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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mathematical work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_period_as_French_Prime_Minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_period_as_French_Prime_Minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>First period as French Prime Minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_period_as_French_Prime_Minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_period_as_French_Prime_Minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_period_as_French_Prime_Minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Second period as French Prime Minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_period_as_French_Prime_Minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_of_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_of_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition of governments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition_of_governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition of governments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition_of_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painlevé's_First_Government,_12_September_–_16_November_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painlevé's_First_Government,_12_September_–_16_November_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Painlevé's First Government, 12 September – 16 November 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painlevé's_First_Government,_12_September_–_16_November_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painlevé's_Second_Ministry,_17_April_–_29_October_1925" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painlevé's_Second_Ministry,_17_April_–_29_October_1925"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Painlevé's Second Ministry, 17 April – 29 October 1925</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painlevé's_Second_Ministry,_17_April_–_29_October_1925-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painlevé's_Third_Ministry,_29_October_–_28_November_1925" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painlevé's_Third_Ministry,_29_October_–_28_November_1925"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Painlevé's Third Ministry, 29 October – 28 November 1925</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painlevé's_Third_Ministry,_29_October_–_28_November_1925-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Painlevé</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بول بانليفيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول بانليفيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%89%CE%BB_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AD" title="Πωλ Παινλεβέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πωλ Παινλεβέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88" title="پل پینلو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل پینلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%ED%8C%BD%EB%A5%B4%EB%B2%A0" title="폴 팽르베 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 팽르베" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Prudent_Painleve" title="Paul Prudent Painleve – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Prudent Painleve" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%94" title="פול פנלבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול פנלבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painleve" title="Paul Painleve – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Paul Painleve" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paulus Painlevé – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pols_Penlev%C4%93" title="Pols Penlevē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pols Penlevē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بول بانليفيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول بانليفيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7" title="ポール・パンルヴェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・パンルヴェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пенлеве, Поль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенлеве, Поль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Пол Пенлеве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пол Пенлеве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7" title="ปอล แป็งเลอเว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปอล แป็งเลอเว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Поль Пенлеве – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поль Пенлеве" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paul Painlevé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E5%8B%92%E9%9F%A6" title="保罗·潘勒韦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保罗·潘勒韦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q315434#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Paul Painlevé</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_1923.jpg/220px-Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_1923.jpg/330px-Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="436" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Paul Painlevé in 1923</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 April 1925 – 28 November 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 September 1917 – 16 November 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Alexandre Ribot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Air_(France)" title="Minister of Air (France)">Minister of Air</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 June 1932 – 29 January 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Édouard Herriot<br /><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Joseph Paul-Boncour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Dumesnil" title="Jacques-Louis Dumesnil">Jacques-Louis Dumesnil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cot" title="Pierre Cot">Pierre Cot</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finance_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finance Ministers of France">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 October 1925 – 28 November 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Joseph Caillaux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Louis Loucheur</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Armies_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Armies (France)">Minister of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 April 1925 – 29 October 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nollet" title="Charles Nollet">Charles Nollet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maginot" title="André Maginot">André Maginot</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 March 1917 – 13 November 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alexandre Ribot<br />Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Lacaze" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucien Lacaze">Lucien Lacaze</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of France">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 June 1924 – 21 April 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Raoul Péret</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Édouard Herriot</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1863<br />Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 October 1933<span style="display:none">(1933-10-29)</span> (aged 69)<br />Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican-Socialist_Party" title="Republican-Socialist Party">PRS</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Painlevé</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pɔl<span class="wrap"> </span>pɛ̃ləve]</a></span>; 5 December 1863 – 29 October 1933) was a French mathematician and statesman. He served twice as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>: 12 September – 13 November 1917 and 17 April – 22 November 1925. His entry into politics came in 1906 after a professorship at the Sorbonne that began in 1892. </p><p>His first term as prime minister lasted only nine weeks but dealt with weighty issues, such as the Russian Revolution, the American entry into the war, the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</a>, quelling the <a href="/wiki/French_Army_Mutinies" class="mw-redirect" title="French Army Mutinies">French Army Mutinies</a> and relations with the British. In the 1920s as Minister of War he was a key figure in building the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his second term as prime minister he dealt with the outbreak of rebellion in Syria's Jabal Druze in July 1925 which had excited public and parliamentary anxiety over the general crisis of France's empire.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Painlevé was born in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brought up within a family of skilled artisans (his father was a <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">draughtsman</a>) Painlevé showed early promise across the range of elementary studies and was initially attracted by either an engineering or political career. However, he finally entered the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a> in 1883 to study mathematics, receiving his doctorate in 1887 following a period of study at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, Germany with <a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Amandus_Schwarz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Amandus Schwarz">Hermann Amandus Schwarz</a>. Intending an academic career he became professor at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Lille_Nord_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Lille Nord de France">Université de Lille</a>, returning to Paris in 1892 to teach at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a> and later at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a>. He was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Sciences">Académie des Sciences</a> in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He married Marguerite Petit de Villeneuve in 1901. Marguerite died during the birth of their son <a href="/wiki/Jean_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Jean Painlevé">Jean Painlevé</a> in the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Painlevé's mathematical work on <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a> led him to encounter their application to the theory of flight and, as ever, his broad interest in engineering topics fostered an enthusiasm for the emerging field of aviation. In 1908, he became <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilbur Wright">Wilbur Wright</a>'s first airplane passenger in France and in 1909 created the first university course in <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_work">Mathematical work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mathematical work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_in_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_in_1915.jpg/220px-Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_in_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_in_1915.jpg/330px-Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_in_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_in_1915.jpg/440px-Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_in_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Paul Painlevé as a young man</figcaption></figure> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a> can be solved using elementary algebraic operations that involve the <a href="/wiki/Trigonometric_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonometric function">trigonometric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exponential_function" title="Exponential function">exponential functions</a> (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Elementary_function" title="Elementary function">elementary functions</a>). Many interesting <a href="/wiki/Special_functions" title="Special functions">special functions</a> arise as solutions of linear second <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial" title="Degree of a polynomial">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary differential equations">ordinary differential equations</a>. Around the turn of the century, Painlevé, <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89mile_Picard" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Émile Picard">É. Picard</a>, and B. Gambier showed that of the class of <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlinear">nonlinear</a> second order ordinary differential equations with <a href="/wiki/Polynomial" title="Polynomial">polynomial</a> <a href="/wiki/Coefficients" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficients">coefficients</a>, those that possess a certain desirable technical property, shared by the linear equations (nowadays commonly referred to as the '<a href="/wiki/Painlev%C3%A9_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Painlevé property">Painlevé property</a>') can always be transformed into one of fifty canonical forms. Of these fifty equations, just six require 'new' transcendental functions for their solution.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_function" title="Transcendental function">transcendental functions</a>, solving the remaining six equations, are called the <a href="/wiki/Painlev%C3%A9_transcendents" title="Painlevé transcendents">Painlevé transcendents</a>, and interest in them has revived recently due to their appearance in modern geometry, integrable systems<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1895 he gave a series of lectures at <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a> on differential equations, at the end stating the <a href="/wiki/Painlev%C3%A9_conjecture" title="Painlevé conjecture">Painlevé conjecture</a> about singularities of the <a href="/wiki/N-body_problem" title="N-body problem">n-body problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year he published work on the <a href="/wiki/Painlev%C3%A9_paradox" title="Painlevé paradox">Painlevé paradox</a>, an apparent contradiction in simple models of <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, Painlevé briefly turned his attention to the new theory of gravitation, <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, which had recently been introduced by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. In 1921, Painlevé proposed the <a href="/wiki/Gullstrand%E2%80%93Painlev%C3%A9_coordinates" title="Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates">Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild metric</a>. The modification in the coordinate system was the first to reveal clearly that the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radius</a> is a mere <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_singularity" title="Coordinate singularity">coordinate singularity</a> (with however, profound global significance: it represents the <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">event horizon</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>). This essential point was not generally appreciated by physicists until around 1963.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In his diary, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Graf_Kessler" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Graf Kessler">Harry Graf Kessler</a> recorded that during a later visit to Berlin, Painlevé discussed <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> <a href="/wiki/International_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="International politics">international politics</a> with Einstein, but there is no reference to discussions concerning the significance of the Schwarzschild radius.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1915 and 1917, Painlevé served as French Minister for Public Instruction and Inventions. In December 1915, he requested a scientific exchange agreement between France and Britain, resulting in Anglo-French collaboration that ultimately led to the parallel development by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Boyle" title="Robert William Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> in Britain of the first active <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainslie2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainslie2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_period_as_French_Prime_Minister">First period as French Prime Minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First period as French Prime Minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Painlevé took his aviation interests, along with those in naval and military matters, with him when he became, in 1906, Deputy for Paris's <a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="5th arrondissement of Paris">5th arrondissement</a>, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Quarter">Latin Quarter</a>. By 1910, he had vacated his academic posts and World War I led to his active participation in military committees, joining <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>'s cabinet in 1915 as Minister for Public Instruction and Inventions.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his appointment as War Minister in March 1917 he was immediately called upon to give his approval, albeit with some misgivings, to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Georges_Nivelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Georges Nivelle">Robert Georges Nivelle</a>'s wildly optimistic plans for a breakthrough offensive in <a href="/wiki/Champagne,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne, France">Champagne</a>. Painlevé reacted to the disastrous public failure of the plan by dismissing <a href="/wiki/Robert_Georges_Nivelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Georges Nivelle">Nivelle</a> and controversially replacing him with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Philippe Pétain">Henri Philippe Pétain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also responsible for isolating the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Expeditionary_Force_in_France" title="Russian Expeditionary Force in France">Russian Expeditionary Force in France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/La_Courtine" title="La Courtine">La Courtine</a> camp, located in a remote spot on the plateau of <a href="/wiki/Plateau_de_Millevaches" title="Plateau de Millevaches">Millevaches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockfield_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockfield-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September 1917, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Alexandre Ribot</a> lost the support of the Socialists and Painlevé was called upon to form a new government.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1918_Painlev%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/1918_Painlev%C3%A9.jpg/220px-1918_Painlev%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/1918_Painlev%C3%A9.jpg/330px-1918_Painlev%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/1918_Painlev%C3%A9.jpg/440px-1918_Painlev%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome</a> portrait by Auguste Léon, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Painlevé was a leading voice at the <a href="/wiki/Rapallo_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapallo conference">Rapallo conference</a> that led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Allied Council">Supreme Allied Council</a>, a consultative body of <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied powers</a> that anticipated the unified Allied command finally established in the following year. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a> as French representative knowing that he was the natural Allied commander. On Painlevé's return to Paris he was defeated and resigned on 13 November 1917 to be succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Foch</a> was finally named Allied <i>generalissimo</i> in March 1918, eventually becoming commander-in-chief of all Allied armies on the Western and Italian fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_period_as_French_Prime_Minister">Second period as French Prime Minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second period as French Prime Minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Painlevé then played little active role in politics until the election of November 1919 when he emerged as a leftist critic of the right-wing <a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(France)" title="National Bloc (France)">Bloc National</a>. By the time the next election approached in May 1924 his collaboration with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>, a fellow member of Briand's 1915 cabinet, had led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_Gauches" title="Cartel des Gauches">Cartel des Gauches</a>. Winning the election, Herriot became Prime Minister in June, while Painlevé became President of the Chamber of Deputies. Though Painlevé ran for <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> in 1924 he was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a>. Herriot's administration publicly recognised the Soviet Union, accepted the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a> and agreed to <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">evacuate the Ruhr</a>. However, a financial crisis arose from the ensuing devaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">franc</a> and in April 1925, Herriot fell and Painlevé became Prime Minister for a second time on 17 April. Unfortunately, he was unable to offer convincing remedies for the financial problems and was forced to resign on 21 November.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_Wellcome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_Wellcome.jpg/220px-Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_Wellcome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_Wellcome.jpg/330px-Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_Wellcome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_Wellcome.jpg/440px-Paul_Painlev%C3%A9_Wellcome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Paul Painlevé in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_political_career">Later political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Painlevé's resignation, Briand formed a new government with Painlevé as Minister for War. Though Briand was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> in 1926, Painlevé continued in office. Poincaré stabilised the franc with a return to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, but ultimately acceded power to Briand.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure as Minister of War, Painlevé was instrumental in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a>. This line of military fortifications along France's Eastern border was largely designed by Painlevé, yet named for <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maginot" title="André Maginot">André Maginot</a>, owing to Maginot's championing of public support and funding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Painlevé remained in office as Minister for War until July 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1925 to 1933, Painlevé represented France in the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation" title="International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation">International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> (he replaced <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> and was himself replaced by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though he was proposed for <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> in 1932, Painlevé withdrew before the election. He became Minister of Air later that year, making proposals for an international treaty to ban the manufacture of bomber aircraft and to establish an international air force to enforce global peace. On the fall of the government in January 1933, his political career ended.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Painlevé died in Paris in October of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 November, after a eulogy by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert Sarraut</a>, he was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Painlevé was elected an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The aircraft carrier <i><a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Painlev%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="French aircraft carrier Painlevé">Painlevé</a></i> was named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-PolmarGenda2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolmarGenda2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The asteroid <a href="/wiki/953_Painleva" title="953 Painleva">953 Painleva</a> was named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laboratoire_Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laboratoire Paul Painlevé (page does not exist)">Laboratoire Paul Painlevé</a> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Painlevé">fr</a>), a French mathematics research lab, is named in his honour.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> dedicated the second of his <i><a href="/wiki/Trois_Chansons_(Ravel)" title="Trois Chansons (Ravel)">Trois Chansons</a></i> to him in 1915.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_of_governments">Composition of governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Composition of governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Special:EditPage/Paul Painlevé">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painlevé's_First_Government,_12_September_–_16_November_1917"><span id="Painlev.C3.A9.27s_First_Government.2C_12_September_.E2.80.93_16_November_1917"></span>Painlevé's First Government, 12 September – 16 November 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Painlevé's First Government, 12 September – 16 November 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paul Painlevé – President of the Council and Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Alexandre Ribot</a> – Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Louis Loucheur</a> – Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Klotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Lucien Klotz">Louis Lucien Klotz</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Renard" title="André Renard">André Renard</a> – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Raoul Péret</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Chaumet" title="Charles Chaumet">Charles Chaumet</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Daniel-Vincent" title="Charles Daniel-Vincent">Charles Daniel-Vincent</a> – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_David" title="Fernand David">Fernand David</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Long_(politician)" title="Maurice Long (politician)">Maurice Long</a> – Minister of General Supply</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Besnard" title="René Besnard">René Besnard</a> – Minister of Colonies</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Claveille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Claveille (page does not exist)">Albert Claveille</a> – Minister of Public Works and Transport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cl%C3%A9mentel" title="Étienne Clémentel">Étienne Clémentel</a> – Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Louis Barthou</a> – Minister of State</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a> – Minister of State</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a> – Minister of State</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dupuy_(politician)" title="Jean Dupuy (politician)">Jean Dupuy</a> – Minister of State</li></ul> <p><b>Changes</b> </p> <ul><li>27 September 1917 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Franklin-Bouillon" title="Henry Franklin-Bouillon">Henry Franklin-Bouillon</a> entered the ministry as Minister of State.</li> <li>23 October 1917 – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Louis Barthou</a> succeeded Ribot as Minister of Foreign Affairs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painlevé's_Second_Ministry,_17_April_–_29_October_1925"><span id="Painlev.C3.A9.27s_Second_Ministry.2C_17_April_.E2.80.93_29_October_1925"></span>Painlevé's Second Ministry, 17 April – 29 October 1925</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Painlevé's Second Ministry, 17 April – 29 October 1925"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paul Painlevé – President of the Council and Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> – Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Schrameck" title="Abraham Schrameck">Abraham Schrameck</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Joseph Caillaux</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Durafour" title="Antoine Durafour">Antoine Durafour</a> – Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Borel" title="Émile Borel">Émile Borel</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">Anatole de Monzie</a> – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ant%C3%A9riou" title="Louis Antériou">Louis Antériou</a> – Minister of Pensions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Durand" title="Jean Durand">Jean Durand</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orly_Andr%C3%A9-Hesse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orly André-Hesse (page does not exist)">Orly André-Hesse</a> – Minister of Colonies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Chaumet" title="Charles Chaumet">Charles Chaumet</a> – Minister of Commerce and Industry</li></ul> <p><b>Changes</b> </p> <ul><li>11 October 1925 – <a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">Anatole de Monzie</a> succeeded Steeg as Minister of Justice. <a href="/wiki/Yvon_Delbos" title="Yvon Delbos">Yvon Delbos</a> succeeded Monzie as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painlevé's_Third_Ministry,_29_October_–_28_November_1925"><span id="Painlev.C3.A9.27s_Third_Ministry.2C_29_October_.E2.80.93_28_November_1925"></span>Painlevé's Third Ministry, 29 October – 28 November 1925</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Painlevé's Third Ministry, 29 October – 28 November 1925"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paul Painlevé – President of the Council and Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> – Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Schrameck" title="Abraham Schrameck">Abraham Schrameck</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Georges Bonnet</a> – Minister of Budget</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Durafour" title="Antoine Durafour">Antoine Durafour</a> – Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Camille Chautemps</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Borel" title="Émile Borel">Émile Borel</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Delbos" title="Yvon Delbos">Yvon Delbos</a> – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ant%C3%A9riou" title="Louis Antériou">Louis Antériou</a> – Minister of Pensions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Durand" title="Jean Durand">Jean Durand</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Perrier" title="Léon Perrier">Léon Perrier</a> – Minister of Colonies</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatole_de_Monazie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatole de Monazie (page does not exist)">Anatole de Monazie</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Daniel-Vincent" title="Charles Daniel-Vincent">Charles Daniel-Vincent</a> – Minister of Commerce and Industry</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Sur les lignes singulières des fonctions analytiques</i> - 1887/<i>On singular lines of analytic functions</i>.</li> <li><i>Mémoire sur les équations différentielles du premier ordre</i> - 1892/<i>Memory on first order differential equations</i>.</li> <li><i>Leçons sur la théorie analytique des équations différentielles</i>, A. Hermann (Paris), 1897/<i>A course on analytic theory of differential equations</i>.</li> <li><i>Leçons sur les fonctions de variables réelles et les développements en séries de polynômes</i> - 1905/<i>A course on real variable functions and polynomial development series</i>.</li> <li><i>Cours de mécanique et machines</i> (Paris), 1907/<i>A course on mechanics and machines</i>.</li> <li><i>Cours de mécanique et machines 2</i> (Paris), 1908/<i>A course on mechanics and machines 2</i>.</li> <li><i>Leçons sur les fonctions définies par les équations différentielles du premier ordre</i>, Gauthier-Villars (Paris), 1908/<i>A course on functions defined by first order differential equations</i>.</li> <li><i>L'aéroplane</i>, Lille, 1909/<i>Aeroplane</i>.</li> <li><i>Cours de mécanique et machines</i> (Paris), 1909/<i>A course on mechanics and machines</i>.</li> <li><i>L'aviation</i>, Paris, Felix Alcan, 1910/<i>Aviation</i>.</li> <li><i>Les axiomes de la mécanique, examen critique</i>; <i>Note sur la propagation de la lumière</i> - 1922/<i>Mechanics axioms, a critical study</i>; <i>Notes on light spread</i>.</li> <li><i>Leçons sur la théorie analytique des équations différentielles</i>, Hermann, Paris, 1897/<i>A course on analytical theory of differential equations</i>.</li> <li><i>Trois mémoires de Painlevé sur la relativité</i> (1921-1922)/<i>Painlevé's three memories on relativity</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_the_cover_of_Time_Magazine:_1920s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s">List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmart,_Nick1996" class="citation journal cs1">Smart, Nick (1996). "The Maginot Line: An Indestructible Inheritance". <i>International Journal of Heritage Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 222–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13527259608722177">10.1080/13527259608722177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Heritage+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Maginot+Line%3A+An+Indestructible+Inheritance&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=222-233&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13527259608722177&rft.au=Smart%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Painlev%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_Martin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Martin (2005). 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Ainslie <i>Principles of Sonar Performance Modelling</i>, Springer, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-87661-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-87661-8">3-540-87661-8</a>, page 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Painleve">"Paul Painlevé"</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cockfield-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cockfield_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockfield1999" class="citation book cs1">Cockfield, Jamie H. (1999). <i>With snow on their boots : the tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I</i> (1st St. Martin's Griffin ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312220822" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312220822"><bdi>978-0312220822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+snow+on+their+boots+%3A+the+tragic+odyssey+of+the+Russian+Expeditionary+Force+in+France+during+World+War+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=137&rft.edition=1st+St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0312220822&rft.aulast=Cockfield&rft.aufirst=Jamie+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Painlev%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan2003" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (2003). <i>The First World War</i>. UK: Random House. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-8040-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-8040-3"><bdi>0-7126-8040-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7126-8040-3&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Painlev%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/biography/Edouard-Herriot">"Édouard Herriot"</a> in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandjean2018" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grandjean, Martin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903"><i>Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres</i></a> [<i>The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period</i>] (phdthesis) (in French). Lausanne: Université de Lausanne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Les+r%C3%A9seaux+de+la+coop%C3%A9ration+intellectuelle.+La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Nations+comme+actrice+des+%C3%A9changes+scientifiques+et+culturels+dans+l%27entre-deux-guerres&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+de+Lausanne&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Grandjean&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ftel-01853903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Painlev%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/04/archives/painleve-to-be-buried-in-pantheon-today-former-premier-whose-life.html">"Painlevé To Be Buried in Pantheon Today"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 4 November 1933. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Painlev%C3%A9+To+Be+Buried+in+Pantheon+Today&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1933-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1933%2F11%2F04%2Farchives%2Fpainleve-to-be-buried-in-pantheon-today-former-premier-whose-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Painlev%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Paul+F.+Painleve&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DPaul%2BF.%2BPainleve%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Painlev%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PolmarGenda2006-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PolmarGenda2006_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmar,_NormanGenda,_Minoru2006" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman; Genda, Minoru (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6z7quhWS-BoC&pg=PA86"><i>Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events</i></a>. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-664-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-664-1"><bdi>978-1-57488-664-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Carriers%3A+A+History+of+Carrier+Aviation+and+Its+Influence+on+World+Events&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-664-1&rft.au=Polmar%2C+Norman&rft.au=Genda%2C+Minoru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6z7quhWS-BoC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Painlev%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadelInternational_Astronomical_Union2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmadel, Lutz D.; International Astronomical Union (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&pg=PA84"><i>Dictionary of minor planet names</i></a>. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3"><bdi>978-3-540-00238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+minor+planet+names&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-540-00238-3&rft.aulast=Schmadel&rft.aufirst=Lutz+D.&rft.au=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWrB1jPCa8AC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Painlev%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dutton, David (1981). "Paul Painlevé and the end of the sacred union in Wartime France". <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 46–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402398108437065">10.1080/01402398108437065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Paul+Painlev%C3%A9+and+the+end+of+the+sacred+union+in+Wartime+France&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-59&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402398108437065&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Painlev%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalgh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2011). "Paul Painlevé and Franco-British Relations in 1917". <i>Contemporary British History</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 5–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13619462.2011.546094">10.1080/13619462.2011.546094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144569843">144569843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+British+History&rft.atitle=Paul+Painlev%C3%A9+and+Franco-British+Relations+in+1917&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-27&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13619462.2011.546094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144569843%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Painlev%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlev%C3%A9&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paul Painlevé">Paul Painlevé</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=76358">Paul Painlevé</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527074954/http://asa3.univ-lille1.fr/spip/ASA_histoire/serviteurs/painleve.htm">Biography (French)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013143">Newspaper clippings about Paul Painlevé</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Alexandre Ribot</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of France">Prime Minister of France</a> </b><br />1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of France">Prime Minister of France</a> </b><br />1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template:Heads of government of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template talk:Heads of government of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of government of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_government_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_France" title="List of prime ministers of France">Heads of government of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_5th_Duke_of_Richelieu" title="Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Dessolles,_1st_Marquis_Dessolles" title="Jean Joseph Dessolles, 1st Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_5th_Duke_of_Richelieu" title="Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_1st_Viscount_of_Martignac" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, 1st Viscount of Martignac">Martignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier" title="Casimir Pierre Périer">Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Treviso" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Treviso">Mortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">Dupont de l'Eure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Barrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Léon Faucher">Faucher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cousin-Montauban,_Comte_de_Palikao" title="Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao">Cousin-Montauban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of<br />National Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Jules_Trochu" title="Louis-Jules Trochu">Trochu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie" title="Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Courtot_de_Cissey" title="Ernest Courtot de Cissey">Cissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Simon" title="Jules Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie" title="Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan_de_Rochebou%C3%ABt" title="Gaëtan de Rochebouët">Rochebouët</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Floquet" title="Charles Floquet">Floquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Loubet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_M%C3%A9line" title="Jules Méline">Méline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau" title="Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau">Waldeck-Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Monis" title="Ernest Monis">Monis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Bouisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional<br />Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gouin" title="Félix Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie" title="André Marie">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Laniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Mollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Chaban-Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Mauroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Rocard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Cresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Jospin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Raffarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">Fillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Ayrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Valls" title="Manuel Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Cazeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe" title="Édouard Philippe">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Castex" title="Jean Castex">Castex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Borne" title="Élisabeth Borne">Borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Attal" title="Gabriel Attal">Attal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Barnier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">Chief minister of France</a> (pre-Revolution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Deputy Prime Minister of France">Deputy Prime Minister</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finance_ministers_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Template:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Template talk:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finance_ministers_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_finance_ministers_of_France" title="List of finance ministers of France">Finance ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finances" title="Superintendent of Finances">Superintendent of Finances</a> (1561–1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a> (1661–1791)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a><br />(1518–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_de_Beaune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques de Beaune (page does not exist)">de Beaune</a> (1518–1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Babou" title="Philibert Babou">Babou</a> (1524–1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_du_Thiers" title="Jean du Thiers">du Thiers</a> (1544–1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_d%27Annebault" title="Claude d'Annebault">d'Annebault</a> (1546–1552)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Guillart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Guillart (page does not exist)">Guillart</a> (1552–1556)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_d%27Avan%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean d'Avançon (page does not exist)">d'Avançon</a> (1556–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">de Lorraine</a> (1559–1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artus_de_Coss%C3%A9-Brissac" class="mw-redirect" title="Artus de Cossé-Brissac">de Cossé-Brissac</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_d%27Ongnyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis d'Ongnyes (page does not exist)">d'Ongnyes</a> (1561–1567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Birague" title="René de Birague">de Birague</a> (1568–1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponne_de_Belli%C3%A8vre" title="Pomponne de Bellièvre">de Bellièvre</a> (1574–1588)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27O" title="François d'O">d'O</a> (1588–1589)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a><br />(1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27O" title="François d'O">d'O</a> (1589–1594)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_Duke_of_Sully" title="Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully">de Béthune</a> (1598–1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jeannin" title="Pierre Jeannin">Jeannin</a> (1614–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Schomberg" title="Henri de Schomberg">de Schomberg</a> (1619–1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Vieuville" title="Charles de La Vieuville">de La Vieuville</a> (1623–1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bochart_de_Champigny" title="Jean Bochart de Champigny">de Champigny</a>/<a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Marillac" title="Michel de Marillac">de Marillac</a> (1624–1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Co%C3%ABffier_de_Ruz%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé">de Ruzé</a> (1626–1632)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Bullion" title="Claude de Bullion">de Bullion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1632–1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1640–1643)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_de_Bailleul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas de Bailleul (page does not exist)">de Bailleul</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes,_comte_d%27Avaux" title="Claude de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux">de Mesmes</a> (1643–1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">d'Emery</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de La Porte">de La Porte</a> (1648–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">d'Emery</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude de Mesmes">de Mesmes</a> (1649–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Longueil" title="René de Longueil">de Longueil</a> (1650–1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Vieuville" title="Charles de La Vieuville">de La Vieuville</a> (1651–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Servien" title="Abel Servien">Servien</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Fouquet</a> (1653–1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Fouquet</a> (1659–1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Colbert</a> (1661–1683)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Le_Pelletier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Le Pelletier (page does not exist)">Le Pelletier</a> (1683–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Pontchartrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain">Phélypeaux</a> (1689–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chamillart" title="Michel Chamillart">Chamillart</a> (1699–1708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Desmarets" title="Nicolas Desmarets">Desmarets</a> (1708–1715)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles">de Noailles</a> (1715–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Jacques_Nompar_de_Caumont,_duc_de_La_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri-Jacques Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force">de Caumont</a> (1718–January 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Ren%C3%A9_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson_(1652%E2%80%931721)" title="Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)">de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson</a> (1718–January 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">Law</a> (January–May 1720)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Robert_Le_Peletier_des_Forts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (page does not exist)">des Forts</a> (May–December 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Le_Pelletier_de_La_Houssaye" title="Félix Le Pelletier de La Houssaye">de La Houssaye</a> (December 1720–1722)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gaspard_Dodun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gaspard Dodun (page does not exist)">Dodun</a> (1722–1726)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Robert_Le_Peletier_des_Forts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (page does not exist)">des Forts</a> (1726–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Orry" title="Philibert Orry">Orry</a> (1730–1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Machault_d%27Arnouville" title="Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville">d'Arnouville</a> (1745–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moreau_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Jean Moreau de Séchelles">de Séchelles</a> (1754–1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Peyrenc_de_Moras" title="François Marie Peyrenc de Moras">de Moras</a> (1756–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Boullonges" title="Jean de Boullonges">de Boullonges</a> (1757–1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Silhouette" title="Étienne de Silhouette">de Silhouette</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_L%C3%A9onard_Jean_Baptiste_Bertin" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin">Bertin</a> (1759–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laverdy" title="Clément Charles François de Laverdy">de Laverdy</a> (1763–1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maynon_d%27Invault" title="Étienne Maynon d'Invault">d'Invault</a> (1768–1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Terray" title="Joseph Marie Terray">Terray</a> (1769–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a> (1774–1776)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_%C3%89tienne_Bernard_Ogier_de_Clugny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Étienne Bernard Ogier de Clugny (page does not exist)">de Clugny</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Gabriel_Taboureau_des_R%C3%A9aux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Gabriel Taboureau des Réaux (page does not exist)">des Réaux</a> (1776–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1777–1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Joly_de_Fleury" title="Jean-François Joly de Fleury">de Fleury</a> (1781–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Paule_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27Ormesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri François de Paule Lefèvre d'Ormesson">d'Ormesson</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">de Calonne</a> (1783–1787)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Bouvard_de_Fourqueux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Bouvard de Fourqueux (page does not exist)">de Fourqueux</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">de Brienne</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1788–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">de Breteuil</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Claude_Guillaume_Lambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Claude Guillaume Lambert (page does not exist)">Lambert</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart" title="Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart">de Lessart</a> (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Hardouin_Tarb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Hardouin Tarbé (page does not exist)">Tarbé</a> (1791–March 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (March–13 June 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Duranthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Duranthon">Duranthon</a> (13 June–18 June 1792)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_%C3%89mile_Fran%C3%A7ois_Herv%C3%A9_de_Beaulieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Émile François Hervé de Beaulieu (page does not exist)">de Beaulieu</a> (18 June–29 July 1792)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Delaville-Leroulx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Delaville-Leroulx (page does not exist)">Delaville-Leroulx</a> (29 July–10 August 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (10 August–21 September 1792)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a><br />(1792–1804)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (21 September 1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gr%C3%A9goire_Deschamps_Destournelles" title="Louis Grégoire Deschamps Destournelles">Destournelles</a> (1793–1794)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Charles_Faipoult" title="Guillaume-Charles Faipoult">Faipoult</a> (1795–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique-Vincent_Ramel-Nogaret" title="Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret">Ramel-Nogaret</a> (1796–July 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Lindet</a> (July–November 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (1799–1804)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">House of Bonaparte</a><br />(1804–1814)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (1804–1814)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">House of Bourbon</a><br />(1814–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (1814–1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">House of Bonaparte</a><br />(1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (March–July 1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">House of Bourbon</a><br />(1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (July–September 1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Emmanuel_Corvetto" title="Louis-Emmanuel Corvetto">Corvetto</a> (September 1815–December 1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (7 December–29 December 1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (December 29, 1818–November 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (1819–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">de Villèle</a> (1821–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (1828–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_de_Chabrol_de_Crouzol" title="Christophe de Chabrol de Crouzol">de Crouzol</a> (1829–May 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Isidore_Baron_de_Montbel" title="Guillaume-Isidore Baron de Montbel">de Montbel</a> (May–July 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (July–August 1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">House of Orléans</a><br />(1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (August–November 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a> (1830–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (1831–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (1832–10 November 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (10 November–18 November 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (18 November 1834–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Maurice_Apollinaire_d%27Argout" title="Antoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout">d'Argout</a> (January–September 1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanneguy_Duch%C3%A2tel" title="Tanneguy Duchâtel">Duchâtel</a> (1836–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne" title="Jean Lacave-Laplagne">Lacave-Laplagne</a> (1837–March 1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89lie_Gautier" title="Jean-Élie Gautier">Gautier</a> (March–May 1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (May 1839–March 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pelet_de_la_Loz%C3%A8re" title="Joseph Pelet de la Lozère">de la Lozère</a> (March 1840–October 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (October 1840–1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne" title="Jean Lacave-Laplagne">Lacave-Laplagne</a> (1842–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sylvain_Dumon" title="Pierre Sylvain Dumon">Dumon</a> (1847–February 1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a><br />(1848–1852)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Goudchaux</a> (February–March 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" title="Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès">Garnier-Pagès</a> (March–May 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a> (May–June 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Goudchaux</a> (June–October 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariste_Jacques_Trouv%C3%A9-Chauvel" title="Ariste Jacques Trouvé-Chauvel">Trouvé-Chauvel</a> (October–December 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (December 1848–October 1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (October 1849–January 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_B%C3%A8gue_de_Germiny" title="Charles Le Bègue de Germiny">de Germiny</a> (January–April 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (April–October 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blondel" title="Antoine Blondel">Blondel</a> (October–November 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Joseph_de_Casabianca" title="François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca">de Casabianca</a> (November–December 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (December 1851–January 1852)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">House of Bonaparte</a><br />(1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Martial_Bineau" title="Jean-Martial Bineau">Bineau</a> (January 1852–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1855–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">La Roquette</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (1861–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Rouher</a> (January–November 1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1867–January 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a> (January–April 1870)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Alexis_Segris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Alexis Segris (page does not exist)">Segris</a> (April–August 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (August–September 1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a><br />(1870–1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Picard" title="Ernest Picard">Picard</a> (September 1870–19 February 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a> (19 February–25 February 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pouyer-Quertier" title="Augustin Pouyer-Quertier">Pouyer-Quertier</a> (1871–1872)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Goulard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène de Goulard (page does not exist)">de Goulard</a> (April–December 1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (December 1872–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1873–1874)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Mathieu-Bodet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Mathieu-Bodet (page does not exist)">Mathieu-Bodet</a> (1874–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (1875–May 1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Caillaux" title="Eugène Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (May 1877–November 1877)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Dutilleul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Dutilleul (page does not exist)">Dutilleul</a> (November–December 1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magnin" title="Pierre Magnin">Magnin</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Allain-Targ%C3%A9" title="François Allain-Targé">Allain-Targé</a> (1881–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (January–August 1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (August 1882–6 April 1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Clamageran" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Clamageran">Clamageran</a> (6 April–16 April 1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a> (16 April 1885–December 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dauphin" title="Albert Dauphin">Dauphin</a> (December 1886–May 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (May–December 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (December 1887–April 1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (April 1888–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (1889–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (1892–April 1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (April–December 1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Burdeau" title="Auguste Burdeau">Burdeau</a> (December 1893–May 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (May 1894–January 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a> (January–November 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (November 1895–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cochery" title="Georges Cochery">Cochery</a> (1896–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (1902–1905)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Merlou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Merlou (page does not exist)">Merlou</a> (1905–March 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (March–October 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (October 1906–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cochery" title="Georges Cochery">Cochery</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz" title="Louis-Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (1910–March 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (March–June 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz" title="Louis-Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (June 1911–March 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)" title="Charles Dumont (politician)">Dumont</a> (March–December 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (December 1913–March 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Renoult" title="René Renoult">Renoult</a> (March–June 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cl%C3%A9mentel" title="Étienne Clémentel">Clémentel</a> (9 June–13 June 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noullens" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Noullens">Noullens</a> (June–August 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a> (August 1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thierry" title="Joseph Thierry">Thierry</a> (March–September 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Klotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (1917–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lasteyrie" title="Charles de Lasteyrie">de Lasteyrie</a> (1922–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a> (March–June 1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clementel" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Clementel">Clementel</a> (June 1924–3 April 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">de Monzie</a> (3 April–17 April 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (April–October 1925)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Painlevé</a> (October–November 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Loucheur</a> (November–December 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (December 1925–March 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Péret</a> (March–June 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (June–July 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">de Monzie</a> (19 July–23 July 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (July 1926–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ch%C3%A9ron" title="Henry Chéron">Chéron</a> (1928–February 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)" title="Charles Dumont (politician)">Dumont</a> (February–March 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (March–December 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (December 1930–January 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a> (January 1931–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (June–December 1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ch%C3%A9ron" title="Henry Chéron">Chéron</a> (December 1932–January 1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a> (January 1933–January 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">Piétri</a> (January–February 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (4 February–9 February 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (February 1934–June 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (1 June–7 June 1935)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_R%C3%A9gnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Régnier (page does not exist)">Régnier</a> (June 1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Auriol</a> (1936–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a> (1937–January 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (January–March 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a> (March–April 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (April–November 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (November 1938–March 1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Lamoureux_(France)" title="Lucien Lamoureux (France)">Lamoureux</a> (March–June 1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a><br />(1940–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bouthillier" title="Yves Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Cathala</a> (1942–1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a><br />(1941–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Diethelm" title="André Diethelm">Diethelm</a> (1942–June 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a> (June–November 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">France</a> (November 1943–September 1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a><br />(1944–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Lepercq" title="Aimé Lepercq">Lepercq</a> (September–November 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a> (November 1944–January 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Philip" title="André Philip">Philip</a> (January–June 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (June–October 1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a><br />(1946–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (October–December 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Philip" title="André Philip">Philip</a> (December 1946–January 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (January–November 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a> (November 1947–July 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (July–September 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Pineau</a> (5 September–11 September 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a> (September 1948–January 1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Petsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Petsche (page does not exist)">Petsche</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a> (1951–January 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (January–March 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (March 1952–January 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a> (January–June 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buron" title="Robert Buron">Buron</a> (January–February 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a> (February 1955–February 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacoste" title="Robert Lacoste">Lacoste</a> (1 February–14 February 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a> (February 1956–June 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (June–November 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a> (November 1957–May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (May–June 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (June–October 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a><br />(1958–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (October 1958–1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid_Baumgartner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilfrid Baumgartner (page does not exist)">Baumgartner</a> (1960–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a> (1962–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a> (1966–May 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a> (May–July 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">Ortoli</a> (July 1968–June 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Fourcade" title="Jean-Pierre Fourcade">Fourcade</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a> (1976–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Monory" title="René Monory">Monory</a> (1978–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Delors</a> (1981–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a> (1984–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a> (1986–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a> (1988–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Sapin</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Alphand%C3%A9ry" title="Edmond Alphandéry">Alphandéry</a> (1993–May 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Madelin</a> (May–August 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arthuis" title="Jean Arthuis">Arthuis</a> (August 1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Strauss-Kahn</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Sautter" title="Christian Sautter">Sautter</a> (1999–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a> (2000–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mer" title="Francis Mer">Mer</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a> (March–November 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Gaymard" title="Hervé Gaymard">Gaymard</a> (November 2004–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Breton" title="Thierry Breton">Breton</a> (2005–May 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Borloo" title="Jean-Louis Borloo">Borloo</a> (May–June 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Lagarde</a> (June 2007–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroin" title="François Baroin">Baroin</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici" title="Pierre Moscovici">Moscovici</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Sapin</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire" title="Bruno Le Maire">Le Maire</a> (2017–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Armand" title="Antoine Armand">Armand</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Community_of_Universities_and_Institutions_(COMUE)_Lille_Nord_de_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universit%C3%A9_Lille_-_Nord_de_France" title="Template:Université Lille - Nord de France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universit%C3%A9_Lille_-_Nord_de_France" title="Template talk:Université Lille - Nord de France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universit%C3%A9_Lille_-_Nord_de_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Université Lille - Nord de France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Community_of_Universities_and_Institutions_(COMUE)_Lille_Nord_de_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blason_Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg/20px-Blason_Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blason_Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg/30px-Blason_Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blason_Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg/40px-Blason_Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Lille_Nord_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Lille Nord de France">Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Artois University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">University of the Littoral Opal Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">École des Mines-Télécom de Lille-Douai (IMT Lille Douai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Lille" title="Université catholique de Lille">Catholic University of Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">Centre national de la recherche scientifique</a> (CNRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation" title="French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation">French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation</a> (INRIA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skema_Business_School" title="Skema Business School">Skema Business School</a></li> <li>CHU Lille University Hospital</li> <li>Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (<a href="/wiki/Inserm" title="Inserm">Inserm</a>)</li> <li>École nationale supérieure des arts et industries textiles (<a href="/wiki/ENSAIT" title="ENSAIT">ENSAIT</a>)</li> <li>École nationale supérieure d'architecture et de paysage de Lille (ENSAPL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a> (Lille Campus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Lille" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille">École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille</a> (ENSCL)</li> <li>École supérieure d'art Dunkerque-Tourcoing (ESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_journalisme_de_Lille" title="École supérieure de journalisme de Lille">École supérieure de journalisme de Lille</a> (ESJ Lille)</li> <li>Institut d'études politiques de Lille (<a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Lille" title="Sciences Po Lille">Sciences Po Lille</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_recherche_agronomique" title="Institut national de la recherche agronomique">Institut national de la recherche agronomique</a> (INRA)</li> <li>Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur sécurité (<a href="/wiki/IFSTTAR" title="IFSTTAR">IFSTTAR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Pasteur_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Pasteur de Lille">Institut Pasteur de Lille</a></li> <li>Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (<a href="/wiki/IFREMER" title="IFREMER">IFREMER</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_recherche_sur_les_transports_et_leur_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur sécurité">Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur sécurité</a> (INRETS)</li> <li>Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales-Institut de mécanique des fluides de Lille (<a href="/wiki/ONERA" title="ONERA">ONERA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Doctoral_College_Lille_Nord-Pas_de_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="European Doctoral College Lille Nord-Pas de Calais">European doctoral college</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>139 laboratories and research institutes associated with 6 doctoral schools</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitiveness clusters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pôle de compétitivité Industrie du commerce (PICOM)</li> <li>Pôle de compétitivité Industrie des transports (i-TRANS)</li> <li>Pôle de compétitivité Maîtrise énergétique des entraînements électriques (MEDEE)</li> <li>Pôle de compétitivité Aquimer</li> <li>Pôle de compétitivité Matériaux et Applications pour une Utilisation Durable (MAUD)</li> <li>Pôle de compétitivité Nutrition Santé Longévité (NSL) (Eurasanté)</li> <li>Pôle de compétitivité Technologies de l’Environnement Appliquées au Matières et aux Matériaux (TEAM2)</li> <li>Pôle de compétitivité Textiles innovants (UP-TEX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universit%C3%A9_Lille_Nord_de_France_-_List_of_research_laboratories" title="Template:Université Lille Nord de France - List of research laboratories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universit%C3%A9_Lille_Nord_de_France_-_List_of_research_laboratories" title="Template talk:Université Lille Nord de France - List of research laboratories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universit%C3%A9_Lille_Nord_de_France_-_List_of_research_laboratories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Université Lille Nord de France - List of research laboratories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Universities_and_Institutions_(COMUE)_Lille_Nord_de_France_-_List_of_research_laboratories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Lille_Nord_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Lille Nord de France">Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France</a> - <a href="/wiki/European_Doctoral_College_Lille_Nord-Pas_de_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="European Doctoral College Lille Nord-Pas de Calais">List of research laboratories</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SPI - Doctoral School<br /> of<br /> Engineering Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>IEMN-<a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_de_micro%C3%A9lectronique_et_de_nanotechnologie" title="Institut d'électronique de microélectronique et de nanotechnologie">Institut d'électronique de microélectronique et de nanotechnologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> & <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a>UMR8520</li> <li>CRIL-Centre de Recherche en Informatique de <a href="/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Lens, Pas-de-Calais">Lens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> FRE 2499</li> <li>L2EP-<a href="/wiki/Laboratoire_d%27%C3%A9lectrotechnique_et_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_de_puissance_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratoire d'électrotechnique et d'électronique de puissance de Lille">Laboratoire d'électrotechnique et d'électronique de puissance de Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> & <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a> - ENSAM HEI EA 2697</li> <li>LG2IA-Laboratoire de Génie Informatique et Automatique de l’Artois, <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> 3926</li> <li>LAGIS-<a href="/wiki/Laboratoire_d%27Automatique,_G%C3%A9nie_Informatique_et_Signal" title="Laboratoire d'Automatique, Génie Informatique et Signal">Laboratoire d'Automatique, Génie Informatique et Signal</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> & <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a>, UMR 8146</li> <li>LAMAV-Laboratoire de Mathématiques et ses applications de Valenciennes, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a></li> <li>LAMIH-Laboratoire d’Automatique, de mécanique et d’informatique industrielles et humaines, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a> UMR 8530</li> <li>LAMTI-Laboratoire d’Artois de Mécanique, Thermique et Instrumentation, <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> EA 2472</li> <li>LASL-Laboratoire d’Analyse des systèmes du Littoral, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> EA 2600</li> <li>LEMCEL, Laboratoire d’Etude des Matériaux et des Composants pour l’Electronique, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> EA 2601</li> <li>LIFL-<a href="/wiki/Laboratoire_d%27Informatique_Fondamentale_de_Lille" title="Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille">Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8022</li> <li>LIL-Laboratoire d’informatique du Littoral, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> TRIGONE EA 4029</li> <li>LLL-Laboratoire Liouville du Littoral, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> EA 2597</li> <li>LME-Laboratoire de Mécanique et Energétique, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a> EA 2447</li> <li>LML-<a href="/wiki/Laboratoire_de_m%C3%A9canique_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratoire de mécanique de Lille">Laboratoire de mécanique de Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> & <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a>, UMR 8107</li> <li>LMLens-Laboratoire de mathématiques de Lens, <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> EA 2462</li> <li>LMP-Laboratoire des Matériaux et Procédés, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a> EA 2443</li> <li>LPP-Laboratoire de mathématiques de Lille - Paul Painlevé, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8524</li> <li>LRGI-Laboratoire de recherche en génie industriel de Lille (Systems engineering), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a></li> <li>LSEE-Laboratoire des systèmes électrotechniques et environnement, <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> EA 4025</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SMRE Doctoral School<br /> for<br /> Science of Matter,<br /> Radiation,<br /> Environment<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>IMCCL - <a href="/wiki/Institut_des_mol%C3%A9cules_et_de_la_mati%C3%A8re_condens%C3%A9e_de_Lille" title="Institut des molécules et de la matière condensée de Lille">Institut des molécules et de la matière condensée de Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>UCCS - <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_de_catalyse_et_de_chimie_du_solide_de_Lille" title="Unité de catalyse et de chimie du solide de Lille">Unité de catalyse et de chimie du solide de Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Lille" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille">ENSCL</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a> & <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> UMR 8181</li> <li>LASIR - Laboratoire de SpectroChimie InfraRouge et Raman, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8516</li> <li>LCE - Laboratoire de Catalyse et Environnement, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> EA 2598</li> <li>LCOM - Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Macromoléculaire, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> & <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Lille" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille">ENSCL</a> UMR 8009</li> <li>LDSMM - Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>LENE - Laboratoire d’Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>LGEPV - Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8016</li> <li>LGPTA - Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Technologie Alimentaires, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> U_<a href="/wiki/Institut_National_de_la_Recherche_Agronomique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique">INRA</a> 638</li> <li>LMPE - Laboratoire de Mycologie, Phytopathologie et Environnement, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> EA 2602</li> <li>LMPGM - Laboratoire de Métallurgie Physique et Génie des Matériaux, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> & <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Lille" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille">ENSCL</a>, UMR 8517</li> <li>LOA - Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8518</li> <li>LPCA - Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> UMR 8101</li> <li>LSOE - Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique et Environnement, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> EA 2599</li> <li>LSPES - Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés de l’Etat Solide, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> & <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Lille" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille">ENSCL</a> UMR 8008</li> <li>LTPMC - Laboratoire de Thermo-Physique de la Matière Condensée, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> UMR 8024</li> <li>IRI - Institut de Recherches Interdisciplinaires, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> FRE 2693</li> <li>BDM - Laboratoire Biostructures et Découverte du Médicament, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> U_<a href="/wiki/Institut_National_de_la_Sant%C3%A9_et_de_la_Recherche_M%C3%A9dicale" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale">INSERM</a> 761</li> <li>EMDCE - <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">École des Mines de Douai</a>, Département Chimie et Environnement,</li> <li>EMDGC - <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">École des Mines de Douai</a>, Département Génie Civil</li> <li>EMDTPC - <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">École des Mines de Douai</a>, Département Technologie des polymères et composites</li> <li>GEOSYS - Laboratoire Géosystèmes, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8157</li> <li>GEPIFREM - Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés d’Interaction Fluides Réactifs, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 3571</li> <li>GRAM - Groupe de Recherche Analyse du Médicament, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 4034</li> <li>LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> & <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> UMR 8187</li> <li>PhLAM - Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8523</li> <li>ProBioGEM - Laboratoire Procédés Biologique et Génie Enzymatique et Microbien, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 1026</li> <li>SADV - Laboratoire Stress Abiotique et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> U_<a href="/wiki/Institut_National_de_la_Recherche_Agronomique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique">INRA</a> 1281</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctoral School<br /> Bio-Health<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>EA 1043 - Groupe de recherche et d'innovation thérapeutique, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 1046 - Cibles pharmacologiques cellulaires et moléculaires, pathologies neurovasculaires et cardiovasculaires, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 1049 - Biophysique, Médecine Nucléaire et Technologies Médicales, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 2465 - Physiopathologie de la cellule endothéliale cérébrale, <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a></li> <li>EA 2603 - LR3B ERI 2 - Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Biomatériaux et les Biotechnologies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 2603 - Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a></li> <li>EA 2679 - Variabilité génétique de réponse de l'organisme face à son environnement chimique</li> <li>EA 2683 - Noyaux gris centraux</li> <li>EA 2686 - Laboratoire d'Immunologie. Homéostasie du Compartiment Lymphocytaire Périphérique, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 2689 - Détresses Respiratoires et Circulatoires. Physiopathologie, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 2690 - Toxiques et cancérogènes professionnels et environnementaux</li> <li>EA 2691 - Troubles Cognitifs Dégénératifs et Vasculaires, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 2692 - Groupe de recherche sur l'inhibition de la prolifération cellulaire, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 2693 - ERI 9 Laboratoire de Recherche en Hémostase et Pathologie Vasculaire, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 2694 - Santé Publique : modélisation et épidémiologie des maladies chroniques, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 3608 - Activité Physique, Sport, Santé, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 3609 - Présence et circulation de pathogènes eucaryotes dans les écosystèmes, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 3610 - Pathogénèse virale du diabète de type 1, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 3614 - Aide à la décision en santé, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 3925 - Interrelations inflammation infection et malnutrition au cours des maladies respiratoires chroniques de l'enfant</li> <li>EA 4020 - Régulation des signaux de division, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 4031 - Ethique de la recherche clinique, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></li> <li>EA 4032 - Physiopathologie et thérapeutique des tissus calcifiés, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 4034 - Groupe de recherche Analyse du Médicament, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>EA 4052 - Neurosciences et physiologie adaptatives, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>FRE 2933 - Neuroimmunologie des Annélides, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>FRE 2963 - Institut de Recherches Interdisciplinaires – IRI</li> <li>JE 2488 - ERI 8 - Biologie du développement, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>JE 2490 - Pathologie cardio-pulmonaire d'origine anténatale, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>JE 2491 - Médicaments à libération contrôlée du principe actif : Mécanismes et optimisation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 545 - Récepteurs nucléaires, lipoprotéines et athérosclérose, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 547 - Schistosomiase, paludisme et inflammation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 629 - Mécanismes Moléculaires de la Pathologie Bactérienne, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 703 - Thérapies interventionnelles assistées par l'image et la simulation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 744 - Unité d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 761 - Biostructures et découverte du médicament, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 774 - Biomolécules et Inflammation Pulmonaire, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 795 - Physiopathologie des Maladies Inflammatoires intestinales, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 799 - Physiopathologie et diagnostic des candidoses, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 800 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 801 - Etudes des interactions cellulaires et moléculaires des bactéries pathogènes avec l'hôte, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 837 - JPARC, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>U 859 - Thérapie cellulaire du diabète, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>UMR-CNRS 8009 - Protéomique, Spectrométrie de masse, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>UMR-CNRS 8090 - Génétique des maladies multifactorielles, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>UMR-CNRS 8160 - Neuroscience fonctionnelle et pathologies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li>UMR-CNRS 8161 - Institut de Biologie de Lille</li> <li>UMR-CNRS 8576 - Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctoral School<br /> in<br /> Business,<br /> economics,<br /> urban planning,<br /> management<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CLERSE (économie, sociologie, anthropologie), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8019</li> <li>DRT Dynamique des réseaux et territoires (géographie), <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> EA 2468</li> <li>EE (économie, économétrie), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 4018</li> <li>EREIA (économie, sciences de gestion) <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> EA 4026</li> <li>GRACC (sociologie, anthropologie), University of Lille, EA 3589</li> <li>LRII (économie, sciences de gestion), <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> EA 3604</li> <li>IMN (économie, sociologie, géographie) <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> EA 1702</li> <li>LEM-FUPL (sciences de gestion, économie), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8179</li> <li>LEMMA (économie) <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> JE 2467</li> <li>PGQ (préhistoire, géographie physique), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> FRE 2941</li> <li>TVES (géographie, aménagement/urbanisme), EA 4019, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctoral School<br /> in<br /> Social Sciences<br /> and<br /> Humanities<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alithila (Analyse littéraire et Histoire de la langue), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 1061</li> <li>CAMELIA (Centre d’Analyse du message littéraire et artistique), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a> EA 2446</li> <li>CRHICC(Centre de recherche en Histoire, Civilisations et cultures des pays du monde occidental)<a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a> EA 2444</li> <li>CAMLMA (Centre d’Analyse du message littéraire et artistique), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a> EA 2444</li> <li>CEAC (Centre d’Etude des Arts contemporains), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 3587</li> <li>CECILLE (Centre d’Etude en Civilisations, Langues et Littératures étrangères), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 4074</li> <li>CERTEL (Centre d’études et de recherches sur les textes électroniques), <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> EA 3607</li> <li>CIREL, Sciences de l’éducation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 2261, EA 1764,EA 1038</li> <li>GERIICO (Groupe d’Etudes et de recherches interdisciplinaire en Information et Communication), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 4073</li> <li>Grammatica (Centre de recherches en linguistique française), <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> JE 2489</li> <li>HALMA (Histoire, Archéologie, Littérature des mondes Anciens – Institut de papyrologie et d’Egyptologie de Lille), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8164</li> <li>CREHS (Centre de recherche et d’études « histoire et sociétés », <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> EA 4027</li> <li>HLLI (Histoire, Langues, Littératures, Interculturalité), <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a> EA 4030</li> <li>IRHIS (Institut de recherches Historiques du Septentrion), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> UMR 8529</li> <li>LSC (Laboratoire des sciences de la communication), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a> EA 2445</li> <li>PSITEC (Psychologie : interactions, temps, émotions, cognition), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 4072</li> <li>SELOEN (Sémantique, logique, Enonciation), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> JE 2498</li> <li>STL (Savoirs, Textes, Langages), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, UMR 8163</li> <li>URECA (Unité de recherche sur l’Evolution du Comportement et de l’Apprentissage), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a> EA 1059</li> <li>Textes et Cultures, <a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> EA 4028</li> <li>LAMIH-Laboratoire d’Automatique de Mécanique et d’Informatique industrielles et humaines, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a></li> <li>PERCOTEC (Psychologie et ergonomie cognitive dans les environnements technologiques), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctoral School<br /> for<br /> Law,<br /> Administration,<br /> Political Science<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques de Lille">Institut d'études politiques de Lille (Sciences Po Lille) </a></li> <li>Institut de recherche en droit public (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, EA n° 4036)</li> <li>Institut de recherche sur l'évolution de l'environnement normatif des activités transnationales (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, IREENAT, EA n° 3612)</li> <li>Institut du développement et de la prospective (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Valenciennes_and_Hainaut-Cambresis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis">Campus Valenciennes</a>, EA n° 1384)</li> <li>Centre de recherches d'histoire judiciaire (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>-CNRS, CHJ, UMR n° 8025)</li> <li>Centre d'études et de recherches administratives, politique et sociales (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>-CNRS, CERAPS, UMR n° 8026)</li> <li>Centre René Demogue de droit des obligations et théorie du droit (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, René Demogue, EA n° 3613)</li> <li>Centre d'études politiques sur l'Europe du Nord (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, CEPEN, EA n° 4049)</li> <li>Centre éthique et procédures (<a href="/wiki/Artois_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Artois University">Campus Artois</a> EA n° 2471)</li> <li>Centre de recherche en éthique de la recherche clinique (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, EA n° 4031)</li> <li>Laboratoire d'études et de recherches appliquées au droit privé (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, LERADP, EA n° 1055)</li> <li>Laboratoire d'études et de recherches en droit social (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, LEREDS, EA n° 3611)</li> <li>Laboratoire de Recherche Juridique (<a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Campus Littoral</a>LARJ, EA n° 3603)</li> <li>Laboratoire de sciences sociales, sport, identité, culture (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, EA, n° 4110)</li> <li>Groupe d'études et de recherches en management des entreprises (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, GERME, EA n° 1056)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Lille_Nord_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Lille Nord de France">Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315434#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110639279">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56681748">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/143453/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCDVKKHCmqYthXq8mPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116018062">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85801300">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12334608z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12334608z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35406143">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2013776910&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1388696">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/143556">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p121514854">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3077689">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000772067&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=238778">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653858705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/325134">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278728305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514043306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14226463">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0726051X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=76358">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24800101400">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:painleve.paul">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/135315">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/356927">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/5653">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/941418">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116018062.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116018062">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032287100">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67w6ms0">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlevé&oldid=1241455409">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Painlevé&oldid=1241455409</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1863_births" title="Category:1863 births">1863 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_deaths" title="Category:1933 deaths">1933 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Paris" title="Category:Politicians from 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