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<ul id="toc-Debate_over_environmentalism_and_DDT_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_(%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="الربيع الصامت (كتاب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الربيع الصامت (كتاب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81m-ch%C4%AB%E2%81%BF_%C3%AA_Chhun-thi%E2%81%BF" title="Tiām-chīⁿ ê Chhun-thiⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiām-chīⁿ ê Chhun-thiⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маўклівая вясна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маўклівая вясна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_silenciosa" title="Primavera silenciosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primavera silenciosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Silent Spring" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_stumme_Fr%C3%BChling" title="Der stumme Frühling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der stumme Frühling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4%C3%A4letu_kevad" title="Hääletu kevad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hääletu kevad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_silenciosa" title="Primavera silenciosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primavera silenciosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenta_Printempo" title="Silenta Printempo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silenta Printempo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaberri_isila" title="Udaberri isila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Udaberri isila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4" title="بهار خاموش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بهار خاموش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printemps_silencieux" title="Printemps silencieux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Printemps silencieux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%A8%EB%AC%B5%EC%9D%98_%EB%B4%84" title="침묵의 봄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="침묵의 봄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_silenziosa" title="Primavera silenziosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Primavera silenziosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9D" title="אביב דומם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אביב דומם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylusis_pavasaris" title="Tylusis pavasaris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tylusis pavasaris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="സൈലന്റ് സ്പ്രിങ്ങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈലന്റ് സ്പ്രിങ്ങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რჩქალი აფუნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რჩქალი აფუნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA)" title="တိတ်ဆိတ်သော နွေဦး (စာအုပ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိတ်ဆိတ်သော နွေဦး (စာအုပ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Silent Spring" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="साइलेन्ट स्प्रिङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साइलेन्ट स्प्रिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E9%BB%99%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A5" title="沈黙の春 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="沈黙の春" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_tause_v%C3%A5ren" title="Den tause våren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den tause våren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silent Spring" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Silent Spring" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Безмолвная весна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Безмолвная весна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Silent Spring" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA" title="گونگي بسنت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گونگي بسنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nema_pomlad" title="Nema pomlad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nema pomlad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4net%C3%B6n_kev%C3%A4t" title="Äänetön kevät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Äänetön kevät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyst_v%C3%A5r" title="Tyst vår – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyst vår" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="சைலண்ட் ஸ்பிரிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைலண்ட் ஸ்பிரிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessiz_Bahar" title="Sessiz Bahar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sessiz Bahar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9a_xu%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%AFng_l%E1%BA%B7ng" title="Mùa xuân vắng lặng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mùa xuân vắng lặng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1962 book by Rachel Carson</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Silent Spring (disambiguation)">Silent Spring (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Silent Spring </caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:SilentSpring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/SilentSpring.jpg/220px-SilentSpring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ac/SilentSpring.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="375" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subjects</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">September 27, 1962 (<a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> Silent Spring is an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a> book by <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-1">[1]</a> Published on September 27, 1962, the book documented the environmental harm caused by the indiscriminate use of <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> used by soldiers during WW2. Carson accused the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> of spreading <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>, and public officials of accepting the industry's <a href="/wiki/Marketing_claim" class="mw-redirect" title="Marketing claim">marketing claims</a> unquestioningly. In the late 1950s, Carson began to work on environmental <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conservation</a>, especially environmental problems that she believed were caused by <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic chemical">synthetic</a> pesticides. The result of her research was Silent Spring, which brought environmental concerns to the American public. The book was met with fierce opposition by chemical companies, but it swayed public opinion and led to a reversal in U.S. pesticide policy, a nationwide ban on <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural uses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> that led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CarsonPaull-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 2006, Silent Spring was named one of the 25 greatest <a href="/wiki/Science_book" title="Science book">science books</a> of all time by the editors of <a href="/wiki/Discover_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Discover Magazine">Discover</a> <a href="/wiki/Discover_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Discover Magazine">magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-discovermagazine.com-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_writing">Research and writing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Research and writing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachel-Carson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rachel-Carson.jpg/200px-Rachel-Carson.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rachel-Carson.jpg/300px-Rachel-Carson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rachel-Carson.jpg/400px-Rachel-Carson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Rachel Carson, 1940 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Fish and Wildlife Service</a> employee photo</figcaption></figure> In the mid-1940s, Carson became concerned about the use of synthetic pesticides, many of which had been developed through the <a href="/wiki/Military_funding_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Military funding of science">military funding of science</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The United States Department of Agriculture's 1957 <a href="/wiki/Fire_ant" title="Fire ant">fire ant</a> eradication program, which involved aerial spraying of <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> and other pesticides mixed with <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> and included the spraying of private land, prompted Carson to devote her research, and her next book, to pesticides and environmental poisons.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Landowners in Long Island filed a suit to have the spraying stopped, and many in affected regions followed the case closely.<a href="#cite_note-CarsonPaull-3">[3]</a> Though the suit was lost, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> granted petitioners the right to gain injunctions against potential environmental damage in the future, laying the basis for later environmental actions.<a href="#cite_note-CarsonPaull-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The impetus for Silent Spring was a letter written in January 1958 by Carson's friend, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Huckins" title="Olga Huckins">Olga Owens Huckins</a>, to <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boston Herald">The Boston Herald</a>, describing the death of birds around her property in <a href="/wiki/Duxbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Duxbury">Duxbury</a>, Massachusetts, resulting from the aerial spraying of DDT to kill mosquitoes, a copy of which Huckins sent to Carson.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Himaras07-11">[11]</a> Carson later wrote that this letter prompted her to study the environmental problems caused by the overuse of chemical pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Naturalist_Society" title="Audubon Naturalist Society">Audubon Naturalist Society</a> actively opposed chemical spraying programs and recruited Carson to help publicize the U.S. government's spraying practices and related research.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Carson began the four-year project of Silent Spring by gathering examples of environmental damage attributed to DDT. She tried to enlist essayist <a href="/wiki/E._B._White" title="E. B. White">E. B. White</a> and a number of journalists and scientists to her cause. By 1958, Carson had arranged a book deal, with plans to co-write with <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> science journalist Edwin Diamond. However, when The New Yorker commissioned a long and well-paid article on the topic from Carson, she began considering writing more than the introduction and conclusion as planned; soon it became a solo project. Diamond would later write one of the harshest critiques of Silent Spring.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> As her research progressed, Carson found a sizable community of scientists who were documenting the physiological and environmental effects of pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-CarsonPaull-3">[3]</a> She took advantage of her personal connections with many government scientists, who supplied her with confidential information on the subject. From reading the scientific literature and interviewing scientists, Carson found two scientific camps: those who dismissed the possible danger of pesticide spraying barring conclusive proof, and those who were open to the possibility of harm and willing to consider alternative methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm/250px-seek%3D48-16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="1709" data-mwtitle="16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm/16-p-1402-2_Fire_Ants_on_Trial.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Fire Ants on Trial – public service film produced by the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a></figcaption></figure> By 1959, the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> responded to the criticism by Carson and others with a public service film, Fire Ants on Trial; Carson called it "flagrant propaganda" that ignored the dangers that spraying pesticides posed to humans and wildlife. That spring, Carson wrote a letter, published in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, that attributed the recent decline in bird populations—in her words, the "silencing of birds"—to pesticide overuse.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The same year, the 1957, 1958, and 1959 crops of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a> were found to contain high levels of the herbicide <a href="/wiki/Aminotriazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminotriazole">aminotriazole</a> and the sale of all cranberry products was halted. Carson attended the ensuing FDA hearings on revising pesticide regulations; she was discouraged by the aggressive tactics of the chemical industry representatives, which included expert testimony that was firmly contradicted by the bulk of the scientific literature she had been studying. She also wondered about the possible "financial inducements behind certain pesticide programs".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Research at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> brought Carson into contact with medical researchers investigating the gamut of cancer-causing chemicals. Of particular significance was the work of <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> researcher and founding director of the environmental cancer section <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hueper" title="Wilhelm Hueper">Wilhelm Hueper</a>, who classified many pesticides as <a href="/wiki/Carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogens">carcinogens</a>. Carson and her research assistant Jeanne Davis, with the help of NIH librarian Dorothy Algire, found evidence to support the pesticide-cancer connection; to Carson the evidence for the toxicity of a wide array of synthetic pesticides was clear-cut, though such conclusions were very controversial beyond the small community of scientists studying pesticide <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">carcinogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> By 1960, Carson had sufficient research material and the writing was progressing rapidly. She had investigated hundreds of individual incidents of pesticide exposure and the resulting human sickness and ecological damage. In January 1960, she suffered an illness which kept her bedridden for weeks, delaying the book. As she was nearing full recovery in March, she discovered cysts in her left breast, requiring a <a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">mastectomy</a>. By December that year, Carson discovered that she had breast cancer, which had <a href="/wiki/Metastasized" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasized">metastasized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Her research was also delayed by revision work for a new edition of <a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Around_Us" title="The Sea Around Us">The Sea Around Us</a>, and by a collaborative photo essay with <a href="/wiki/Erich_Hartmann_(photographer)" title="Erich Hartmann (photographer)">Erich Hartmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Most of the research and writing was done by the fall of 1960, except for a discussion of recent research on <a href="/wiki/Biological_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological controls">biological controls</a> and investigations of some new pesticides. However, further health troubles delayed the final revisions in 1961 and early 1962.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The work's title was inspired by a poem by <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>, "<a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Dame_sans_Merci" title="La Belle Dame sans Merci">La Belle Dame sans Merci</a>", which contained the lines "The sedge is wither'd from the lake, And no birds sing."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> "Silent Spring" was initially suggested as a title for the chapter on birds. By August 1961, Carson agreed to the suggestion of her literary agent Marie Rodell: Silent Spring would be a metaphorical title for the entire book—suggesting a bleak future for the whole natural world—rather than a literal chapter title about the absence of birdsong.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> With Carson's approval, editor Paul Brooks at <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a> arranged for illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Darling" title="Louis Darling">Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lois_Darling" title="Lois Darling">Lois Darling</a>, who also designed the cover. The final writing was the first chapter, "A Fable for Tomorrow", which was intended to provide the fact that something like the story in the book could happen any time in the near future. By mid-1962, Brooks and Carson had largely finished the editing and were planning to promote the book by sending the manuscript to select individuals for final suggestions.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In Silent Spring, Carson relied on evidence from two New York state organic farmers, <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Spock" title="Marjorie Spock">Marjorie Spock</a> and Mary Richards, and that of <a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodynamic farming">biodynamic farming</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/Ehrenfried_Pfeiffer" title="Ehrenfried Pfeiffer">Ehrenfried Pfeiffer</a> in developing her case against DDT.<a href="#cite_note-CarsonPaull-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content">edit</a>]</div> The overarching theme of Silent Spring is the powerful—and often negative—effect humans have on the natural world.<a href="#cite_note-Lytle_2007_166–7-26">[26]</a> Carson's main argument is that pesticides have detrimental effects on the environment; she says these are more properly termed "<a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">biocides</a>" because their effects are rarely limited to solely targeting pests. DDT is a prime example, but other synthetic pesticides—many of which are subject to <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>—are scrutinized. Carson accuses the chemical industry of intentionally spreading disinformation and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically. Most of the book is devoted to pesticides' effects on natural ecosystems, but four chapters detail cases of human <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_poisoning" title="Pesticide poisoning">pesticide poisoning</a>, cancer, and other illnesses attributed to pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> About DDT and cancer, Carson says only: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In laboratory tests on animal subjects, DDT has produced suspicious liver tumors. Scientists of the Food and Drug Administration who reported the discovery of these tumors were uncertain how to classify them, but felt there was some "justification for considering them low grade hepatic cell carcinomas". Dr. Hueper [author of Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases] now gives DDT the definite rating of a "chemical carcinogen".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></blockquote> Carson predicts increased consequences in the future, especially since targeted pests may develop <a href="/wiki/Resistance_to_pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance to pesticides">resistance to pesticides</a> and weakened ecosystems fall prey to unanticipated invasive species. The book closes with a call for a <a href="/wiki/Biotic_material" title="Biotic material">biotic</a> approach to pest control as an alternative to chemical pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Carson never called for an outright ban on DDT. She said in Silent Spring that even if DDT and other insecticides had no environmental side effects, their indiscriminate overuse was counterproductive because it would create insect resistance to pesticides, making them useless in eliminating the target insect populations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">No responsible person contends that insect-borne disease should be ignored. The question that has now urgently presented itself is whether it is either wise or responsible to attack the problem by methods that are rapidly making it worse. The world has heard much of the triumphant war against disease through the control of insect vectors of infection, but it has heard little of the other side of the story—the defeats, the short-lived triumphs that now strongly support the alarming view that the insect enemy has been made actually stronger by our efforts. Even worse, we may have destroyed our very means of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></blockquote> Carson also said that "Malaria programmes are threatened by resistance among mosquitoes",<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and quoted the advice given by the director of Holland's Plant Protection Service: "Practical advice should be 'Spray as little as you possibly can' rather than 'Spray to the limit of your capacity'. Pressure on the pest population should always be as slight as possible."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> At the time the book was written, environmental issues were excluded from mainstream political conversation in America.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> However, Carson believed that governments should consider what environmental impact a policy may have before implementing it; for example, in chapter 10 she describes a pesticide program from 1957 that was intended to control the spread of fire ants:<blockquote>With the development of chemicals of broad lethal powers, there came a sudden change in the official attitude towards the fire ant. In 1957 the United States Department of Agriculture launched one of the most remarkable publicity campaigns in its history. The fire ant suddenly became the target of a barrage of government releases, motion pictures, and government-inspired stories portraying it as a despoiler of southern agriculture and a killer of birds, livestock, and man. A mighty campaign was announced, in which the federal government in cooperation with the afflicted states would ultimately treat some 20,000,000 acres in nine southern states.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></blockquote>Despite calls from experts to consider the damage using the pesticides could bring to the environment, the Agriculture Department dismissed the objections and continued on with the program:<blockquote>Urgent protests were made by most of the state conservation departments, by national conservation agencies, and by ecologists and even by some entomologists, calling upon the then Secretary of Agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Ezra Benson</a>, to delay the program at least until some research had been done to determine the effects of heptachlor and dieldrin on wild and domestic animals and to find the minimum amount that would control the ants. The protests were ignored and the program was launched in 1958. A million acres were treated the first year. It was clear that any research would be in the nature of a post mortem.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></blockquote>After the program, an increased number of birds, cattle, horses and other wildlife were found dead in the areas where the pesticides had been sprayed.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> To make matters worse, the heptachlor and dieldrin sprayed accomplished nothing, instead creating more infested areas.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Had the government researched the impact the chemicals could have on wildlife they could have prevented the deaths and environmental damage and saved the taxpayer's money.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Overall, Silent Spring not only uncovered the many negative effects pesticides have on the environment but also asked for environmental issues to be discussed and treated seriously within the political sphere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promotion_and_reception">Promotion and reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Promotion and reception">edit</a>]</div> Carson and the others involved with publication of Silent Spring expected fierce criticism and were concerned about the possibility of being sued for <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>. Carson was undergoing <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a> for her cancer and expected to have little energy to defend her work and respond to critics. In preparation for the anticipated attacks, Carson and her agent attempted to amass prominent supporters before the book's release.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Most of the book's scientific chapters were reviewed by scientists with relevant expertise, among whom Carson found strong support. Carson attended the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> Conference on Conservation in May 1962; Houghton Mifflin distributed proof copies of Silent Spring to many of the delegates and promoted the upcoming serialization in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Carson also sent a proof copy to Supreme Court Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, a long-time environmental advocate who had argued against the court's rejection of the Long Island pesticide spraying case and had provided Carson with some of the material included in her chapter on herbicides.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Though Silent Spring had generated a fairly high level of interest based on pre-publication promotion, this became more intense with its serialization, which began in the June 16, 1962, issue.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> This brought the book to the attention of the chemical industry and its lobbyists, as well as the American public. Around that time, Carson learned that Silent Spring had been selected as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Month" title="Book of the Month">Book of the Month</a> for October; she said this would "carry it to farms and hamlets all over that country that don't know what a bookstore looks like—much less The New Yorker".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Other publicity included a positive editorial in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and excerpts of the serialized version were published in Audubon Magazine. There was another round of publicity in July and August as chemical companies responded. The story of the birth defect-causing drug <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">thalidomide</a> had broken just before the book's publication, inviting comparisons between Carson and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> reviewer who had blocked the drug's sale in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In the weeks before the September 27, 1962, publication, there was strong opposition to Silent Spring from the chemical industry. <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>, a major manufacturer of DDT and <a href="/wiki/2,4-D" class="mw-redirect" title="2,4-D">2,4-D</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Velsicol_Chemical_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Velsicol Chemical Company">Velsicol Chemical Company</a>, the only manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Chlordane" title="Chlordane">chlordane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptachlor" title="Heptachlor">heptachlor</a>, were among the first to respond. DuPont compiled an extensive report on the book's press coverage and estimated impact on public opinion. Velsicol threatened legal action against Houghton Mifflin, and The New Yorker and Audubon Magazine unless their planned Silent Spring features were canceled. Chemical industry representatives and lobbyists lodged a range of non-specific complaints, some anonymously. Chemical companies and associated organizations produced brochures and articles promoting and defending pesticide use. However, Carson's and the publishers' lawyers were confident in the vetting process Silent Spring had undergone. The magazine and book publications proceeded as planned, as did the large Book-of-the-Month printing, which included a pamphlet by William O. Douglas endorsing the book.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Cyanamid" title="American Cyanamid">American Cyanamid</a> biochemist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_White-Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert White-Stevens (page does not exist)">Robert White-Stevens</a> and former Cyanamid chemist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Jukes" title="Thomas H. Jukes">Thomas Jukes</a> were among the most aggressive critics, especially of Carson's analysis of DDT.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> According to White-Stevens, "If man were to follow the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to the Dark Ages, and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit the earth".<a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-1">[1]</a> Others attacked Carson's personal character and scientific credentials, her training being in marine biology rather than biochemistry. White-Stevens called her "a fanatic defender of the cult of the balance of nature".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Linda_Lear" title="Linda Lear">Linda Lear</a> the former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Ezra Taft Benson</a>, asked in a letter to former President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, "Why a spinster with no children was so concerned about genetics?" Benson's conclusion was Carson was "probably a Communist".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Monsanto published 5,000 copies of a parody called "The Desolate Year" (1962) which projected a world of famine and disease caused by banning pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Many critics repeatedly said Carson was calling for the elimination of all pesticides, but she had made it clear she was not advocating this but was instead encouraging responsible and carefully managed use with an awareness of the chemicals' impact on ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> She concludes her section on DDT in Silent Spring with advice for spraying as little as possible to limit the development of resistance.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Hamilton_Lytle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Hamilton Lytle (page does not exist)">Mark Hamilton Lytle</a> writes, Carson "quite self-consciously decided to write a book calling into question the <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">scientific progress</a> that defined <a href="/wiki/Postwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar">postwar</a> American culture".<a href="#cite_note-Lytle_2007_166–7-26">[26]</a> The academic community—including prominent defenders such as <a href="/wiki/H._J._Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="H. J. Muller">H. J. Muller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loren_Eiseley" title="Loren Eiseley">Loren Eiseley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Cottam" title="Clarence Cottam">Clarence Cottam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Egler" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Egler">Frank Egler</a>—mostly backed the book's scientific claims and public opinion backed Carson's text. The chemical industry campaign was counterproductive because the controversy increased public awareness of the potential dangers of pesticides, an early example of the <a href="/wiki/Streisand_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Streisand Effect">Streisand Effect</a>. Pesticide use became a major public issue after a <a href="/wiki/CBS_Reports" title="CBS Reports">CBS Reports</a> television special, The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson, which was broadcast on April 3, 1963. The program included segments of Carson reading from Silent Spring and interviews with other experts, mostly critics including White-Stevens. According to biographer <a href="/wiki/Linda_Lear" title="Linda Lear">Linda Lear</a>, "in juxtaposition to the wild-eyed, loud-voiced Dr. Robert White-Stevens in white lab coat, Carson appeared anything but the hysterical alarmist that her critics contended".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Reactions from the estimated audience of ten to fifteen million were overwhelmingly positive and the program spurred a congressional review of pesticide hazards and the public release of a pesticide report by the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee" title="President's Science Advisory Committee">President's Science Advisory Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Within a year of publication, attacks on the book and on Carson had lost momentum.<a href="#cite_note-time100-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In one of her last public appearances, Carson testified before President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s Science Advisory Committee, which issued its report on May 15, 1963, largely backing Carson's scientific claims.<a href="#cite_note-nwhm_bio-56">[56]</a> Following the report's release, Carson also testified before a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> subcommittee to make policy recommendations. Though Carson received hundreds of other speaking invitations, she was unable to accept most of them because her health was steadily declining, with only brief periods of remission. She spoke as much as she could, and appeared on <a href="/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (NBC program)">The Today Show</a> and gave speeches at several dinners held in her honor. In late 1963, she received a flurry of awards and honors: the <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Audubon Medal">Audubon Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cullum_Geographical_Medal" title="Cullum Geographical Medal">Cullum Geographical Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a>, and induction into the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">American Academy of Arts and Letters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Of Carson, Maria Popova wrote, "Her lyrical writing rendered her not a mere translator of the natural world, but an alchemist transmuting the steel of science into the gold of wonder."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> The book was translated into many languages including German, French, Dutch, Japanese, Russian and Italian. <ul><li>German: Der stumme Frühling, first edition 1963.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>French: Printemps silencieux, first edition 1963.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Dutch: Dode lente, first edition 1964 or 1962<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Japanese: 生と死の妙薬, first edition 1964.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Successive prints post-2001 titled 沈黙の春</li></ul> <ul><li>Russian: Безмолвная весна, first edition 1965.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Swedish: Tyst vår, first edition 1963.</li></ul> <ul><li>Chinese: 寂静的春天, first edition 1979.<a href="#cite_note-finance.sina.cn_2022_t182-64">[64]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Italian: Primavera silenziosa.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spanish: Primavera silenciosa.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Danish: Det Tavse Forår.</li></ul> <ul><li>Finnish: Äänetön kevät, first edition 1962, after parts of the book were published in an 8-part article series by the largest subscription newspaper, Helsingin Sanomat (Helsinki times/news), earlier that year.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grassroots_environmentalism_and_the_EPA">Grassroots environmentalism and the EPA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grassroots environmentalism and the EPA">edit</a>]</div> Carson's work had a powerful impact on the environmental movement. Silent Spring became a rallying point for the new social movement in the 1960s. According to environmental engineer and Carson scholar H. Patricia Hynes, "Silent Spring altered the balance of power in the world. No one since would be able to sell <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> as the necessary underside of progress so easily or uncritically."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Carson's work and the activism it inspired are partly responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a> movement and the strength of the grassroots environmental movement since the 1960s. It was also influential to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">ecofeminism</a> and to many <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> scientists.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Carson's most direct legacy in the environmental movement was the campaign to ban the use of DDT in the United States, and related efforts to ban or limit its use throughout the world. The 1967 formation of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_Fund" title="Environmental Defense Fund">Environmental Defense Fund</a> was the first major milestone in the campaign against DDT. The organization brought lawsuits against the government to "establish a citizen's right to a clean environment", and the arguments against DDT largely mirrored Carson's. By 1972, the Environmental Defense Fund and other activist groups had succeeded in securing a phase-out of DDT use in the United States, except in emergency cases.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon Administration">Nixon Administration</a> in 1970 addressed another concern that Carson had written about. Until then, the USDA was responsible both for regulating pesticides and promoting the concerns of the agriculture industry; Carson saw this as a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> (COI), since the agency was not responsible for effects on wildlife or other environmental concerns beyond farm policy. Fifteen years after its creation, one journalist described the EPA as "the extended shadow of Silent Spring". Much of the agency's early work, such as enforcement of the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a>, was directly related to Carson's work.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Contrary to the position of the pesticide industry, the DDT phase-out action taken by the EPA (led by <a href="/wiki/William_Ruckelshaus" title="William Ruckelshaus">William Ruckelshaus</a>) implied that there was no way to adequately regulate DDT use. Ruckelshaus' conclusion was that DDT could not be used safely.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> History professor Gary Kroll wrote, "Rachel Carson's Silent Spring played a large role in articulating ecology as a 'subversive subject'—as a perspective that cuts against the grain of materialism, <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a>, and the technologically engineered control of nature."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In a 2013 interview, Ruckelshaus briefly recounted his decision to ban DDT except for emergency uses, noting that Carson's book featured DDT and for that reason the issue drew considerable public attention.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> and environmentalist <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> wrote an introduction to the 1992 edition of Silent Spring. He wrote: "Silent Spring had a profound impact ... Indeed, Rachel Carson was one of the reasons that I became so conscious of the environment and so involved with environmental issues  ...  [she] has had as much or more effect on me than any, and perhaps than all of them together."<a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_over_environmentalism_and_DDT_restrictions">Debate over environmentalism and DDT restrictions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Debate over environmentalism and DDT restrictions">edit</a>]</div> Carson has been targeted by some organizations opposed to the environmental movement, including <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bate" title="Roger Bate">Roger Bate</a> of the pro-DDT advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Africa_Fighting_Malaria" title="Africa Fighting Malaria">Africa Fighting Malaria</a> and the libertarian <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> <a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a> (CEI); these sources oppose restrictions on DDT, attribute large numbers of deaths to such restrictions, and argue that Carson was responsible for them.<a href="#cite_note-Erik-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slate-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> These arguments have been dismissed as "outrageous" by former <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> scientist Socrates Litsios. May Berenbaum, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> entomologist, says, "to blame environmentalists who oppose DDT for more deaths than Hitler is worse than irresponsible".<a href="#cite_note-salon-78">[78]</a> Investigative journalist Adam Sarvana and others characterize this notion as a "myth" promoted principally by Bate.<a href="#cite_note-NRNS-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guts-80">[80]</a> In the 1990s and 2000s, campaigns against the book intensified, in part due to efforts by the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco industry</a> to cast larger doubt on science-driven policy as a way of contesting bans on smoking.<a href="#cite_note-quig-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erik-74">[74]</a> In 2009, the heavily corporate-funded<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2015-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> CEI set up a website falsely blaming Carson for deaths to malaria. This triggered a point-by-point rebuttal by biographer William Souder, who reviewed the distortions used by campaigners against Silent Spring.<a href="#cite_note-Erik-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slate-75">[75]</a> A 2012 review article in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> by Rob Dunn<a href="#cite_note-dunn_2012-85">[85]</a> commemorating the 50th anniversary of Silent Spring and summarizing the progressive environmental-policy changes made since then, prompted a response in a letter written by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trewavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Trewavas">Anthony Trewavas</a> and co-signed by 10 others, including <a href="/wiki/Chris_J._Leaver" title="Chris J. Leaver">Christopher Leaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lachmann" title="Peter Lachmann">Peter Lachmann</a>, who quote estimates of 60 to 80 million deaths "as a result of misguided fears based on poorly understood evidence".<a href="#cite_note-trewavas_2012-86">[86]</a> Biographer Hamilton Lytle believes these estimates are unrealistic, even if Carson can be "blamed" for worldwide DDT policies.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Quiggin" title="John Quiggin">John Quiggin</a> and Tim Lambert wrote, "the most striking feature of the claim against Carson is the ease with which it can be refuted". DDT was never banned for anti-malarial use, and its ban for agricultural use in the United States in 1972 did not apply outside the U.S. nor to anti-malaria spraying.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The international treaty that banned most uses of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides—the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a> (which became effective in 2004)—included an exemption for the use of DDT for malaria control until affordable substitutes could be found.<a href="#cite_note-quig-81">[81]</a> Mass outdoor spraying of DDT was abandoned in poor countries subject to malaria, such as Sri Lanka, in the 1970s and 1980s; this was not because of government prohibitions but because the DDT had lost its ability to kill the mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-quig-81">[81]</a> Because of insects' very short breeding cycle and large number of offspring, the most resistant insects survive and pass on their genetic traits to their offspring, which replace the pesticide-slain insects relatively rapidly. Agricultural spraying of pesticides produces <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_resistance" title="Pesticide resistance">pesticide resistance</a> in seven to ten years.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Some experts have said that restrictions placed on the agricultural use of DDT have increased its effectiveness for malaria control. According to pro-DDT advocate <a href="/wiki/Amir_Attaran" title="Amir Attaran">Amir Attaran</a>, the result of the (activated in 2004) <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Convention">Stockholm Convention</a> banning DDT's use in agriculture "is arguably better than the status quo ... For the first time, there is now an insecticide which is restricted to vector control only, meaning that the selection of resistant mosquitoes will be slower than before."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Silent Spring has been featured in many lists of the best nonfiction books of the twentieth century. It was fifth in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library_List_of_Best_20th-Century_Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Nonfiction">Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Nonfiction</a> and number 78 in the <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>'s 100 best non-fiction books of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 2006, Silent Spring was named one of the 25 greatest science books of all time by the editors of <a href="/wiki/Discover_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Discover Magazine">Discover Magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-discovermagazine.com-5">[5]</a> In 2012, the American Chemical Society designated the legacy of Silent Spring a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/rachel-carson-silent-spring.html">National Historic Chemical Landmark</a> at Chatham University in Pittsburgh.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In 1996, a follow-up book, Beyond Silent Spring, co-written by H. F. van Emden and <a href="/wiki/David_Peakall" title="David Peakall">David Peakall</a>, was published.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman_&_Hall-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards_H_269–270-95">[95]</a> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/George_Newson" title="George Newson">George Newson</a> composed the tape composition Silent Spring using birdsong recorded at <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a> as source material. It was premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hall" title="Queen Elizabeth Hall">Queen Elizabeth Hall</a> in January 1968.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Silent Spring is mentioned in the 2008 science fiction novel <a href="/wiki/The_Three-Body_Problem_(novel)" title="The Three-Body Problem (novel)">The Three-Body Problem</a> by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cixin" title="Liu Cixin">Liu Cixin</a>, as well as its <a href="/wiki/Three-Body" title="Three-Body">Tencent 2023</a> and <a href="/wiki/3_Body_Problem_(TV_series)" title="3 Body Problem (TV series)">Netflix 2024 television series</a> adaptations.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 2011, the American composer <a href="/wiki/Steven_Stucky" title="Steven Stucky">Steven Stucky</a> wrote the eponymously titled <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring_(composition)" title="Silent Spring (composition)">Silent Spring</a> to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the book's publication. The piece was given its world premiere in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> on February 17, 2012, with the <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a> <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Honeck" title="Manfred Honeck">Manfred Honeck</a> leading the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Bobby,_It%27s_Cold_Outside" title="Bobby, It's Cold Outside">Bobby, It's Cold Outside</a>, an episode of animated comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>, features a copy of Silent Spring as one of the items burning on the <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> yule log.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Naturalist <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> has stated that Silent Spring was probably the book that had changed the scientific world the most, after the <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BI2014-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Flower_Groove" title="Sonic Flower Groove">Sonic Flower Groove</a>, is the debut studio album by Scottish rock band <a href="/wiki/Primal_Scream" title="Primal Scream">Primal Scream</a>, it was released on 5 October 1987, features a song titled 'Silent Spring'. The lead singer <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Gillespie" title="Bobby Gillespie">Bobby Gillespie</a> in his book Tenement kid published late 2021, mentions how he dedicated the songs title after the Book. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Unrest" title="Blessed Unrest">Blessed Unrest</a> (2007), by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hawken" title="Paul Hawken">Paul Hawken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Stolen_Future" title="Our Stolen Future">Our Stolen Future</a> (1996), by <a href="/wiki/Theo_Colburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Theo Colburn">Theo Colburn</a>, et al.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Synthetic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Synthetic Environment">Our Synthetic Environment</a> (1962), by <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_Box_(British_TV_series)" title="Pandora's Box (British TV series)">Pandora's Box</a> (1992), by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Curtis" title="Adam Curtis">Adam Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Closing Circle">The Closing Circle</a> (1971), by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Everglades:_River_of_Grass" title="The Everglades: River of Grass">The Everglades: River of Grass</a> (1947), by <a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">Bioaccumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosterilant" title="Chemosterilant">Chemosterilant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Strike" title="Earth Strike">Earth Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring_Institute" title="Silent Spring Institute">Silent Spring Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterile_insect_technique" title="Sterile insect technique">Sterile insect technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">Toxins</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McLaughlin-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin,_Dorothy" class="citation web cs1">McLaughlin, Dorothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/nature/disrupt/sspring.html">"Fooling with Nature: Silent Spring Revisited"</a>. Frontline. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310174306/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/nature/disrupt/sspring.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Fooling+with+Nature%3A+Silent+Spring+Revisited&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fnature%2Fdisrupt%2Fsspring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022152858/http://iaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.navigate_term?p_term_id=6719&p_term_cd=TERM">"DDT"</a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.navigate_term?p_term_id=6719&p_term_cd=TERM">the original</a> on October 22, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDT&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiaspub.epa.gov%2Ftrs%2Ftrs_proc_qry.navigate_term%3Fp_term_id%3D6719%26p_term_cd%3DTERM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarsonPaull-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarsonPaull_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarsonPaull_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarsonPaull_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarsonPaull_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarsonPaull_3-4">e</a> Paull, John (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orgprints.org/22934/7/22934.pdf">"The Rachel Carson Letters and the Making of Silent Spring"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230258/http://orgprints.org/22934/7/22934.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sage Open, 3 (July):1–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Glausiusz, Josie (2007), "Better Planet: Can A Maligned Pesticide Save Lives?" Discover Magazine. p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-discovermagazine.com-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-discovermagazine.com_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-discovermagazine.com_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/25-greatest-science-books-of-all-time">"25 Greatest Science Books of All Time"</a>. Discover Magazine. December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129181222/http://discovermagazine.com/2006/dec/25-greatest-science-books/article_view?b_start:int=1&page=2">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=25+Greatest+Science+Books+of+All+Time&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fthe-sciences%2F25-greatest-science-books-of-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLear1997">Lear 1997</a>, Ch. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2005">Murphy 2005</a>, Ch. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ellsworthmaine.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12535&Itemid=47">"Obituary of Marjorie Spock"</a>. Ellsworthmaine.com. January 30, 2008. 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Newsletter of the Portland Branch of Anthroposophical Society in Portland, Oregon. 4 (2): 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portlandanthroposophy.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/February2008PortlandBranchNewsletter.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 29, 2015. 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Douglas's dissenting opinion on the rejection of the case, Robert Cushman Murphy et al., v. Butler et al., from the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, is from March 28, 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6fAP6Fjx-Y&t=10m15s">The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson</a> (CBS Reports, with Erik Sevareid, aired on Apr 3, 1963, published to YouTube on Jan 28, 2017) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLear1997">Lear 1997</a>, pp. 407–408. Quotation (p. 408) from a June 13, 1962, letter from Carson to Dorothy Freeman. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLear1997">Lear 1997</a>, pp. 409–413 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLear1997">Lear 1997</a>, pp. 412–420 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLear1997">Lear 1997</a>, pp. 433–434 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFLear1997">Lear 1997</a>, p. 434 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaull2013" class="citation journal cs1">Paull, John (July 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244013494861">"The Rachel Carson Letters and the Making of Silent Spring"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Open" title="SAGE Open">SAGE Open</a>. 3 (3). <a href="/wiki/Sage_Publishing" title="Sage Publishing">Sage Publishing</a>: 215824401349486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244013494861">10.1177/2158244013494861</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-2440">2158-2440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=The+Rachel+Carson+Letters+and+the+Making+of+Silent+Spring&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215824401349486&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244013494861&rft.issn=2158-2440&rft.aulast=Paull&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244013494861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLear1997">Lear 1997</a>, pp. 429, 573 The purported letter from Benson to Eisenhower was also reported by historian <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Wiesen_Cook" title="Blanche Wiesen Cook">Blanche Wiesen Cook</a> in 1992, but could not be located in Eisenhower's archives; author Frank Graham Jr. in 1970 credited a "disgruntled member of the Federal Pest Control Review Board" as the source. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrupke,_C.H.Prasad,_R.P.Anelli,_C.M.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Krupke, C.H.; Prasad, R.P.; Anelli, C.M. 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Chimps Killing Monkeys"</a>. Business Insider Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sir-david-attenborough-did-a-qa-on-reddit-worst-thing-hes-ever-seen-is-chimps-killing-monkeys-2014-1">the original</a> on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider+Australia&rft.atitle=Sir+David+Attenborough+Did+A+Reddit+Q%26A%3A+Worst+Thing+He%27s+Seen%3F+Chimps+Killing+Monkeys&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.aulast=Thomsen&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com.au%2Fsir-david-attenborough-did-a-qa-on-reddit-worst-thing-hes-ever-seen-is-chimps-killing-monkeys-2014-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Berry-Cabán, Cristóbal S. "DDT and silent spring: fifty years after". Journal of Military and Veterans' Health 19 (2011): 19–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jmvh.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/JMVH-Vol19-No4_Cristobal.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Brinkley, Douglas. <a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring_Revolution" title="Silent Spring Revolution">Silent Spring Revolution: John F. Kennedy, Rachel Carson, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, and the Great Environmental Awakening</a> (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Silent-Spring-Revolution-Environmental-Awakening/dp/0063212919/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1962" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Rachel (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silentspring0000cars">Silent Spring</a>. Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Spring&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilentspring0000cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Silent Spring & Other Writings (Library of America, 2018)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson,_Rachel2002" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Rachel (2002) [1st. Pub. Houghton Mifflin, 1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silentspring00cars_1">Silent Spring</a>. Mariner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-24906-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-24906-0"><bdi>978-0-618-24906-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Spring&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-618-24906-0&rft.au=Carson%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilentspring00cars_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"> Silent Spring initially appeared serialized in three parts in the June 16, June 23, and June 30, 1962, issues of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> magazine</li></ul></li> <li>Dunlap, Thomas, ed. DDT, Silent Spring, and the Rise of Environmentalism (University of Washington Press, 2008),</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham,_Frank1970" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Frank (1970) [1st. Pub. Houghton Mifflin, 1970]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sincesilentsprin00grahrich">Since Silent Spring</a>. Fawcett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-449-23141-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-449-23141-8"><bdi>978-0-449-23141-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Since+Silent+Spring&rft.pub=Fawcett&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-449-23141-8&rft.au=Graham%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsincesilentsprin00grahrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHynes1989" class="citation book cs1">Hynes, H. Patricia (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recurringsilents00hyne">The Recurring Silent Spring</a>. Athene series. New York: Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037117-7"><bdi>978-0-08-037117-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Recurring+Silent+Spring&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Athene+series&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037117-7&rft.aulast=Hynes&rft.aufirst=H.+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecurringsilents00hyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLytle2007" class="citation book cs1">Lytle, Mark Hamilton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gentlesubversive00lytl">The Gentle Subversive: Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Rise of the Environmental Movement</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517246-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517246-1"><bdi>978-0-19-517246-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gentle+Subversive%3A+Rachel+Carson%2C+Silent+Spring%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Environmental+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517246-1&rft.aulast=Lytle&rft.aufirst=Mark+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgentlesubversive00lytl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLear1997" class="citation book cs1">Lear, Linda (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachelcarsonwitn00lear">Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature</a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3428-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3428-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-3428-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachel+Carson%3A+Witness+for+Nature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-3428-8&rft.aulast=Lear&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frachelcarsonwitn00lear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2005" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Priscilla Coit (2005). What A Book Can Do: The Publication and Reception of Silent Spring. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-476-3"><bdi>978-1-55849-476-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+A+Book+Can+Do%3A+The+Publication+and+Reception+of+Silent+Spring&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-476-3&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Priscilla+Coit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitmans,_BrianMiller,_Jeff2004" class="citation book cs1">Litmans, Brian; Miller, Jeff (2004). Silent Spring Revisited: Pesticide Use And Endangered Species. Diane Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7567-4439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7567-4439-7"><bdi>978-0-7567-4439-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Spring+Revisited%3A+Pesticide+Use+And+Endangered+Species&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7567-4439-7&rft.au=Litmans%2C+Brian&rft.au=Miller%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/ddt.htm">"What is DDT?"</a>. Retrieved April 26, 2006</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051226062122/http://www.nsc.org/library/chemical/ddt.htm">"'DDT Chemical Backgrounder', National Safety Council"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsc.org/library/chemical/ddt.htm">the original</a> on December 26, 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27DDT+Chemical+Backgrounder%27%2C+National+Safety+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsc.org%2Flibrary%2Fchemical%2Fddt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988">. Retrieved May 30, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410003749/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540">Report on Carcinogens</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101122332/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=03C9AF75-E1BF-FF40-DBA9EC0928DF8B15">12th Edition</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niehs.nih.gov/">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/">National Toxicology Program</a> (June 10, 2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreskesConway2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Oreskes" title="Naomi Oreskes">Oreskes, Naomi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Erik_M._Conway" title="Erik M. Conway">Conway, Erik M.</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">Merchants of Doubt</a>. New York: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-610-4"><bdi>978-1-59691-610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants+of+Doubt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59691-610-4&rft.aulast=Oreskes&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft.au=Conway%2C+Erik+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Chemical_Society1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> (1986). Silent Spring Revisited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-317-59798-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-317-59798-1"><bdi>0-317-59798-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Spring+Revisited&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-317-59798-1&rft.au=American+Chemical+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilent+Spring" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Spring&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20151002">Silent Spring</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803170226/http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Rachel-Carson-Silent-Spring.htm">July 22, 1962 report of chemical industry's campaign against</a> the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/06/16/1962_06_16_035_TNY_CARDS_000271256">16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703121135/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/06/16/1962_06_16_035_TNY_CARDS_000271256">Archived</a> July 3, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/06/23/1962_06_23_031_TNY_CARDS_000273049">23</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215921/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/06/23/1962_06_23_031_TNY_CARDS_000273049">Archived</a> May 27, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/06/30/1962_06_30_035_TNY_CARDS_000271125">30</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215053/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/06/30/1962_06_30_035_TNY_CARDS_000271125">Archived</a> May 27, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> June 1962 serial in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/05/reviews/carson-spring.html">New York Times book review</a> September 23, 1962</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mag.audubon.org/authors/frank-graham-jr">Graham, Frank Jr.</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOHaAAAAMAAJ">Since Silent Spring:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audubonmagazine.org/articles/conservation/silent-spring-reflecting-rachel-carsons-legacy">rebuttal to the attack by chemical-agribusiness companies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417060050/http://www.audubonmagazine.org/articles/conservation/silent-spring-reflecting-rachel-carsons-legacy">Archived</a> April 17, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Audubon Magazine">Audubon Magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pophistorydig.com/?tag=since-silent-spring">Doyle, Jack “Power in the Pen”: Silent Spring: 1962 (Publishing, Politics, Ecology) pophistorydig.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrdc.org/health/pesticides/hcarson.asp">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): The Story of Silent Spring</a> – <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">NRDC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mansionbooks.com/BookDetail.php?bk=210">Photos of the first edition of Silent Spring</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616234117/http://knowledgenetwork.alumni.msu.edu/msu-museum/silentspring.html">Silent Spring, A Visual History</a> curated by the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan State University Museum">Michigan State University Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/06/rachel-carsons-silent-spring-turns-50/258926/">Rachel Carson's Silent Spring Turns 50 – Elizabeth Grossman – The Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Griswold" title="Eliza Griswold">Griswold, Eliza</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/magazine/how-silent-spring-ignited-the-environmental-movement.html?pagewanted=all">How Silent Spring Ignited the Environmental Movement</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> September 21, 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070301215712/http://www.rachelcarsoncouncil.com/">The Rachel Carson Council</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pesticides" style="padding:3px"><table 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href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscicide" title="Molluscicide">Molluscicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematicide" title="Nematicide">Nematicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscicide" title="Piscicide">Piscicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodenticide" title="Rodenticide">Rodenticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slimicide" title="Slimicide">Slimicide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Hazardous-pesticide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hazardous-pesticide.jpg/140px-Hazardous-pesticide.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hazardous-pesticide.jpg/210px-Hazardous-pesticide.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Gene_silencing_pesticide" title="Gene silencing pesticide">Gene silencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_residue_limit" title="Maximum residue limit">Maximum residue limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-pesticide_management" title="Non-pesticide management">Non-pesticide management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_application" title="Pesticide application">Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_drift" title="Pesticide drift">Drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_formulation" title="Pesticide formulation">Formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_degradation" title="Pesticide degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_misuse" title="Pesticide misuse">Misuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_pesticides" title="Paradox of the pesticides">Paradox of the pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_poisoning" title="Pesticide poisoning">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_research" title="Pesticide research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_residue" title="Pesticide residue">Residue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_resistance" title="Pesticide resistance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurgence_(pest)" title="Resurgence (pest)">Resurgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Bee toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_use_pesticide" title="Restricted use pesticide">Restricted use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_Action_Network" title="Pesticide Action Network">Pesticide Action Network</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silent Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pesticide_Question" title="The Pesticide Question">The Pesticide Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity_class" title="Toxicity class">Toxicity class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesticides_in_Canada" title="Pesticides in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticides_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides in the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticides_in_New_Zealand" title="Pesticides in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticides_in_the_United_States" title="Pesticides in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Pest_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Pest Management">Integrated Pest Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pesticides" title="Category:Pesticides">Pesticide categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rachel_Carson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks 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href="/wiki/The_Sea_Around_Us" title="The Sea Around Us">The Sea Around Us</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_the_Sea" title="The Edge of the Sea">The Edge of the Sea</a> (1955)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silent Spring</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson_Homestead" title="Rachel Carson Homestead">Rachel Carson Homestead (birthplace, childhood home)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson_House_(Colesville,_Maryland)" title="Rachel Carson House (Colesville, Maryland)">Rachel Carson House (Colesville, Maryland)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson_Bridge" title="Rachel Carson Bridge">Rachel Carson Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson_College" title="Rachel Carson College">Rachel Carson College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Crockett_(PG-88)" title="USS Crockett (PG-88)">RV Rachel Carson</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Rachel_Carson_(2003)" title="RV Rachel Carson (2003)">RV Rachel Carson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Rachel_Carson_(2008)" title="RV Rachel Carson (2008)">RV Rachel Carson</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Rachel_Carson_(2017)" title="RV Rachel Carson (2017)">RV Rachel Carson</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_(organization)" title="Sea Around Us (organization)">The Sea Around Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Rachel_Carson" title="Statue of Rachel Carson">Statue of Rachel Carson</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Around_Us_(film)" title="The Sea Around Us (film)">The Sea Around Us</a> (1953 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Rodell" title="Marie Rodell">Marie Rodell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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