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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuir"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ca"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Canal de sindicació Atom Viquipèdia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Canvis_recents&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cuir rootpage-Cuir skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Cuir" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Cuir" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Cuir" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Cuir" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Varietats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varietats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Varietats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varietats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Varietats</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varietats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuir_de_bovins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuir_de_bovins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cuir de bovins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuir_de_bovins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ovins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caprins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caprins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Caprins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caprins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porcins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porcins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Porcins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porcins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Equins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estruç" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estruç"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Estruç</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estruç-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cangur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cangur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Cangur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cangur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tauró" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tauró"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Tauró</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tauró-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escorxar_o_espellar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escorxar_o_espellar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Escorxar o espellar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Escorxar_o_espellar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Escorxar o espellar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Escorxar_o_espellar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aspectes_mecànics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspectes_mecànics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Aspectes mecànics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspectes_mecànics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adoberia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adoberia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Adoberia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adoberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mètodes_tradicionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mètodes_tradicionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mètodes tradicionals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mètodes_tradicionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mètodes_moderns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mètodes_moderns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mètodes moderns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mètodes_moderns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 91 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leer_(stof)" title="Leer (stof) - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leer (stof)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuiro" title="Cuiro - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cuiro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC)" title="جلد (منتج) - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جلد (منتج)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueru" title="Cueru - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cueru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakekan" title="Pakekan - atacama" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pakekan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atacama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anit" title="Anit - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Anit" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Кожа (суровина) - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кожа (суровина)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পাকাচামড়া - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকাচামড়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAr" title="Lêr - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lêr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa_(materijal)" title="Koža (materijal) - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koža (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎦᏃᏥ - cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏃᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" title="چەرم - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چەرم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use%C5%88" title="Useň - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Useň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сăран - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lledr" title="Lledr - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lledr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6der" title="Læder - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Læder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%C9%94%C5%8B" title="Gbɔŋ - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gbɔŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leder" title="Leder - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postevan" title="Postevan - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Postevan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ζωικό δέρμα - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωικό δέρμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather" title="Leather - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Leather" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledo" title="Ledo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ledo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuero" title="Cuero - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahk_(materjal)" title="Nahk (materjal) - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nahk (materjal)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larru" title="Larru - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Larru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D9%85" title="چرم - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahka" title="Nahka - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nahka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuir" title="Cuir - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leathar" title="Leathar - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leathar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiro" title="Coiro - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakapi" title="Vakapi - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vakapi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%9D)" title="עור (חומר גלם) - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עור (חומר גלם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="चमड़ा - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चमड़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa_(materijal)" title="Koža (materijal) - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koža (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwi" title="Kwi - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%91r_(anyag)" title="Bőr (anyag) - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bőr (anyag)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB" title="Կաշի - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաշի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumping" title="Lumping - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lumping" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledro" title="Ledro - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ledro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B0ur" title="Leður - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuoio" title="Cuoio - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cuoio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%9D%A9" title="皮革 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="皮革" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9n%C9%9B_t%C9%94n%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Kpɩnɛ tɔnʋʋ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩnɛ tɔnʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%98%81" title="피혁 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피혁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Булгаары - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Булгаары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corium" title="Corium - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Corium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieder" title="Lieder - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lieder" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laer" title="Laer - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Laer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coramm" title="Coramm - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Coramm" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_(med%C5%BEiaga)" title="Oda (medžiaga) - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oda (medžiaga)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80da_(materi%C4%81ls)" title="Āda (materiāls) - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Āda (materiāls)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD" title="തുകൽ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുകൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87" title="चामडे - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चामडे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit_(produk_haiwan)" title="Kulit (produk haiwan) - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kulit (produk haiwan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1" title="သားရေ - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သားရေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leer_(stof)" title="Leer (stof) - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leer (stof)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAr" title="Lêr - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lêr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6r" title="Lær - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuer" title="Cuer - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cuer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚਮੜਾ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਮੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leder" title="Leder - alemany palatí" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Leder" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="alemany palatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3ra_(surowiec)" title="Skóra (surowiec) - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skóra (surowiec)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%DA%91%D8%A7" title="چمڑا - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چمڑا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couro" title="Couro - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Couro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piele_(material)" title="Piele (material) - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piele (material)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Кожа (материал) - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кожа (материал)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriu" title="Coriu - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Coriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laither" title="Laither - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Laither" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85" title="چم - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa_(materijal)" title="Koža (materijal) - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koža (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="පදම්කළ සම් - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පදම්කළ සම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather" title="Leather - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leather" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnje" title="Usnje - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Usnje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehwe" title="Dehwe - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dehwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABkura_(material)" title="Lëkura (material) - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lëkura (material)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa_(materijal)" title="Koža (materijal) - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Koža (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4der" title="Läder - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தோல்சரக்கு நுட்பியல் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோல்சரக்கு நுட்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC" title="Чарм - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чарм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagana_%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%A7iligi" title="Bagana önümçiligi - turcman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bagana önümçiligi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katad" title="Katad - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deri_(malzeme)" title="Deri (malzeme) - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deri (malzeme)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Күн - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Шкіра (матеріал) - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шкіра (матеріал)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%DA%91%DB%81" title="چمڑہ - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چمڑہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm" title="Charm - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Charm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_thu%E1%BB%99c" title="Da thuộc - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Da thuộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwero" title="Kwero - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kwero" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%9D%A9" title="皮革 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皮革" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%9D%A9" title="皮革 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮革" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%9A%AE_(%E6%96%99)" title="真皮 (料) - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真皮 (料)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q286#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Cuir" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Cuir" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&oldid=34140850" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=info" title="Més informació sobre 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href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Cuir"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cuir&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leather" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q286" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Leathertools.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Leathertools.jpg/220px-Leathertools.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Leathertools.jpg/330px-Leathertools.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Leathertools.jpg/440px-Leathertools.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Eines modernes per a treballar el <b>cuir</b>.</figcaption></figure> <p>El <b>cuir</b> o <b>cuiro</b> és la <a href="/wiki/Pell" title="Pell">pell</a> dels animals quan ha estat <a href="/wiki/Adoberia" title="Adoberia">adobada</a> per tal de garantir-ne la conservació i les característiques pròpies del producte. </p><p>També s'anomena <i>cuir</i> la pell sense adobar del bestiar gros. La capa més exterior de la pell de l'animal s'anomena <i>pell-flor</i>. La pell es talla en diverses <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0mina" class="mw-disambig" title="Làmina">làmines</a> paral·leles a l'exterior i, amb les interiors, s'obté el que en diem <i><a href="/wiki/Pell_girada" title="Pell girada">pell girada</a></i> o <i>serratge</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El cuir té propietats de resistència i flexibilitats adequades per a la seua manipulació i ús com a matèria primera. Les diverses substàncies químiques d'<a href="/wiki/Adoberia" title="Adoberia">adob</a> fa que les pells siguin dures, menys flexibles i sovint gruixudes i es fan servir en usos industrials de <a href="/wiki/Guant" title="Guant">guanteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confecci%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Confecció">confecció</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellisseria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pellisseria (encara no existeix)">pellisseria</a>, i pells fines de sabateria o soles de <a href="/wiki/Sabata" title="Sabata">sabata</a>. </p><p>L'ús del cuir data del període <a href="/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Naqada</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Antic_Egipte" title="Antic Egipte">antic Egipte</a> al voltant del <a href="/wiki/4000_aC" class="mw-redirect" title="4000 aC">4000 aC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abans de la possibilitat de transportar carn congelada a grans distàncies el cuir de les vaques per exemple tenia més valor que la carn. </p><p>La paraula <i>cuir</i> o <b>cuiro</b> ve del <a href="/wiki/Llat%C3%AD" title="Llatí">llatí</a> <i>cuirum</i> (pell adobada d'animals).<sup id="cite_ref-G_2017_p._82_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_2017_p._82-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varietats">Varietats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Varietats"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Una classificació natural dels tipus de cuir es basa en l’espècie animal de la qual procedeix. Cada cuir té unes característiques que el fan més adequat per a un servei determinat: gruix, flexibilitat, resistència al desgast, ... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuir_de_bovins">Cuir de bovins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Cuir de bovins"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els cuirs de bovins són els més importants des del punt de vista quantitatiu.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_p._131_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_p._131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_1966_p._38_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_1966_p._38-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ovins">Ovins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Ovins"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els cuirs d'ovins s'han valorat poc històricament però són molt utilitzats.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_1990_p._89_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_1990_p._89-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ronquillo_1857_p._21_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronquillo_1857_p._21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caprins">Caprins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Caprins"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tafilet.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumas_Martínez_Mieg_1847_p._750_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumas_Martínez_Mieg_1847_p._750-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cordovà</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Porcins">Porcins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Porcins"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menys suaus i flexibles que els cuirs dels bovins, són difícils de treballar. Per això no se'n fan sabates, però sí maletes o tapisseries de vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Boletin_de_Información_1951_p._11-PA70_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boletin_de_Información_1951_p._11-PA70-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equins">Equins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Equins"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La producció de cuir de cavall ha estat important en certs territoris i èpoques determinades. Alguns documents permeten comparar la seva impotència relativa.<sup id="cite_ref-Compañia_Sud-americana_de_Billetes_de_Banco_1914_p._644_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compañia_Sud-americana_de_Billetes_de_Banco_1914_p._644-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estruç"><span id="Estru.C3.A7"></span>Estruç</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Estruç"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Kelly_Bag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kelly_Bag.jpg/220px-Kelly_Bag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kelly_Bag.jpg/330px-Kelly_Bag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kelly_Bag.jpg/440px-Kelly_Bag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Bossa de pell d'estruç.</figcaption></figure> <p>El cuir d'estruç ha estat esmentat des de temps antics.<sup id="cite_ref-Oudot_1880_p._28_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oudot_1880_p._28-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actualment és una pell de luxe, emprada en sabateria i bosses de mà.<sup id="cite_ref-Campodonico_Masson_1992_p._82_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campodonico_Masson_1992_p._82-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cangur">Cangur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Cangur"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La pell de cangur és preuada per a fabricar estris diversos. Particularment guants.<sup id="cite_ref-Giest_2009_p._45_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giest_2009_p._45-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tauró"><span id="Taur.C3.B3"></span>Tauró</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Tauró"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La pell de tauró, ben seca, es pot utilitzar com una llima per polir la fusta, el marfil o els metalls.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronquillo_1853_p._460_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronquillo_1853_p._460-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Chagrin de mer".<sup id="cite_ref-Duboc_1854_p._367_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duboc_1854_p._367-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Galuchat"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escorxar_o_espellar">Escorxar o espellar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Escorxar o espellar"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un cop mort l'animal, el pas previ a l'obtenció de cuir és l'operació de separar la pell de la resta del cos. Operació designada amb els termes d'escorxar o espellar. </p><p>Les condicions inicials poden ser molt diferents: un bisó de grans dimensions abatut en una plana nord-americana, morsa congelada en territoris àrtics, conill, esquirol, serp, tauró, ... Les pells dels animals capturats pels trampers es recullen amb els animals congelats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspectes_mecànics"><span id="Aspectes_mec.C3.A0nics"></span>Aspectes mecànics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Aspectes mecànics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hi ha ganivets i ganivetes especials per a escorxar.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_1891_p._174_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_1891_p._174-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hi ha animals que requereixen una subjecció especial o ser penjats per a ser espellats amb comoditat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoberia">Adoberia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Adoberia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mètodes_tradicionals"><span id="M.C3.A8todes_tradicionals"></span>Mètodes tradicionals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Mètodes tradicionals"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mètodes_moderns"><span id="M.C3.A8todes_moderns"></span>Mètodes moderns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la secció: Mètodes moderns"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Primeres etapes</dt> <dd>Després d'haver sacrificat els animals, el seu <b>cuir</b> és tractat amb <a href="/wiki/Clorur_s%C3%B2dic" class="mw-redirect" title="Clorur sòdic">sal</a> pel costat de la carn, amb la qual cosa s'evita la putrefacció i s'aconsegueix un cert temps de conservació adequada als processos i usos posteriors als que el cuir serà sotmès. A continuació s'emmagatzemen en un local.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Etapa de neteja i condicionat del cuir</dt> <dd>Aquesta etapa és la que necessita més aigua, primer es treuen, mecànicament, les restes de carn i de <a href="/wiki/Greix" title="Greix">greix</a> es fa servir <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_s%C3%B2dic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur sòdic">sulfur sòdic</a> i <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7" title="Calç">calç</a> per eliminar l'epidermis de la pell a més del pèl que la recobreix.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Etapa de preparació química de la pell</dt> <dd>Es fan servir principalment <a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_f%C3%B2rmic" title="Àcid fòrmic">àcid fòrmic</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_sulf%C3%BAric" title="Àcid sulfúric">àcid sulfúric</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Etapa d'estabilització del <a href="/wiki/Col%C2%B7lagen" title="Col·lagen">col·lagen</a> de la pell</dt> <dd>En estabilitzar el col·lagen amb substàncies com les sals de <a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">crom</a>, es forma el cuir.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Darreres etapes</dt> <dd>S'elimina la humitat, es grata per donar l'espessor definitiu i se'l pot sotmetre a altres tractaments segons quin sigui l'ús final del producte.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documents">Documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la secció: Documents"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A més de l’exposició genèrica de les propietats dels cuirs, un esment de casos puntuals diversos hauria de permetre l’aproximació a la realitat global de la importància d’aquests materials. Vegeu una relació cronològica, aleatòria i incompleta, a continuació. </p> <ul><li>1735. Pells baratades per estris a Amèrica.<sup id="cite_ref-Kavanagh_1999_p._130_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kavanagh_1999_p._130-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1770. Soldats de Cuera de Califòrnia lloats per <a href="/wiki/Miquel_Constan%C3%A7%C3%B3" title="Miquel Constançó">Miquel Constançó</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:{{#switch:left|center=both|#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="middle" align="left" style="">Los Soldados del Presidio de Californias, de quienes la justicia y la equidad nos obligan a decir, que trabajaron infinito en esta Expedición, usan de dos géneros de armas, ofensivas y defensivas : las defensivas son la Cuera y la Adarga. La primera cuya hechura es semejante a la de una Casaca sin mangas, se compone de seis, o siete azes de pieles blancas de Venado agamuzadas, impenetrable á las flechas de los Indios, como no estén disparadas de muy cerca. La Adarga es de dos hazes de cuero de Toro crudo, se maneja con el brazo izquierdo, y desvian con ella las jaras, o flechas, defendiendose el Ginete a sí, y a fu Caballo: usan ademas de las dichas una especie de delantal de baqueta prendido á la cabeza de la silla con cayda a uno y otro lado, que llaman armas o defensas, que les cubren los muslos, y piernas para no lastimarse, corriendo en el Monte. Sus armas ofensivas son la <b>lanza</b>, que manejan diestramente a caballo, una espada ancha, y una Escopeta corta que llevan metida y afianzada en su funda. Son Hombres de mucho aguante, y sufrimiento en la fatiga; obedientes, resueltos, ágiles, y no dificultamos decir que son los mayores Ginetes del Mundo, y de aquellos Soldados que mejor ganan el Pan al Augusto Monarca a quien sirven. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller;">— Diario histórico de los viages de mar, y tierra hechos al norte de la California. Miquel Constançó. 1770.) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li>1793. Escut de pell d'hipopòtam al Darfur.<sup id="cite_ref-Estala_1801_p._283_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estala_1801_p._283-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>1848. Producció inmensa de pells bovines a les missions de Califòrnia.<sup id="cite_ref-Maunder_Inman_1851_p._692_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maunder_Inman_1851_p._692-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_1942_p._118_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_1942_p._118-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_1849_p._321_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_1849_p._321-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>1863. Relació d'una munió de fàbriques de guants.<sup id="cite_ref-Caballero_Oficinas_del_Anuario_(Madrid)_1863_p._561_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caballero_Oficinas_del_Anuario_(Madrid)_1863_p._561-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>1869. «Kid gloves» de Mark Twain.<sup id="cite_ref-Twain_1879_p._75_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twain_1879_p._75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Twain_2020_p._65_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twain_2020_p._65-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>L'acte de comprar uns guants fins ("kid gloves" = guants de cabritilla) explicat com a anècdota còmica. Sense oblidar la crítica comparada amb uns guants normals.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>1888. Caiacs esquimals de pells de foca.<sup id="cite_ref-Bettany_1888_p._729_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bettany_1888_p._729-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>1896. Escuts de guerra "cheyennes".<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_1896_p._102_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer_1896_p._102-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>1942. Ganivet de combat Ka-Bar. Amb mànec de cuir.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Ka-Bar_USMC_fighting-work_knife_(4121915427).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ka-Bar_USMC_fighting-work_knife_%284121915427%29.jpg/220px-Ka-Bar_USMC_fighting-work_knife_%284121915427%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ka-Bar_USMC_fighting-work_knife_%284121915427%29.jpg/330px-Ka-Bar_USMC_fighting-work_knife_%284121915427%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ka-Bar_USMC_fighting-work_knife_%284121915427%29.jpg/440px-Ka-Bar_USMC_fighting-work_knife_%284121915427%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Ganivet de combat Ka-Bar. Mànec de rodanxes cuir <sup id="cite_ref-Institute_2012_p._18_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_2012_p._18-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i funda de cuir.</figcaption></figure></li></ul> <ul><li>1970. Botes de vaquer de pell d'estruç.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2013_p._120_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2013_p._120-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>1971. Atahualpa Yupanqui. Disc «Yo me he criado a puro campo». Cançó «Yo quiero un caballo negro». Parla d’un llaç escorredor de cuir de toro i guanac.<sup id="cite_ref-CMTV_t777_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMTV_t777-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:{{#switch:left|center=both|#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="middle" align="left" style="">... yo quiero un lazo trenzado, mezcla de toro y guanaco ... </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li>2008. Obra moderna que tracta, entre altres temes, de l'escut de guerra dels "cheyennes".<sup id="cite_ref-Grinnell_Fitzgerald_2008_p._188_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinnell_Fitzgerald_2008_p._188-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>2010. "Tientos para lazo". Tires de cuir per a fer un llaç escorredor.<sup id="cite_ref-Preisz_2010_p._120_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preisz_2010_p._120-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>2012. Construcció de les tendes còniques de pell: tipis.<sup id="cite_ref-Laubin_Laubin_2012_p._11_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laubin_Laubin_2012_p._11-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoberia" title="Adoberia">Adoberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaonador" title="Assaonador">Assaonador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadamassil" title="Guadamassil">Guadamassil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museu_de_la_Pell_d%27Igualada" title="Museu de la Pell d'Igualada">Museu de la Pell d'Igualada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encuirar" title="Encuirar">Encuirar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuir&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leather" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leather">Cuir</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catradio.cat/pcatradio/crItem.jsp?seccio=seccio&idint=1476">Correcció lingüística</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_R%C3%A0dio" title="Catalunya Ràdio">Catalunya Ràdio</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span> Thom F. Cavalli, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=bf5Z_v0KBegC&pg=PA270&dq=alchemy+naquada&hl=ca&ei=9ev9TMqjEMTOswbJ7d2YBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">Embodying Osiris: The Secrets of Alchemical Transformation</a></i>, p.82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G_2017_p._82-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-G_2017_p._82_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFG2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">G</span>, A.D.A.R.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=g3Q6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82"><i>Antes De Salir El Sol En Meripoey: Las Tías También Y No Hacen Averías</i></a> (en castellà).  AuthorHouse, 2017, p. 82. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-5246-8724-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-5246-8724-3">ISBN 978-1-5246-8724-3</a></span> [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antes+De+Salir+El+Sol+En+Meripoey%3A+Las+T%C3%ADas+Tambi%C3%A9n+Y+No+Hacen+Aver%C3%ADas&rft.aulast=G&rft.aufirst=A.D.A.R.&rft.date=2017&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.pages=82&rft.isbn=978-1-5246-8724-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3Q6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT82"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO_p._131-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FAO_p._131_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=xtjNWB4LMlwC&pg=PA131"><i>Situacion y perspectivas de los productos basicos, 199293</i></a> (en castellà).  FAO, p. 131. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-92-5-303296-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-92-5-303296-9">ISBN 978-92-5-303296-9</a></span> [Consulta: 15 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situacion+y+perspectivas+de+los+productos+basicos%2C+199293&rft.pub=FAO&rft.pages=131&rft.isbn=978-92-5-303296-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxtjNWB4LMlwC%26pg%3DPA131"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_1966_p._38-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_1966_p._38_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=2-wuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Cattle Hide Exports: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Livestock and Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, Eighty-ninth Congress, Second Session, March 22, 1966</i></a>.  U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966, p. 38 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cattle+Hide+Exports%3A+Hearing+Before+the+Subcommittee+on+Livestock+and+Grains+of+the+Committee+on+Agriculture%2C+House+of+Representatives%2C+Eighty-ninth+Congress%2C+Second+Session%2C+March+22%2C+1966&rft.date=1966&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.pages=38&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-wuAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA38"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO_1990_p._89-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FAO_1990_p._89_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=ro54esSCbTkC&pg=PA89"><i>Situacion y perspectivas de los productos basicos, 198990</i></a> (en castellà).  FAO, 1990, p. 89. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-92-5-302791-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-92-5-302791-0">ISBN 978-92-5-302791-0</a></span> [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situacion+y+perspectivas+de+los+productos+basicos%2C+198990&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=FAO&rft.pages=89&rft.isbn=978-92-5-302791-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro54esSCbTkC%26pg%3DPA89"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronquillo_1857_p._21-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ronquillo_1857_p._21_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRonquillo1857"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ronquillo</span>, J.O.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=LjNx-6BWAIYC&pg=PA21"><i>Diccionario de materia mercantil, industrial y agrícola, que contiene la indicación, la descripción y los usos de todas las mercancías</i></a> (en castellà).  Imprenta de Agustín Gaspar, 1857, p. 21 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+materia+mercantil%2C+industrial+y+agr%C3%ADcola%2C+que+contiene+la+indicaci%C3%B3n%2C+la+descripci%C3%B3n+y+los+usos+de+todas+las+mercanc%C3%ADas&rft.aulast=Ronquillo&rft.aufirst=J.O.&rft.date=1857&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+Agust%C3%ADn+Gaspar&rft.pages=21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjNx-6BWAIYC%26pg%3DPA21"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumas_Martínez_Mieg_1847_p._750-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dumas_Martínez_Mieg_1847_p._750_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDumasMartínezMieg1847"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dumas</span>, J.B.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martínez</span>, L.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mieg</span>, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=IWhmvts1TjkC&pg=PA750"><i>Tratado de química aplicada a las artes</i></a> (en castellà).  Imp. de Benito Hortelano y Comp., 1847, p. 750 [Consulta: 15 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tratado+de+qu%C3%ADmica+aplicada+a+las+artes&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft.date=1847&rft.pub=Imp.+de+Benito+Hortelano+y+Comp.&rft.pages=750&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWhmvts1TjkC%26pg%3DPA750"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boletin_de_Información_1951_p._11-PA70-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Boletin_de_Información_1951_p._11-PA70_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=K72zXlch8xQC&pg=RA11-PA70"><i>Boletin de Información</i></a> (en castellà), 1951, p. 11-PA70 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boletin+de+Informaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=1951&rft.pages=11-PA70&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK72zXlch8xQC%26pg%3DRA11-PA70"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Compañia_Sud-americana_de_Billetes_de_Banco_1914_p._644-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Compañia_Sud-americana_de_Billetes_de_Banco_1914_p._644_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=329QAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA644"><i>Anuario de la Dirección General de Estadística</i></a> (en castellà).  Compañia Sud-americana de Billetes de Banco, 1914, p. 644 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anuario+de+la+Direcci%C3%B3n+General+de+Estad%C3%ADstica&rft.date=1914&rft.pub=Compa%C3%B1ia+Sud-americana+de+Billetes+de+Banco&rft.pages=644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D329QAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA644"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oudot_1880_p._28-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Oudot_1880_p._28_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFOudot1880"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Oudot</span>, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=FnwaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA28"><i>Le fermage des autruches en Algérie: incubation artificielle</i></a> (en francès).  Challamel aîné, 1880, p. 28 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+fermage+des+autruches+en+Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+incubation+artificielle&rft.aulast=Oudot&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.date=1880&rft.pub=Challamel+a%C3%AEn%C3%A9&rft.pages=28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFnwaAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA28"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campodonico_Masson_1992_p._82-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Campodonico_Masson_1992_p._82_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCampodonicoMasson1992"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Campodonico</span>, P.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Masson</span>, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=SHQjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>Les ratites: Elevage et productions</i></a> (en francès).  Quae, 1992, p. 82. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-2-7592-1484-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-2-7592-1484-6">ISBN 978-2-7592-1484-6</a></span> [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+ratites%3A+Elevage+et+productions&rft.aulast=Campodonico&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.date=1992&rft.pub=Quae&rft.pages=82&rft.isbn=978-2-7592-1484-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSHQjCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giest_2009_p._45-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Giest_2009_p._45_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGiest2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Giest</span>, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=_cA3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT45"><i>Fore! Play: The Last American Male Takes up Golf</i></a>.  Grand Central Publishing, 2009, p. 45. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-7595-2255-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-7595-2255-8">ISBN 978-0-7595-2255-8</a></span> [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fore%21+Play%3A+The+Last+American+Male+Takes+up+Golf&rft.aulast=Giest&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.pages=45&rft.isbn=978-0-7595-2255-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cA3AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT45"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronquillo_1853_p._460-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ronquillo_1853_p._460_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRonquillo1853"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ronquillo</span>, J.O.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=EMeLBzhgtekC&pg=PA460"><i>Diccionario de materia mercantil, industrial y agrícola, 2: que contiene la indicación, la descripción y los usos de todas las mercancías</i></a> (en castellà).  Imprenta de Agustín Gaspar, 1853, p. 460 [Consulta: 17 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+materia+mercantil%2C+industrial+y+agr%C3%ADcola%2C+2%3A+que+contiene+la+indicaci%C3%B3n%2C+la+descripci%C3%B3n+y+los+usos+de+todas+las+mercanc%C3%ADas&rft.aulast=Ronquillo&rft.aufirst=J.O.&rft.date=1853&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+Agust%C3%ADn+Gaspar&rft.pages=460&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEMeLBzhgtekC%26pg%3DPA460"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duboc_1854_p._367-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Duboc_1854_p._367_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDuboc1854"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Duboc</span>, É. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=XxtWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA367"><i>Manuel du Négociant pour la connaissance des marchandises, ou traité précis des diverses productions du globe répandues dans le commerce ... Suivi d'un vocabulaire raisonné de termes employés dans le commerce, etc</i></a> (en francès), 1854, p. 367 [Consulta: 17 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuel+du+N%C3%A9gociant+pour+la+connaissance+des+marchandises%2C+ou+trait%C3%A9+pr%C3%A9cis+des+diverses+productions+du+globe+r%C3%A9pandues+dans+le+commerce+...+Suivi+d%27un+vocabulaire+raisonn%C3%A9+de+termes+employ%C3%A9s+dans+le+commerce%2C+etc&rft.aulast=Duboc&rft.aufirst=%C3%89.&rft.date=1854&rft.pages=367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXxtWAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA367"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens_1891_p._174-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_1891_p._174_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFStevens1891"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Stevens</span>, J.W.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=jFJAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA174"><i>Leather Manufacture: A Treatise on the Practical Workings of the Leather Manufacture; ... Together with Numerous ... Recipes ... and Miscellaneous Matter ...</i></a>.  S. Low, 1891, p. 174 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leather+Manufacture%3A+A+Treatise+on+the+Practical+Workings+of+the+Leather+Manufacture%3B+...+Together+with+Numerous+...+Recipes+...+and+Miscellaneous+Matter+...&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft.date=1891&rft.pub=S.+Low&rft.pages=174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjFJAAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA174"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kavanagh_1999_p._130-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kavanagh_1999_p._130_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKavanagh1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kavanagh</span>, T.W.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=RFW8_SWARicC&pg=PA130"><i>The Comanches: A History, 1706-1875</i></a>.  University of Nebraska Press, 1999, p. 130. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-8032-7792-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-8032-7792-2">ISBN 978-0-8032-7792-2</a></span> [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comanches%3A+A+History%2C+1706-1875&rft.aulast=Kavanagh&rft.aufirst=T.W.&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.pages=130&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7792-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFW8_SWARicC%26pg%3DPA130"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diariohistoricod00costrich">Diario historico de los viages de mar, y tierra hechos al norte de la California : de orden del excellentissimo señor marques de Croix Virrey, Governador, y Capitan General de la Nueva España, y por direccion del illustrissimo señor D. Joseph de Galvez, del consejo, y camara de S. M. en el Supremo de Indias, Intendente de Exercito, Visitador General de este Reyno executados por la tropa destinada à dicho objeto al mando de Don Gaspar de Portola Capitan de Dragones en el Regimiento de España, y Governador en dicha Peninsula y por los paquebots el S. Carlos, y el S. Antonio al mando de Don Vicente Vila piloto del número de primeros de la Real Armada, y de Don Juan Perez de la Navegacion de Philipinas, per </a><a href="/wiki/Miquel_Constan%C3%A7%C3%B3" title="Miquel Constançó">Miquel Constançó</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estala_1801_p._283-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Estala_1801_p._283_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFEstala1801"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Estala</span>, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=IFh-KA4ft1IC&pg=PA283"><i>El viagero universal ó Noticia del mundo antiguo y nuevo</i></a> (en castellà).  imprenta de Villalpando, 1801, p. 283 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+viagero+universal+%C3%B3+Noticia+del+mundo+antiguo+y+nuevo&rft.aulast=Estala&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.date=1801&rft.pub=imprenta+de+Villalpando&rft.pages=283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIFh-KA4ft1IC%26pg%3DPA283"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maunder_Inman_1851_p._692-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Maunder_Inman_1851_p._692_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMaunderInman1851"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Maunder</span>, S.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Inman</span>, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=lxNFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA692"><i>The Treasury of History: Being a History of the World : Comprising a General History Both Ancient and Modern of All the Principal Nations of the Globe ...</i></a>.  Henry Bill, 1851, p. 692 [Consulta: 17 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treasury+of+History%3A+Being+a+History+of+the+World+%3A+Comprising+a+General+History+Both+Ancient+and+Modern+of+All+the+Principal+Nations+of+the+Globe+...&rft.aulast=Maunder&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.date=1851&rft.pub=Henry+Bill&rft.pages=692&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxNFAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA692"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson_1942_p._118-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_1942_p._118_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFThompson1942"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Thompson</span>, J.W.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=2rOnFuT_76wC&pg=PA118"><i>A History of Livestock Raising in the United States, 1607-1860</i></a>.  Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1942, p. 118 [Consulta: 17 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Livestock+Raising+in+the+United+States%2C+1607-1860&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft.date=1942&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Agricultural+Economics%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.pages=118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rOnFuT_76wC%26pg%3DPA118"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryant_1849_p._321-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_1849_p._321_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBryant1849"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bryant</span>, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=HFQqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA321"><i>What I Saw in California: Being the Journal of a Tour by the Emigrant Route and South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, Across the Continent of North America, the Great Desert Basin, and Through California, in the Years 1846-1847</i></a>.  D. Appleton, 1849, p. 321 [Consulta: 17 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+I+Saw+in+California%3A+Being+the+Journal+of+a+Tour+by+the+Emigrant+Route+and+South+Pass+of+the+Rocky+Mountains%2C+Across+the+Continent+of+North+America%2C+the+Great+Desert+Basin%2C+and+Through+California%2C+in+the+Years+1846-1847&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.date=1849&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.pages=321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFQqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA321"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caballero_Oficinas_del_Anuario_(Madrid)_1863_p._561-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Caballero_Oficinas_del_Anuario_(Madrid)_1863_p._561_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCaballero1863"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Caballero</span>, L.M.; Oficinas del Anuario (Madrid). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=KPXqbWIJj6YC&pg=PA561"><i>Anuario general del comercio, de la industria y de las profesiones de la magistratura y de la administración ó Diccionario Indicador...</i></a> (en castellà).  Imp. Oficinas del Anuario, 1863, p. 561 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anuario+general+del+comercio%2C+de+la+industria+y+de+las+profesiones+de+la+magistratura+y+de+la+administraci%C3%B3n+%C3%B3+Diccionario+Indicador...&rft.aulast=Caballero&rft.aufirst=L.M.&rft.date=1863&rft.pub=Imp.+Oficinas+del+Anuario&rft.pages=561&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPXqbWIJj6YC%26pg%3DPA561"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twain_1879_p._75-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Twain_1879_p._75_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTwain1879"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Twain</span>, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=QBlXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75"><i>The Innocents Abroad</i></a>.  American publishing Company, 1879, p. 75 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innocents+Abroad&rft.aulast=Twain&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.date=1879&rft.pub=American+publishing+Company&rft.pages=75&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBlXAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA75"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twain_2020_p._65-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Twain_2020_p._65_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTwain2020"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Twain</span>, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=cyYEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT65"><i>Guía para viajeros inocentes</i></a> (en castellà).  Greenbooks Editore, 2020, p. 65. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-88-3295-799-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-88-3295-799-0">ISBN 978-88-3295-799-0</a></span> [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+para+viajeros+inocentes&rft.aulast=Twain&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.date=2020&rft.pub=Greenbooks+Editore&rft.pages=65&rft.isbn=978-88-3295-799-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcyYEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT65"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bettany_1888_p._729-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bettany_1888_p._729_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBettany1888"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bettany</span>, G.T.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=2-P1Zq5a_BYC&pg=PA729"><i>The World's Inhabitants, Or Mankind, Animals, and Plants: Being a Popular Account of the Races and Nations of Mankind, Past and Present and the Animals and Plants Inhabiting the Great Continents and Principal Islands</i></a>.  Ward, Lock, 1888, p. 729 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Inhabitants%2C+Or+Mankind%2C+Animals%2C+and+Plants%3A+Being+a+Popular+Account+of+the+Races+and+Nations+of+Mankind%2C+Past+and+Present+and+the+Animals+and+Plants+Inhabiting+the+Great+Continents+and+Principal+Islands&rft.aulast=Bettany&rft.aufirst=G.T.&rft.date=1888&rft.pub=Ward%2C+Lock&rft.pages=729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-P1Zq5a_BYC%26pg%3DPA729"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyer_1896_p._102-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_1896_p._102_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDyer1896"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dyer</span>, D.B.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=P9dQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA102"><i>"Fort Reno"; Or, Picturesque "Cheyenne and Arrapahoe Army Life," Before the Opening of "Oklahoma."</i></a>.  G.W. Dillingham, 1896, p. 102 [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Fort+Reno%22%3B+Or%2C+Picturesque+%22Cheyenne+and+Arrapahoe+Army+Life%2C%22+Before+the+Opening+of+%22Oklahoma.%22&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=D.B.&rft.date=1896&rft.pub=G.W.+Dillingham&rft.pages=102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9dQAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA102"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institute_2012_p._18-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Institute_2012_p._18_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFInstitute2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Institute</span>, B.R.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=EilZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18"><i>Uncle John's Bathroom Reader Salutes the Armed Forces</i></a>.  Printers Row, 2012, p. 18. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-60710-618-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-60710-618-0">ISBN 978-1-60710-618-0</a></span> [Consulta: 17 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+John%27s+Bathroom+Reader+Salutes+the+Armed+Forces&rft.aulast=Institute&rft.aufirst=B.R.&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=Printers+Row&rft.pages=18&rft.isbn=978-1-60710-618-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEilZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_2013_p._120-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_2013_p._120_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWilliams2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Williams</span>, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=ZVXqAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120"><i>Ostrich</i></a> (en alemany).  Reaktion Books, 2013, p. 120. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-78023-066-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-78023-066-5">ISBN 978-1-78023-066-5</a></span> [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostrich&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.date=2013&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.pages=120&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-066-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVXqAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA120"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMTV_t777-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CMTV_t777_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmtv.com.ar/discos_letras/show.php?bnid=2063&banda=Atahualpa_Yupanqui&DS_DS=8441&disco=YO_ME_HE_CRIAO_A_PURO_CAMPO">YO ME HE CRIAO A PURO CAMPO de Atahualpa Yupanqui</a>» (en castellà). [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grinnell_Fitzgerald_2008_p._188-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Grinnell_Fitzgerald_2008_p._188_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGrinnellFitzgerald2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Grinnell</span>, G.B.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fitzgerald</span>, J.A.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=GzxHTeOe8FcC&pg=PT188"><i>The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways : Edited and Illustrated</i></a>.  World Wisdom, 2008, p. 188. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-933316-60-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-933316-60-4">ISBN 978-1-933316-60-4</a></span> [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cheyenne+Indians%3A+Their+History+and+Lifeways+%3A+Edited+and+Illustrated&rft.aulast=Grinnell&rft.aufirst=G.B.&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=World+Wisdom&rft.pages=188&rft.isbn=978-1-933316-60-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzxHTeOe8FcC%26pg%3DPT188"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preisz_2010_p._120-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Preisz_2010_p._120_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPreisz2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Preisz</span>, C.O.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=gPpt048VyhMC&pg=PA120"><i>Pelajes del caballo</i></a> (en castellà).  Ed. Albatros, 2010, p. 120. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-950-24-1280-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-950-24-1280-1">ISBN 978-950-24-1280-1</a></span> [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelajes+del+caballo&rft.aulast=Preisz&rft.aufirst=C.O.&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=Ed.+Albatros&rft.pages=120&rft.isbn=978-950-24-1280-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPpt048VyhMC%26pg%3DPA120"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laubin_Laubin_2012_p._11-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Laubin_Laubin_2012_p._11_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLaubinLaubin2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Laubin</span>, R.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Laubin</span>, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=pZBPkOYTDvMC&pg=PP11"><i>The Indian Tipi: Its History, Construction, and Use</i></a>.  University of Oklahoma Press, 2012, p. 11. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-8061-8852-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-8061-8852-2">ISBN 978-0-8061-8852-2</a></span> [Consulta: 16 agost 2023].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Tipi%3A+Its+History%2C+Construction%2C+and+Use&rft.aulast=Laubin&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.pages=11&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-8852-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZBPkOYTDvMC%26pg%3DPP11"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119766770">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4034974-3">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85075573">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563164">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122163&CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC">GEC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/cuir">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span style="display: none;" class="interProject"><a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuir" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuir">Viccionari</a></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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