_ad_Lucilium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium">Letters</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> His interest in Epicurus is mainly limited to using him as a source of ethical maxims.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Likewise Seneca shows some interest in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platonism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platonism">Platonist</a> metaphysics, but never with any clear commitment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> His moral essays are based on Stoic doctrines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gill37-41">[41]</a> Stoicism was a popular philosophy in this period, and many upper-class Romans found in it a guiding ethical framework for political involvement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gill34-45">[45]</a> It was once popular to regard Seneca as being very <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eclectic_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclectic philosophy">eclectic</a> in his Stoicism,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> but modern scholarship views him as a fairly orthodox Stoic, albeit a free-minded one.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> His works discuss both ethical theory and practical advice, and Seneca stresses that both parts are distinct but interdependent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gill43-53">[53]</a> His <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letters_to_Lucilius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to Lucilius">Letters to Lucilius</a> showcase Seneca's search for ethical perfection<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gill43-53">[53]</a> and “represent a sort of philosophical testament for posterity”.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a> Seneca regards philosophy as a balm for the wounds of life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-colly14-54">[54]</a> The destructive passions, especially anger and grief, must be uprooted,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi15-55">[55]</a> or moderated according to reason.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-colly49-56">[56]</a> He discusses the relative merits of the contemplative life and the active life,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-colly14-54">[54]</a> and he considers it important to confront one's own mortality and be able to face death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi15-55">[55]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-colly49-56">[56]</a> One must be willing to practice poverty and use wealth properly,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi16-57">[57]</a> and he writes about favours, clemency, the importance of friendship, and the need to benefit others.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi16-57">[57]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-colly14-54">[54]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The universe is governed for the best by a rational providence,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi16-57">[57]</a> and this must be reconciled with acceptance of adversity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi15-55">[55]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Drama">Drama</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Drama" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senecan_tragedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senecan tragedy">Senecan tragedy</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Woodcut_illustration_of_the_suicide_of_Seneca_and_the_attempted_suicide_of_his_wife_Pompeia_Paulina_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Woodcut_illustration_of_the_suicide_of_Seneca_and_the_attempted_suicide_of_his_wife_Pompeia_Paulina_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/220px-Woodcut_illustration_of_the_suicide_of_Seneca_and_the_attempted_suicide_of_his_wife_Pompeia_Paulina_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Woodcut_illustration_of_the_suicide_of_Seneca_and_the_attempted_suicide_of_his_wife_Pompeia_Paulina_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/220px-Woodcut_illustration_of_the_suicide_of_Seneca_and_the_attempted_suicide_of_his_wife_Pompeia_Paulina_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Woodcut_illustration_of_the_suicide_of_Seneca_and_the_attempted_suicide_of_his_wife_Pompeia_Paulina_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/330px-Woodcut_illustration_of_the_suicide_of_Seneca_and_the_attempted_suicide_of_his_wife_Pompeia_Paulina_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Woodcut_illustration_of_the_suicide_of_Seneca_and_the_attempted_suicide_of_his_wife_Pompeia_Paulina_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/440px-Woodcut_illustration_of_the_suicide_of_Seneca_and_the_attempted_suicide_of_his_wife_Pompeia_Paulina_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodcut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodcut">Woodcut</a> illustration of the suicide of Seneca and the attempted suicide of his wife <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pompeia_Paulina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pompeia Paulina">Pompeia Paulina</a> </figcaption> </figure> Ten plays are attributed to Seneca, of which most likely eight were written by him.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi23-59">[59]</a> The plays stand in stark contrast to his philosophical works. With their intense emotions, and grim overall tone, the plays seem to represent the antithesis of Seneca's Stoic beliefs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi20-60">[60]</a> Up to the 16th century it was normal to distinguish between Seneca the moral philosopher and Seneca the dramatist as two separate people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Scholars have tried to spot certain Stoic themes: it is the uncontrolled passions that generate madness, ruination, and self-destruction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gill58-62">[62]</a> This has a cosmic as well as an ethical aspect, and fate is a powerful, albeit rather oppressive, force.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gill58-62">[62]</a> Many scholars have thought, following the ideas of the 19th-century German scholar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Leo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Leo">Friedrich Leo</a>, that Seneca's tragedies were written for recitation only.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Other scholars think that they were written for performance and that it is possible that actual performance took place in Seneca's lifetime.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Ultimately, this issue cannot be resolved on the basis of our existing knowledge.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asmi23-59">[59]</a> The tragedies of Seneca have been successfully staged in modern times. The dating of the tragedies is highly problematic in the absence of any ancient references.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rgm94-65">[65]</a> A parody of a lament from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hercules_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hercules (Seneca)">Hercules Furens</a> appears in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apocolocyntosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apocolocyntosis">Apocolocyntosis</a>, which implies a date before AD 54 for that play.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rgm94-65">[65]</a> A relative chronology has been proposed on metrical grounds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The plays are not all based on the Greek pattern; they have a five-act form and differ in many respects from extant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theatre_of_Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Ancient Greece">Attic drama</a>, and while the influence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euripides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> on some of these works is considerable, so is the influence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ovid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rgm94-65">[65]</a> Seneca's plays were widely read in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University">universities</a> and strongly influenced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tragedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tragedy">tragic drama</a> in that time, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabethan_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan England">Elizabethan England</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Shakespeare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and other playwrights), France (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Corneille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Racine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Racine">Racine</a>), and the Netherlands (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joost van den Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> English translations of Seneca's tragedies appeared in print in the mid-16th century, with all ten published collectively in 1581.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> He is regarded as the source and inspiration for what is known as "Revenge Tragedy", starting with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Kyd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Kyd">Thomas Kyd</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a> and continuing well into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacobean_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thyestes_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thyestes (Seneca)">Thyestes</a> is considered Seneca's masterpiece,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and has been described by scholar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dana_Gioia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dana Gioia">Dana Gioia</a> as "one of the most influential plays ever written".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JHU-71">[71]</a> Medea is also highly regarded,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and was praised along with Phaedra by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T._S._Eliot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JHU-71">[71]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Works attributed to Seneca include 12 philosophical essays, 124 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epistulae_morales_ad_Lucilium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistulae morales ad Lucilium">letters</a> dealing with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moral">moral</a> issues, nine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tragedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tragedy">tragedies</a>, and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satire">satire</a>, the attribution of which is disputed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> His authorship of Hercules on Oeta has also been questioned. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Seneca's_tragedies">Seneca's tragedies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Seneca's tragedies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fabulae_crepidatae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabulae crepidatae">Fabulae crepidatae</a> (tragedies with Greek subjects): <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hercules_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hercules (Seneca)">Hercules</a> or Hercules furens (The Madness of Hercules)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Troades_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Troades (Seneca)">Troades</a> (The Trojan Women)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phoenissae_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phoenissae (Seneca)">Phoenissae</a> (The Phoenician Women)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medea_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medea (Seneca)">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phaedra_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phaedra (Seneca)">Phaedra</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oedipus_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oedipus (Seneca)">Oedipus</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agamemnon_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agamemnon (Seneca)">Agamemnon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thyestes_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thyestes (Seneca)">Thyestes</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hercules_Oetaeus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hercules Oetaeus">Hercules Oetaeus</a> (Hercules on Oeta): generally considered not written by Seneca. First rejected by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_Heinsius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniël Heinsius">Daniël Heinsius</a>.</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fabula_praetexta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabula praetexta">Fabula praetexta</a> (tragedy in Roman setting): <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octavia_(play)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octavia (play)">Octavia</a>: almost certainly not written by Seneca (at least in its final form) since it contains accurate prophecies of both his and Nero's deaths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> This play closely resembles Seneca's plays in style, but was probably written some time after Seneca's death (perhaps under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vespasian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>) by someone influenced by Seneca and aware of the events of his lifetime.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Though attributed textually to Seneca, the attribution was early questioned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and rejected by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justus_Lipsius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Essays_and_letters">Essays and letters</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Essays and letters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Essays">Essays</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Essays" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Traditionally given in the following order: <ol> <li>(64) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Providentia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Providentia">De Providentia</a> (On providence) – addressed to Lucilius</li> <li>(55) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Constantia_Sapientis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Constantia Sapientis">De Constantia Sapientis</a> (On the Firmness of the Wise Person) – addressed to Serenus</li> <li>(41) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Ira?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Ira">De Ira</a> (On anger) – A study on the consequences and the control of anger – addressed to his brother Novatus</li> <li>(book 2 of the De Ira)</li> <li>(book 3 of the De Ira)</li> <li>(40) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ad_Marciam,_De_consolatione?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Marciam, De consolatione">Ad Marciam, De consolatione</a> (To Marcia, On Consolation) – Consoles her on the death of her son</li> <li>(58) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Vita_Beata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Vita Beata">De Vita Beata</a> (On the Happy Life) – addressed to Gallio</li> <li>(62) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Otio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Otio">De Otio</a> (On Leisure) – addressed to Serenus</li> <li>(63) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Tranquillitate_Animi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Tranquillitate Animi">De Tranquillitate Animi</a> (On the tranquillity of mind) – addressed to Serenus</li> <li>(49) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Brevitate_Vitae_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Brevitate Vitae (Seneca)">De Brevitate Vitæ</a> (On the shortness of life) – Essay expounding that any length of life is sufficient if lived wisely – addressed to Paulinus</li> <li>(44) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca%27s_Consolations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seneca's Consolations">De Consolatione ad Polybium</a> (To Polybius, On consolation) – Consoling him on the death of his brother.</li> <li>(42) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca%27s_Consolations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seneca's Consolations">Ad Helviam matrem, De consolatione</a> (To mother Helvia, On consolation) – Letter to his mother consoling her on his absence during exile.</li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Other_essays">Other essays</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other essays" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>(56) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Clementia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Clementia">De Clementia</a> (On Clemency) – written to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nero">Nero</a> on the need for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clemency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a> as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virtue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virtue">virtue</a> in an emperor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>(63) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Beneficiis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Beneficiis">De Beneficiis</a> (On Benefits) [seven books]</li> <li>(–) De Superstitione (On Superstition) – lost, but quoted from in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Augustine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_City_of_God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The City of God">City of God</a> 6.10–6.11.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Letters">Letters</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Letters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>(64) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epistulae_Morales_ad_Lucilium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium">Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium</a> – collection of 124 letters, sometimes divided into 20 books, dealing with moral issues written to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucilius_Junior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucilius Junior">Lucilius Junior</a>. This work has possibly come down to us incomplete; the miscellanist Aulus Gellius refers, in his Noctes Atticae (12.2), to a 'book 22'.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Other">Other</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Seneca,_Lucius_Annaeus_%E2%80%93_Naturales_quaestiones,_1522_%E2%80%93_BEIC_4698971.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seneca%2C_Lucius_Annaeus_%E2%80%93_Naturales_quaestiones%2C_1522_%E2%80%93_BEIC_4698971.jpg/220px-Seneca%2C_Lucius_Annaeus_%E2%80%93_Naturales_quaestiones%2C_1522_%E2%80%93_BEIC_4698971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1649"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 366px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seneca%2C_Lucius_Annaeus_%E2%80%93_Naturales_quaestiones%2C_1522_%E2%80%93_BEIC_4698971.jpg/220px-Seneca%2C_Lucius_Annaeus_%E2%80%93_Naturales_quaestiones%2C_1522_%E2%80%93_BEIC_4698971.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="366" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seneca%2C_Lucius_Annaeus_%E2%80%93_Naturales_quaestiones%2C_1522_%E2%80%93_BEIC_4698971.jpg/330px-Seneca%2C_Lucius_Annaeus_%E2%80%93_Naturales_quaestiones%2C_1522_%E2%80%93_BEIC_4698971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seneca%2C_Lucius_Annaeus_%E2%80%93_Naturales_quaestiones%2C_1522_%E2%80%93_BEIC_4698971.jpg/440px-Seneca%2C_Lucius_Annaeus_%E2%80%93_Naturales_quaestiones%2C_1522_%E2%80%93_BEIC_4698971.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturales_quaestiones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturales quaestiones">Naturales quaestiones</a>, 1522 </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>(54) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apocolocyntosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apocolocyntosis">Apocolocyntosis divi Claudii</a> (The Gourdification of the Divine Claudius), a satirical work.</li> <li>(63) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturales_quaestiones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturales quaestiones">Naturales quaestiones</a> [seven books] an insight into ancient theories of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosmology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meteorology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, and similar subjects.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Spurious">Spurious</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Spurious" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>(58–62/370?) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epistle_to_Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle to Seneca the Younger">Cujus etiam ad Paulum apostolum leguntur epistolae</a>: These letters, allegedly between Seneca and St Paul, were revered by early authorities, but modern scholarship rejects their authenticity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Editions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid%3D4698971">Naturales quaestiones</a> (in Latin). Venezia: eredi Aldo Manuzio (1.) & Andrea Torresano (1.). 1522.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturales+quaestiones&rft.place=Venezia&rft.pub=eredi+Aldo+Manuzio+%281.%29+%26+Andrea+Torresano+%281.%29&rft.date=1522&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D4698971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="As_a_proto-Christian_saint">As a proto-Christian saint</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: As a proto-Christian saint" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Plato_Seneca_Aristotle_medieval.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Plato_Seneca_Aristotle_medieval.jpg/170px-Plato_Seneca_Aristotle_medieval.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1158"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Plato_Seneca_Aristotle_medieval.jpg/170px-Plato_Seneca_Aristotle_medieval.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Plato_Seneca_Aristotle_medieval.jpg/255px-Plato_Seneca_Aristotle_medieval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Plato_Seneca_Aristotle_medieval.jpg/340px-Plato_Seneca_Aristotle_medieval.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Seneca, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristotle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in a medieval manuscript illustration (c. 1325–35) </figcaption> </figure> Seneca's writings were well known in the later Roman period, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quintilian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, writing thirty years after Seneca's death, remarked on the popularity of his works amongst the youth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lars54a-81">[81]</a> While he found much to admire, Quintillian criticized Seneca for what he regarded as a degenerate literary style—a criticism echoed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aulus_Gellius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a> in the middle of the 2nd century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lars54a-81">[81]</a> The early Christian Church was very favourably disposed towards Seneca and his writings, and the church leader <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertullian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> possessively referred to him as "our Seneca".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> By the 4th century an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Correspondence_of_Paul_and_Seneca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Correspondence of Paul and Seneca">apocryphal correspondence</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> had been created linking Seneca into the Christian tradition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lars54-83">[83]</a> The letters are mentioned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> who also included Seneca among a list of Christian writers, and Seneca is similarly mentioned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lars54-83">[83]</a> In the 6th century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_of_Braga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin of Braga">Martin of Braga</a> synthesized Seneca's thought into a couple of treatises that became popular in their own right.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lars55-84">[84]</a> Otherwise, Seneca was mainly known through a large number of quotes and extracts in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florilegium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florilegium">florilegia</a>, which were popular throughout the medieval period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lars55-84">[84]</a> When his writings were read in the later Middle Ages, it was mostly his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letters_to_Lucilius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to Lucilius">Letters to Lucilius</a>—the longer essays and plays being relatively unknown.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Medieval writers and works continued to link him to Christianity because of his alleged association with Paul.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wilko219-86">[86]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golden_Legend?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a>, a 13th-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagiography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hagiography">hagiographical</a> account of famous saints that was widely read, included an account of Seneca's death scene, and erroneously presented Nero as a witness to Seneca's suicide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wilko219-86">[86]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dante_Alighieri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> placed Seneca (alongside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cicero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>) among the "great spirits" in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#First_Circle_(Limbo)" title="Inferno (Dante)">First Circle of Hell</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbo">Limbo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boccaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>, who in 1370 came across the works of Tacitus whilst browsing the library at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montecassino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Montecassino">Montecassino</a>, wrote an account of Seneca's suicide hinting that it was a kind of disguised baptism, or a de facto baptism in spirit.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Some, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albertino_Mussato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albertino Mussato">Albertino Mussato</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Colonna_(cardinal,_1295%E2%80%931348)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Colonna (cardinal, 1295–1348)">Giovanni Colonna</a>, went even further and concluded that Seneca must have been a Christian convert.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Disputed_quotations">Disputed quotations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Disputed quotations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Various other antique and medieval texts purport to be by Seneca, e.g., De remediis fortuitorum, but with unconfirmed authorship, they have sometimes been referred-to as "Pseudo-Seneca".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> At least some of these seem to preserve and adapt genuine Senecan content, for example, Saint <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_of_Braga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin of Braga">Martin of Braga</a>'s (d. c. 580) Formula vitae honestae, or De differentiis quatuor virtutum vitae honestae ("Rules for an Honest Life", or "On the Four Cardinal Virtues"). Early manuscripts preserve Martin's preface, where he makes it clear that this was his adaptation, but in later copies this was omitted, and the work was later thought fully Seneca's work.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Seneca is also often quoted as the author of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aphorism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a>: "Religion is regarded by the common people as true, by the wise as false, and by the rulers as useful".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a> However, this quote is similar to a statement by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Gibbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>: "The various modes of worship which prevailed in the Roman world were all considered by the people as equally true; by the philosophers as equally false; and by the magistrate as equally useful.", so it is <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger%23Disputed">disputed</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="An_improving_reputation">An improving reputation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: An improving reputation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Seneca.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seneca.JPG/170px-Seneca.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1390"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seneca.JPG/170px-Seneca.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seneca.JPG/255px-Seneca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seneca.JPG/340px-Seneca.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudo-Seneca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudo-Seneca">Pseudo-Seneca</a>", a Roman bust found at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herculaneum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, one of a series of similar sculptures known since the Renaissance, once identified as Seneca. Now commonly identified as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hesiod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> </figcaption> </figure> Seneca remains one of the few popular Roman philosophers from the period. He appears not only in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, but also in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chaucer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a> and to a large degree in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, who adopted his style in his own essays and who quotes him more than any other authority except <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, printed editions and translations of his works became common, including an edition by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erasmus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> and a commentary by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Calvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gummere-93">[93]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_of_Salisbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a>, Erasmus and others celebrated his works. French essayist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a>, who gave a spirited defense of Seneca and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plutarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> in his Essays, was himself considered by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pasquier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne Pasquier">Pasquier</a> a "French Seneca".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Similarly, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Fuller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Fuller">Thomas Fuller</a> praised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Hall_(bishop)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Hall (bishop)">Joseph Hall</a> as "our English Seneca". Many who considered his ideas not particularly original still argued that he was important in making the Greek philosophers presentable and intelligible.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a> His suicide has also been a popular subject in art, from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>'s 1773 painting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Death_of_Seneca_(David)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Death of Seneca (David)">The Death of Seneca</a> to the 1951 film <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1951_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quo Vadis (1951 film)">Quo Vadis</a>. Even with the admiration of an earlier group of intellectual stalwarts, Seneca has never been without his detractors. In his own time, he was accused of hypocrisy or, at least, a less than "Stoic" lifestyle. While banished to Corsica, he wrote a plea for restoration rather incompatible with his advocacy of a simple life and the acceptance of fate. In his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apocolocyntosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apocolocyntosis">Apocolocyntosis</a> he ridiculed the behaviors and policies of Claudius, and flattered Nero—such as proclaiming that Nero would live longer and be wiser than the legendary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a>. The claims of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publius_Suillius_Rufus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Publius Suillius Rufus">Publius Suillius Rufus</a> that Seneca acquired some "three hundred million <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sesterces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterces">sesterces</a>" through Nero's favor are highly partisan, but they reflect the reality that Seneca was both powerful and wealthy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-campbell-96">[96]</a> Robin Campbell, a translator of Seneca's letters, writes that the "stock criticism of Seneca right down the centuries [has been]...the apparent contrast between his philosophical teachings and his practice."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-campbell-96">[96]</a> In 1562 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardano</a> wrote an apology praising Nero in his Encomium Neronis, printed in Basel.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a> This was likely intended as a mock <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encomium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encomium">encomium</a>, inverting the portrayal of Nero and Seneca that appears in Tacitus.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In this work Cardano portrayed Seneca as a crook of the worst kind, an empty rhetorician who was only thinking to grab money and power, after having poisoned the mind of the young emperor. Cardano stated that Seneca well deserved death. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Seneka_Starszy_Sevilla.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Seneka_Starszy_Sevilla.JPG/220px-Seneka_Starszy_Sevilla.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1221"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Seneka_Starszy_Sevilla.JPG/220px-Seneka_Starszy_Sevilla.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Seneka_Starszy_Sevilla.JPG/330px-Seneka_Starszy_Sevilla.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Seneka_Starszy_Sevilla.JPG/440px-Seneka_Starszy_Sevilla.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> "Seneca", ancient hero of the modern Córdoba; this architectural roundel in Seville is based on the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudo-Seneca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudo-Seneca">Pseudo-Seneca</a>" (illustration above) </figcaption> </figure> Among the historians who have sought to reappraise Seneca is the scholar Anna Lydia Motto, who in 1966 argued that the negative image has been based almost entirely on Suillius's account, while many others who might have lauded him have been lost.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <blockquote> "We are therefore left with no contemporary record of Seneca's life, save for the desperate opinion of Publius Suillius. Think of the barren image we should have of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socrates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, had the works of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xenophon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> not come down to us and were we wholly dependent upon <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristophanes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' description of this Athenian philosopher. To be sure, we should have a highly distorted, misconstrued view. Such is the view left to us of Seneca, if we were to rely upon Suillius alone."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </blockquote> More recent work is changing the dominant perception of Seneca as a mere conduit for pre-existing ideas, showing originality in Seneca's contribution to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_ideas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">history of ideas</a>. Examination of Seneca's life and thought in relation to contemporary education and to the psychology of emotions is revealing the relevance of his thought. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> in her discussion of desire and emotion includes Seneca among the Stoics who offered important insights and perspectives on emotions and their role in our lives.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Specifically devoting a chapter to his treatment of anger and its management, she shows Seneca's appreciation of the damaging role of uncontrolled anger, and its pathological connections. Nussbaum later extended her examination to Seneca's contribution to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[102]</a> showing considerable subtlety and richness in his thoughts about politics, education, and notions of global citizenship—and finding a basis for reform-minded education in Seneca's ideas she used to propose a mode of modern education that avoids both narrow traditionalism and total rejection of tradition. Elsewhere Seneca has been noted as the first great Western thinker on the complex nature and role of gratitude in human relationships.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Seneca the Younger">Category:Cultural depictions of Seneca the Younger</a> </div> <ul> <li>The movie Seneca was released in 2023, narrating his life<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notable_fictional_portrayals">Notable fictional portrayals</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notable fictional portrayals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:0_S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Prado_-_Cat._144_-_(2).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/0_S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Prado_-_Cat._144_-_%282%29.JPG/170px-0_S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Prado_-_Cat._144_-_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/0_S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Prado_-_Cat._144_-_%282%29.JPG/170px-0_S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Prado_-_Cat._144_-_%282%29.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/0_S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Prado_-_Cat._144_-_%282%29.JPG/255px-0_S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Prado_-_Cat._144_-_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/0_S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Prado_-_Cat._144_-_%282%29.JPG/340px-0_S%C3%A9n%C3%A8que_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Prado_-_Cat._144_-_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Baroque marble imaginary portrait bust of Seneca, by an anonymous sculptor of the 17th century. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_del_Prado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a> </figcaption> </figure> Seneca is a character in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a>'s 1642 opera <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%27incoronazione_di_Poppea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L'incoronazione di Poppea">L'incoronazione di Poppea</a> (The Coronation of Poppea), which is based on the pseudo-Senecan play, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octavia_(play)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octavia (play)">Octavia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <ul> <li>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nathaniel_Lee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nathaniel Lee">Nathaniel Lee</a>'s 1675 play Nero, Emperor of Rome, Seneca attempts to dissuade Nero from his egomaniacal plans, but is dragged off to prison, dying off-stage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li>Seneca appears in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Bridges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Bridges">Robert Bridges</a>' verse drama Nero, the second part of which (published 1894) culminates in Seneca's death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Seneca also appears in a fairly minor role in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>'s 1896 novel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quo Vadis (novel)">Quo Vadis</a> and was played by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicholas_Hannen_(actor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicholas Hannen (actor)">Nicholas Hannen</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1951_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quo Vadis (1951 film)">the 1951 film</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>In Robert Graves's 1934 book <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudius_the_God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius the God">Claudius the God</a>, the sequel novel to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I,_Claudius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="I, Claudius">I, Claudius</a>, Seneca is portrayed as an unbearable sycophant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He is shown as a flatterer who converts to Stoicism solely to appease Claudius's own ideology. The "Pumpkinification" (Apocolocyntosis) to Graves thus becomes an unbearable work of flattery to the loathsome Nero, mocking a man that Seneca groveled to for years.</li> <li>The historical novel Chariot of the Soul by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linda_Proud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linda Proud">Linda Proud</a> features Seneca as tutor of the young Togidubnus, son of King Verica of the Atrebates, during his ten-year stay in Rome.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>The 2023 film <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_%E2%80%93_On_the_Creation_of_Earthquakes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seneca – On the Creation of Earthquakes">Seneca – On the Creation of Earthquakes</a> focuses on the final days of Seneca, portrayed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Malkovich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Malkovich">John Malkovich</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>In Simon Scarrow's 2020 novel 'The Emperor's Exile', the 19th book in the Eagles of Rome series, Seneca sends the hero of the books, Prefect Cato, to Sardinia to escort Nero's mistress into exile and to defeat the brigands who terrorise the island. Throughout the series of books we learn that the man who whispers in the Emperor's ear is the real power behind the throne but that power often proves fatal to the bearer.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Correspondence_of_Paul_and_Seneca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Correspondence of Paul and Seneca">Correspondence of Paul and Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glossarium_Eroticum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glossarium Eroticum">Glossarium Eroticum</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otium">Otium</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lucius-Annaeus-Seneca-Roman-philosopher-and-statesman">s.v. Seneca</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitch2008" class="citation book cs1">Fitch, John (2008). Seneca. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 32. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199282081?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199282081"><bdi>978-0199282081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seneca&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199282081&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson,_Matthew1991" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (1991). A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Bunson%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> John Sellars, Stoicism (University of California Press, 2006), p. 12: "the largest collection of surviving text for any Stoic" and "by far the most important Stoic author whose works survive."</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatling1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E._F._Watling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="E. F. Watling">Watling, E. F.</a> (1966). "Introduction". Four Tragedies and Octavia. Penguin Books. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Four+Tragedies+and+Octavia&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Watling&rft.aufirst=E.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHabinek2013">Habinek 2013</a>, p. 6</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897).</li> <li id="cite_note-dandy-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dandy_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDando-Collins2008" class="citation book cs1">Dando-Collins, Stephen (2008). Blood of the Caesars: How the Murder of Germanicus Led to the Fall of Rome. John Wiley & Sons. p. 47. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470137413?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470137413"><bdi>978-0470137413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+of+the+Caesars%3A+How+the+Murder+of+Germanicus+Led+to+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0470137413&rft.aulast=Dando-Collins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-habby7-9">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-habby7_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-habby7_9-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHabinek2013">Habinek 2013</a>, p. 7</li> <li id="cite_note-rgm92-10">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rgm92_10-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rgm92_10-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rgm92_10-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rgm92_10-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFReynoldsGriffinFantham2012">Reynolds, Griffin & Fantham 2012</a>, p. 92</li> <li id="cite_note-thegriff-11">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-thegriff_11-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-thegriff_11-1">b</a> Miriam T. Griffin. Seneca: A Philosopher in Politics, Oxford 1976. 34.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 48 citing De Consolatione ad Helviam Matrem 19.2</li> <li id="cite_note-asmi7-13">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi7_13-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi7_13-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAsmisBartschNussbaum2012">Asmis, Bartsch & Nussbaum 2012</a>, p. vii</li> <li id="cite_note-habby8-14">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-habby8_14-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-habby8_14-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHabinek2013">Habinek 2013</a>, p. 8</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 56</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 32</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 57</li> <li id="cite_note-wilko62-18">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wilko62_18-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wilko62_18-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wilko62_18-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 62</li> <li id="cite_note-brauny24-19">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny24_19-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny24_19-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny24_19-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBraund2015">Braund 2015</a>, p. 24</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 67</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 67 citing Naturales Quaestiones, 4.17</li> <li id="cite_note-habby9-22">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-habby9_22-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-habby9_22-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-habby9_22-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHabinek2013">Habinek 2013</a>, p. 9</li> <li id="cite_note-wilko79-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wilko79_23-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 79</li> <li id="cite_note-brauny23-24">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny23_24-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny23_24-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny23_24-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny23_24-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny23_24-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBraund2015">Braund 2015</a>, p. 23</li> <li id="cite_note-brauny22-25">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny22_25-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny22_25-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny22_25-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny22_25-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny22_25-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBraund2015">Braund 2015</a>, p. 22</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> The Senatus Consultum Trebellianum was dated to 25 August in his consulate, which he shared with Trebellius Maximus. Digest 36.1.1</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cassius_Dio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> claims Seneca and Burrus "took the rule entirely into their own hands," but "after the death of Britannicus, Seneca and Burrus no longer gave any careful attention to the public business" in 55 (Cassius Dio, Roman History, LXI. 3–7)</li> <li id="cite_note-habby10-28">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-habby10_28-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-habby10_28-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHabinek2013">Habinek 2013</a>, p. 10</li> <li id="cite_note-brauny21-29">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny21_29-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny21_29-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny21_29-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny21_29-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brauny21_29-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBraund2015">Braund 2015</a>, p. 21</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> Tacitus, Annals xiii.42; Cassius Dio, Roman History lxi.33.9.</li> <li id="cite_note-asmi9-31">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi9_31-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi9_31-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi9_31-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi9_31-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi9_31-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi9_31-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAsmisBartschNussbaum2012">Asmis, Bartsch & Nussbaum 2012</a>, p. ix</li> <li id="cite_note-wilko130-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wilko130_32-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 130</li> <li id="cite_note-wilko131-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wilko131_33-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 131</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBraund2015">Braund 2015</a>, p. viii</li> <li id="cite_note-habby14-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-habby14_35-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHabinek2013">Habinek 2013</a>, p. 14</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHabinek2013">Habinek 2013</a>, p. 16 citing Cassius Dio ii.25</li> <li id="cite_note-brodby-37">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brodby_37-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brodby_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchBrodribb2007" class="citation book cs1">Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson (2007). "xv". Tacitus: The Annals of Imperial Rome. New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a>. p. 341.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=xv&rft.btitle=Tacitus%3A+The+Annals+of+Imperial+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Alfred+John&rft.au=Brodribb%2C+William+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"> citing Tacitus <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a>, xv. 60–64</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> Cf. especially Beard, M., "How Stoical was Seneca?", in the New York Review of Books, Oct. 9, 2014.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogt2016" class="citation cs2">Vogt, Katja (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/seneca/">"Seneca"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 19 August 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seneca&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2016&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Vogt&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2016%2Fentries%2Fseneca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGill1999">Gill 1999</a>, pp. 49–50</li> <li id="cite_note-gill37-41">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gill37_41-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gill37_41-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGill1999">Gill 1999</a>, p. 37</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeneca1968" class="citation book cs1">Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (1968). 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Norton & Company. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393004597?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0393004597"><bdi>0393004597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stoic+Philosophy+of+Seneca&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0393004597&rft.aulast=Seneca&rft.aufirst=Lucius+Annaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-auto-43">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_43-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://aeon.co/classics/massimo-pigliucci-on-senecas-stoic-philosophy-of-happiness">"Massimo Pigliucci on Seneca's Stoic philosophy of happiness – Massimo Pigliucci | Aeon Classics"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Stoic&rft.atitle=Who+Is+Seneca%3F+Inside+The+Mind+of+The+World%27s+Most+Interesting+Stoic&rft.date=2016-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailystoic.com%2Fseneca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-gill34-45">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gill34_45-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gill34_45-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGill1999">Gill 1999</a>, p. 34</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSellars2013">Sellars 2013</a>, p. 103</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSellars2013">Sellars 2013</a>, p. 105</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSellars2013">Sellars 2013</a>, p. 106</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSellars2013">Sellars 2013</a>, p. 107</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSellars2013">Sellars 2013</a>, p. 108</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> "His philosophy, so far as he adopted a system, was the stoical, but it was rather an eclecticism of stoicism than pure stoicism" <noscript> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">   <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1870" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Long_(scholar)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Long (scholar)">Long, George</a> (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRR5SAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA782">"Seneca, L. Annaeus"</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a> (ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a>. Vol. 3. p. 782.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seneca%2C+L.+Annaeus&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.pages=782&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRR5SAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSellars2013">Sellars 2013</a>, p. 109</li> <li id="cite_note-gill43-53">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gill43_53-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gill43_53-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGill1999">Gill 1999</a>, p. 43</li> <li id="cite_note-colly14-54">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-colly14_54-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-colly14_54-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-colly14_54-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFColish1985">Colish 1985</a>, p. 14</li> <li id="cite_note-asmi15-55">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi15_55-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi15_55-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi15_55-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAsmisBartschNussbaum2012">Asmis, Bartsch & Nussbaum 2012</a>, p. xv</li> <li id="cite_note-colly49-56">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-colly49_56-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-colly49_56-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFColish1985">Colish 1985</a>, p. 49</li> <li id="cite_note-asmi16-57">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi16_57-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi16_57-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi16_57-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAsmisBartschNussbaum2012">Asmis, Bartsch & Nussbaum 2012</a>, p. xvi</li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFColish1985">Colish 1985</a>, p. 41</li> <li id="cite_note-asmi23-59">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi23_59-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi23_59-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAsmisBartschNussbaum2012">Asmis, Bartsch & Nussbaum 2012</a>, p. xxiii</li> <li id="cite_note-asmi20-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asmi20_60-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAsmisBartschNussbaum2012">Asmis, Bartsch & Nussbaum 2012</a>, p. xx</li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLaarmann2013">Laarmann 2013</a>, p. 53</li> <li id="cite_note-gill58-62">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gill58_62-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gill58_62-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGill1999">Gill 1999</a>, p. 58</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> The chief modern proponent of this view is Otto Zwierlein, Die Rezitationsdramen Senecas, 1966.</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> George W.M. Harrison (ed.), Seneca in performance, London: Duckworth, 2000.</li> <li id="cite_note-rgm94-65">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rgm94_65-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rgm94_65-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rgm94_65-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFReynoldsGriffinFantham2012">Reynolds, Griffin & Fantham 2012</a>, p. 94</li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> John G. Fitch, "Sense-pauses and Relative Dating in Seneca, Sophocles and Shakespeare," American Journal of Philology 102 (1981) 289–307.</li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> A.J. Boyle, Tragic Seneca: An Essay in the Theatrical Tradition. London: Routledge, 1997.</li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. His Tenne Tragedies. Thomas Newton, ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1966, p. xlv. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000N3NP6K">B000N3NP6K</a></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> G. Braden, Renaissance Tragedy and the Senecan Tradition, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.</li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagill1989" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank Northen (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Da6cjAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DThyestes">Masterpieces of World Literature</a>. Harper & Row Limited. p. vii. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060161442?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0060161442"><bdi>0060161442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterpieces+of+World+Literature&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Limited&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0060161442&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+Northen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6cjAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DThyestes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-JHU-71">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JHU_71-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JHU_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtpD1vAkr76gC">Seneca: The Tragedies</a>. JHU Press. 1994. p. xli. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801849322?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0801849322"><bdi>0801849322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seneca%3A+The+Tragedies&rft.pages=xli&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0801849322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpD1vAkr76gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilDamschen2013" class="citation book cs1">Heil, Andreas; Damschen, Gregor (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D9jqOAgAAQBAJ">Brill's Companion to Seneca: Philosopher and Dramatist</a>. Brill. p. 594. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004217089?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004217089"><bdi>978-9004217089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Seneca%3A+Philosopher+and+Dramatist&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004217089&rft.aulast=Heil&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Damschen%2C+Gregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jqOAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"> "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medea_(Seneca)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medea (Seneca)">Medea</a> is often considered the masterpiece of Seneca's earlier plays, [...]"</li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluiterRosen2012" class="citation book cs1">Sluiter, Ineke; Rosen, Ralph M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjlXKM1jBhswC">Aesthetic Value in Classical Antiquity</a>. Brill. p. 399. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004231672?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004231672"><bdi>978-9004231672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+Value+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004231672&rft.aulast=Sluiter&rft.aufirst=Ineke&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Ralph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlXKM1jBhswC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> Brockett, O. (2003), History of the Theatre: Ninth Ed. Allyn and Bacon. p. 50</li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> R Ferri ed., Octavia (2003) pp. 5–9</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> H J Rose, A Handbook of Latin Literature (London 1967) p. 375</li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> R Ferri ed., Octavia (2003) p. 6</li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/sen.clem.shtml">"Seneca: On Clemency"</a>. Thelatinlibrary.com. Retrieved 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thelatinlibrary.com&rft.atitle=Seneca%3A+On+Clemency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fsen%2Fsen.clem.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/tixeront/section1-3.html%23epistles">"Apocryphal epistles"</a>. Earlychristianwritings.com. 2 February 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earlychristianwritings.com&rft.atitle=Apocryphal+epistles&rft.date=2006-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftixeront%2Fsection1-3.html%23epistles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Joseph Barber Lightfoot</a> (1892) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.biblestudytools.com/classics/lightfoot-dissertations-on-the-apostolic-age/st-paul-and-seneca.html">St Paul and Seneca</a> Dissertations on the Apostolic Age</li> <li id="cite_note-lars54a-81">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lars54a_81-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lars54a_81-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLaarmann2013">Laarmann 2013</a>, p. 54 citing Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, x.1.126f; Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae, xii. 2.</li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> Moses Hadas. The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca, 1958. 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-lars54-83">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lars54_83-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lars54_83-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLaarmann2013">Laarmann 2013</a>, p. 54</li> <li id="cite_note-lars55-84">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lars55_84-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lars55_84-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLaarmann2013">Laarmann 2013</a>, p. 55</li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 218</li> <li id="cite_note-wilko219-86">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wilko219_86-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wilko219_86-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWilson2014">Wilson 2014</a>, p. 219</li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKer2009">Ker 2009</a>, p. 197 citing Dante, Inf., 4.141</li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKer2009">Ker 2009</a>, pp. 221–222</li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLaarmann2013">Laarmann 2013</a>, p. 59</li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bml.firenze.sbn.it/Seneca/eng/pseudo_seneca_contenuto.html">"Pseudo-Seneca"</a>. www.bml.firenze.sbn.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bml.firenze.sbn.it&rft.atitle=Pseudo-Seneca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bml.firenze.sbn.it%2FSeneca%2Feng%2Fpseudo_seneca_contenuto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> István Pieter Bejczy, The Cardinal Virtues in the Middle Ages: A Study in Moral Thought from the Fourth to the Fourteenth Century, Brill, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DVgPRu0CJ_sQC%26pg%3DPA55">pp. 55–56</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/45750-religion-is-regarded-by-the-common-people-as-true-by">GoodReads</a> (retrieved 5 November 2021)</li> <li id="cite_note-Gummere-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gummere_93-0">^</a> Richard Mott Gummere, Seneca the philosopher, and his modern message, p. 97.</li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> Gummere, Seneca the philosopher, and his modern message, p. 106.</li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> Moses Hadas. The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca, 1958. 3.</li> <li id="cite_note-campbell-96">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-campbell_96-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-campbell_96-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCampbell1969">Campbell 1969</a>, p. 11</li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> Available in English as Girolamo Cardano, Nero: an Exemplary Life Inkstone, 2012</li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiraisi2007" class="citation book cs1">Siraisi, Nancy G. (2007). History, Medicine, and the Traditions of Renaissance Learning. University of Michigan Press. pp. 157–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Medicine%2C+and+the+Traditions+of+Renaissance+Learning&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Siraisi&rft.aufirst=Nancy+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> Lydia Motto, Anna Seneca on Trial: The Case of the Opulent Stoic The Classic Journal, Vol. 61, No. 6 (1966) pp. 254–258</li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> Lydia Motto, Anna Seneca on Trial: The Case of the Opulent Stoic The Classic Journal, Vol. 61, No. 6 (1966) p. 257</li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> Nussbaum, M. (1996). The Therapy of Desire. Princeton University Press</li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> Nussbaum, M. (1999). Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvard_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">^</a> Harpham, E. (2004). Gratitude in the History of Ideas, 19–37 in M. A. Emmons and M. E. McCulloch, editors, The Psychology of Gratitude, Oxford University Press.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10155748/">"Seneca"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IMDb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Seneca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt10155748%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioia1992" class="citation book cs1">Gioia, Dana (1992). 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From the death of Burrus to the death of Seneca, comprising the conspiracy of Piso</a>. George Bell and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nero%2C+Part+II.+From+the+death+of+Burrus+to+the+death+of+Seneca%2C+comprising+the+conspiracy+of+Piso&rft.pub=George+Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Bridges&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnerofromdeathofb02bridrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrino2008" class="citation book cs1">Cyrino, Monica Silveira (2008). Rome, season one: History makes television. Blackwell. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%2C+season+one%3A+History+makes+television&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cyrino&rft.aufirst=Monica+Silveira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCitti2015">Citti 2015</a>, p. 316</li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProud2018" class="citation book cs1">Proud, Linda (2018). 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(2012), "Seneca and his World", in Kaster, Robert A.; Nussbaum, Martha C. (eds.), Seneca: Anger, Mercy, Revenge, University of Chicago Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226748429?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226748429"><bdi>978-0226748429</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seneca+and+his+World&rft.btitle=Seneca%3A+Anger%2C+Mercy%2C+Revenge&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0226748429&rft.aulast=Asmis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Bartsch%2C+Shadi&rft.au=Nussbaum%2C+Martha+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraund2015" class="citation cs2">Braund, Susanna (2015), "Seneca Multiplex", in Bartsch, Shadi; Schiesaro, Alessandro (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Seneca, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107035058?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107035058"><bdi>978-1107035058</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seneca+Multiplex&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Seneca&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107035058&rft.aulast=Braund&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1969" class="citation cs2">Campbell, Robin (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/lettersfromstoic0000sene">"Introduction"</a>, Letters from a Stoic, Penguin, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140442103?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0140442103"><bdi>0140442103</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Letters+from+a+Stoic&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0140442103&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersfromstoic0000sene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitti2015" class="citation cs2">Citti, Francesco (2015), "Seneca and the Moderns", in Bartsch, Shadi; Schiesaro, Alessandro (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Seneca, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107035058?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107035058"><bdi>978-1107035058</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seneca+and+the+Moderns&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Seneca&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107035058&rft.aulast=Citti&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColish1985" class="citation cs2">Colish, Marcia L. (1985), The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, vol. 1, Brill, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004072675?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9004072675"><bdi>9004072675</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stoic+Tradition+from+Antiquity+to+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9004072675&rft.aulast=Colish&rft.aufirst=Marcia+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1999" class="citation cs2">Gill, Christopher (1999), "The School in the Roman Imperial Period", in Inwood, Brad (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521779855?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0521779855"><bdi>0521779855</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+School+in+the+Roman+Imperial+Period&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Stoics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0521779855&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabinek2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Habinek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Habinek">Habinek, Thomas</a> (2013), "Imago Suae Vitae: Seneca's Life and Career", in Heil, Andreas; Damschen, Gregor (eds.), Brill's Companion to Seneca: Philosopher and Dramatist, Brill, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004154612?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004154612"><bdi>978-9004154612</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imago+Suae+Vitae%3A+Seneca%27s+Life+and+Career&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Seneca%3A+Philosopher+and+Dramatist&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004154612&rft.aulast=Habinek&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKer2009" class="citation cs2">Ker, James (2009), The Deaths of Seneca, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deaths+of+Seneca&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ker&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaarmann2013" class="citation cs2">Laarmann, Mathias (2013), "Seneca the Philosopher", in Heil, Andreas; Damschen, Gregor (eds.), Brill's Companion to Seneca: Philosopher and Dramatist, Brill, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004154612?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004154612"><bdi>978-9004154612</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seneca+the+Philosopher&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Seneca%3A+Philosopher+and+Dramatist&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004154612&rft.aulast=Laarmann&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsGriffinFantham2012" class="citation cs2">Reynolds, L. D.; Griffin, M. T.; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elaine_Fantham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elaine Fantham">Fantham, E.</a> (2012), "Annaeus Seneca (2), Lucius", in Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E. (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199545568?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199545568"><bdi>978-0199545568</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annaeus+Seneca+%282%29%2C+Lucius&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199545568&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rft.au=Griffin%2C+M.+T.&rft.au=Fantham%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellars2013" class="citation cs2">Sellars, John (2013), "Context: Seneca's Philosophical Predecessors and Contemporaries", in Heil, Andreas; Damschen, Gregor (eds.), Brill's Companion to Seneca: Philosopher and Dramatist, Brill, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004154612?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004154612"><bdi>978-9004154612</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Context%3A+Seneca%27s+Philosophical+Predecessors+and+Contemporaries&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Seneca%3A+Philosopher+and+Dramatist&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004154612&rft.aulast=Sellars&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2014" class="citation cs2">Wilson, Emily R. (2014), The Greatest Empire: A Life of Seneca, Oxford University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199926640?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199926640"><bdi>978-0199926640</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Empire%3A+A+Life+of+Seneca&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199926640&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Emily+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li>Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. Anger, Mercy, Revenge. trans. Robert A. Kast and Martha C. Nussbaum. Chicago, IL. University of Chicago Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226748412?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226748412">978-0226748412</a></li> <li>Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. Hardship and Happiness. trans. Elaine Fantham, Harry M. Hine, James Ker, and Gareth D. Williams. Chicago, IL. University of Chicago Press, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226748320?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226748320">978-0226748320</a></li> <li>Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. Natural Questions. trans. Harry M. Hine. Chicago, IL. University of Chicago Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226748382?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226748382">978-0226748382</a></li> <li>Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. On Benefits. trans. Miriam Griffin and Brad Inwood. Chicago, IL. University of Chicago Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226748405?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226748405">978-0226748405</a></li> <li>Seneca: The Tragedies. Various translators, ed. David R. Slavitt. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols, 1992–1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801843099?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801843099">978-0801843099</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801849329?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801849329">978-0801849329</a></li> <li>Seneca: Tragedies. Ed. & transl. John G. Fitch. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 2 vols, 2nd edn. 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674997172?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674997172">978-0674997172</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674997189?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674997189">978-0674997189</a></li> <li>Cunnally, John, “Nero, Seneca, and the Medallist of the Roman Emperors”, Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 2 (June 1986), pp. 314–317</li> <li>Di Paola, O. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/13410486/_Connections_between_Seneca_and_Platonism_in_Epistulae_ad_Lucilium_58_Athens_ATINERS_Conference_Paper_Series_No_PHI2015-1445_2015_">"Connections between Seneca and Platonism in Epistulae ad Lucilium 58"</a>, Athens: ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, No: PHI2015-1445.</li> <li>Fitch, John G. (ed), Seneca. Oxford University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199282081?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199282081">978-0199282081</a>. A collection of essays by leading scholars.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloyn,_Liz2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liz_Gloyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liz Gloyn">Gloyn, Liz</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1081388471">Tracking classical monsters in popular culture</a>. London. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784539344?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784539344"><bdi>978-1784539344</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1081388471">1081388471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracking+classical+monsters+in+popular+culture&rft.place=London&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1081388471&rft.isbn=978-1784539344&rft.au=Gloyn%2C+Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1081388471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li>Griffin, Miriam T., Seneca: A Philosopher in Politics. Oxford University Press, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147749?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198147749">978-0198147749</a>. Still the standard biography.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolidayHanselman2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ryan_Holiday?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ryan Holiday">Holiday, Ryan</a>; Hanselman, Stephen (2020). "Seneca the Striver". Lives of the Stoics. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. pp. 184–207. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525541875?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525541875"><bdi>978-0525541875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seneca+the+Striver&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Stoics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=184-207&rft.pub=Portfolio%2FPenguin&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0525541875&rft.aulast=Holiday&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Hanselman%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Inwood, Brad, Reading Seneca. Stoic Philosophy at Rome, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F._L._Lucas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="F. L. Lucas">Lucas, F. L.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/stream/senecaelizabetha00lucauoft%23page/n3/mode/2up">Seneca and Elizabethan Tragedy</a> (Cambridge University Press, 1922; paperback 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108003582?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108003582">978-1108003582</a>); on Seneca the man, his plays, and the influence of his tragedies on later drama.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.SenecaandPaul.com/">Mitchell, David. Legacy: The Apocryphal Correspondence between Seneca and Paul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302230338/http://www.senecaandpaul.com/">Archived</a> 2 March 2021 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Xlibris Corporation 2010[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li>Motto, Anna Lydia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3293288?seq%3D1%23page_scan_tab_contents">”Seneca on Death and Immortality“</a>, The Classical Journal, Vol. 50, No. 4 (Jan. 1955), pp. 187–189</li> <li>Motto, Anna Lydia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3294099">"Seneca on Trial: The Case of the Opulent Stoic"</a>, The Classical Journal, Vol. 61, No. 6 (March 1966), pp. 254–258</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/search;jsessionid%3Dzbgg0j0g98kp.x-brill-live-02?value1%3D%26option1%3Dall%26value2%3DJ.%2BN.%2BSevenster%26option2%3Dauthor">Sevenster, J.N.</a>, Paul and Seneca, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/series/novum-testamentum-supplements;jsessionid%3Dzbgg0j0g98kp.x-brill-live-02">Novum Testamentum, Supplements</a>, Vol. 4, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1961; a comparison of Seneca and the apostle Paul, who were contemporaries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.classics.ucsb.edu/shelton.php">Shelton, Jo-Ann</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1VhPTSGtPiUC">Seneca's Hercules Furens: Theme, Structure and Style</a>, Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3525251459?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3525251459">3525251459</a>. A revision of the author's doctoral thesis at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, 1974.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emily_Wilson_(classicist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emily Wilson (classicist)">Wilson, Emily</a>, Seneca: Six Tragedies. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford University Press, 2010.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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<ul> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3D%26su%3DSeneca%252C%2BLucius%2BAnnaeus%252C%2Bapproximately%2B4%2BB.C.%25E2%2580%259365%2BA.D.%26library%3DOLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3D%26su%3DSeneca%252C%2BLucius%2BAnnaeus%252C%2Bapproximately%2B4%2BB.C.%25E2%2580%259365%2BA.D.">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3D%26su%3DSeneca%252C%2BLucius%2BAnnaeus%252C%2Bapproximately%2B4%2BB.C.%25E2%2580%259365%2BA.D.%26library%3D0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> By Seneca the Younger <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at%3D%26au%3DSeneca%252C%2BLucius%2BAnnaeus%252C%2Bapproximately%2B4%2BB.C.%25E2%2580%259365%2BA.D.%26library%3DOLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at%3D%26au%3DSeneca%252C%2BLucius%2BAnnaeus%252C%2Bapproximately%2B4%2BB.C.%25E2%2580%259365%2BA.D.">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at%3D%26au%3DSeneca%252C%2BLucius%2BAnnaeus%252C%2Bapproximately%2B4%2BB.C.%25E2%2580%259365%2BA.D.%26library%3D0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/seneca/dialogues/aubrey-stewart">Seneca's Dialogues, translated by Aubrey Stewart</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Ebooks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q%3DSeneca%2B">Works by Seneca the Younger at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogt" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vogt, Katja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/seneca/">"Seneca"</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seneca&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Vogt&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fseneca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagoner" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wagoner, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iep.utm.edu/seneca">"Seneca"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seneca&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Wagoner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fseneca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeneca+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Original texts of Seneca's works at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen.html">'The Latin Library'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/seneca">Works by Seneca the Younger in eBook form</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Ebooks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1308">Works by Seneca the Younger</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Project_Gutenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/search.php?query%3D%2528%2528subject%253A%2522Seneca%2522%2520OR%2520creator%253A%2522Seneca%2522%2520OR%2520description%253A%2522Seneca%2522%2520OR%2520title%253A%2522Seneca%2522%2529%2529%2520AND%2520%2528-mediatype:software%2529">Works by or about Seneca the Younger</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://librivox.org/author/257">Works by Seneca the Younger</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LibriVox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Seneca">Collection of works of Seneca the Younger at Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stoics.com/books.html%23SENECAE1">Seneca's essays and letters in English (at Stoics.com)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.curculio.org/Seneca/em-list.html">List of commentaries of Seneca's Letters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mccunecollection.org/">Incunabula (1478) of Seneca's works in the McCune Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/hamlet/senecadrama.html">Seneca's Tragedies and the Elizabethan Drama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/seneca.htm">SORGLL: Seneca, Thyestes 766–804</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230902/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/seneca.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, read by Katharina Volk, Columbia University. Society for the Oral reading of Greek and Latin Literature (SORGLL)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/Search.do?field%3Dautor%26text%3DS%25c3%25a9neca%252c%2BLucio%2BAnneo%26showYearItems%3D%26exact%3Don%26textH%3D%26advanced%3Dfalse%26completeText%3D%26language%3DesEn">Digitized works by Lucius Annaeus Seneca</a> at Biblioteca Digital Hispánica, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid%3DICU.SPCL.MS42">Guide to Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, Spurious works. Manuscript, ca. 1450</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.e-rara.ch/sbs/doi/10.3931/e-rara-79805">Digitized Edition of Seneca's Opera Omnia from 1503</a> (Venice) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.e-rara.ch">E-rara.ch</a></li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Numerius_Cestius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerius Cestius">Numerius Cestius</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Antistius_Vetus_(consul_55)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Antistius Vetus (consul 55)">Lucius Antistius Vetus</a> </div>as Suffect consuls </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_early_imperial_Roman_consuls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of early imperial Roman consuls">Consul</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> 55 with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_55)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 55)">Publius Cornelius Dolabella</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Trebellius_Maximus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Trebellius Maximus">Marcus Trebellius Maximus</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publius_Palfurius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Palfurius">Publius Palfurius</a></td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Lentulus_Gaetulicus_(consul_26)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus (consul 26)">Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titus_Curtilius_Mancia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titus Curtilius Mancia">Titus Curtilius Mancia</a> </div>as Suffect consuls </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 13 November 2024, at 14:44 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2588%25B4%25E1%258A%2594%25E1%258A%25AB" title="ሴኔካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሴኔካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7" title="لوكيوس سينيكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوكيوس سينيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Anneu_Seneca" title="Lucio Anneu Seneca – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lucio Anneu Seneca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A8n%25C3%25A8ca" title="Sènèca – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sènèca" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9neca" title="Séneca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Séneca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9neka_pe_Karia%2527y" title="Séneka pe Karia'y – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Séneka pe Karia'y" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusi_Anney_Seneka" title="Lusi Anney Seneka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lusi Anney Seneka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%2583%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Луций Анней Сенека – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Луций Анней Сенека" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Сенека – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сенека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%2583%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Луций Аней Сенека – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луций Аней Сенека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneka" title="Seneka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Seneka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_ar_Yaouanka%25C3%25B1" title="Seneca ar Yaouankañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Seneca ar Yaouankañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A8neca" title="Sèneca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sèneca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%2583%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Луций Анней Сенека – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Луций Анней Сенека" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca%2527r_Ieuaf" title="Seneca'r Ieuaf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seneca'r Ieuaf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B5%25D8%25BA%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1" title="سينيكا الصغير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سينيكا الصغير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A3%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AD%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B1%25CF%2582_%25CE%25BF_%25CE%259D%25CE%25B5%25CF%258C%25CF%2584%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Σενέκας ο Νεότερος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σενέκας ο Νεότερος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9neca" title="Séneca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Séneca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneko_la_Juna" title="Seneko la Juna – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Seneko la Juna" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9neca" title="Séneca – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Séneca" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneka" title="Seneka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Seneka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="سنکای جوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنکای جوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A8que" title="Sénèque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sénèque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneka_de_Jongere" title="Seneka de Jongere – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Seneka de Jongere" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneche" title="Seneche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Seneche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_%25C3%2592g" title="Seneca Òg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seneca Òg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9neca" title="Séneca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Séneca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25A3%25A8%25ED%2582%25A4%25EC%259A%25B0%25EC%258A%25A4_%25EC%2595%2588%25EB%2582%2598%25EC%259D%25B4%25EC%259A%25B0%25EC%258A%25A4_%25EC%2584%25B8%25EB%2584%25A4%25EC%25B9%25B4" title="루키우스 안나이우스 세네카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루키우스 안나이우스 세네카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D6%2581%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BD_%25D4%25B1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BD_%25D5%258D%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1" title="Լուցիուս Աննեուս Սենեկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուցիուս Աննեուս Սենեկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="सेनेका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेनेका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneka_Mla%25C4%2591i" title="Seneka Mlađi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Seneka Mlađi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Muda" title="Seneca Muda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seneca Muda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Anneo_Seneca" title="Lucio Anneo Seneca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lucio Anneo Seneca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A7%25D7%2594" title="סנקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2590" title="ლუციუს ანეუს სენეკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუციუს ანეუს სენეკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Сенека – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сенека" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%2583%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9,_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Луций, Анней Сенека – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Луций, Анней Сенека" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Сенека – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сенека" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca_minor" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneka_Jaun%25C4%2581kais" title="Seneka Jaunākais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Seneka Jaunākais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneka" title="Seneka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Seneka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582" title="Сенека Помладиот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сенека Помладиот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneka_Zandriny" title="Seneka Zandriny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Seneka Zandriny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%2586%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595" title="സെനക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെനക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B8_%25E0%25A5%25B2%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="लुसियस ॲनेयस सेनेका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लुसियस ॲनेयस सेनेका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7" title="لوكيوس سينيكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوكيوس سينيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7" title="سنکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سنکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_yang_Muda" title="Seneca yang Muda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seneca yang Muda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2582%25AD%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%258A%25E3%2582%25A8%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2582%25BB%25E3%2583%258D%25E3%2582%25AB" title="ルキウス・アンナエウス・セネカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルキウス・アンナエウス・セネカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_den_yngre" title="Seneca den yngre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seneca den yngre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%25C3%25A8ca_lo_Jove" title="Senèca lo Jove – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Senèca lo Jove" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneka_Lutsiy_Anney" title="Seneka Lutsiy Anney – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Seneka Lutsiy Anney" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%259B%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%259F%25E0%25A8%25BE_%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A9%2587%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A9%2587%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BE" title="ਛੋਟਾ ਸੇਨੇਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਛੋਟਾ ਸੇਨੇਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneka_M%25C5%2582odszy" title="Seneka Młodszy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Seneka Młodszy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9neca" title="Séneca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Séneca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%2583%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Луций Анней Сенека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луций Анней Сенека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciu_Anneu_S%25C3%25A8neca" title="Luciu Anneu Sèneca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luciu Anneu Sèneca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seneca the Younger" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucij_Anej_Seneka" title="Lucij Anej Seneka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lucij Anej Seneka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25DB%2595%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7" title="سەنیکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەنیکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Сенека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сенека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneka" title="Seneka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Seneka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_nuorempi" title="Seneca nuorempi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seneca nuorempi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_den_yngre" title="Seneca den yngre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Seneca den yngre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%2580%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BE_%25E0%25AE%2587%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D" title="செனீக்கா இளையவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செனீக்கா இளையவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%258B%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%259C%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B8%2581" title="แซแนกาผู้ลูก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แซแนกาผู้ลูก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Seneca" title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Seneca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%2583%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Луцій Анней Сенека – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луцій Анней Сенека" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7" title="سینیکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سینیکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A1%259E%25E5%2585%25A7%25E5%258A%25A0" title="塞內加 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="塞內加" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_nga_Burubata" title="Seneca nga Burubata – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Seneca nga Burubata" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A1%259E%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%25AE%25B6" title="塞内家 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塞内家" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A1%259E%25E5%2585%25A7%25E5%258D%25A1" title="塞內卡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塞內卡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca" title="Seneca – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seneca" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A1%259E%25E5%2585%25A7%25E5%258D%25A1" title="塞內卡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞內卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited 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