Bright carbonate deposits as evidence of aqueous alteration on (1) Ceres

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C. De Sanctis","A. Raponi","E. Ammannito","M. Ciarniello","M. J. Toplis","H. Y. McSween","J. C. Castillo-Rogez","B. L. Ehlmann","F. G. Carrozzo","S. Marchi","F. Tosi","F. Zambon","F. Capaccioni","M. T. Capria","S. Fonte","M. Formisano","A. Frigeri","M. Giardino","A. Longobardo","G. Magni","E. Palomba","L. A. McFadden","C. M. Pieters","R. Jaumann","P. Schenk","R. Mugnuolo","C. A. Raymond","C. T. 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NASA's Dawn orbiter probe has revealed localized bright areas on the surface of the dwarf asteroid-belt planet Ceres, most prominently in the Occator crater. These features were tentatively interpreted as containing a large amount of hydrated magnesium sulfates. Now Maria Cristina De Sanctis et al. present high-resolution near-infrared spectra of the Occator bright areas that suggest that the bright material consists mostly of endogenous sodium carbonate, mixed with a dark component and small amounts of phyllosilicates, as well as ammonium carbonate or ammonium chloride. The authors propose that these compounds are residues from the crystallization of brines, following upwelling through nearby fracture systems, together with entrained altered solids that reached the surface from below. Such a model requires a heat source, which may have been transient, triggered by impact heating for instance. Alternatively, internal temperatures may be above the eutectic temperature of subsurface brines, in which case fluids may exist at depth on Ceres today. The typically dark surface of the dwarf planet Ceres is punctuated by areas of much higher albedo, most prominently in the Occator crater1. These small bright areas have been tentatively interpreted as containing a large amount of hydrated magnesium sulfate1, in contrast to the average surface, which is a mixture of low-albedo materials and magnesium phyllosilicates, ammoniated phyllosilicates and carbonates2,3,4. Here we report high spatial and spectral resolution near-infrared observations of the bright areas in the Occator crater on Ceres. Spectra of these bright areas are consistent with a large amount of sodium carbonate, constituting the most concentrated known extraterrestrial occurrence of carbonate on kilometre-wide scales in the Solar System. 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NASA's Dawn orbiter probe has revealed localized bright areas on the surface of the dwarf asteroid-belt planet Ceres, most prominently in the Occator crater. These features were tentatively interpreted as containing a large amount of hydrated magnesium sulfates. Now Maria Cristina De Sanctis et al. present high-resolution near-infrared spectra of the Occator bright areas that suggest that the bright material consists mostly of endogenous sodium carbonate, mixed with a dark component and small amounts of phyllosilicates, as well as ammonium carbonate or ammonium chloride. The authors propose that these compounds are residues from the crystallization of brines, following upwelling through nearby fracture systems, together with entrained altered solids that reached the surface from below. Such a model requires a heat source, which may have been transient, triggered by impact heating for instance. Alternatively, internal temperatures may be above the eutectic temperature of subsurface brines, in which case fluids may exist at depth on Ceres today. The typically dark surface of the dwarf planet Ceres is punctuated by areas of much higher albedo, most prominently in the Occator crater1. These small bright areas have been tentatively interpreted as containing a large amount of hydrated magnesium sulfate1, in contrast to the average surface, which is a mixture of low-albedo materials and magnesium phyllosilicates, ammoniated phyllosilicates and carbonates2,3,4. Here we report high spatial and spectral resolution near-infrared observations of the bright areas in the Occator crater on Ceres. Spectra of these bright areas are consistent with a large amount of sodium carbonate, constituting the most concentrated known extraterrestrial occurrence of carbonate on kilometre-wide scales in the Solar System. 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Alternatively, internal temperatures may be above the eutectic temperature of subsurface brines, in which case fluids may exist at depth on Ceres today. The typically dark surface of the dwarf planet Ceres is punctuated by areas of much higher albedo, most prominently in the Occator crater1. These small bright areas have been tentatively interpreted as containing a large amount of hydrated magnesium sulfate1, in contrast to the average surface, which is a mixture of low-albedo materials and magnesium phyllosilicates, ammoniated phyllosilicates and carbonates2,3,4. Here we report high spatial and spectral resolution near-infrared observations of the bright areas in the Occator crater on Ceres. Spectra of these bright areas are consistent with a large amount of sodium carbonate, constituting the most concentrated known extraterrestrial occurrence of carbonate on kilometre-wide scales in the Solar System. 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class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M__C_-De_Sanctis-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-M__C_-De_Sanctis-Aff1" data-author-search="De Sanctis, M. C." data-corresp-id="c1">M. C. De Sanctis<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-A_-Raponi-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-A_-Raponi-Aff1" data-author-search="Raponi, A.">A. Raponi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-E_-Ammannito-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-E_-Ammannito-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Ammannito, E.">E. Ammannito</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M_-Ciarniello-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-M_-Ciarniello-Aff1" data-author-search="Ciarniello, M.">M. Ciarniello</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M__J_-Toplis-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-M__J_-Toplis-Aff3" data-author-search="Toplis, M. J.">M. J. Toplis</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-H__Y_-McSween-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-H__Y_-McSween-Aff4" data-author-search="McSween, H. Y.">H. Y. McSween</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J__C_-Castillo_Rogez-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-J__C_-Castillo_Rogez-Aff5" data-author-search="Castillo-Rogez, J. C.">J. C. Castillo-Rogez</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-B__L_-Ehlmann-Aff5-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-B__L_-Ehlmann-Aff5-Aff6" data-author-search="Ehlmann, B. L.">B. L. Ehlmann</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a>,<a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-F__G_-Carrozzo-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-F__G_-Carrozzo-Aff1" data-author-search="Carrozzo, F. G.">F. G. Carrozzo</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_-Marchi-Aff1-Aff7" data-author-popup="auth-S_-Marchi-Aff1-Aff7" data-author-search="Marchi, S.">S. Marchi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff7">7</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-F_-Tosi-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-F_-Tosi-Aff1" data-author-search="Tosi, F.">F. Tosi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-F_-Zambon-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-F_-Zambon-Aff1" data-author-search="Zambon, F.">F. Zambon</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-F_-Capaccioni-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-F_-Capaccioni-Aff1" data-author-search="Capaccioni, F.">F. Capaccioni</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M__T_-Capria-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-M__T_-Capria-Aff1" data-author-search="Capria, M. T.">M. T. Capria</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_-Fonte-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-S_-Fonte-Aff1" data-author-search="Fonte, S.">S. Fonte</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M_-Formisano-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-M_-Formisano-Aff1" data-author-search="Formisano, M.">M. Formisano</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-A_-Frigeri-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-A_-Frigeri-Aff1" data-author-search="Frigeri, A.">A. Frigeri</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M_-Giardino-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-M_-Giardino-Aff1" data-author-search="Giardino, M.">M. Giardino</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-A_-Longobardo-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-A_-Longobardo-Aff1" data-author-search="Longobardo, A.">A. Longobardo</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-G_-Magni-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-G_-Magni-Aff1" data-author-search="Magni, G.">G. Magni</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-E_-Palomba-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-E_-Palomba-Aff1" data-author-search="Palomba, E.">E. Palomba</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-L__A_-McFadden-Aff8" data-author-popup="auth-L__A_-McFadden-Aff8" data-author-search="McFadden, L. A.">L. A. McFadden</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-C__M_-Pieters-Aff9" data-author-popup="auth-C__M_-Pieters-Aff9" data-author-search="Pieters, C. M.">C. M. Pieters</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff9">9</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-R_-Jaumann-Aff10" data-author-popup="auth-R_-Jaumann-Aff10" data-author-search="Jaumann, R.">R. Jaumann</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff10">10</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-P_-Schenk-Aff11" data-author-popup="auth-P_-Schenk-Aff11" data-author-search="Schenk, P.">P. 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Raymond</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 28 authors for this article" title="Show all 28 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-C__T_-Russell-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-C__T_-Russell-Aff2" data-author-search="Russell, C. T.">C. T. Russell</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 536</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>54–57 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2016</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">6344 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">335 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nature18290/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/asteroids-comets-and-kuiper-belt" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Asteroids, comets and Kuiper belt</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/geochemistry" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Geochemistry</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/mineralogy" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Mineralogy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs3" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs3">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs3-content"><p>The typically dark surface of the dwarf planet Ceres is punctuated by areas of much higher albedo, most prominently in the Occator crater<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Nathues, A. et al. Sublimation in bright spots on (1) Ceres. Nature 528, 237–240 (2015)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e792">1</a></sup>. These small bright areas have been tentatively interpreted as containing a large amount of hydrated magnesium sulfate<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Nathues, A. et al. Sublimation in bright spots on (1) Ceres. Nature 528, 237–240 (2015)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e796">1</a></sup>, in contrast to the average surface, which is a mixture of low-albedo materials and magnesium phyllosilicates, ammoniated phyllosilicates and carbonates<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="De Sanctis, M. C. et al. Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer Solar System origin on (1) Ceres. Nature 528, 241–244 (2015)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e800">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="King, T., Clark, R., Calvin, W., Sherman, D. & Brown, R. Evidence for ammonium-bearing minerals on Ceres. Science 255, 1551–1553 (1992)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e803">3</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Ammannito, E. et al. Distribution of phyllosilicates on Ceres. Science (in the press)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e806">4</a></sup>. Here we report high spatial and spectral resolution near-infrared observations of the bright areas in the Occator crater on Ceres. Spectra of these bright areas are consistent with a large amount of sodium carbonate, constituting the most concentrated known extraterrestrial occurrence of carbonate on kilometre-wide scales in the Solar System. The carbonates are mixed with a dark component and small amounts of phyllosilicates, as well as ammonium carbonate or ammonium chloride. Some of these compounds have also been detected in the plume of Saturn’s sixth-largest moon Enceladus<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Postberg, F., Schmidt, J., Hillier, J., Kempf, S. & Srama, R. A salt-water reservoir as the source of a compositionally stratified plume on Enceladus. Nature 474, 620–622 (2011)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e810">5</a></sup>. The compounds are endogenous and we propose that they are the solid residue of crystallization of brines and entrained altered solids that reached the surface from below. The heat source may have been transient (triggered by impact heating). Alternatively, internal temperatures may be above the eutectic temperature of subsurface brines, in which case fluids may exist at depth on Ceres today.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature18290" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article body"> </div> <div class="c-article-access-provider u-mb-32 u-mt-0"> <p 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The VIR was funded and coordinated by the Italian Space Agency and built by SELEX ES, with the scientific leadership of the Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology and the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics, and is operated by the Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Italy. A portion of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA, under contract to NASA. We also thank the Dawn Mission Operations team and the Framing Camera team.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, 00133, Italy</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">M. C. De Sanctis, A. Raponi, E. Ammannito, M. Ciarniello, F. G. Carrozzo, S. Marchi, F. Tosi, F. Zambon, F. Capaccioni, M. T. Capria, S. Fonte, M. Formisano, A. Frigeri, M. Giardino, A. Longobardo, G. Magni & E. Palomba</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Earth Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">E. Ammannito & C. T. Russell</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institut de Recherche d’Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">M. J. Toplis</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-1410, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">H. Y. McSween</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">J. C. Castillo-Rogez, B. L. Ehlmann & C. A. Raymond</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">B. L. Ehlmann</p></li><li id="Aff7"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute, Southwest Research Institute (SRI), 1050 Walnut Street, Boulder, 80302, Colorado, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">S. Marchi</p></li><li id="Aff8"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 20771, Maryland, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">L. A. McFadden</p></li><li id="Aff9"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, 02912, Rhode Island, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">C. M. Pieters</p></li><li id="Aff10"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, Berlin, 12489, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">R. Jaumann</p></li><li id="Aff11"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Lunar and Planetary Institute, 3600 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, 77058, Texas, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">P. Schenk</p></li><li id="Aff12"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico, Roma, 00133, Rome, Italy</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">R. Mugnuolo</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-M__C_-De_Sanctis-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">M. C. 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T. Russell</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=C.%20T.%20Russell" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=C.%20T.%20Russell" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22C.%20T.%20Russell%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>M.C.D.S., A.R., E.A. and F.G.C. performed data analysis and calibration. M.C. provided optical constants from reflectance spectra. M.C.D.S., C.M.P. and B.L.E. contributed to the spectral interpretation of the data. All authors contributed to the discussion of the results and to writing the paper.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:mariacristina.desanctis@iaps.inaf.it">M. C. De Sanctis</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p>The VIR calibrated data will be made available through the PDS Small Bodies Node website (<a href="http://sbn.pds.nasa.gov/">http://sbn.pds.nasa.gov/</a>).</p><p><b>Reviewer Information</b> <i>Nature</i> thanks V. Reddy, A. S. Rivkin and M. M. Zolotov for their contribution to the peer review of this work.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Extended data figures and tables"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec6-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec6">Extended data figures and tables</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec6-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig5"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 1 occator floor spectrum." href="/articles/nature18290/figures/5" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature18290/MediaObjects/41586_2016_BFnature18290_Fig5_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 1 Occator floor spectrum.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Spectral fit (red) of the reflectance spectrum of the floor of the Occator crater (black) using the same end-members as discussed for the average surface<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="De Sanctis, M. C. et al. Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer Solar System origin on (1) Ceres. Nature 528, 241–244 (2015)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e1567">2</a></sup>. The computed <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> for the mixture is given in the plot. Error bars for the Occator floor spectrum are calculated taking into account a mean absolute deviation of the calibration uncertainties along the 256 samples.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig6"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 2 spectral fit with hexahydri" href="/articles/nature18290/figures/6" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature18290/MediaObjects/41586_2016_BFnature18290_Fig6_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 2 Spectral fit with hexahydrite.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Modelled spectrum (red) of a mixture of hexahydrite (MgSO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O) (30 vol%) with the average for Ceres (70 vol%). Strong absorptions bands due to H<sub>2</sub>O are visible at 1.4 μm, 1.95 μm, 2.45 μm and 3 μm in the modelled spectrum, which are not observed in the Occator bright spectrum (black). Error bars for the Occator spectrum are calculated taking into account a mean absolute deviation of the calibration uncertainties along the 256 samples.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig7"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 3 spectral fit with water ice" href="/articles/nature18290/figures/7" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature18290/MediaObjects/41586_2016_BFnature18290_Fig7_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 3 Spectral fit with water ice.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Spectral fit (red) of the reflectance spectrum of the bright spot in Occator (black) using the same end-members discussed for the average surface<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="De Sanctis, M. C. et al. Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer Solar System origin on (1) Ceres. Nature 528, 241–244 (2015)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e1623">2</a></sup> and adding water ice (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/nature18290#Tab1">Extended Data Table 1</a>). Resulting parameters are reported in <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/nature18290#Tab2">Extended Data Table 2</a>. Several absorptions present are poorly fitted, and several absorptions predicted by the best-fit model are absent. The computed <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> for the mixture is given in the plot. Error bars for the Occator spectrum are calculated taking into account a mean absolute deviation of the calibration uncertainties along the 256 samples.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig8"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 4 comparison of occator brigh" href="/articles/nature18290/figures/8" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature18290/MediaObjects/41586_2016_BFnature18290_Fig8_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 4 Comparison of Occator bright material spectrum with carbonates.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b>, Continuum-removed spectrum of the Occator bright material compared to natrite<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Berg, B. L. et al. Reflectance spectroscopy (0.35–8 μm) of ammonium-bearing minerals and qualitative comparison to Ceres-like asteroid. Icarus 265, 218–237 (2016)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e1660">15</a></sup>, sodium bicarbonate (see <a href="http://psf.uwinnipeg.ca">http://psf.uwinnipeg.ca</a>), calcite<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 35" title="Clark, R. N. et al. Splib06a. US Geol. Surv. Data 231, 
 http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/spectral.lib06/
 
 (USGS Digital Spectral Library, 2007)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e1671">35</a></sup>, and dolomite<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 35" title="Clark, R. N. et al. Splib06a. US Geol. Surv. Data 231, 
 http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/spectral.lib06/
 
 (USGS Digital Spectral Library, 2007)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e1675">35</a></sup>. <b>b</b>, A scatter plot of the longest-wavelength continuum-removed absorption band centres for different carbonates shows that Ceres data from Occator bright areas are similar to data from natrite and are distinct from data from other parts of the planet, which plot near magnesite. The 3.9-μm absorption is strong in both the Occator bright areas and in dark floor material. The 3.4-μm absorption is strong in the bright areas but broader; its centre is challenging to define over most of the Ceres surface owing to the presence of other optically active phases. Spectral sampling of laboratory data varied, but in all cases was <0.01 μm. Error bars for the Occator spectrum are not reported in the plot.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig9"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 5 comparison of occator brigh" href="/articles/nature18290/figures/9" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature18290/MediaObjects/41586_2016_BFnature18290_Fig9_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 5 Comparison of Occator bright material spectrum with carbonaceous chondrites.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Comparison of spectra from two carbonate- and organic-bearing carbonaceous chondrites (MAC 02606 (CM2) and Ivuna (CI))<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Takir, D. et al. Nature and degree of aqueous alteration in CM and CI carbonaceous chondrites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 48, 1618–1637 (2013)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e1703">36</a></sup> and the Occator bright material. The spectra have been normalized to 1 at 2.62 μm. The Occator spectrum is not reported in the plot.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig10"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 6 spectra of candidate materi" href="/articles/nature18290/figures/10" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature18290/MediaObjects/41586_2016_BFnature18290_Fig10_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 6 Spectra of candidate materials fitting the observed 2.20–2.22-μm absorption in Occator bright materials.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>The shaded grey area indicates the expected bandwidth of aluminium phyllosilicates<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 35" title="Clark, R. N. et al. Splib06a. US Geol. Surv. Data 231, 
 http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/spectral.lib06/
 
 (USGS Digital Spectral Library, 2007)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e1729">35</a></sup> (see the PSF web site at <a href="http://psf.uwinnipeg.ca">http://psf.uwinnipeg.ca</a> and the RELAB database at <a href="http://www.planetary.brown.edu/relab/">http://www.planetary.brown.edu/relab/</a>), and the shaded red area indicates the expected bandwidth of NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (ref. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Berg, B. L. et al. Reflectance spectroscopy (0.35–8 μm) of ammonium-bearing minerals and qualitative comparison to Ceres-like asteroid. Icarus 265, 218–237 (2016)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e1748">15</a>). The Occator spectrum is 20× contrast-enhanced. The magnesium-exchanged montmorillonite is heated to 300 °C (ref. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 37" title="Milliken, R. E. & Mustard, J. F. Quantifying absolute water content of minerals using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J. Geophys. Res. 110, E12001 (2005)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e1752">37</a>). Spectra of ammoniated salts NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub> (ref. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Berg, B. L. et al. Reflectance spectroscopy (0.35–8 μm) of ammonium-bearing minerals and qualitative comparison to Ceres-like asteroid. Icarus 265, 218–237 (2016)" href="/articles/nature18290#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d500710689e1768">15</a>) are also plotted. Dotted lines correspond to ammonium absorptions near 2 μm.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig11"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data figure 7 spectral fit without nh4 sa" href="/articles/nature18290/figures/11" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature18290/MediaObjects/41586_2016_BFnature18290_Fig11_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Figure 7 Spectral fit without NH<sub>4</sub> salt.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Spectral fit (red) of reflectance spectrum of the bright spot in Occator (black) using the same end-members as discussed for the natrite, montmorillonite, illite and dark material (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/nature18290#Tab1">Extended Data Table 1</a>). Resulting parameters are reported in <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/nature18290#Tab2">Extended Data Table 2</a>. The computed <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> for the mixture is given in the plot. Error bars for the Occator spectrum are calculated taking into account a mean absolute deviation of the calibration uncertainties along the 256 samples.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item"><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Extended Data Table 1 End-members used in evaluating mixing model results</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/nature18290/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item"><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Extended Data Table 2 Combination of end-members used to produce the best fit</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/nature18290/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div></div></div></div></section><section 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">De Sanctis, M., Raponi, A., Ammannito, E. <i>et al.</i> Bright carbonate deposits as evidence of aqueous alteration on (1) Ceres. <i>Nature</i> <b>536</b>, 54–57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18290</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/nature18290?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span 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These features were tentatively interpreted as containing a large amount of hydrated magnesium sulfates. Now Maria Cristina De Sanctis <i>et al</i>. present high-resolution near-infrared spectra of the Occator bright areas that suggest that the bright material consists mostly of endogenous sodium carbonate, mixed with a dark component and small amounts of phyllosilicates, as well as ammonium carbonate or ammonium chloride. The authors propose that these compounds are residues from the crystallization of brines, following upwelling through nearby fracture systems, together with entrained altered solids that reached the surface from below. Such a model requires a heat source, which may have been transient, triggered by impact heating for instance. 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Bright carbonate deposits as evidence of aqueous alteration on (1) Ceres | Nature