SMOKERS' CORNER: THE HORDE'S BANQUET - Pakistan

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Paracha</a></span><span class="divider "></span><span class="story__time font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> April 23, 2017</span> </div>  <div class="d-block d-sm-inline-block clearfix float-none float-sm-right"> <div class="social social--icon social--black social--flat social--facebook social--count float-left mr-1 my-2 "> <a onclick="return !window.open(this.href, 'Share on Facebook', 'width=640, height=536')" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1328402&display=popup&ref=plugin" target="_blank"><span style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow:hidden; position: absolute; white-space: nowrap; width: 1px;">Facebook Count</span><span data-fb-count-url="https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1328402"><span class="count"></span></span></a> </div> <div class="social social--icon social--black social--flat social--twitter float-left mr-1 my-2 "> <a onclick="return !window.open(this.href, 'Tweet', 'width=640, height=300')" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://twitter.com/share?text=SMOKERS%27%20CORNER%3A%20THE%20HORDE%27S%20BANQUET&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1328402&counturl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1328402" target="_blank"><span style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow:hidden; position: absolute; white-space: nowrap; width: 1px;">Twitter Share</span></a> </div> <div class="social hidden-xs-down social--print social--icon social--black social--flat float-left mr-1 my-2"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/print/1328402">   </a> </div> <div class="social social--email social--icon social--black social--flat float-left mr-1 my-2"> <a onclick="$('.mailer [name^=id]').val(1328402);$('.mailer').modal().open()" href="javascript:void(0)"></a> </div> <div class="mailer themodal themodal--centered" style="width:400px;height:260px;background:#fff"> <h3>Email</h3> <br/> <form accept-charset="utf-8" class="form-vertical emailer" onsubmit="javascript:$.post(this.action, $(this).serialize());$(this).html('Mail sent, thank you!');return false;" method="POST" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/email/1328402"><input class="form-control" type="hidden" name="jscheck" value=""><div class="form-group"><label for="sender" class="control-label">Your Name</label><input class="form-control" id="sender-2" type="text" name="sender"></div><div class="form-group"><label for="to" class="control-label">Recipient Email</label><input class="form-control" id="to-2" type="text" name="to"></div><input class="form-control" type="hidden" name="id" value=""><input class="btn mt-2" type="submit" value="Email"><input class="form-control" type="hidden" name="_token" value=""></form> </div> <div class="social social--comment social--icon social--black social--flat social--label text--700 float-left mr-1 my-2"> <a href="#comments">20</a> </div></div> <div class="slideshow story__cover slideshow--main " data-slick="{"dots":true,"dotsClass":"slideshow__pager ","asNavFor":null,"cssEase":"ease","speed":250,"autoplaySpeed":2000,"slidesToScroll":1,"slidesToShow":1,"fade":false,"autoplay":true,"infinite":true,"responsive": [{"breakpoint": 720,"settings": {"slidesToShow": 1,"slidesToScroll": 1}},{"breakpoint": 480,"settings": {"slidesToShow": 1,"slidesToScroll": 1}}]}"> <div class="slideshow__slide slideshow__slide--first slideshow__slide--horizontal" style="">  <figure class="media media--stretch col-12 px-0 " data-focus-x="0%" data-focus-y="0%"> <div class="media__item "><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956im_/https://i.dawn.com/large/2017/04/58fa4863109b8.jpg" alt="Illustration by Abro"/></div> <figcaption class="media__caption ">Illustration by Abro</figcaption> </figure> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="template__main clearfix modifier--open px-1 modifier--widedefault modifier--quote-center-narrow">   <div class="story__content pt-1 mt-1"><p class="">Some of the earliest well-known incidents of mob violence fueled by extreme religious sentiments occurred in the late 17th century in the town of Salem. </p><p class="">Salem is situated in present-day Massachusetts in the US. The area was a British colony at the time.</p><p class="">Over a dozen people, mostly women, were accused by the town’s people of indulging in witchcraft. They were soon mobbed before being arrested and then executed.</p><p class=""> The frenzy was sparked by the publication of a book by a Latitudinarian Christian writer and Puritan, Joseph Glanville. </p><p class="">Published in 1663, the book claimed that a denial in the belief of spirits and demons was a denial of belief in Christianity. Glanville tried to prove the existence of witches and demons.</p><p class="">It must be added that ‘witch-burnings’ had already taken place across Europe before the epidemic reached Salem. </p><p class="">Well-known American medievalist and writer, Sandra Mielsel, wrote in an article <em>‘Who Burned the Witches?’</em> that witch-hunts were largely the outcome of theological and even economic tensions between different Christian sects.</p><hr> <p class=""><strong>What motivates mob violence? And is South Asia unique in indulging in it?</strong></p><hr> <p class="">In the same essay she wrote that witch-burnings by mobs were often facilitated by judges and government officials. </p><p class="">However, by the 18th century, mob violence triggered by religious beliefs came to an end. The Salem incident is important because as historian, George L. Burr, wrote in his 1914 book <em>Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases</em>: “The Salem witch-hunt was the rock on which theocracy shattered.”</p><p class="">Burr was suggesting that such events across Europe and in Salem triggered a backlash against theology and monarchism and heralded epochs such as the ‘Age of Reason’ and/or the ‘Age of Enlightenment’ — 18th century movements in Europe which promoted intellectual, social and economic progress through reason, science, tolerance and democracy.</p><p class="">Even though from the 18th century onwards, violent mobs driven by religious sentiments vanished from Europe and the US, mob violence did not. </p><p class="">The ideological motivation behind such mobs changed. It mutated from being religious to becoming racial or ethnic. </p><p class="">In fact, in a reversal of fortunes, during the late 18th century French Revolution, mobs even attacked the churches. In the United States, race riots involving white mobs attacking blacks became common across the 19th and 20th centuries.</p><p class="">While mob violence driven by religious sentiments was withering away in Europe, it was emerging in South Asia — a region which is now considered to be a hotbed of religiously-motivated mob frenzies. </p><p class="">All the chief academic sources which are used to document this region’s history speak very little of any major religiously-motivated mob action before the 19th century.</p><p class="">In a 2016 feature in Germany’s academic journal, Springer, historian Sunthar Visuvalingam places the emergence of religiously-motivated mob-violence in South Asia in 1809, in the city of Banaras. </p><p class="">Hindu and Muslim mobs began to attack members and properties of each other’s communities over the felling of a pillar considered sacred by the Hindus.</p><p class="">According to Visuvalingam, before 1809, there is no mention of religiously-motivated mob action in the region. </p><p class="">This incident took place during a period when the 500-year-old Muslim rule in India was collapsing and British colonialists were consolidating their dominance in India.</p><p class="">It was in the 1920s that religiously-motivated mob violence emerged in the region in a much fuller manner. </p><p class="">So much so that in 1919, Muslim leader (and future founder of Pakistan), Muhammad Ali Jinnah wrote a letter to his Hindu counterpart, Mahatma Gandhi, in which he warned that the Muslim and Hindu communities should be kept away from religious movements because such movements would unleash untapped violent emotions that could destroy them both.</p><p class="">By the 1940s, Hindu, Sikh and Muslim mobs were attacking the perceived enemies of their respective faiths, a phenomenon which began being called ‘communal violence.’ </p><p class="">This violence continues to haunt India — now more than ever — despite the creation of Muslim-majority Pakistan in 1947.</p><p class="">In Pakistan, only two major incidents of religiously-motivated mob violence took place between 1947 and 1981. Both were against the Ahmadiyya community (1953 and 1974). </p><p class="">The 1953 mobs were crushed by the military while the 1974 ones led to the constitutional ouster of the community from the fold of Islam.</p><p class="">Mob frenzies driven by religious motivations saw a manifold increase in the 1980s, mainly involving ‘sectarian strife’ between the country’s Sunni majority and Shia minority. </p><p class="">In the 1980s the country’s Blasphemy Laws had also been strengthened. From 1990, incidents of mobs falling upon alleged blasphemers saw a drastic increase.</p><p class="">Interestingly, the whole concept of such a law was first introduced by British colonialists in India in 1860, as the intensity of polemical treatises between Hindus and Muslims grew. </p><p class="">This law was further strengthened in 1927, during an increase in Hindu-Muslim riots.</p><p class="">Pakistan adopted this law as is in 1947 but it was never made an important part of the 1956 and the 1962 constitutions or in the initial version of the 1973 constitution.</p><p class="">Till 1990, only 14 people were accused of committing blasphemy. </p><p class="">The number of accusations and mob attacks on alleged blasphemers saw an almost tenfold increase after additional clauses were introduced by the Zia regime in the 1980s.</p><p class="">Various theories have explained religiously-motivated mob violence. </p><p class="">Renowned psycho-analyst Sigmund Freud and psychologist William Dougall described mobs as ‘primordial hordes’ led by ‘horde leaders’ who exploit simplistic emotions about faith found in the masses. </p><p class="">To Freud, the mob mindset could be addressed by neutralising horde leaders. This can be done by encouraging the pursuit of individuality among citizens.</p><p class="">Professor Phillip G. Zimbardo believes that participating in mob violence frees the participant ‘from the necessity of normal social behaviour’ because personal controls such as guilt, shame and self-evaluating behaviour dissolves in a charged crowd.</p><p class="">American psychologist, F. Hennery Allport suggested that mobs are comprised of like-minded individuals who get the chance to express their beliefs in a more intensified manner than they would in more normal circumstances.</p><p class="">Violent impulses associated with one’s idea of morality and faith which are rejected and discouraged in a more rational and controlled setting, come alive in mobs.</p><p class=""><em>Published in Dawn, EOS, April 23rd, 2017</em></p> </div> </div>   <div class="template__footer clearfix modifier--open px-1"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-11"> <div class="ml-0 ml-sm-6 px-0 px-sm-2"> <hr> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-6"> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="mt-2 mt-sm-0 clearfix social-container">  <div class="social social--icon social--black social--flat social--facebook social--count float-left mr-1 "> <a onclick="return !window.open(this.href, 'Share on Facebook', 'width=640, height=536')" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1328402&display=popup&ref=plugin" target="_blank"><span style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); 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they largely happen in areas where mobbing hordes are sure they will not be prosecuted.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767117">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767117">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4767150" data-id="2"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">Rizwan</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T07:52:26+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T07:52:26+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 07:52am</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Nice, thoughtful article.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767150">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767150">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4767503" data-id="3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">asim</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T10:41:02+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T10:41:02+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 10:41am</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Good article. Though it will not reach and have no effect on the ones that have or plan to participate in a mob, but this article may help us not be part of a mob some day.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767503">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767503">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4767513" data-id="4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">Baber Gul</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T10:46:27+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T10:46:27+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 10:46am</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Thanks for summarizing and giving us the mob mentality history.</p> <p>It is easy for the author to say the only major mob incidents took place in Pakistan in 1953 and 1974. The repercussions of such mob actions have been a relentless attack and persecution of a community to this day and continues unabated under the eye of the various governments, society and human rights organization. It has however resulted in a precedence to attacks on other so called “minorities”. </p> <p>And soon enough it will start attacking itself trying to prove who is the fittest among the mainstream. And frankly there won’t be many of us left during this eventual elimination assault.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767513">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767513">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4767584" data-id="5"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">haider</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T11:28:07+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T11:28:07+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 11:28am</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Unless 295-C is enforced in letter and spirit such incidents will take place.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767584">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767584">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4767627" data-id="6"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">Prateik</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T11:45:25+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T11:45:25+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 11:45am</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Mobocracy is replacing democracy in south Asia.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767627">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767627">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4767692" data-id="7"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">M. Emad</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T12:18:35+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T12:18:35+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 12:18pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Bihari, Bengali accusations and mob attacks during 1960s to early 1970s in East-Pakistan (Bangladesh).</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767692">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767692">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4767777" data-id="8"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">riz1</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T13:02:50+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T13:02:50+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 01:02pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>For communal riots, one needs to have a minority. 1% cannot be considered a minority.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767777">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767777">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4767905" data-id="9"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">Uza Syed </div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T14:04:15+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T14:04:15+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 02:04pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Thanks for this very informative and thought provoking article. One hopes that some people amongst us are provoked enough to seriously think about the issue that is threatening to push us down the cliff into abyss.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767905">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4767905">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4768022" data-id="10"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">Feroz</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T14:56:19+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T14:56:19+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 02:56pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Please enlighten with some research on how many citizens have been charged with blasphemy in countries having such a law.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4768022">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4768022">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4768224" data-id="11"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">Harmony-1©</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T16:55:21+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T16:55:21+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 04:55pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>"While mob violence driven by religious sentiments was withering away in Europe, it was emerging in South Asia".</p> <p>How many years are we still behind Europe? One wonders!</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4768224">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4768224">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4768268" data-id="12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">Jamil Soomro, NEW YORK CITY</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T17:11:58+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T17:11:58+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 05:11pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>The unfortunate incident of mob violence which recently took place resulting in a young student's death may be new for Pakistan but is not new in world history as very well explained by Mr.Nadeem Paracha chronologically.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4768268">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4768268">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4768828" data-id="13"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">pre-Boomer Marine brat</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-23T22:28:46+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-23T22:28:46+05:00">Apr 23, 2017 10:28pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Excellent summary. ...... "Allport suggested that mobs are comprised of like-minded individuals" .... I agree, and suggest seeing "The Authoritarian Personality", Harper, 1950, Theodor W. Adorno, et al</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4768828">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4768828">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4769184" data-id="14"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">SQ</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-24T04:31:39+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-24T04:31:39+05:00">Apr 24, 2017 04:31am</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Here's hoping that Mashal's murder turns out to be our Salem, a rock against which theocracy will shatter.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4769184">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4769184">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4769485" data-id="15"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">fatima Sohail</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-24T09:26:07+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-24T09:26:07+05:00">Apr 24, 2017 09:26am</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>very informative Nadeem F Pracha always brings something good.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4769485">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4769485">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4773527" data-id="16"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">Desh bandhu Chopra</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-25T13:47:51+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-25T13:47:51+05:00">Apr 25, 2017 01:47pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>May I please add the mob violence against the Sikh community soon after the killing of Indira Gandhi in 1984. Nearly 8000 innocent Sikhs were killed in this violence. Wikipedia lists these killings among the pogroms of the world.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4773527">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4773527">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4773770" data-id="17"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">imdadali</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-25T15:16:07+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-25T15:16:07+05:00">Apr 25, 2017 03:16pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>best result oriented stuff of knowledge.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4773770">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4773770">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4774113" data-id="18"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">Jamil Soomro, NEW YORK CITY</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-25T16:30:54+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-25T16:30:54+05:00">Apr 25, 2017 04:30pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>@Desh bandhu Chopra You have rightly pointed out this tragic incident of Sikh Riots of 1984 in which innumerable innocent Sikhs lost their lives. It is sad to note that even after such a long time this case has not been brought to a just conclusion respecting the wishes of Sikhs in India.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4774113">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4774113">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4774613" data-id="19"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">AD</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-25T18:29:49+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-25T18:29:49+05:00">Apr 25, 2017 06:29pm</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>The author has tried to assimilate too much and bounced around historical periods leading to a lack of flow and cohesion in the article. Good references though.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4774613">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4774613">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="comment pb-4 mb-4 border--bottom" id="4780238" data-id="20"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11"> <div class="comment__author float-left">Q</div> <div class="timeago comment__date" title="2017-04-27T05:11:54+05:00"><span class="timestamp--time timeago" title="2017-04-27T05:11:54+05:00">Apr 27, 2017 05:11am</span></div> <div class="comment__body mt-2 size-four clearfix"><p>Ignorance,plain old ignorance! And going to college/university has no bearing on this. In fact it becomes more lethal sometimes now when you have so called educated ignorants. And not to ignore it has its roots in the prevailing socio,economic and political environment.Dawn of the industrial revolution at that time in Europe help curtail this phenomena to certain extent. But it continued in USA till the start of the 20 th century. So its multifactorial in origin,economics being the major one these days.</p> </div> <div class=""> <div class="button button--social" title="Recommend this comment">  <span class="button__label votejs__cast" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4780238">Recommend</span> <span class="button__count votejs__count" data-vote-key="1328402/up-4780238">0</span>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </section> </div> </div> </div>  </article> </div> </div> </main> <aside class="pb-4 ">  <section class="widget theme widget-adsense modifywidget-border-off modifywidget-transparent" data-type="adsense" data-id="1220"> <div class="widget__header"> <h2 class="widget__title modifywidget-title-off"><span>Desk Mrec Top</span></h2> </div> <div class="widget__main ">   <div class="ad " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="ad__label " style="max-width:300px;">Advertisement</div> <div class="js-ad clearfix" style="max-width:300px;padding-bottom:83.333333333333%;text-align:center;margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;"> <div 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<div class="border--top border--thick border--black py-2 mx-sm-2 mx-0 clearfix"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://images.dawn.com/"><img alt="dawn images site" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2017/06/5931466588b47.png" width="80" class="mb-4"/></a> <div class="slideshow images-slideshow slideshow--main " data-slick="{"dots":true,"dotsClass":"slideshow__pager ","asNavFor":null,"cssEase":"ease","speed":250,"autoplaySpeed":4000,"slidesToScroll":1,"slidesToShow":3,"fade":false,"autoplay":true,"infinite":true,"responsive": [{"breakpoint": 720,"settings": {"slidesToShow": 3,"slidesToScroll": 1}},{"breakpoint": 480,"settings": {"slidesToShow": 1,"slidesToScroll": 1}}]}"> <div class="slideshow__slide slideshow__slide--first slideshow__slide--horizontal" style="margin:0 1px;">  <article class="box story " data-id="1391427" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--stretch col-12 px-0 "> <div class="media__item "><a 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data-id="1391402" class="story__title font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391402/can-the-three-pillars-of-the-state-coexist-in-harmony" class="story__link">Can the three pillars of the state coexist in harmony?</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">One yearns for the good old days when courts avoided passing judgement on cases of an overtly political nature. </div> </article>  </div> </div><div class="clear--both"> </div></div> <div class=" slideshow--list slideshow--mustread col-sm-8 col-12 float-left mt-2"> <div class="clear--both"> <div class="slideshow--row__item active pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="0" style="float:left;width:24%;margin-right:1.3333333333333%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391419" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 "> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391419/an-election-held-without-candidates-from-the-countrys-largest-political-party-is-an-undeniable-farce"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a912b9dea92b.jpg" alt="An election held without candidates from the country&#39;s largest political party is an undeniable farce"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391419" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391419/an-election-held-without-candidates-from-the-countrys-largest-political-party-is-an-undeniable-farce" class="story__link">An election held without candidates from the country's largest political party is an undeniable farce</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "></span> </div></article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="1" style="float:left;width:24%;margin-right:1.3333333333333%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391428" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 "> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391428/girls-take-lead-in-the-regional-round-of-math-challenge-2018-in-karachi"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a91625fc419f.jpg" alt="Girls take lead in the regional round of Math Challenge 2018 in Karachi"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391428" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391428/girls-take-lead-in-the-regional-round-of-math-challenge-2018-in-karachi" class="story__link">Girls take lead in the regional round of Math Challenge 2018 in Karachi</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/authors/3517/bilal-karim-mughal">Bilal Karim Mughal</a></span> </div></article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="2" style="float:left;width:24%;margin-right:1.3333333333333%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391351" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 "> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391351/trudeaus-india-trip-is-a-total-disaster-and-he-has-himself-to-blame"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a90b4e7ec7a1.jpg" alt="Trudeau’s India trip is a total disaster, and he has himself to blame"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391351" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391351/trudeaus-india-trip-is-a-total-disaster-and-he-has-himself-to-blame" class="story__link">Trudeau’s India trip is a total disaster, and he has himself to blame</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/authors/6521/barkha-dutt">Barkha Dutt</a></span> </div></article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right 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class="story__link">'Pepsi was among the first brands to patronise cricket in Pakistan'</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "></span> </div></article>  </div> </div><div class="clear--both"> </div></div> </div> <div class="border--top border--thick border--black mx-sm-2 mx-0 clearfix"> <h3 class="opinion-stories font--playfair-display my-2"><a class="opinion-stories" href="/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/opinion">Opinion</a></h3> <div class=" slideshow--list pr-0 pr-sm-2 col-sm-4 col-12 float-left slideshow--opinion--first mt-2"> <div class="clear--both"> <div class="slideshow--row__item active pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="0" style="float:left;width:99%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391388" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--stretch col-12 px-0 "> <div class="media__item "><a title="" 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src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a90bdb0ea5ec.jpg" alt="Securing the nation"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391385" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391385/securing-the-nation" class="story__link">Securing the nation</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/authors/933/tariq-khosa">Tariq Khosa</a></span> </div></article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="3" style="float:left;width:24%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391176" data-layout="story">  <figure class="media media--focus media--stretch col-sm-12 col-3 mr-sm-0 mr-2 float-sm-none px-0 " data-focus-x="0%" data-focus-y="0%"> <div class="media__item media__item--100 "><a title="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391176/manifestos-and-education"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956im_/https://i.dawn.com/medium/2018/02/5a8f7b6a47fc9.jpg" alt="Manifestos and education"/></a></div> </figure>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391176" class="story__title font--playfair-display py-0 "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391176/manifestos-and-education" class="story__link">Manifestos and education</a></h2> <div class=" mt-1 "><span class="story__byline size-three text--black "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/authors/568/faisal-bari">Faisal Bari</a></span> </div></article>  </div> </div><div class="clear--both"> </div></div> </div> <div class="border--top border--thick border--black mx-sm-2 mx-0"> <h3 class="editorial-stories font--playfair-display my-2"><a class="editorial-stories" href="/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/opinion">Editorial</a></h3> <div class=" slideshow--list slideshow--editorial mt-2"> <div class="clear--both"> <div class="slideshow--row__item active pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="0" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;margin-right:1.2%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391384" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> February 24, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391384" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391384/senate-poll-challenge" class="story__link">Senate poll challenge</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">An unusual problem has been solved in an unusual manner, giving rise to the usual speculation of partisanship and bias. </div> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="1" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;margin-right:1.2%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391383" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> February 24, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391383" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391383/back-to-load-shedding" class="story__link">Back to load-shedding</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">The govt has acknowledged that there is more to resolving the persistent power shortages than raw megawatts alone. </div> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="2" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;margin-right:1.2%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391382" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial ">February 24, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391382" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391382/dangerous-nexus" class="story__link">Dangerous nexus</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">INEXTRICABLY linked, illicit economies and organised crime pose extreme threats to societies. In Karachi’s... </div> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="3" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;margin-right:1.2%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391170" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> February 23, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391170" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391170/regrettable-verdict" class="story__link">Regrettable verdict</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">The highest court in the land should be accorded the highest respect. Without the judiciary, rule of law is impossible. </div> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="4" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;margin-right:1.2%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391169" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> February 23, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391169" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391169/no-place-for-newborns" class="story__link">No place for newborns</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">As the primary stakeholders in this venture, women must be empowered to exercise their rights and demand quality care. </div> </article>  </div> <div class="slideshow--row__item pr-0 pr-sm-2 mb-2 lap-and-up-border--right palm-border--bottom equalize float-left" data-id="5" style="float:left;width:15.666666666667%;">  <article class="box story mt-1 mb-1 mb-sm-2 mt-sm-0 pt-0 pb-1 pb-sm-2 pt-1 pt-sm-0 pr-0" data-id="1391168" data-layout="story"><span class="story__time size-two text--gray font--arial "><span class="timestamp--label">Updated</span> February 23, 2018</span>  <h2 data-layout="story" data-id="1391168" class="story__title size-four font--playfair-display "><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224152956/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391168/syrias-nightmare" class="story__link">Syria’s nightmare</a></h2>  <div class="story__excerpt size-three font--georgia ">Is it only a matter of time before a new regional conflict in the Middle East materialises? </div> </article>  </div> </div><div class="clear--both"> </div></div> </div> <div class="px-2">   <div class="ad py-4 d-block d-sm-none" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="ad__label " style="max-width:728px;">Advertisement</div> <div class="js-ad clearfix" style="max-width:728px;padding-bottom:12.362637362637%;text-align:center;margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;"> <div class="radWrapper ad__wrapper"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1455531878761-2" class="ad__wrapper__slot" style="width:728px;position:absolute"> <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1455531878761-2'); 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