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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rothamsted_Experimental_Station,_1919–1933" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rothamsted_Experimental_Station,_1919–1933"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rothamsted Experimental Station, 1919–1933</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rothamsted_Experimental_Station,_1919–1933-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_College_London,_1933–1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_College_London,_1933–1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>University College London, 1933–1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_College_London,_1933–1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Cambridge,_1943–1956" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Cambridge,_1943–1956"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>University of Cambridge, 1943–1956</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Cambridge,_1943–1956-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adelaide,_1957–1962" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adelaide,_1957–1962"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Adelaide, 1957–1962</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adelaide,_1957–1962-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Views on race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eugenics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appraisal_of_scientific_merits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appraisal_of_scientific_merits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Appraisal of scientific merits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appraisal_of_scientific_merits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contentious_views_on_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contentious_views_on_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Contentious views on eugenics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contentious_views_on_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contentious_views_on_smoking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contentious_views_on_smoking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Contentious views on smoking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contentious_views_on_smoking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ronald Fisher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="رونالد فيشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رونالد فيشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="رانلد فیشر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رانلد فیشر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রোনাল্ড ফিশার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোনাল্ড ফিশার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Рональд Фішэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рональд Фішэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Роналд Фишър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роналд Фишър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher" title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher" title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A6%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ρόναλντ Φίσερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόναλντ Φίσερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="رونالد فیشر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رونالد فیشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher" title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher" title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C_%ED%94%BC%EC%85%94" title="로널드 피셔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로널드 피셔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռոնալդ Ֆիշեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոնալդ Ֆիշեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="רונלד פישר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רונלד פישר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೋನಾಲ್ಡ್ ಫಿಶರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋನಾಲ್ಡ್ ಫಿಶರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronalds_Fi%C5%A1ers" title="Ronalds Fišers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ronalds Fišers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роналд Фишер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роналд Фишер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher" title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რონალდ ფიშერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რონალდ ფიშერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="رونالد فيشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رونالد فيشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher" title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ロナルド・フィッシャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロナルド・フィッシャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਰੋਨਾਲਡ ਫਿਸ਼ਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਨਾਲਡ ਫਿਸ਼ਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%89_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="رونالډ فیشر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رونالډ فیشر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Фишер, Роналд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фишер, Роналд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher" title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ronald Aylmer Fisher" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роналд Фишер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роналд Фишер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ரொனால்டு பிசர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரொனால்டு பிசர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рональд Фішер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рональд Фішер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ronald Fisher" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%AA" title="羅納德·費雪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅納德·費雪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%AA" title="羅納德·愛爾默·費雪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅納德·愛爾默·費雪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British polymath (1890–1962)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the New Zealand cricketer, see <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_(cricketer)" title="Ronald Fisher (cricketer)">Ronald Fisher (cricketer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Ronald Fisher</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Youngronaldfisher2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Youngronaldfisher2.JPG/220px-Youngronaldfisher2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Youngronaldfisher2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="408" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fisher in 1913</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ronald Aylmer Fisher</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1890-02-17</span>)</span>17 February 1890<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1962<span style="display:none">(1962-07-29)</span> (aged 72)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_exact_test" title="Fisher's exact test">Fisher's exact test</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_inequality" title="Fisher's inequality">Fisher's inequality</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_geometric_model" title="Fisher's geometric model">Fisher's geometric model</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iris_flower_data_set" title="Iris flower data set">Fisher's Iris data set</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_linear_discriminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher's linear discriminant">Fisher's linear discriminant</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher's equation">Fisher's equation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher_information" title="Fisher information">Fisher information</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_method" title="Fisher's method">Fisher's method</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisherian_runaway" title="Fisherian runaway">Fisherian runaway</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_fundamental_theorem_of_natural_selection" title="Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection">Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_noncentral_hypergeometric_distribution" title="Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution">Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_z-distribution" title="Fisher's z-distribution">Fisher's z-distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher_transformation" title="Fisher transformation">Fisher transformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher_consistency" title="Fisher consistency">Fisher consistency</a><br /><a href="/wiki/F-distribution" title="F-distribution">F-distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/F-test" title="F-test">F-test</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Generalized_extreme_value_distribution" title="Generalized extreme value distribution">Fisher–Tippett distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Tippett%E2%80%93Gnedenko_theorem" title="Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem">Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle" title="Fisher–Yates shuffle">Fisher–Yates shuffle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system" title="Rh blood group system">Fisher–Race blood group system</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Behrens%E2%80%93Fisher_problem" title="Behrens–Fisher problem">Behrens–Fisher problem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cornish%E2%80%93Fisher_expansion" title="Cornish–Fisher expansion">Cornish–Fisher expansion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Von_Mises%E2%80%93Fisher_distribution" title="Von Mises–Fisher distribution">von Mises–Fisher distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Family_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Family allowance">family allowance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift#Wright.E2.80.93Fisher_model" title="Genetic drift">Wright–Fisher model</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ancillary_statistic" title="Ancillary statistic">Ancillary statistic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fiducial_inference" title="Fiducial inference">Fiducial inference</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Intraclass_correlation" title="Intraclass correlation">Intraclass correlation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Infinitesimal_model" title="Infinitesimal model">Infinitesimal model</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Inverse_probability" title="Inverse probability">Inverse probability</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lady_tasting_tea" title="Lady tasting tea">Lady tasting tea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_of_the_null_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusion of the null hypothesis">Null hypothesis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_estimation" title="Maximum likelihood estimation">Maximum likelihood estimation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution" title="Neutral theory of molecular evolution">Neutral theory of molecular evolution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Particulate_inheritance" title="Particulate inheritance">Particulate inheritance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value">p-value</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Random_effects_model" title="Random effects model">Random effects model</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Relative_species_abundance" title="Relative species abundance">Relative species abundance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_value_(population_genetics)" title="Reproductive value (population genetics)">Reproductive value</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sufficient_statistic" title="Sufficient statistic">Sufficient statistic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Variance" title="Variance">Variance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruth Eileen Guinness (1917)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weldon_Memorial_Prize" title="Weldon Memorial Prize">Weldon Memorial Prize</a> (1930)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1938)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Medal" title="Guy Medal">Guy Medal</a> (Gold, 1946)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Medal" title="Darwin Medal">Darwin Medal</a> (1948)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bateson_Lecture" title="Bateson Lecture">Bateson Lecture</a> (1951)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1955)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted Experimental Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Hopwood_Jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hopwood Jeans">James Hopwood Jeans</a><br /><a href="/wiki/F._J._M._Stratton" title="F. J. M. Stratton">F. J. M. Stratton</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bodmer" title="Walter Bodmer">Walter Bodmer</a><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._J._Finney" title="D. J. Finney">D. J. Finney</a><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Laing" title="Ebenezer Laing">Ebenezer Laing</a><sup id="cite_ref-GaltonInst2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaltonInst2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_F._Lyon" title="Mary F. Lyon">Mary F. Lyon</a><sup id="cite_ref-zimmer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was a British <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> who was active as a <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneticist" title="Geneticist">geneticist</a>, and academic.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his work in statistics, he has been described as "a genius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science"<sup id="cite_ref-Hald98_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hald98-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the single most important figure in 20th century statistics".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In genetics, Fisher was the one to most comprehensively combine the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as his work used <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> to combine <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian genetics">Mendelian genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>; this contributed to the revival of <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> in the early 20th-century revision of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern synthesis</a>. For his contributions to biology, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> declared Fisher to be the greatest of Darwin's successors.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_pp._421–430_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_pp._421–430-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also considered one of the founding fathers of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to statistician <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_T._Leek" title="Jeffrey T. Leek">Jeffrey T. Leek</a>, Fisher is the most influential scientist of all time based off the number of citations of his contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1919, he worked at the <a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted Experimental Station</a> for 14 years;<sup id="cite_ref-russ_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there, he analyzed its immense body of data from crop experiments since the 1840s, and developed the <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">analysis of variance</a> (ANOVA). He established his reputation there in the following years as a <a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">biostatistician</a>. Fisher also made fundamental contributions to <a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">multivariate statistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher founded <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">quantitative genetics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and together with <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a>, is known as one of the three principal founders of <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher outlined <a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fisherian_runaway" title="Fisherian runaway">Fisherian runaway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">sexy son hypothesis</a> theories of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">parental investment</a>, and also pioneered <a href="/wiki/Linkage_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Linkage analysis">linkage analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_mapping" title="Gene mapping">gene mapping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">modern statistics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher made countless contributions, including creating the modern method of <a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">maximum likelihood</a> and deriving the properties of maximum likelihood estimators,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fiducial_inference" title="Fiducial inference">fiducial inference</a>, the derivation of various sampling distributions, founding the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design of experiments</a>, and much more. Fisher's famous 1921 paper alone has been described as "arguably the most influential article" on <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_statistics" title="Mathematical statistics">mathematical statistics</a> in the twentieth century, and equivalent to "Darwin on <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a> on <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kolmogorov" title="Andrey Kolmogorov">Kolmogorov</a> on <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> on <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is credited with completely revolutionizing statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his influence and numerous fundamental contributions, he has been described as the "most original evolutionary biologist of the twentieth century" and as the "greatest statistician of all time".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work is further credited with later initiating the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher also contributed to the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">human blood groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher has also been praised as a pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work on a mathematical theory of information ran parallel to the work of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a>, though based on statistical theory.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A concept to have come out of his work is that of <a href="/wiki/Fisher_information" title="Fisher information">Fisher information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had ideas about <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which have been described as a "foundation for evolutionary social sciences".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher held strong views on <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_humans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of humans)">race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, insisting on racial differences. Although he was clearly a eugenicist, there is some debate as to whether Fisher supported <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> (see <a href="#Views_on_race">Ronald Fisher § Views on race</a>). He was the <a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Professor</a> of Eugenics at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> and editor of the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of Eugenics">Annals of Eugenics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Fisher_as_a_child.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ronald_Fisher_as_a_child.JPG/170px-Ronald_Fisher_as_a_child.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ronald_Fisher_as_a_child.JPG/255px-Ronald_Fisher_as_a_child.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ronald_Fisher_as_a_child.JPG/340px-Ronald_Fisher_as_a_child.JPG 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>As a child</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher_-_Inverforth_House_North_End_Way_NW3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sir_Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher_-_Inverforth_House_North_End_Way_NW3.jpg/220px-Sir_Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher_-_Inverforth_House_North_End_Way_NW3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sir_Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher_-_Inverforth_House_North_End_Way_NW3.jpg/330px-Sir_Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher_-_Inverforth_House_North_End_Way_NW3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sir_Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher_-_Inverforth_House_North_End_Way_NW3.jpg/440px-Sir_Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher_-_Inverforth_House_North_End_Way_NW3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Inverforth_House" title="Inverforth House">Inverforth House</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_End_Way" title="North End Way">North End Way</a> NW3, where Fisher lived from 1896 to 1904. He is commemorated with a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher was born in <a href="/wiki/East_Finchley" title="East Finchley">East Finchley</a> in <a href="/wiki/London,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="London, England">London, England</a>, into a middle-class household; his father, George, was a successful partner in Robinson & Fisher, auctioneers and fine art dealers.<sup id="cite_ref-Heritage_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heritage-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of twins, with the other twin being still-born<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grew up the youngest, with three sisters and one brother.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1896 until 1904 they lived at <a href="/wiki/Inverforth_House" title="Inverforth House">Inverforth House</a> in London, where <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> installed a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> in 2002, before moving to <a href="/wiki/Streatham" title="Streatham">Streatham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BluePlaque_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BluePlaque-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Kate, died from acute <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a> when he was 14, and his father lost his business 18 months later.<sup id="cite_ref-Heritage_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heritage-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lifelong poor eyesight caused his rejection by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wiley_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also developed his ability to visualize problems in <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometrical</a> terms, not in writing mathematical solutions, or proofs. He entered <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a> age 14 and won the school's Neeld Medal in mathematics. In 1909, he won a scholarship to study <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>. In 1912, he gained a First in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915 he published a paper, <i>The evolution of sexual preference</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1913–1919, Fisher worked as a statistician in the City of London and taught <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and maths at a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (UK)">public schools</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Nautical_Training_College" title="Thames Nautical Training College">Thames Nautical Training College</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Bradfield_College" title="Bradfield College">Bradfield College</a>. There he settled with his new bride, Eileen Guinness, with whom he had two sons and six daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-box_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-box-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918 he published "<a href="/wiki/The_Correlation_Between_Relatives_on_the_Supposition_of_Mendelian_Inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance">The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance</a>", in which he introduced the term <a href="/wiki/Variance" title="Variance">variance</a> and proposed its formal analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He put forward a <a href="/wiki/Additive_model" title="Additive model">genetics conceptual model</a> showing that <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_trait_locus" title="Quantitative trait locus">continuous variation</a> amongst <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">phenotypic traits</a> measured by biostatisticians could be produced by the combined action of many discrete genes and thus be the result of <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a>. This was the first step towards establishing <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">quantitative genetics</a>, which demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> could change <a href="/wiki/Allele_frequency" title="Allele frequency">allele frequencies</a> in a population, reconciling its discontinuous nature with gradual <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joan Box, Fisher's biographer and daughter, says that Fisher had resolved this problem already in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Fisher's additive model is still regularly used in <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study" title="Genome-wide association study">genome-wide association studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rothamsted_Experimental_Station,_1919–1933"><span id="Rothamsted_Experimental_Station.2C_1919.E2.80.931933"></span>Rothamsted Experimental Station, 1919–1933</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rothamsted Experimental Station, 1919–1933"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, he began working at the <a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted Experimental Station</a> in Hertfordshire, where he would remain for 14 years.<sup id="cite_ref-russ_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been offered a position at the <a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a>, but instead accepted a temporary role at Rothamsted to investigate the possibility of analysing the vast amount of crop data accumulated since 1842 from the "Classical Field Experiments". He analysed the data recorded over many years, and in 1921 published <i>Studies in Crop Variation I</i>, his first application of the <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">analysis of variance</a> (ANOVA).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Studies in Crop Variation II</i> written with his first assistant, <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Mackenzie" title="Winifred Mackenzie">Winifred Mackenzie</a>, became the model for later ANOVA work.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later assistants who mastered and propagated Fisher's methods were <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oscar_Irwin" title="Joseph Oscar Irwin">Joseph Oscar Irwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wishart_(statistician)" title="John Wishart (statistician)">John Wishart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Yates" title="Frank Yates">Frank Yates</a>. Between 1912 and 1922 Fisher recommended, analysed (with heuristic <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_proof" title="Mathematical proof">proofs</a>) and vastly popularized the <a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_estimation" title="Maximum likelihood estimation">maximum likelihood estimation</a> method.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Fisher_1912_graduation_Cambridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Ronald_Fisher_1912_graduation_Cambridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="163" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>On graduating from Cambridge University, 1912</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Flying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peacock_Flying.jpg/220px-Peacock_Flying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peacock_Flying.jpg/330px-Peacock_Flying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peacock_Flying.jpg/440px-Peacock_Flying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>The peacock tail in flight, the classic example of a Fisherian runaway</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothamstead_Research_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1724254.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rothamstead_Research_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1724254.jpg/220px-Rothamstead_Research_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1724254.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rothamstead_Research_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1724254.jpg/330px-Rothamstead_Research_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1724254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rothamstead_Research_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1724254.jpg/440px-Rothamstead_Research_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1724254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Rothamsted Research</figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher's 1924 article <i>On a distribution yielding the error functions of several well known statistics</i> presented <a href="/wiki/Pearson%27s_chi-squared_test" title="Pearson's chi-squared test">Pearson's chi-squared test</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Sealy_Gosset" title="William Sealy Gosset">William Gosset</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-distribution" title="Student's t-distribution">Student's t-distribution</a> in the same framework as the <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaussian distribution">Gaussian distribution</a>, and is where he developed <a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_z-distribution" title="Fisher's z-distribution">Fisher's z-distribution</a>, a new statistical method commonly used decades later as the <a href="/wiki/F-distribution" title="F-distribution"><i>F</i>-distribution</a>. He pioneered the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design of experiments</a> and the statistics of small samples and the analysis of real data.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925 he published <i><a href="/wiki/Statistical_Methods_for_Research_Workers" title="Statistical Methods for Research Workers">Statistical Methods for Research Workers</a></i>, one of the 20th century's most influential books on statistical methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Conniffe_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conniffe-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_method" title="Fisher's method">Fisher's method</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a technique for <a href="/wiki/Data_fusion" title="Data fusion">data fusion</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>" (analysis of analyses). Fisher formalized and popularized use of the <a href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value">p-value</a> in statistics, which plays a central role in his approach. Fisher proposes the level p=0.05, or a 1 in 20 chance of being exceeded by chance, as a limit for statistical significance, and applies this to a normal distribution (as a two-tailed test), yielding the rule of two standard deviations (on a normal distribution) for statistical significance.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significance of <a href="/wiki/1.96" class="mw-redirect" title="1.96">1.96</a>, the approximate value of the 97.5 percentile point of the normal distribution used in probability and statistics, also originated in this book. </p> <blockquote> <p>"The value for which P = 0.05, or 1 in 20, is 1.96 or nearly 2; it is convenient to take this point as a limit in judging whether a deviation is to be considered significant or not."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In Table 1 of the work, he gave the more precise value 1.959964.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, Fisher was the first to use <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_equation" title="Diffusion equation">diffusion equations</a> to attempt to calculate the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a> frequencies and the estimation of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">genetic linkage</a> by maximum likelihood methods among populations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection</a></i> was first published by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a> and is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Leonard Darwin</a>. A core work of the neo-Darwinian <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern evolutionary synthesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it helped define <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a>, which Fisher founded alongside <a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a>, and revived Darwin's neglected idea of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Fisher's favourite aphorisms was "Natural selection is a mechanism for generating an exceedingly high degree of improbability."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher's fame grew, and he began to travel and lecture widely. In 1931, he spent six weeks at the Statistical Laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa State College">Iowa State College</a> where he gave three lectures per week, and met many American statisticians, including <a href="/wiki/George_W._Snedecor" title="George W. Snedecor">George W. Snedecor</a>. He returned there again in 1936.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_College_London,_1933–1943"><span id="University_College_London.2C_1933.E2.80.931943"></span>University College London, 1933–1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: University College London, 1933–1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933, Fisher became the head of the Department of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, he become editor of the <i>Annals of Eugenics</i> (now called <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Human Genetics</a></i>). </p><p>In 1935, he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Design_of_Experiments" title="The Design of Experiments">The Design of Experiments</a></i>, which was "also fundamental, [and promoted] statistical technique and application... The mathematical justification of the methods was not stressed and proofs were often barely sketched or omitted altogether .... [This] led <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mann" title="Henry Mann">H.B. Mann</a> to fill the gaps with a rigorous mathematical treatment".<sup id="cite_ref-Conniffe_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conniffe-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this book Fisher also outlined the <a href="/wiki/Lady_tasting_tea" title="Lady tasting tea">Lady tasting tea</a>, now a famous <a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design</a> of a statistical <a href="/wiki/Randomized_experiment" title="Randomized experiment">randomized experiment</a> which uses <a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_exact_test" title="Fisher's exact test">Fisher's exact test</a> and is the original exposition of Fisher's notion of a <a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same year he also published a paper on <a href="/wiki/Fiducial_inference" title="Fiducial inference">fiducial inference</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and applied it to the <a href="/wiki/Behrens%E2%80%93Fisher_problem" title="Behrens–Fisher problem">Behrens–Fisher problem</a>, the solution to which, proposed first by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Behrens_(statistician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Behrens (statistician)">Walter Behrens</a> and a few years later by Fisher, is the <a href="/wiki/Behrens%E2%80%93Fisher_distribution" title="Behrens–Fisher distribution">Behrens–Fisher distribution</a>. </p><p>In 1936, he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Iris_flower_data_set" title="Iris flower data set">Iris flower data set</a> as an example of <a href="/wiki/Discriminant_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Discriminant analysis">discriminant analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_DA_1936_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_DA_1936-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1937 paper <i>The wave of advance of advantageous genes</i> he proposed <a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher's equation">Fisher's equation</a> in the context of <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">population dynamics</a> to describe the spatial spread of an advantageous <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a>, and explored its travelling wave solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of this also came the <a href="/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Kolmogorov_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher–Kolmogorov equation">Fisher–Kolmogorov equation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, he visited the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a> in Calcutta, and its one part-time employee, <a href="/wiki/P._C._Mahalanobis" class="mw-redirect" title="P. C. Mahalanobis">P. C. Mahalanobis</a>, often returning to encourage its development. He was the guest of honour at its 25th anniversary in 1957, when it had 2000 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Fisher and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Yates" title="Frank Yates">Frank Yates</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle" title="Fisher–Yates shuffle">Fisher–Yates shuffle</a> in their book <i>Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their description of the algorithm used pencil and paper; a table of random numbers provided the randomness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Cambridge,_1943–1956"><span id="University_of_Cambridge.2C_1943.E2.80.931956"></span>University of Cambridge, 1943–1956</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: University of Cambridge, 1943–1956"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1943, along with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Steven_Corbet" title="Alexander Steven Corbet">A.S. Corbet</a> and <a href="/wiki/C.B._Williams" title="C.B. Williams">C.B. Williams</a> he published a paper on <a href="/wiki/Relative_species_abundance" title="Relative species abundance">relative species abundance</a> where he developed the <a href="/wiki/Log_series_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Log series distribution">log series distribution</a> (sometimes called the logarithmic distribution) to fit two different abundance data sets.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Volkov-et-al-2003_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkov-et-al-2003-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams-1964_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-1964-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year he took the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Chair_of_Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Balfour Chair of Genetics">Balfour Chair of Genetics</a> where the Italian researcher <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luca_Cavalli-Sforza" title="Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza">Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza</a> was recruited in 1948, establishing a one-man unit of bacterial genetics. </p><p>In 1936, Fisher used a <a href="/wiki/Pearson%27s_chi-squared_test" title="Pearson's chi-squared test">Pearson's chi-squared test</a> to analyze Mendel's data and concluded that Mendel's results were far too perfect, suggesting that adjustments (intentional or unconscious) had been made to the data to make the observations fit the hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later authors have claimed Fisher's analysis was flawed, proposing various statistical and botanical explanations for Mendel's numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, Fisher co-founded the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Heredity_(journal)" title="Heredity (journal)">Heredity</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Darlington" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Darlington">Cyril Darlington</a> and in 1949 he published <i>The Theory of Inbreeding.</i> </p><p>In 1950, he published "Gene Frequencies in a Cline Determined by Selection and Diffusion".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed computational <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> for analyzing data from his balanced experimental designs,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with various editions and translations, becoming a standard reference work for scientists in many disciplines. In <a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">ecological genetics</a> he and <a href="/wiki/E._B._Ford" title="E. B. Ford">E. B. Ford</a> showed that the force of natural selection was much stronger than had been assumed, with many ecogenetic situations (such as <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphism</a>) being maintained by the force of selection. </p><p>During this time he also worked on mouse chromosome mapping, breeding the mice in laboratories in his own house.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher publicly spoke out against the 1950 study showing that smoking <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> causes <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">correlation does not imply causation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To quote his biographers Yates and Mather, "It has been suggested that the fact that Fisher was employed as consultant by the tobacco firms in this controversy casts doubt on the value of his arguments. This is to misjudge the man. He was not above accepting financial reward for his labours, but the reason for his interest was undoubtedly his dislike and mistrust of puritanical tendencies of all kinds; and perhaps also the personal solace he had always found in tobacco."<sup id="cite_ref-frs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have suggested that his analysis was biased by professional conflicts and his own love of smoking;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was a heavy pipe smoker.<sup id="cite_ref-Keane_2022_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keane_2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He gave the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Croonian_lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Croonian lecture">Croonian lecture</a> on population genetics.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the winter of 1954–1955 Fisher met <a href="/wiki/Debabrata_Basu" title="Debabrata Basu">Debabrata Basu</a>, the Indian statistician who wrote in 1988, "With his reference set argument, Sir Ronald was trying to find a <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i> between the two poles of Statistics – Berkeley and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bayes" title="Thomas Bayes">Bayes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> My efforts to understand this Fisher compromise led me to the <a href="/wiki/Likelihood_principle" title="Likelihood principle">likelihood principle</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adelaide,_1957–1962"><span id="Adelaide.2C_1957.E2.80.931962"></span>Adelaide, 1957–1962</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adelaide, 1957–1962"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher.jpg/220px-Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher.jpg/330px-Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher.jpg/440px-Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque over his remains, lectern-side aisle of St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1957, a retired Fisher emigrated to Australia, where he spent time as a senior research fellow at the Australian <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</a> (CSIRO) in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-samhs_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samhs-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, he continued in his denial of tobacco harm, and enlisted German eugenicist <a href="/wiki/Otmar_von_Verschuer" class="mw-redirect" title="Otmar von Verschuer">Otmar von Verschuer</a> to his cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Keane_2022_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keane_2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following surgery for <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>, he died of post-operative complications in <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide">Queen Elizabeth Hospital</a> in Adelaide in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-samhs_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samhs-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keane_2022_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keane_2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His remains are interred in <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Cathedral,_Adelaide" title="St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide">St Peter's Cathedral</a>, Adelaide.<sup id="cite_ref-samhs_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samhs-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisher's doctoral students included <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bodmer" title="Walter Bodmer">Walter Bodmer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D._J._Finney" title="D. J. Finney">D. J. Finney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Laing" title="Ebenezer Laing">Ebenezer Laing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GaltonInst2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaltonInst2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_F._Lyon" title="Mary F. Lyon">Mary F. Lyon</a><sup id="cite_ref-zimmer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a prominent opponent of <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_statistics" title="Bayesian statistics">Bayesian statistics</a>, Fisher was the first to use the term "Bayesian", in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1930 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection</a></i> is commonly cited in biology books, and outlines many important concepts, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a>, is any parental expenditure (time, energy etc.) that benefits one <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> at a cost to <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">parents</a>' ability to invest in other components of <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Clutton-Brock1991_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clutton-Brock1991-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trivers1972_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trivers1972-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fisher-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg/170px-Fisher-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fisher-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg/255px-Fisher-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fisher-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg/340px-Fisher-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass window (now removed) in the dining hall of <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Caius College</a>, in Cambridge, commemorating Ronald Fisher and representing a <a href="/wiki/Latin_square" title="Latin square">Latin square</a>, discussed by him in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Design_of_Experiments" title="The Design of Experiments">The Design of Experiments</a></i></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Fisherian_runaway" title="Fisherian runaway">Fisherian runaway</a>, explaining how the desire for a <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">phenotypic trait</a> in one sex combined with the trait in the other sex (for example a <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peacock</a>'s tail) creates a runaway evolutionary extremizing of the trait.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a>, which explains why the <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> is mostly 1:1 in nature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_value_(population_genetics)" title="Reproductive value (population genetics)">Reproductive value</a> which implies that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually reproductive</a> value measures the contribution of an individual of a given age to the future growth of the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_fundamental_theorem_of_natural_selection" title="Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection">Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection</a>, which states that "the rate of increase in <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a> of any <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> at any time is equal to its <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variance" title="Genetic variance">genetic variance</a> in fitness at that time."<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_geometric_model" title="Fisher's geometric model">Fisher's geometric model</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> model of the <a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">effect sizes</a> on <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a> of spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutations">mutations</a> proposed by Fisher to explain the distribution of effects of mutations that could contribute to <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptation (biology)">adaptive</a> evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-brief-history_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief-history-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a>, which hypothesizes that females may choose arbitrarily attractive male mates simply because they are attractive, thus increasing the attractiveness of their sons who attract more mates of their own. This is in contrast to theories of female mate choice based on the assumption that females choose attractive males because the attractive traits are markers of male viability.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a>, a similarity of one species to another that protects one or both.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">The evolution of dominance</a>, a relationship between <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> of one <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, in which the effect on <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">locus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterozygote_advantage" title="Heterozygote advantage">Heterozygote advantage</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was later found to play a frequent role in genetic polymorphism.</li> <li>Demonstrating that the probability of a mutation increasing the <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a> of an organism decreases proportionately with the magnitude of the mutation and that larger populations carry more variation so that they have a greater chance of survival.</li></ul> <p>Fisher is also known for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis" title="Linear discriminant analysis">Linear discriminant analysis</a> is a generalization of Fisher's linear discriminant<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_DA_1936_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_DA_1936-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_information" title="Fisher information">Fisher information</a>, see also <a href="/wiki/Scoring_algorithm" title="Scoring algorithm">scoring algorithm</a> also known as Fisher's scoring, and <a href="/wiki/Minimum_Fisher_information" title="Minimum Fisher information">Minimum Fisher information</a>, a variational principle which, when applied with the proper constraints needed to reproduce empirically known expectation values, determines the best probability distribution that characterizes the system.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-distribution" title="F-distribution"><i>F</i>-distribution</a>, arises frequently as the null distribution of a <a href="/wiki/Test_statistic" title="Test statistic">test statistic</a>, most notably in the analysis of variance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Tippett%E2%80%93Gnedenko_theorem" title="Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem">Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem</a>: Fisher's contribution to this was made in 1927</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Tippett_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher–Tippett distribution">Fisher–Tippett distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle" title="Fisher–Yates shuffle">Fisher–Yates shuffle</a> algorithm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Mises%E2%80%93Fisher_distribution" title="Von Mises–Fisher distribution">Von Mises–Fisher distribution</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_probability" title="Inverse probability">Inverse probability</a>, a term Fisher used in 1922, referring to "the fundamental paradox of inverse probability" as the source of the confusion between statistical terms which refer to the true value to be estimated, with the actual value arrived at by estimation, which is subject to error.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)" title="Resampling (statistics)">Fisher's permutation test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_inequality" title="Fisher's inequality">Fisher's inequality</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufficient_statistic" title="Sufficient statistic">Sufficient statistic</a>, when a statistic is <i>sufficient</i> with respect to a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">statistical model</a> and its associated unknown parameter if "no other statistic that can be calculated from the same <a href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (statistics)">sample</a> provides any additional information as to the value of the parameter".<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher1922_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher1922-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_noncentral_hypergeometric_distribution" title="Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution">Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution</a>, a generalization of the <a href="/wiki/Hypergeometric_distribution" title="Hypergeometric distribution">hypergeometric distribution</a>, where sampling probabilities are modified by weight factors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-distribution" title="Student's t-distribution">Student's <i>t</i>-distribution</a>, widely used in statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_1925_90–104_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_1925_90–104-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The concept of an <a href="/wiki/Ancillary_statistic" title="Ancillary statistic">ancillary statistic</a> and the notion (the ancillarity principle) that one should condition on ancillary statistics.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_beliefs">Personal life and beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life and beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Fisher_with_his_sons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ronald_Fisher_with_his_sons.png/220px-Ronald_Fisher_with_his_sons.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ronald_Fisher_with_his_sons.png/330px-Ronald_Fisher_with_his_sons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ronald_Fisher_with_his_sons.png/440px-Ronald_Fisher_with_his_sons.png 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Ronald Fisher with his sons</figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher married Eileen Guinness, with whom he had two sons and six daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-box_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-box-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His marriage disintegrated during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and his older son George, an <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">aviator</a>, was killed in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter Joan, who wrote a biography of her father, married the statistician <a href="/wiki/George_E._P._Box" title="George E. P. Box">George E. P. Box</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Yates and Mather, "His large family, in particular, reared in conditions of great financial stringency, was a personal expression of his genetic and evolutionary convictions."<sup id="cite_ref-frs_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher was noted for being loyal, and was seen as a patriot, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, politically <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>, as well as a scientific rationalist. He developed a reputation for carelessness in his dress and was the archetype of the absent-minded professor. <a href="/wiki/H._Allen_Orr" title="H. Allen Orr">H. Allen Orr</a> describes him in the <i>Boston Review</i> as a "deeply devout <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> who, between founding modern statistics and population genetics, penned articles for church magazines".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1955 broadcast on Science and Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-frs_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The custom of making abstract dogmatic assertions is not, certainly, derived from the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, but has been a widespread weakness among religious teachers in subsequent centuries. I do not think that the word for the Christian virtue of faith should be prostituted to mean the credulous acceptance of all such piously intended assertions. Much self-deception in the young believer is needed to convince himself that he knows that of which in reality he knows himself to be ignorant. That surely is hypocrisy, against which we have been most conspicuously warned.</p></blockquote> <p>Fisher was involved with the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_race">Views on race</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Views on race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1950 and 1951, Fisher, along with other leading geneticists and anthropologists of his time, was asked to comment on a statement that <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> was preparing on the nature of race and racial differences, which was published in 1950 as the UNESCO <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_statements_on_race#Statement_on_the_nature_of_race_and_race_differences_(1951)" title="UNESCO statements on race">Statement on Race</a></i>. The statement, along with the comments and criticisms of a large number of scientists including Fisher, is published in "The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry" (1952).<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO1952_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO1952-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher was one of four scientists who opposed the statement. In his own words, Fisher's opposition is based on "one fundamental objection to the Statement", which "destroys the very spirit of the whole document." He believes that human groups differ profoundly "in their innate capacity for intellectual and emotional development" and concludes from this that the "practical international problem is that of learning to share the resources of this planet amicably with persons of materially different nature, and that this problem is being obscured by entirely well-intentioned efforts to minimize the real differences that exist."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher's opinions are clarified by his more detailed comments on Section 5 of the statement, which are concerned with psychological and mental differences between the races. Section 5 concludes as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Scientifically, however, we realized that any common psychological attribute is more likely to be due to a common historical and social background, and that such attributes may obscure the fact that, within different populations consisting of many human types, one will find approximately the same range of temperament and intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO1952_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO1952-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Of the entire statement, Section 5 recorded the most dissenting viewpoints. It was recorded that "Fisher's attitude … is the same as <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Sturtevant</a>'s".<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO1952_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO1952-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> Muller's criticism was recorded in more detail and was noted to "represent an important trend of ideas": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I quite agree with the chief intention of the article as a whole, which, I take it, is to bring out the relative unimportance of such genetic mental differences between races as may exist, in contrast to the importance of the mental differences (between individuals as well as between nations) caused by tradition, training and other aspects of the environment. However, in view of the admitted existence of some physically expressed hereditary differences of a conspicuous nature, between the averages or the medians of the races, it would be strange if there were not also some hereditary differences affecting the mental characteristics which develop in a given environment, between these averages or medians. At the same time, these mental differences might usually be unimportant in comparison with those between individuals of the same race…. To the great majority of geneticists it seems absurd to suppose that psychological characteristics are subject to entirely different laws of heredity or development than other biological characteristics. Even though the former characteristics are far more influenced than the latter by environment, in the form of past experiences, they must have a highly complex genetic basis.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO1952_116-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO1952-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Fisher's own words were quoted as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As you ask for remarks and suggestions, there is one that occurs to me, unfortunately of a somewhat fundamental nature, namely that the Statement as it stands appears to draw a distinction between the body and mind of men, which must, I think, prove untenable. It appears to me unmistakable that gene differences which influence the growth or physiological development of an organism will ordinarily <a href="/wiki/Pari_passu" title="Pari passu">pari passu</a> influence the congenital inclinations and capacities of the mind. In fact, I should say that, to vary conclusion (2) on page 5, 'Available scientific knowledge provides a firm basis for believing that the groups of mankind differ in their innate capacity for intellectual and emotional development,' seeing that such groups do differ undoubtedly in a very large number of their genes.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO1952_116-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO1952-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Fisher also ended a 1954 letter to <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Reginald Ruggles Gates</a>, a Canadian-born geneticist who argued that different racial groups were different species, with the words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am sorry that there should be propaganda in favour of <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> in North America as I am sure it can do nothing but harm. Is it beyond human endeavour to give and justly administer equal rights to all citizens without fooling ourselves that these are equivalent items?<sup id="cite_ref-bodmer21_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodmer21-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Fisher's writings nearly all discuss human populations or humanity as a whole without reference to race or specific racial groups, and none of his work explicitly supports the idea of racial superiority or white supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-bodmer21_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodmer21-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher had a close personal relationship with Indian statistician <a href="/wiki/P.C._Mahalanobis" class="mw-redirect" title="P.C. Mahalanobis">P.C. Mahalanobis</a>, and significantly contributed to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a>; and Fisher's graduate students included <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bodmer" title="Walter Bodmer">Walter Bodmer</a>, a child of Jewish-German parents who fled from Nazi Germany while he was young, and <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Laing" title="Ebenezer Laing">Ebenezer Laing</a>, an African geneticist from Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-bodmer21_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodmer21-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kevles" title="Daniel Kevles">Daniel Kevles</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Historian_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Historian of science">historian of science</a>, described Fisher as an "anti-racist conservative".<sup id="cite_ref-bodmer21_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodmer21-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, British historian Robert J. Evans, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Statesman_%26_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Statesman & Nation">The New Statesman</a></i>, argued that Fisher's views on eugenics and his opposition to UNESCO's statement about genetic racial differences were indicative of racism.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eugenics">Eugenics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eugenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #006150; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#006150; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF"><b>Eugenics Movement</b></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical trajectory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont" title="Eugenics Survey of Vermont">Eugenics Survey of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Health_Court" title="Hereditary Health Court">Hereditary Health Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily<br />Diseased Offspring</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_ex._rel._Tarlow_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia">Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_v._Sparkman" title="Stump v. Sparkman">Stump v. Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States#Eugenics_and_race" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the US</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neo-eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-eugenics">Neo-eugenics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_affair" title="He Jiankui affair">He Jiankui affair</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pre-war academic proponents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brigham" title="Carl Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Darwin (Leonhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_DeCourcy_Ward" title="Robert DeCourcy Ward">DeCourcy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_M._Elderton" title="Ethel M. Elderton">Elderton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Guyer" title="Michael F. Guyer">Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Holmes#Eugenics" title="Samuel Jackson Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka#Controversy_and_criticism" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Hrdlička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Jennings" title="Herbert Spencer Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan#Eugenics" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Key" title="Wilhelmine Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Eugenics" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Mittmann" title="Otfrid Mittmann">Mittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson#Political_views_and_eugenics" title="Karl Pearson">Pearson (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farnham_Perkins" title="Henry Farnham Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eusebio Hernández Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisc_Rainer#Biological_anthropology" title="Francisc Rainer">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Relgis#Eugenics" title="Eugen Relgis">Relgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schallmayer" title="Wilhelm Schallmayer">Schallmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Scharffenberg" title="Johan Scharffenberg">Scharffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeevich_Serebrovsky" title="Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky">Serebrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ernest_Southard" title="Elmer Ernest Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig#Beliefs" title="F. W. Taussig">Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman#Eugenics" title="Lewis Terman">Terman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla#On_society" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike#Eugenics" title="Edward Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes#Intelligence_testing_and_eugenics" title="Robert Yerkes">Yerkes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Post-war academic remnants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar#Work_on_human_enhancement" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Bell (Julia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Carl" title="Noah Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Carter" title="Cedric Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Coleman_(demographer)#Career" title="David Coleman (demographer)">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington#Sociobiology_and_the_Lysenko_Affair" title="C. D. Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanania" title="Richard Hanania">Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon" title="C. Nash Herndon">Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ingle" title="Dwight Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff" title="Seymour Itzkoff">Itzkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Kallmann" title="Franz Josef Kallmann">Kallmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Koch" title="Lene Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#Nazism" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacEachran" title="John M. MacEachran">MacEachran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller (Geoffrey )</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Miller" title="Edward M. Miller">Miller (Edward M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley#Racist_and_eugenicist_views" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_te_Nijenhuis" title="Jan te Nijenhuis">Nijenhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson (Roger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Pendell" title="Elmer Pendell">Pendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rostand" title="Jean Rostand">Rostand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vining_Jr." title="Daniel Vining Jr.">Vining Jr.</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pamphlets and manifestos</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Genius" title="Hereditary Genius">Hereditary Genius</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and<br />Its Development</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892–1893)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_(novel)#Eugenicist_thought_in_Gallia" title="Gallia (novel)">Gallia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Might_Is_Right" title="Might Is Right">Might Is Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_the_Nation:_A_Study_in_the_Decay_of_Races_by_the_Survival_of_the_Unfit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood of the Nation: A Study in the Decay of Races by the Survival of the Unfit">The Blood of the Nation</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901/1910)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Training_of_the_Human_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Training of the Human Plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_at_the_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind at the Crossroads">Mankind at the Crossroads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection#Eugenics" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural<br />Selection</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Us,_or_the_World_as_it_Might_Be" title="After Us, or the World as it Might Be">After Us</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_manifesto" title="Eugenics manifesto">Eugenics manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Bottles_for_New_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bottles for New Wine">New Bottles for New Wine</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilized_Man%27s_Eight_Deadly_Sins" title="Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins">Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyondism" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyondism">Beyondism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve" title="The Bell Curve">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics:_A_Reassessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Without significant post-war activity</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League#History" title="American Birth Control League">ABCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Study_and_Prevention_of_Infant_Mortality" title="American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality">AASPIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science#Departments_on_life_studies" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory#History" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">CSHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">EBNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">ERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">Carrel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_Commission" title="Heredity Commission">Heredity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_Foundation" title="Human Betterment Foundation">HBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_League" title="Human Betterment League">Human Betterment League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques#history" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Ethnology_and_Eugenics" title="International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics">IAAEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">IFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry#History" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Hygiene_Association_of_New_South_Wales" title="Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales">RHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">State Institute for Racial Biology</a></li></ul> <p><b>With significant post-war activity</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics#Annals_of_Eugenics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Renamed "<i>Annals of Human Genetics</i>" only 1954)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Renamed "<i>Journal of Biosocial Science</i>" only 1968)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_and_Education_on_Eugenics_and_Dysgenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics">Foundation for Research and Education<br />on Eugenics and Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">Human Diversity Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social,_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies">Journal of Social, Political<br />and Economic Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">London Conference on Intelligence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenPsych" title="OpenPsych">OpenPsych</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">Repository for Germinal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Institute for Social Research">Ulster Institute for Social Research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Eugenics in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell_bibliography" title="Raymond Cattell bibliography">Raymond Cattell bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted<br />reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy">Selective Breeding and the Birth of<br />Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/14px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/21px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Eugenics_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Eugenics Movement (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1911, Fisher became founding Chairman of the University of Cambridge Eugenics Society, whose other founding members included <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._C._Punnett" class="mw-redirect" title="R. C. Punnett">R. C. Punnett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Darwin" title="Horace Darwin">Horace Darwin</a>. After members of the Cambridge Society – including Fisher – stewarded the First International Eugenics Congress in London in summer 1912, a link was forged with the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Society_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics Society (UK)">Eugenics Society (UK)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> as addressing pressing social and scientific issues that encompassed and drove his interest in both genetics and statistics. During World War I Fisher started writing book reviews for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a></i> and volunteered to undertake all such reviews for the journal, being hired for a part-time position. </p><p>The last third of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection</a></i> focused on eugenics, attributing the fall of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> to the fertility of their upper classes being diminished, and used British 1911 census data to show an inverse relationship between fertility and social class, which was partly due, he claimed, to the lower financial costs and hence increasing social status of families with fewer children. He proposed the abolition of extra allowances to large families, with the allowances proportional to the earnings of the father.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaide_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaide-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cruz_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served in several official committees to promote eugenics, including the Committee for Legalizing Eugenic Sterilization which drafted legislation aiming to limit the fertility of "feeble minded high-grade defectives ... comprising a tenth of the total population". It was proposed that this policy would allow for voluntary sterilisation. Fisher was against the idea of forced sterilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1934, Fisher became disillusioned with the Eugenics Society over concerns that its activities were increasingly aimed in a political rather than scientific direction; he formally dissociated with the Society in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-bodmer21_120-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodmer21-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher wrote a testimony on behalf of the eugenicist <a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer</a>. He wrote that, although the Nazis used Verschuer's work to give scientific support for their ideology, it was "[Verschuer's] misfortune rather than his fault that racial theory was a part of the Nazi ideology."<sup id="cite_ref-bodmer21_120-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodmer21-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He conducted extensive correspondence with von Verschuer over decades, which is held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keane_2022_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keane_2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appraisal_of_scientific_merits">Appraisal of scientific merits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Appraisal of scientific merits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisher was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1929, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was made a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in 1952 and awarded the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a> <a href="/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%93Wallace_Medal" title="Darwin–Wallace Medal">Darwin–Wallace Medal</a> in 1958. </p><p>He won the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> and the Royal Medal. He was an Invited Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians" title="International Congress of Mathematicians">ICM</a> in 1924 in Toronto and in 1928 in Bologna.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Maurice Wilkes</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)" title="David Wheeler (computer scientist)">David Wheeler</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Delay_Storage_Automatic_Calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator">Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator</a> to solve a <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equation</a> relating to gene frequencies in a paper by Ronald Fisher.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represents the first use of a computer for a problem in the field of biology. The <a href="/wiki/Kent_distribution" title="Kent distribution">Kent distribution</a> (also known as the Fisher–Bingham distribution) was named after him and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bingham" title="Christopher Bingham">Christopher Bingham</a> in 1982, while the <a href="/wiki/Fisher_kernel" title="Fisher kernel">Fisher kernel</a> was named after Fisher in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/R._A._Fisher_Lectureship" class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Fisher Lectureship">R. A. Fisher Lectureship</a> was a North American <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Presidents_of_Statistical_Societies" title="Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies">Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies</a> (COPSS) annual lecture prize, established in 1963, until the name was changed to COPSS Distinguished Achievement Award and Lectureship in 2020. On 28 April 1998 a minor planet, <a href="/wiki/21451_Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="21451 Fisher">21451 Fisher</a>, was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the R.A. Fisher Chair in Statistical Genetics was established in University College London to recognise Fisher's extraordinary contributions to both statistics and genetics. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hald" title="Anders Hald">Anders Hald</a> called Fisher "a genius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science",<sup id="cite_ref-Hald98_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hald98-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> named him "the greatest biologist since <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>": </p><blockquote><p>Not only was he the most original and constructive of the architects of the neo-Darwinian synthesis, Fisher also was the father of modern statistics and experimental design. He therefore could be said to have provided researchers in biology and medicine with their most important research tools, as well as with the modern version of biology's central theorem.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Geoffrey Miller</a> said of him:</p><blockquote><p>To biologists, he was an architect of the "modern synthesis" that used mathematical models to integrate Mendelian genetics with Darwin's selection theories. To psychologists, Fisher was the inventor of various statistical tests that are still supposed to be used whenever possible in psychology journals. To farmers, Fisher was the founder of experimental agricultural research, saving millions from starvation through rational crop breeding programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller00_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller00-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contentious_views_on_eugenics">Contentious views on eugenics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contentious views on eugenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisher and Sewall Wright both contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a>, which became part of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern synthesis</a>. The interpretation of the mathematical theories of population genetics became a bone of contention between Fisher and Wright by the mid-1920s, and the issue became acrimonious. Dispute persisted for the rest of Fisher's life.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 paper, authored by trustees of the "Fisher Memorial Trust", commented that recent criticism of Fisher could mostly be characterised as "reconsideration of the honour given to individuals from preceding times who are felt to have contributed to social injustice in the past, or to have held views that are felt to have promoted social injustice."<sup id="cite_ref-bodmer21_120-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodmer21-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2020, during the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">international protests</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College</a> announced that <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Fisher_window" title="Sir Ronald Fisher window">a 1989 stained-glass window</a> commemorating Fisher's work would be removed because of his connection with eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An accommodation building, built in 2018 and previously named after him, was subsequently renamed too.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> also decided to remove his name from its Centre for Computational Biology.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contentious_views_on_smoking">Contentious views on smoking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contentious views on smoking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco#Early_observational_studies" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects of tobacco § Early observational studies</a></div> <p>Fisher rejected the notion of smoking cigarettes being dangerous, calling it "propaganda".<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOwen1962" class="citation journal cs1">Owen, A. R. G. (1962). "An appreciation for the Life and Work of Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher". <i>The Statistician</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2986951">10.2307/2986951</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2986951">2986951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Statistician&rft.atitle=An+appreciation+for+the+Life+and+Work+of+Sir+Ronald+Aylmer+Fisher&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=313&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2986951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2986951%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=A.+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=46924">Ronald Fisher</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GaltonInst2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GaltonInst2013_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GaltonInst2013_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewport2013" class="citation journal cs1">Newport, Melanie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Galton-Newsletter-Summer-2013.pdf">"African Society of Human Genetics 8th Scientific Meeting held in conjunction with the H3Africa Consortium, May 19th-21st 2013, Accra, Ghana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Galton Institute Newsletter</i> (80): 7–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galton+Institute+Newsletter&rft.atitle=African+Society+of+Human+Genetics+8th+Scientific+Meeting+held+in+conjunction+with+the+H3Africa+Consortium%2C+May+19th-21st+2013%2C+Accra%2C+Ghana&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galtoninstitute.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F09%2FGalton-Newsletter-Summer-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zimmer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zimmer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zimmer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2018" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, Carl (29 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBI2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT419"><i>She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity</i></a>. Penguin. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101984604" title="Special:BookSources/978-1101984604"><bdi>978-1101984604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=She+Has+Her+Mother%27s+Laugh%3A+The+Powers%2C+Perversions%2C+and+Potential+of+Heredity&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft.isbn=978-1101984604&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYBI2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatesMather1963" class="citation journal cs1">Yates, F.; Mather, K. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1963.0006">"Ronald Aylmer Fisher 1890–1962"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>9</b>: 91–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1963.0006">10.1098/rsbm.1963.0006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Ronald+Aylmer+Fisher+1890%E2%80%931962&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=91-129&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1963.0006&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Mather%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1963.0006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugardFileTodman2012" class="citation book cs1">Dugard, Pat; File, Portia; Todman, John B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eja_F7boht8C&dq=R.+A.+Fisher+was+a+polymath&pg=PA135"><i>Single-case and Small-n Experimental Designs: A Practical Guide To Randomization Tests, Second Edition</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88622-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88622-2"><bdi>978-0-415-88622-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Single-case+and+Small-n+Experimental+Designs%3A+A+Practical+Guide+To+Randomization+Tests%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=New+York+London&rft.pages=135&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-88622-2&rft.aulast=Dugard&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=File%2C+Portia&rft.au=Todman%2C+John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deja_F7boht8C%26dq%3DR.%2BA.%2BFisher%2Bwas%2Ba%2Bpolymath%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hald98-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hald98_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hald98_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHald1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hald" title="Anders Hald">Hald, Anders</a> (1998). <i>A History of Mathematical Statistics</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-17912-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-17912-2"><bdi>978-0-471-17912-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematical+Statistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-471-17912-2&rft.aulast=Hald&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span> p.738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/biosciences/gee/ucl-centre-computational-biology/ronald-aylmer-fisher-1890-1962">"Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962)"</a>. <i>UCL Division of Biosciences</i>. 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCL+Division+of+Biosciences&rft.atitle=Ronald+Aylmer+Fisher+%281890-1962%29&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fbiosciences%2Fgee%2Fucl-centre-computational-biology%2Fronald-aylmer-fisher-1890-1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfron1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Efron, Bradley</a> (1998), "R. A. 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Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 70–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-81480-9">10.1007/978-3-030-81480-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-81479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-81479-3"><bdi>978-3-030-81479-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Theory%3A+Poincar%C3%A9+Seminar+2018&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Progress+in+Mathematical+Physics&rft.pages=70-72&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-81480-9&rft.isbn=978-3-030-81479-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhEw5EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfisher%2Binformation%2Binformation%2Btheory%2Bclaude%2Bshannon%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2019" class="citation cs2">Davis, Jeff (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1335-1">"Ronald Aylmer Fisher"</a>, in Shackelford, Todd K.; Weekes-Shackelford, Viviana A. (eds.), <i>Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 6759–6761, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-16999-6_1335-1">10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1335-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-16999-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-16999-6"><bdi>978-3-319-16999-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ronald+Aylmer+Fisher&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Evolutionary+Psychological+Science&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=6759-6761&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-16999-6_1335-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-16999-6&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-16999-6_1335-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUCL2019" class="citation web cs1">UCL (13 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/biosciences/departments/genetics-evolution-and-environment/research/ucl-centre-computational-biology/ronald-fisher">"Ronald A Fisher"</a>. <i>UCL Division of Biosciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCL+Division+of+Biosciences&rft.atitle=Ronald+A+Fisher&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.au=UCL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fbiosciences%2Fdepartments%2Fgenetics-evolution-and-environment%2Fresearch%2Fucl-centre-computational-biology%2Fronald-fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heritage-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240504034713/https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/lifestyle/21380550.heritage-hampstead-years-sir-ronald-aylmer-fisher---significant-british-statistician-20th-century/">Heritage: The Hampstead years of Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher – most significant British statistician of the 20th century</a> hamhigh.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fisher.html">Fisher biography</a> history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Box, <i>R. A. Fisher</i>, pp. 8–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BluePlaque-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BluePlaque_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich" class="citation web cs1">Aldrich, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628012356/http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/fisherguide/blueplaque.htm">"A Blue Plaque for Ronald Fisher's Childhood Home"</a>. <i>Economics, Soton University</i>. Soton.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/fisherguide/blueplaque.htm">the original</a> on 28 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economics%2C+Soton+University&rft.atitle=A+Blue+Plaque+for+Ronald+Fisher%27s+Childhood+Home&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economics.soton.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Faldrich%2Ffisherguide%2Fblueplaque.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiley-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiley_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxEdwards2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Box, Joan Fisher; <a href="/wiki/A._W._F._Edwards" title="A. W. F. Edwards">Edwards, A. W. F.</a> (2005). "Fisher, Ronald Aylmer". <i>Fisher, Ronald Aylmer</i>. <i>Encyclopedia of Biostatistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0470011815.b2a17045">10.1002/0470011815.b2a17045</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470849071" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470849071"><bdi>978-0470849071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fisher%2C+Ronald+Aylmer&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Biostatistics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0470011815.b2a17045&rft.isbn=978-0470849071&rft.aulast=Box&rft.aufirst=Joan+Fisher&rft.au=Edwards%2C+A.+W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Historical Register of the University of Cambridge, Supplement, 1911–1920</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1915" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, R. A. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987134">"The evolution of sexual preference"</a>. <i>Eugenics Review</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 184–192. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987134">2987134</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21259607">21259607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugenics+Review&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+sexual+preference&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=184-192&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2987134%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21259607&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2987134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-box-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-box_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-box_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Box, <i>R. A. Fisher</i>, pp. 35–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1918" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Ronald A. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428666">"The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 399–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0080456800012163">10.1017/s0080456800012163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181213898">181213898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=The+Correlation+Between+Relatives+on+the+Supposition+of+Mendelian+Inheritance&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=399-433&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0080456800012163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A181213898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Box, <i>R. A. Fisher</i>, pp. 50–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Extras/Fisher_Life.html">R A Fisher: the life of a scientist Preface</a> www-history.mcs.st-and.ac</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisscherGoddard2019" class="citation journal cs1">Visscher, Peter M.; Goddard, Michael E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6456325">"From R.A. Fisher's 1918 Paper to GWAS a Century Later"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>211</b> (4): 1125–1130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.118.301594">10.1534/genetics.118.301594</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6456325">6456325</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30967441">30967441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=From+R.A.+Fisher%27s+1918+Paper+to+GWAS+a+Century+Later&rft.volume=211&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1125-1130&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6456325%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30967441&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.118.301594&rft.aulast=Visscher&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft.au=Goddard%2C+Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6456325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1921" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Ronald A. 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An Examination of the Yield of Dressed Grain from Broadbalk". <i>Journal of Agricultural Science</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 107–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021859600003750">10.1017/S0021859600003750</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F15170">2440/15170</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86029217">86029217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+Science&rft.atitle=%29+Studies+in+Crop+Variation.+I.+An+Examination+of+the+Yield+of+Dressed+Grain+from+Broadbalk&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-135&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F15170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86029217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021859600003750&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1923" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Ronald A. 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The Manurial Response of Different Potato Varieties". <i>Journal of Agricultural Science</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 311–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021859600003592">10.1017/S0021859600003592</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F15179">2440/15179</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85985907">85985907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+Science&rft.atitle=%29+Studies+in+Crop+Variation.+II.+The+Manurial+Response+of+Different+Potato+Varieties&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-320&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F15179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85985907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021859600003592&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfanzaglHamböker1994" class="citation book cs1">Pfanzagl, Johann; Hamböker, R. (1994). <i>Parametric statistical theory</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 207–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013863-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013863-4"><bdi>978-3-11-013863-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parametric+statistical+theory&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=207-208&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013863-4&rft.aulast=Pfanzagl&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft.au=Hamb%C3%B6ker%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conniffe-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conniffe_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conniffe_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConniffe1991" class="citation journal cs1">Conniffe, Denis (1991). "R.A. Fisher and the development of statistics - a view in his centerary year". <i>Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 55–108. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F2764">2262/2764</a></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/911976618">911976618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Statistical+and+Social+Inquiry+Society+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=R.A.+Fisher+and+the+development+of+statistics+-+a+view+in+his+centerary+year&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=55-108&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2262%2F2764&rft.aulast=Conniffe&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1925" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, R.A. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statisticalmethoe7fish"><i>Statistical Methods for Research Workers</i></a>. Oliver and Boyd (Edinburgh). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-05-002170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-05-002170-5"><bdi>978-0-05-002170-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Methods+for+Research+Workers&rft.pub=Oliver+and+Boyd+%28Edinburgh%29&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=978-0-05-002170-5&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatisticalmethoe7fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherFisher,_R._A1948" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, R.A.; Fisher, R. A (1948). "Questions and answers #14". <i>The American Statistician</i>. <b>2</b> (5): 30–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2681650">10.2307/2681650</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2681650">2681650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Statistician&rft.atitle=Questions+and+answers+%2314&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=30-31&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2681650&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2681650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+R.+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallal2012" class="citation book cs1">Dallal, Gerard E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerrydallal.com/LHSP/LHSP.htm"><i>The Little Handbook of Statistical Practice</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Handbook+of+Statistical+Practice&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dallal&rft.aufirst=Gerard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerrydallal.com%2FLHSP%2FLHSP.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1925" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisher, Ronald</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statisticalmethoe7fish/page/46"><i>Statistical Methods for Research Workers</i></a>. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statisticalmethoe7fish/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-05-002170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-05-002170-5"><bdi>978-0-05-002170-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Methods+for+Research+Workers&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oliver+and+Boyd&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=978-0-05-002170-5&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatisticalmethoe7fish%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1925" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisher, Ronald</a> (1925). <a href="/wiki/Statistical_Methods_for_Research_Workers" title="Statistical Methods for Research Workers"><i>Statistical Methods for Research Workers</i></a>. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-05-002170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-05-002170-5"><bdi>978-0-05-002170-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Methods+for+Research+Workers&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Oliver+and+Boyd&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=978-0-05-002170-5&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Fisher/Methods/tabI-II.gif">Table 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherBalmukand1928" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, R. A.; Balmukand, B. (1928). "The estimation of linkage from the offspring of selfed heterozygotes". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genetics" title="Journal of Genetics">Journal of Genetics</a></i>. <b>20</b>: 79–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02983317">10.1007/bf02983317</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27688031">27688031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+estimation+of+linkage+from+the+offspring+of+selfed+heterozygotes&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=79-92&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02983317&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27688031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Balmukand%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafenRidley,_Mark2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Grafen" title="Alan Grafen">Grafen, Alan</a>; Ridley, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richarddawkinsho00alan/page/69"><i>Richard Dawkins: How A Scientist Changed the Way We Think</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richarddawkinsho00alan/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929116-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929116-8"><bdi>978-0-19-929116-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+How+A+Scientist+Changed+the+Way+We+Think&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929116-8&rft.aulast=Grafen&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Ridley%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fricharddawkinsho00alan%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bio.research.ucsc.edu/~barrylab/classes/evolution/SEXUAL.HTM">Sexual Selection and Summary of Population Genetics</a> Accessed from uscs.edu 2 August 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genetics.org/content/154/4/1419.full"><i>The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection</i></a>. It was first reported in 1936 by Julian Huxley and often repeated in Huxley's work (e.g., 1942, 1954) until it finally passed into the language unattributed through the writings of C. H. Waddington, Gavin de Beer, Ernst Mayr, and Richard Dawkins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/statistics/department/history">Department History</a>, Department of Statistics, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1949" class="citation book cs1">Mann, H.B. (1949). <i>Analysis and design of experiments: Analysis of variance and analysis of variance designs</i>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0032177">0032177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+and+design+of+experiments%3A+Analysis+of+variance+and+analysis+of+variance+designs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D32177%23id-name%3DMR&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=H.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, R. A. (1971) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Design_of_Experiments" title="The Design of Experiments">The Design of Experiments</a></i>. Chapter II. The Principles of Experimentation, Illustrated by a Psycho-physical Experiment, Section 8. The Null Hypothesis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OED quote: <b>1935</b> R. A. Fisher, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Design_of_Experiments" title="The Design of Experiments">The Design of Experiments</a></i> ii. 19, "We may speak of this hypothesis as the 'null hypothesis'...the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1935" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, R. A. (1935). "The fiducial argument in statistical inference". <i>Annals of Eugenics</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 391–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.1935.tb02120.x">10.1111/j.1469-1809.1935.tb02120.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F15222">2440/15222</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Eugenics&rft.atitle=The+fiducial+argument+in+statistical+inference&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=391-398&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F15222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.1935.tb02120.x&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hss.cmu.edu/philosophy/seidenfeld/relating%20to%20Fisher/Fisher's%20Fiducial%20Argument%20and%20Bayes%20Theorem.pdf">"R. A. Fisher's Fiducial Argument and Bayes' Theorem by Teddy Seidenfeld"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R.+A.+Fisher%27s+Fiducial+Argument+and+Bayes%27+Theorem+by+Teddy+Seidenfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hss.cmu.edu%2Fphilosophy%2Fseidenfeld%2Frelating%2520to%2520Fisher%2FFisher%27s%2520Fiducial%2520Argument%2520and%2520Bayes%2520Theorem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher_DA_1936-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_DA_1936_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_DA_1936_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._A._Fisher1936" class="citation journal cs1">R. A. Fisher (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/coll/special//fisher/138.pdf">"The Use of Multiple Measurements in Taxonomic Problems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of Eugenics">Annals of Eugenics</a></i>. <b>7</b> (2): 179–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x">10.1111/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F15227">2440/15227</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Eugenics&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Multiple+Measurements+in+Taxonomic+Problems&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-188&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F15227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x&rft.au=R.+A.+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fcoll%2Fspecial%2F%2Ffisher%2F138.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1937" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, R. A. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/15125">"The wave of advance of advantageous genes"</a>. <i>Annals of Eugenics</i> (7): 353–369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Eugenics&rft.atitle=The+wave+of+advance+of+advantageous+genes&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=353-369&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F2440%2F15125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/pdectb/fisher2.pdf">"Fisher 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fisher+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.maths.ox.ac.uk%2Ftrefethen%2Fpdectb%2Ffisher2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Box, <i>R. A. Fisher</i>, p. 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherYates1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_A._Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald A. Fisher">Fisher, Ronald A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Yates" title="Frank Yates">Yates, Frank</a> (1948) [1938]. <i>Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research</i> (3rd ed.). London: Oliver & Boyd. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14222135">14222135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+tables+for+biological%2C+agricultural+and+medical+research&rft.place=London&rft.pages=26-27&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oliver+%26+Boyd&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14222135&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft.au=Yates%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span> Note: the 6th edition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-844720-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-844720-4">0-02-844720-4</a>, is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440/10701">available on the web</a>, but gives a different shuffling algorithm by <a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherCorbetWilliams1943" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, R. A.; Corbet, A. S.; Williams, C. B. (1943). "The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population". <i>Journal of Animal Ecology</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 42–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1943JAnEc..12...42F">1943JAnEc..12...42F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1411">10.2307/1411</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1411">1411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+relation+between+the+number+of+species+and+the+number+of+individuals+in+a+random+sample+of+an+animal+population&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-58&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1411%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1411&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1943JAnEc..12...42F&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Corbet%2C+A.+S.&rft.au=Williams%2C+C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volkov-et-al-2003-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volkov-et-al-2003_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkovBanavarHubbellMaritan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Volkov, Igor; Banavar, Jayanth R.; Hubbell, Stephen P.; Maritan, Amos (2003). "Neutral theory and relative species abundance in ecology". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>424</b> (6952). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Portfolio" title="Nature Portfolio">Nature Portfolio</a>: 1035–1037. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0504018">q-bio/0504018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424.1035V">2003Natur.424.1035V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01883">10.1038/nature01883</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12944964">12944964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:695540">695540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Neutral+theory+and+relative+species+abundance+in+ecology&rft.volume=424&rft.issue=6952&rft.pages=1035-1037&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A695540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.424.1035V&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fq-bio%2F0504018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12944964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01883&rft.aulast=Volkov&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft.au=Banavar%2C+Jayanth+R.&rft.au=Hubbell%2C+Stephen+P.&rft.au=Maritan%2C+Amos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-1964-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams-1964_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1964" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, C. B. (1964). "Some Experiences of a Biologist with R. A. Fisher and Statistics". <i><a href="/wiki/Biometrics_(journal)" title="Biometrics (journal)">Biometrics</a></i>. <b>20</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/International_Biometric_Society" title="International Biometric Society">International Biometric Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>): 301–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2528398">10.2307/2528398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2528398">2528398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biometrics&rft.atitle=Some+Experiences+of+a+Biologist+with+R.+A.+Fisher+and+Statistics&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=301-306&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2528398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2528398%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1936" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, R. A. (1936). "Has Mendel's work been rediscovered?". <i>Annals of Science</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 115–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033793600200111">10.1080/00033793600200111</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F15123">2440/15123</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=Has+Mendel%27s+work+been+rediscovered%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-126&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F15123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033793600200111&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinEdwardsFairbanksHartl2008" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Allan; Edwards, A. W. F.; Fairbanks, Daniel J.; Hartl, Daniel L.; Seidenfeld, Teddy (2008). <i>Ending the Mendel-Fisher Controversy</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822973409" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822973409"><bdi>978-0822973409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ending+the+Mendel-Fisher+Controversy&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0822973409&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Edwards%2C+A.+W.+F.&rft.au=Fairbanks%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Hartl%2C+Daniel+L.&rft.au=Seidenfeld%2C+Teddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturtevant2001" class="citation book cs1">Sturtevant, A. H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgenetic00stur/page/13"><i>A History of Genetics</i></a>. Cold Springs Harbor, New York: Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgenetic00stur/page/13">13–16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-607-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-607-8"><bdi>978-0-87969-607-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Genetics&rft.place=Cold+Springs+Harbor%2C+New+York&rft.pages=13-16&rft.pub=Cold+Springs+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87969-607-8&rft.aulast=Sturtevant&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgenetic00stur%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1950" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, R. A. (1950). "Gene Frequencies in a Cline Determined by Selection and Diffusion". <i><a href="/wiki/Biometrics_(journal)" title="Biometrics (journal)">Biometrics</a></i>. <b>6</b> (4): 353–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3001780">10.2307/3001780</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F15146">2440/15146</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3001780">3001780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14791572">14791572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biometrics&rft.atitle=Gene+Frequencies+in+a+Cline+Determined+by+Selection+and+Diffusion&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=353-361&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F15146&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14791572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3001780%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3001780&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Box, <i>R. A. Fisher</i>, pp. 93–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_G._Hill,_Trudy_F.C._Mackay2004" class="citation journal cs1">William G. Hill, Trudy F.C. Mackay (1 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genetics.org/content/167/4/1529.full">"D. S. Falconer and Introduction to Quantitative Genetics"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>167</b> (4): 1529–1536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F167.4.1529">10.1093/genetics/167.4.1529</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1471025">1471025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15342495">15342495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=D.+S.+Falconer+and+Introduction+to+Quantitative+Genetics&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1529-1536&rft.date=2004-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1471025%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15342495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F167.4.1529&rft.au=William+G.+Hill%2C+Trudy+F.C.+Mackay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcontent%2F167%2F4%2F1529.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1957" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Ronald (6 July 1957), "Dangers of Cigarette-Smoking", <i><a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">The British Medical Journal</a></i>, <b>2</b> (5035), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Association" title="British Medical Association">British Medical Association</a>: 297–298, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5035.43">10.1136/bmj.2.5035.43</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25383068">25383068</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1961712">1961712</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Dangers+of+Cigarette-Smoking&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5035&rft.pages=297-298&rft.date=1957-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1961712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25383068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5035.43&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1957" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Ronald (3 August 1957), "Dangers of Cigarette-Smoking", <i><a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">The British Medical Journal</a></i>, <b>2</b> (5039), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Association" title="British Medical Association">British Medical Association</a>: 297–298, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5039.297-b">10.1136/bmj.2.5039.297-b</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25383439">25383439</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1961712">1961712</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Dangers+of+Cigarette-Smoking&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5039&rft.pages=297-298&rft.date=1957-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1961712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25383439%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5039.297-b&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1958" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Ronald (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/fisher274.pdf">"Cigarettes, Cancer, and Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The Centennial Review of Arts & Science</i>, <b>2</b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan" title="East Lansing, Michigan">East Lansing, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Press" title="Michigan State University Press">Michigan State University Press</a>: 151–166</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Centennial+Review+of+Arts+%26+Science&rft.atitle=Cigarettes%2C+Cancer%2C+and+Statistics&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=151-166&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fdepts%2Fmaths%2Fhiststat%2Ffisher274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1958" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Ronald (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/fisher272.pdf">"The Nature of Probability"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The Centennial Review of Arts & Science</i>, <b>2</b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan" title="East Lansing, Michigan">East Lansing, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Press" title="Michigan State University Press">Michigan State University Press</a>: 261–274</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Centennial+Review+of+Arts+%26+Science&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Probability&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=261-274&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fdepts%2Fmaths%2Fhiststat%2Ffisher272.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1958" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Ronald (12 July 1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/fisher275.pdf">"Lung Cancer and Cigarettes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, <b>182</b> (4628), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing Group</a>: 108, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.182..108F">1958Natur.182..108F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F182108a0">10.1038/182108a0</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13566198">13566198</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4222105">4222105</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Lung+Cancer+and+Cigarettes&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=4628&rft.pages=108&rft.date=1958-07-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F182108a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4222105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13566198&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958Natur.182..108F&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fdepts%2Fmaths%2Fhiststat%2Ffisher275.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1958" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Ronald (30 August 1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/fisher276.pdf">"Cancer and Smoking"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, <b>182</b> (4635), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing Group</a>: 596, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.182..596F">1958Natur.182..596F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F182596a0">10.1038/182596a0</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13577916">13577916</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4172653">4172653</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Cancer+and+Smoking&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=4635&rft.pages=596&rft.date=1958-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F182596a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4172653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13577916&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958Natur.182..596F&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fdepts%2Fmaths%2Fhiststat%2Ffisher276.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolley1991" class="citation journal cs1">Stolley, Paul D (1991). "When genius errs: RA Fisher and the lung cancer controversy". <i>American Journal of Epidemiology</i>. <b>133</b> (5): 416–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aje.a115904">10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2000852">2000852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=When+genius+errs%3A+RA+Fisher+and+the+lung+cancer+controversy&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=416-425&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aje.a115904&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2000852&rft.aulast=Stolley&rft.aufirst=Paul+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keane_2022-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keane_2022_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keane_2022_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keane_2022_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keane_2022_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane2022" class="citation web cs1">Keane, Daniel (31 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-31/verschuer-fisher-letters-on-tobacco-and-nazi-medicine/101376720">"Nazi scientist Otmar von Verschuer's correspondence with British biologist illuminates corruption of medicine"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Nazi+scientist+Otmar+von+Verschuer%27s+correspondence+with+British+biologist+illuminates+corruption+of+medicine&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-08-31%2Fverschuer-fisher-letters-on-tobacco-and-nazi-medicine%2F101376720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1953" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Ronald (9 September 1953). "Croonian Lecture – Population genetics". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences</i>. <b>141</b> (905): 510–523. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953RSPSB.141..510F">1953RSPSB.141..510F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1953.0058">10.1098/rspb.1953.0058</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13100409">13100409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85157766">85157766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Croonian+Lecture+%E2%80%93+Population+genetics&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=905&rft.pages=510-523&rft.date=1953-09-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1953.0058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85157766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13100409&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953RSPSB.141..510F&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "Berkeley" has several meanings, here. Basu refers to the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a>'s department of statistics at the University of California at Berkeley in the world of frequentist statistics. Secondly, Basu alludes to the British philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a> who criticized the use of <a href="/wiki/Infinitesimal" title="Infinitesimal">infinitesimals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">mathematical analysis</a>; Berkeley's criticisms were answered by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bayes" title="Thomas Bayes">Thomas Bayes</a> in a pamphlet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. xvii in Ghosh (ed.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-samhs-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-samhs_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samhs_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samhs_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samhs.org.au/Virtual%20Museum/Notable-individuals/rafisher/index-rafisher.htm">"Ronald Aylmer Fisher"</a>. South Australian Medical Heritage Society Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ronald+Aylmer+Fisher&rft.pub=South+Australian+Medical+Heritage+Society+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samhs.org.au%2FVirtual%2520Museum%2FNotable-individuals%2Frafisher%2Findex-rafisher.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrestiDavid_B._Hichcock2005" class="citation journal cs1">Agresti, Alan; David B. Hichcock (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/articles/agresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf">"Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Statistical Methods & Applications</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10260-005-0121-y">10.1007/s10260-005-0121-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18896230">18896230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Methods+%26+Applications&rft.atitle=Bayesian+Inference+for+Categorical+Data+Analysis&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=298&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10260-005-0121-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18896230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Agresti&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=David+B.+Hichcock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.ufl.edu%2F~aa%2Farticles%2Fagresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clutton-Brock1991-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clutton-Brock1991_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClutton-Brock1991" class="citation book cs1">Clutton-Brock, T.H. 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A. (1922). "On the Mathematical Foundations of Theoretical Statistics". <i>Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A</i>. <b>222A</b>: 309–368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.+A&rft.atitle=On+the+Mathematical+Foundations+of+Theoretical+Statistics&rft.volume=222A&rft.pages=309-368&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1940" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, R. A. (1940). "An examination of the different possible solutions of a problem in incomplete blocks". <i>Annals of Eugenics</i>. <b>10</b>: 52–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.1940.tb02237.x">10.1111/j.1469-1809.1940.tb02237.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F15239">2440/15239</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Eugenics&rft.atitle=An+examination+of+the+different+possible+solutions+of+a+problem+in+incomplete+blocks&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=52-75&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F15239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.1940.tb02237.x&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher1922-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher1922_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1922" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisher, R.A.</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/15172">"On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</i>. <b>222</b> (594–604): 309–368. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922RSPTA.222..309F">1922RSPTA.222..309F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1922.0009">10.1098/rsta.1922.0009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F15172">2440/15172</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JFM_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JFM (identifier)">JFM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:48.1280.02">48.1280.02</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/91208">91208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=On+the+mathematical+foundations+of+theoretical+statistics&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=594%E2%80%93604&rft.pages=309-368&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F15172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F91208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1922RSPTA.222..309F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzbmath.org%2F%3Fformat%3Dcomplete%26q%3Dan%3A48.1280.02%23id-name%3DJFM&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1922.0009&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F2440%2F15172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher_1925_90–104-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_1925_90–104_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1925" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisher, R. A.</a> (1925), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hekyll.services.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/15187/1/43.pdf">"Applications of "Student's" distribution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Metron</i>, <b>5</b>: 90–104</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metron&rft.atitle=Applications+of+%22Student%27s%22+distribution&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=90-104&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhekyll.services.adelaide.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2440%2F15187%2F1%2F43.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpoleMyersMyersYe2002" class="citation book cs1">Walpole, Ronald; Myers, Raymond; Myers, Sharon; Ye, Keying (2002). <i>Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists</i> (7th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7758-404-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7758-404-2"><bdi>978-81-7758-404-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probability+and+Statistics+for+Engineers+and+Scientists&rft.pages=237&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7758-404-2&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Myers%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Myers%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Ye%2C+Keying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Box, <i>R. A. Fisher</i>, p. 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Box, Joan Fisher (1978) <i>R. A. Fisher: The Life of a Scientist</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Extras/Fisher_Life.html">Preface</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-09300-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-09300-9">0-471-09300-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bostonreview.net/BR24.5/orr.html">Gould on God: Can religion and science be happily reconciled?</a> bostonreview.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2012" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Chris (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Science and the Afterlife Experience: Evidence for the Immortality of Consciousness</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594774997" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594774997"><bdi>978-1594774997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+the+Afterlife+Experience%3A+Evidence+for+the+Immortality+of+Consciousness&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1594774997&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVsoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwR-AAAAMAAJ">"(Research with Ronald Fisher)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society for Psychical Research</i>. <b>44</b> (738). Society for Psychical Research: 392. 1967. <q>The targets (one-figure numbers and letters of the alphabet) were pasted on the backs of visiting cards, which were put into random order either by shuffling or by the use of random number tables loaned us by Professor Sir Ronald Fisher.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Psychical+Research&rft.atitle=%28Research+with+Ronald+Fisher%29&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=738&rft.pages=392&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwR-AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO1952-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO1952_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO1952_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO1952_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO1952_116-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO1952_116-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000733/073351eo.pdf">"The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO. 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Race+Concept%3A+Results+of+an+Inquiry&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0007%2F000733%2F073351eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeman2008" class="citation book cs1">Copeman, Philip (2008). <i>God's First Fisherman</i>. Cape Town. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3634000714" title="Special:BookSources/978-3634000714"><bdi>978-3634000714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+First+Fisherman&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=124&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3634000714&rft.aulast=Copeman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Gavin (29 August 2019). <i>Skin Deep: Journeys in the Divisive Science of Race</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786076236" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786076236"><bdi>978-1786076236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skin+Deep%3A+Journeys+in+the+Divisive+Science+of+Race&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.isbn=978-1786076236&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissmark2020" class="citation book cs1">Weissmark, Mona Sue (1 May 2020). <i>The Science of Diversity</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190686369" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190686369"><bdi>978-0190686369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Diversity&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0190686369&rft.aulast=Weissmark&rft.aufirst=Mona+Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bodmer21-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bodmer21_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bodmer21_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bodmer21_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bodmer21_120-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bodmer21_120-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bodmer21_120-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bodmer21_120-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodmeret.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bodmer, Walter; et., al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8115641">"The outstanding scientist, R.A. Fisher: his views on eugenics and race"</a>. <i>Heredity</i>. <b>126</b> (4): 565–576. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41437-020-00394-6">10.1038/s41437-020-00394-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8115641">8115641</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33452466">33452466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heredity&rft.atitle=The+outstanding+scientist%2C+R.A.+Fisher%3A+his+views+on+eugenics+and+race&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=565-576&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8115641%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33452466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41437-020-00394-6&rft.aulast=Bodmer&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=et.%2C+al.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8115641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Richard J. (28 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2020/07/ra-fisher-and-science-hatred">"RA Fisher and the science of hatred"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=RA+Fisher+and+the+science+of+hatred&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Funcategorized%2F2020%2F07%2Fra-fisher-and-science-hatred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher_Box1978" class="citation book cs1">Fisher Box, Joan (1978). <i>R.A. Fisher, the life of a scientist</i>. Wiley. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-09300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-09300-8"><bdi>978-0-471-09300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.A.+Fisher%2C+the+life+of+a+scientist&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-471-09300-8&rft.aulast=Fisher+Box&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelaide-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adelaide_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MSS_0013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/library/special/mss/fisher/">"Series 12. Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890–1962) Statistician and geneticist. Papers 1911–2005. Papers on Eugenics. 1911–1920, 1936"</a>. University of Adelaide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Series+12.+Sir+Ronald+Aylmer+Fisher+%281890%E2%80%931962%29+Statistician+and+geneticist.+Papers+1911%E2%80%932005.+Papers+on+Eugenics.+1911%E2%80%931920%2C+1936&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Flibrary%2Fspecial%2Fmss%2Ffisher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewScientist-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewScientist_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton1978" class="citation journal cs1">Norton, Bernard (27 April 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvpI6azxNaoC&pg=PA223">"A 'fashionable fallacy' defended"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <q>Fisher worked as he did <i>because he was an ardent eugenist.</i> (original italics) ... Careful study of Fisher's writings, moreover, enables one to establish strong connections between the problems that Fisher faced <i>qua</i> eugenist and the work in genetics outlined above.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=A+%27fashionable+fallacy%27+defended&rft.date=1978-04-27&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvpI6azxNaoC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruz-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruz_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade_da_Cruz1980" class="citation journal cs1">Andrade da Cruz, Rodrigo (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23925%2F1980-7651.2017v19%3Bp153">"Ronald Fisher and eugenics: Statistics, evolution and genetics in the quest for permanent civilization"</a>. <i>Circumscribere: International Journal for the History of Science</i>. <b>19</b>. Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, Brazil (PhD Thesis): 53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23925%2F1980-7651.2017v19%3Bp153">10.23925/1980-7651.2017v19;p153</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circumscribere%3A+International+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Ronald+Fisher+and+eugenics%3A+Statistics%2C+evolution+and+genetics+in+the+quest+for+permanent+civilization&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23925%2F1980-7651.2017v19%3Bp153&rft.aulast=Andrade+da+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.23925%252F1980-7651.2017v19%253Bp153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Blacker_proposal" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker, C.P.</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984995">"The sterilization proposals: A history of their development"</a>. <i>Eugen Rev</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 240. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984995">2984995</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21259955">21259955</a>. <q>Amemorandum was accordingly circulated to the Council signed by Dr. R.A. Fisher, Professor Huxley, Dr. J.A. Ryle, Mr. E.J. Lidbetter, and myself, asking for authorization to form a sub-committee, the aim of which would be to secure the legalization of eugenics sterilization. The memorandum was unanimously approved by the Council, and in this way the nucleus of the existing Committee for Legalizing Eugenic Sterilization was formed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugen+Rev&rft.atitle=The+sterilization+proposals%3A+A+history+of+their+development&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=240&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2984995%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21259955&rft.aulast=Blacker&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2984995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="report_sterilization_review" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2531824">"Report of Committee for Legalizing Eugenic Sterilization"</a>. <i>Postgraduate Medical Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (61): 13. 1930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpgmj.6.61.13">10.1136/pgmj.6.61.13</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2531824">2531824</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Report+of+Committee+for+Legalizing+Eugenic+Sterilization&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=61&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2531824%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fpgmj.6.61.13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2531824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2010" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Sheila Faith (2010). "After the Fall: Political Whitewashing, Professional Posturing, and Personal Refashioning in the Postwar Career of Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer". <i>Isis</i>. <b>101</b> (4): 745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F657474">10.1086/657474</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/657474">10.1086/657474</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21409983">21409983</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28148032">28148032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=After+the+Fall%3A+Political+Whitewashing%2C+Professional+Posturing%2C+and+Personal+Refashioning+in+the+Postwar+Career+of+Otmar+Freiherr+von+Verschuer&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=745&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21409983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28148032%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F657474%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F657474&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Sheila+Faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/ronald-aymler-fisher">"Ronald Aymler Fisher"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ronald+Aymler+Fisher&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fronald-aymler-fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Ronald+Fisher&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DRonald%2BFisher%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001896.html">"Ronald A. Fisher"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Ronald+A.+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001896.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher,_R._A.2024" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, R. A. (23 April 2024). "On a property connecting the χ<sup>2</sup> measure of discrepancy with the method of maximum likelihood". <i>Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici: Bologna del 3 al 10 de settembre di 1928</i>. Vol. 6. pp. 95–100. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F15197">2440/15197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+a+property+connecting+the+%CF%87%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E+measure+of+discrepancy+with+the+method+of+maximum+likelihood&rft.btitle=Atti+del+Congresso+Internazionale+dei+Matematici%3A+Bologna+del+3+al+10+de+settembre+di+1928&rft.pages=95-100&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F15197&rft.au=Fisher%2C+R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tommi Jaakkola and David Haussler (1998), Exploiting Generative Models in Discriminative Classifiers. In <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 11</i>, pages 487–493. MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-11245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-11245-1">978-0-262-11245-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.csail.mit.edu/tommi/papers/gendisc.ps">PS</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/jaakkola98exploiting.html">Citeseer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=21451">"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"</a>. <i>ssd.jpl.nasa.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=JPL+Small-Body+Database+Browser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsbdb.cgi%3Fsstr%3D21451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins,_Richard2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/leroi11/leroi11_index.html#dawkins">"Who is the Greatest Biologist Since Darwin? Why?"</a>. <q>Who is the greatest biologist since Darwin? That's far less obvious, and no doubt many good candidates will be put forward. My own nominee would be Ronald Fisher. Not only was he the most original and constructive of the architects of the neo-Darwinian synthesis. Fisher also was the father of modern statistics and experimental design. He therefore could be said to have provided researchers in biology and medicine with their most important research tools, as well as with the modern version of biology's central theorem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+the+Greatest+Biologist+Since+Darwin%3F+Why%3F&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Dawkins%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edge.org%2F3rd_culture%2Fleroi11%2Fleroi11_index.html%23dawkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller00-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller00_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller, Geoffrey</a> (2000). <i>The Mating Mind: how sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature</i>, London: Heineman, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-00741-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-00741-2">0-434-00741-2</a> (also Doubleday, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-49516-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-49516-1">0-385-49516-1</a>) p.54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHullRuse2007" class="citation book cs1">Hull, David L.; Ruse, Michael (1 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZOgg-x4UyIC&pg=PA25"><i>The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82762-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82762-1"><bdi>978-1-139-82762-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Philosophy+of+Biology&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82762-1&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Ruse%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZOgg-x4UyIC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusby2020" class="citation web cs1">Busby, Mattha (27 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jun/27/cambridge-gonville-caius-college-eugenicist-window-ronald-fisher">"Cambridge college to remove window commemorating eugenicist"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cambridge+college+to+remove+window+commemorating+eugenicist&rft.date=2020-06-27&rft.aulast=Busby&rft.aufirst=Mattha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2020%2Fjun%2F27%2Fcambridge-gonville-caius-college-eugenicist-window-ronald-fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/news/statement-r-fisher">"Statement on R A Fisher"</a>. <i>Rothamsted Research</i>. 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rothamsted+Research&rft.atitle=Statement+on+R+A+Fisher&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rothamsted.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fstatement-r-fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2021" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Richard (7 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jan/07/university-college-london-apologises-for-role-in-promoting-eugenics">"University College London apologises for role in promoting eugenics"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=University+College+London+apologises+for+role+in+promoting+eugenics&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2021%2Fjan%2F07%2Funiversity-college-london-apologises-for-role-in-promoting-eugenics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1958" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Ronald A. (August 1958). "Cancer and Smoking". <i>Nature</i>. <b>182</b> (4635): 596. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.182..596F">1958Natur.182..596F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F182596a0">10.1038/182596a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13577916">13577916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Cancer+and+Smoking&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=4635&rft.pages=596&rft.date=1958-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13577916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F182596a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958Natur.182..596F&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBox1978" class="citation book cs1">Box, Joan Fisher (1978). <i>R. A. Fisher: The Life of a Scientist</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-09300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-09300-8"><bdi>978-0-471-09300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.+A.+Fisher%3A+The+Life+of+a+Scientist&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-471-09300-8&rft.aulast=Box&rft.aufirst=Joan+Fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowie2002" class="citation book cs1">Howie, David (2002). <i>Interpreting Probability: Controversies and Developments in the Early Twentieth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Probability%3A+Controversies+and+Developments+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Howie&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruskal1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Kruskal" title="William Kruskal">Kruskal, William H.</a> (1980). "The significance of Fisher: A review of <i>R. A. Fisher. The Life of a Scientist,</i> by Joan Fisher Box". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Statistical_Association" title="Journal of the American Statistical Association">Journal of the American Statistical Association</a></i>. <b>75</b> (372): 1019–1030. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2287199">10.2307/2287199</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2287199">2287199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Statistical+Association&rft.atitle=The+significance+of+Fisher%3A+A+review+of+R.+A.+Fisher.+The+Life+of+a+Scientist%2C+by+Joan+Fisher+Box&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=372&rft.pages=1019-1030&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2287199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2287199%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kruskal&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalsburg2002" class="citation book cs1">Salsburg, David (2002). <i>The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7134-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7134-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-7134-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lady+Tasting+Tea%3A+How+Statistics+Revolutionized+Science+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7134-4&rft.aulast=Salsburg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich1997" class="citation journal cs1">Aldrich, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Fss%2F1030037906">"R.A. Fisher and the making of maximum likelihood 1912–1922"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statistical_Science" title="Statistical Science">Statistical Science</a></i>. <b>12</b> (3): 162–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Fss%2F1030037906">10.1214/ss/1030037906</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Science&rft.atitle=R.A.+Fisher+and+the+making+of+maximum+likelihood+1912%E2%80%931922&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=162-176&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Fss%2F1030037906&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1214%252Fss%252F1030037906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFienbergHinkley1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fienberg" title="Stephen Fienberg">Fienberg, S. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_V._Hinkley" class="mw-redirect" title="David V. Hinkley">Hinkley, D. V.</a>, eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQTaBwAAQBAJ"><i>R.A. Fisher: An Appreciation</i></a>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461260790" title="Special:BookSources/9781461260790"><bdi>9781461260790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.A.+Fisher%3A+An+Appreciation&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9781461260790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQTaBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">Rao, C. R.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Fss%2F1177011442">"R. A. Fisher: The founder of modern statistics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statistical_Science" title="Statistical Science">Statistical Science</a></i>. <b>7</b>: 34–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Fss%2F1177011442">10.1214/ss/1177011442</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Science&rft.atitle=R.+A.+Fisher%3A+The+founder+of+modern+statistics&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=34-48&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Fss%2F1177011442&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1214%252Fss%252F1177011442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jimmie_Savage" title="Leonard Jimmie Savage">Savage, L. J.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faos%2F1176343456">"On rereading R. A. Fisher"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Statistics" title="Annals of Statistics">Annals of Statistics</a></i>. <b>4</b> (3): 441–500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faos%2F1176343456">10.1214/aos/1176343456</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=On+rereading+R.+A.+Fisher&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=441-500&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faos%2F1176343456&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1214%252Faos%252F1176343456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/discover/fisher-21st-century">Fisher in the 21st Century</a> – conference at Gonville & Caius College, April 2022</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Ronald Fisher</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" class="extiw" title="c:Ronald Fisher">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" class="extiw" title="q:Ronald Fisher">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/q216723" class="extiw" title="d:q216723">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fisher.html">"Ronald Fisher"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ronald+Fisher&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FFisher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129051003/http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/fisherguide/rafreader.htm">A Guide to R. A. Fisher by John Aldrich</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/library/special/mss/fisher/">University of Adelaide Library for bibliography, biography, 2 volumes of correspondence and many articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Fisher/Methods/">Classics in the History of Psychology for the first edition of <i>Statistical Methods for Research Workers</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910124939/http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/fisherguide/quotations.htm">A collection of Fisher quotations compiled by A. W. F. Edwards</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Bradford_Hill" title="Austin Bradford Hill">Austin Bradford Hill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a> </b><br />1952–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Piercy,_1st_Baron_Piercy" title="William Piercy, 1st Baron Piercy">William Piercy</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1951–2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1951–2000)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Keilin" title="David Keilin">David Keilin</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kluyver" title="Albert Kluyver">Albert Kluyver</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ronald Fisher</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fildes" title="Paul Fildes">Paul Fildes</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Pirie" title="Norman Pirie">Norman Pirie</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Robert Porter</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hill_(biochemist)" title="Robin Hill (biochemist)">Robin Hill</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James D. Watson</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Frank" title="Frederick Charles Frank">Frederick Charles Frank</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_R._Battersby" title="Alan R. Battersby">Alan Battersby</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guy_Medallists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guy_Medal" title="Template:Guy Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guy_Medal" title="Template talk:Guy Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guy_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guy Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guy_Medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Medal" title="Guy Medal">Guy Medallists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gold_medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gold medallists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(philanthropist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Booth (philanthropist)">Charles Booth</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Giffen" title="Robert Giffen">Robert Giffen</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervoise_Athelstane_Baines" title="Jervoise Athelstane Baines">Jervoise Athelstane Baines</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Francis Ysidro Edgeworth</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Craigie" title="Patrick Craigie">Patrick G. Craigie</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udny_Yule" title="Udny Yule">G. Udny Yule</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._C._Stevenson" title="T. H. C. Stevenson">T. H. C. Stevenson</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_William_Flux" title="Alfred William Flux">A. William Flux</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">A. L. Bowley</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Greenwood" title="Major Greenwood">Major Greenwood</a> (1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R. A. Fisher</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Bradford_Hill" title="Austin Bradford Hill">A. Bradford Hill</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Pearson" title="Egon Pearson">E. S. Pearson</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Yates" title="Frank Yates">Frank Yates</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kendall" title="Maurice Kendall">M. G. Kendall</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Bartlett" title="M. S. Bartlett">M. S. Bartlett</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Cram%C3%A9r" title="Harald Cramér">Harald Cramér</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">David Cox</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Alfred_Barnard" title="George Alfred Barnard">G. A. Barnard</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._D._Allen" title="R. G. D. Allen">Roy Allen</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_Kendall" title="David George Kendall">D. G. Kendall</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Daniels_(statistician)" title="Henry Daniels (statistician)">Henry Daniels</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Benjamin" title="Bernard Benjamin">Bernard Benjamin</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Plackett" title="Robin Plackett">Robin Plackett</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Armitage_(statistician)" title="Peter Armitage (statistician)">Peter Armitage</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._P._Box" title="George E. P. Box">George E. P. Box</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Whittle_(mathematician)" title="Peter Whittle (mathematician)">Peter Whittle</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Healy_(statistician)" title="Michael Healy (statistician)">Michael Healy</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lindley" title="Dennis Lindley">Dennis Lindley</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelder" title="John Nelder">John Nelder</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Durbin" title="James Durbin">James Durbin</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kingman" title="John Kingman">John Kingman</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Buckland" title="Stephen Buckland">Stephen Buckland</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter" title="David Spiegelhalter">David Spiegelhalter</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reid" title="Nancy Reid">Nancy Reid</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Silver_medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Silver medallists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Glover_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Glover (statistician) (page does not exist)">John Glover</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus_Sauerbeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustus Sauerbeck (page does not exist)">Augustus Sauerbeck</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">A. L. Bowley</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._J._Atkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. J. Atkinson (page does not exist)">F. J. Atkinson</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._S._Loch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. S. Loch (page does not exist)">C. S. Loch</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Crawford_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Crawford (statistician) (page does not exist)">Richard Crawford</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Welton" title="Thomas A. Welton">Thomas A. Welton</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Hawthorn_Hooker" title="Reginald Hawthorn Hooker">R. H. Hooker</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Guyot" title="Yves Guyot">Yves Guyot</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._Thomas" title="D. A. Thomas">D. A. Thomas</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Henry_Rew" title="R. Henry Rew">R. H. Rew</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._H._Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. H. Shaw (page does not exist)">W. H. Shaw</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N._A._Humphreys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. A. Humphreys (page does not exist)">N. A. Humphreys</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brabrook" title="Edward Brabrook">Edward Brabrook</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Wood_(statistician)" title="George Henry Wood (statistician)">G. H. Wood</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Dudfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Dudfield (page does not exist)">R. Dudfield</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Rowson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Rowson (page does not exist)">S. Rowson</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(economist)" title="Sydney Chapman (economist)">S. J. Chapman</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Shield_Nicholson" title="Joseph Shield Nicholson">J. S. Nicholson</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Stamp,_1st_Baron_Stamp" title="Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp">J. C. Stamp</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_William_Flux" title="Alfred William Flux">A. William Flux</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Macrosty" title="Henry William Macrosty">H. W. Macrosty</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Newbold" title="Ethel Newbold">Ethel Newbold</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Edward_Soper" title="Herbert Edward Soper">H. E. Soper</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._H._Jones_(economist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. H. Jones (economist) (page does not exist)">J. H. Jones</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Snow" title="Ernest Charles Snow">Ernest Charles Snow</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_George_Hawtrey" title="Ralph George Hawtrey">R. G. Hawtrey</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._C._Ramsbottom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. C. Ramsbottom (page does not exist)">E. C. Ramsbottom</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Isserlis" title="Leon Isserlis">L. Isserlis</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Leak" title="Hector Leak">H. Leak</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kendall" title="Maurice Kendall">M. G. Kendall</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Campion" title="Harry Campion">Harry Campion</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._A._A._Menzler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. A. A. Menzler (page does not exist)">F. A. A. Menzler</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Bartlett" title="M. S. Bartlett">M. S. Bartlett</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oscar_Irwin" title="Joseph Oscar Irwin">J. O. Irwin</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._C._Tippett" title="L. H. C. Tippett">L. H. C. Tippett</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_Kendall" title="David George Kendall">D. G. Kendall</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Daniels_(statistician)" title="Henry Daniels (statistician)">Henry Daniels</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Alfred_Barnard" title="George Alfred Barnard">G. A. Barnard</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._C._Fieller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. C. Fieller (page does not exist)">E. C. Fieller</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">D. R. Cox</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vasudeo_Sukhatme" title="Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme">P. V. Sukhatme</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._P._Box" title="George E. P. Box">George E. P. Box</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Whittle_(mathematician)" title="Peter Whittle (mathematician)">Peter Whittle</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lindley" title="Dennis Lindley">Dennis Lindley</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Plackett" title="Robin Plackett">Robin Plackett</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Durbin" title="James Durbin">James Durbin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelder" title="John Nelder">John Nelder</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Armitage_(statistician)" title="Peter Armitage (statistician)">Peter Armitage</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Healy_(statistician)" title="Michael Healy (statistician)">Michael Healy</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Stone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Stone (page does not exist)">M. Stone</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kingman" title="John Kingman">John Kingman</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wynn" title="Henry Wynn">Henry Wynn</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Besag" title="Julian Besag">Julian Besag</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Gittins" title="John C. Gittins">J. C. Gittins</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Bissell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Bissell (page does not exist)">A. Bissell</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Pridmore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Pridmore (page does not exist)">W. Pridmore</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Peto" title="Richard Peto">Richard Peto</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Copas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Copas (page does not exist)">John Copas</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aitchison" title="John Aitchison">John Aitchison</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kelly_(mathematician)" title="Frank Kelly (mathematician)">F. P. Kelly</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Clayton" title="David Clayton">David Clayton</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._L._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. L. Smith (page does not exist)">R. L. Smith</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nicholas_Curnow" title="Robert Nicholas Curnow">Robert Nicholas Curnow</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">A. F. M. Smith</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter" title="David Spiegelhalter">David Spiegelhalter</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Silverman" title="Bernard Silverman">B. W. Silverman</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steffen_Lauritzen" title="Steffen Lauritzen">Steffen Lauritzen</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diggle" title="Peter Diggle">Peter Diggle</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Goldstein" title="Harvey Goldstein">Harvey Goldstein</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(statistician)" title="Peter Green (statistician)">Peter Green</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Gilks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Gilks (page does not exist)">Walter Gilks</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Dawid" title="Philip Dawid">Philip Dawid</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hand_(statistician)" title="David Hand (statistician)">David Hand</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanti_Mardia" title="Kanti Mardia">Kanti Mardia</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Donnelly" title="Peter Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_McCullagh" title="Peter McCullagh">Peter McCullagh</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Titterington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Titterington (page does not exist)">Michael Titterington</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Tong" title="Howell Tong">Howell Tong</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Roberts_(statistician)" title="Gareth Roberts (statistician)">Gareth Roberts</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Richardson" title="Sylvia Richardson">Sylvia Richardson</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_M._Johnstone" title="Iain M. Johnstone">Iain M. Johnstone</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gavin_Hall" title="Peter Gavin Hall">P. G. Hall</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Firth_(statistician)" title="David Firth (statistician)">David Firth</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_D._Ripley" title="Brian D. Ripley">Brian Ripley</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianqing_Fan" title="Jianqing Fan">Jianqing Fan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_C._Davison" title="Anthony C. Davison">Anthony Davison</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reid" title="Nancy Reid">Nancy Reid</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Shephard" title="Neil Shephard">Neil Shephard</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B%C3%BChlmann" title="Peter Bühlmann">Peter Bühlmann</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Murphy" title="Susan Murphy">Susan Murphy</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnaud_Doucet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnaud Doucet (page does not exist)">Arnaud Doucet</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A5vard_Rue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Håvard Rue (page does not exist)">Håvard Rue</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fearnhead" title="Paul Fearnhead">Paul Fearnhead</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bronze_medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bronze medallists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gemmell_Cochran" title="William Gemmell Cochran">William Gemmell Cochran</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._F._George&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. F. George (page does not exist)">R. F. George</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._J._Jennett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. J. Jennett (page does not exist)">W. J. Jennett</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Armitage_(statistician)" title="Peter Armitage (statistician)">Peter Armitage</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Durbin" title="James Durbin">James Durbin</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Downton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Downton (page does not exist)">F. Downton</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Plackett" title="Robin Plackett">Robin Plackett</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._C._Pike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. C. Pike (page does not exist)">M. C. Pike</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. G. Moore (page does not exist)">P. G. Moore</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._J._Bartholomew" title="D. J. Bartholomew">D. J. Bartholomew</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._N._Wilkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. N. Wilkinson (page does not exist)">G. N. Wilkinson</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._F._Bissell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. F. Bissell (page does not exist)">A. F. Bissell</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._L._Goldsmith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. L. Goldsmith (page does not exist)">P. L. Goldsmith</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">A. F. M. Smith</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Dawid" title="Philip Dawid">Philip Dawid</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._M._F._Smith" title="T. M. F. Smith">T. M. F. Smith</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. J. Fox (page does not exist)">A. J. Fox</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._J._Pocock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. J. Pocock (page does not exist)">S. J. Pocock</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_McCullagh" title="Peter McCullagh">Peter McCullagh</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Silverman" title="Bernard Silverman">Bernard Silverman</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter" title="David Spiegelhalter">David Spiegelhalter</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Forbes_Hendry" title="David Forbes Hendry">D. F. Hendry</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(statistician)" title="Peter Green (statistician)">Peter Green</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._C._Darby" class="mw-redirect" title="S. C. Darby">S. C. Darby</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Gore" class="mw-redirect" title="S. M. Gore">S. M. Gore</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Isham" title="Valerie Isham">Valerie Isham</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._G._Kenward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. G. Kenward (page does not exist)">M. G. Kenward</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Jennison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Jennison (page does not exist)">C. Jennison</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Tawn" title="Jonathan Tawn">Jonathan Tawn</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._F._A._Poultney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. F. A. Poultney (page does not exist)">R. F. A. Poultney</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_M._Johnstone" title="Iain M. Johnstone">Iain M. Johnstone</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._N._S._Matthews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. N. S. Matthews (page does not exist)">J. N. S. Matthews</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Roberts_(statistician)" title="Gareth Roberts (statistician)">Gareth Roberts</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Firth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. Firth (page does not exist)">D. Firth</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._W._F._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. W. F. Smith (page does not exist)">P. W. F. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Forster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Forster (page does not exist)">J. Forster</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Wakefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Wakefield (page does not exist)">J. Wakefield</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Nason" title="Guy Nason">Guy Nason</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geert_Molenberghs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geert Molenberghs (page does not exist)">Geert Molenberghs</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Lynn_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Lynn (statistician) (page does not exist)">Peter Lynn</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Best" title="Nicky Best">Nicola Best</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Brooks_(statistician)" title="Steve Brooks (statistician)">Steve Brooks</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stephens_(statistician)" title="Matthew Stephens (statistician)">Matthew Stephens</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fearnhead" title="Paul Fearnhead">Paul Fearnhead</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Steele" title="Fiona Steele">Fiona Steele</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Holmes_(mathematician)" title="Chris Holmes (mathematician)">Chris Holmes</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omiros_Papaspiliopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omiros Papaspiliopoulos (page does not exist)">Omiros Papaspiliopoulos</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolai_Meinshausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolai Meinshausen (page does not exist)">Nicolai Meinshausen</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Samworth" title="Richard Samworth">Richard Samworth</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Fryzlewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piotr Fryzlewicz (page does not exist)">Piotr Fryzlewicz</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ming Yuan (page does not exist)">Ming Yuan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchi_Lv" title="Jinchi Lv">Jinchi Lv</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingying_Fan" title="Yingying Fan">Yingying Fan</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Ding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peng Ding (page does not exist)">Peng Ding</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Peters_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonas Peters (statistician) (page does not exist)">Jonas Peters</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_McCrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel McCrea (page does not exist)">Rachel McCrea</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_E._Jacob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre E. Jacob (page does not exist)">Pierre E. Jacob</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajan_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajan Shah (page does not exist)">Rajan Shah</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population_genetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population_genetics" title="Template:Population genetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population_genetics" title="Template talk:Population genetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population_genetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population genetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population_genetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_principle" title="Hardy–Weinberg principle">Hardy–Weinberg principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">Genetic linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">Identity by descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_disequilibrium" title="Linkage disequilibrium">Linkage disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_fundamental_theorem_of_natural_selection" title="Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection">Fisher's fundamental theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution" title="Neutral theory of molecular evolution">Neutral theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_balance_theory" title="Shifting balance theory">Shifting balance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_equation" title="Price equation">Price equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_inbreeding" title="Coefficient of inbreeding">Coefficient of inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">Coefficient of relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_coefficient" title="Selection coefficient">Selection coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_structure_(genetics)" title="Population structure (genetics)">Population structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_neutral_evolution" title="Constructive neutral evolution">Constructive neutral evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Selection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological selection">Ecological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;">Effects of selection<br />on genomic variation</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_hitchhiking" title="Genetic hitchhiking">Genetic hitchhiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">Background selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_population_size" title="Small population size">Small population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">Population bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">Founder effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalescent_theory" title="Coalescent theory">Coalescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balding%E2%80%93Nichols_model" title="Balding–Nichols model">Balding–Nichols model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R. A. Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_landscape" title="Fitness landscape">Fitness landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_genetics" title="Landscape genetics">Landscape genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landscape_genomics" title="Landscape genomics">genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genomics" title="Population genomics">Population genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogeography" title="Phylogeography">Phylogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index of evolutionary biology articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Statistics" title="Template:Statistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Statistics" title="Template talk:Statistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Statistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Statistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_statistics" title="Outline of statistics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistics_articles" title="List of statistics articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Descriptive_statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Continuous_probability_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous probability distribution">Continuous data</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_tendency" title="Central tendency">Center</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">Mean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_mean" title="Arithmetic mean">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic%E2%80%93geometric_mean" title="Arithmetic–geometric mean">Arithmetic-Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraharmonic_mean" title="Contraharmonic mean">Contraharmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_mean" title="Cubic mean">Cubic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_mean" title="Generalized mean">Generalized/power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_mean" title="Harmonic mean">Harmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heronian_mean" title="Heronian mean">Heronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_mean" title="Heinz mean">Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehmer_mean" title="Lehmer mean">Lehmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">Mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_dispersion" title="Statistical dispersion">Dispersion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_absolute_deviation" title="Average absolute deviation">Average absolute deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation" title="Coefficient of variation">Coefficient of variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range">Interquartile range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percentile" title="Percentile">Percentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_(statistics)" title="Range (statistics)">Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">Standard deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variance#Sample_variance" title="Variance">Variance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Shape of the distribution">Shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_limit_theorem" title="Central limit theorem">Central limit theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(mathematics)" title="Moment (mathematics)">Moments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurtosis" title="Kurtosis">Kurtosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-moment" title="L-moment">L-moments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewness" title="Skewness">Skewness</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Count_data" title="Count data">Count data</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_dispersion" title="Index of dispersion">Index of dispersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Summary tables</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Contingency table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency distribution">Frequency distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouped_data" title="Grouped data">Grouped data</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_correlation" title="Partial correlation">Partial correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_correlation_coefficient" title="Pearson correlation coefficient">Pearson product-moment correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_correlation" title="Rank correlation">Rank correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_rank_correlation_coefficient" title="Kendall rank correlation coefficient">Kendall's τ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearman%27s_rank_correlation_coefficient" title="Spearman's rank correlation coefficient">Spearman's ρ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">Bar chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biplot" title="Biplot">Biplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_plot" title="Box plot">Box plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_chart" title="Control chart">Control chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlogram" title="Correlogram">Correlogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_chart_(statistics)" title="Fan chart (statistics)">Fan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_plot" title="Forest plot">Forest plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">Pie chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%E2%80%93Q_plot" title="Q–Q plot">Q–Q plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_chart" title="Radar chart">Radar chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_chart" title="Run chart">Run chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-and-leaf_display" title="Stem-and-leaf display">Stem-and-leaf display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_plot" title="Violin plot">Violin plot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Data_collection" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">Data collection</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Study design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">Effect size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_data" title="Missing data">Missing data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimal design">Optimal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replication_(statistics)" title="Replication (statistics)">Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_size_determination" title="Sample size determination">Sample size determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic" title="Statistic">Statistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical power">Statistical power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Survey methodology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">Sampling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_sampling" title="Cluster sampling">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_sampling" title="Stratified sampling">Stratified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">Opinion poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionnaire" title="Questionnaire">Questionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_error" title="Standard error">Standard error</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Controlled experiments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(statistics)" title="Blocking (statistics)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factorial_experiment" title="Factorial experiment">Factorial experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_(statistics)" title="Interaction (statistics)">Interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_assignment" title="Random assignment">Random assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_experiment" title="Randomized experiment">Randomized experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">Scientific control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Adaptive designs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_clinical_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive clinical trial">Adaptive clinical trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_approximation" title="Stochastic approximation">Stochastic approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up-and-Down_Designs" class="mw-redirect" title="Up-and-Down Designs">Up-and-down designs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">Observational studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">Cohort study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sectional_study" title="Cross-sectional study">Cross-sectional study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_experiment" title="Natural experiment">Natural experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-experiment" title="Quasi-experiment">Quasi-experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Statistical_inference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Statistical inference</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_theory" title="Statistical theory">Statistical theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Population (statistics)">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic" title="Statistic">Statistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">Probability distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_distribution" title="Sampling distribution">Sampling distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_statistic" title="Order statistic">Order statistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_distribution_function" title="Empirical distribution function">Empirical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Density_estimation" title="Density estimation">Density estimation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Model specification">Model specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lp_space" title="Lp space">L<sup><i>p</i></sup> space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_parameter" title="Statistical parameter">Parameter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Location_parameter" title="Location parameter">location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_parameter" title="Scale parameter">scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shape_parameter" title="Shape parameter">shape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics">Parametric family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood_function" title="Likelihood function">Likelihood</a> <a href="/wiki/Monotone_likelihood_ratio" title="Monotone likelihood ratio"><span style="font-size:85%;">(monotone)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location%E2%80%93scale_family" title="Location–scale family">Location–scale family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_family" title="Exponential family">Exponential family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completeness_(statistics)" title="Completeness (statistics)">Completeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufficient_statistic" title="Sufficient statistic">Sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in principle">Statistical functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">Bootstrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-statistic" title="U-statistic">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-statistic" title="V-statistic">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_decision" title="Optimal decision">Optimal decision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loss_function" title="Loss function">loss function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficiency_(statistics)" title="Efficiency (statistics)">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_distance" title="Statistical distance">Statistical distance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divergence_(statistics)" title="Divergence (statistics)">divergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_theory_(statistics)" title="Asymptotic theory (statistics)">Asymptotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robust_statistics" title="Robust statistics">Robustness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Frequentist_inference" title="Frequentist inference">Frequentist inference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Point_estimation" title="Point estimation">Point estimation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estimating_equations" title="Estimating equations">Estimating equations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">Maximum likelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_moments_(statistics)" title="Method of moments (statistics)">Method of moments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-estimator" title="M-estimator">M-estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_distance_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum distance estimation">Minimum distance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">Unbiased estimators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimum-variance_unbiased_estimator" title="Minimum-variance unbiased estimator">Mean-unbiased minimum-variance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rao%E2%80%93Blackwell_theorem" title="Rao–Blackwell theorem">Rao–Blackwellization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehmann%E2%80%93Scheff%C3%A9_theorem" title="Lehmann–Scheffé theorem">Lehmann–Scheffé theorem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median-unbiased_estimator" class="mw-redirect" title="Median-unbiased estimator">Median unbiased</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in principle">Plug-in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Interval_estimation" title="Interval estimation">Interval estimation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">Confidence interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivotal_quantity" title="Pivotal quantity">Pivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Likelihood interval">Likelihood interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_interval" title="Prediction interval">Prediction interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolerance_interval" title="Tolerance interval">Tolerance interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)" title="Resampling (statistics)">Resampling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">Bootstrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackknife_resampling" title="Jackknife resampling">Jackknife</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Testing hypotheses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests" title="One- and two-tailed tests">1- & 2-tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(statistics)" title="Power (statistics)">Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniformly_most_powerful_test" title="Uniformly most powerful test">Uniformly most powerful test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permutation_test" title="Permutation test">Permutation test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randomization_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomization test">Randomization test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple comparisons">Multiple comparisons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics">Parametric tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood-ratio_test" title="Likelihood-ratio test">Likelihood-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_test" title="Score test">Score/Lagrange multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wald_test" title="Wald test">Wald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_tests" title="List of statistical tests">Specific tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i>-test <span style="font-size:85%;">(normal)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-test" title="F-test"><i>F</i>-test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Goodness_of_fit" title="Goodness of fit">Goodness of fit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chi-squared_test" title="Chi-squared test">Chi-squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-test" title="G-test"><i>G</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov%E2%80%93Smirnov_test" title="Kolmogorov–Smirnov test">Kolmogorov–Smirnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson%E2%80%93Darling_test" title="Anderson–Darling test">Anderson–Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilliefors_test" title="Lilliefors test">Lilliefors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarque%E2%80%93Bera_test" title="Jarque–Bera test">Jarque–Bera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro%E2%80%93Wilk_test" title="Shapiro–Wilk test">Normality <span style="font-size:85%;">(Shapiro–Wilk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood-ratio_test" title="Likelihood-ratio test">Likelihood-ratio test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_selection" title="Model selection">Model selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akaike_information_criterion" title="Akaike information criterion">AIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_information_criterion" title="Bayesian information criterion">BIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rank_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank statistics">Rank statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_test" title="Sign test">Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sample_median" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample median">Sample median</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilcoxon_signed-rank_test" title="Wilcoxon signed-rank test">Signed rank <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wilcoxon)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hodges%E2%80%93Lehmann_estimator" title="Hodges–Lehmann estimator">Hodges–Lehmann estimator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U_test" title="Mann–Whitney U test">Rank sum <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mann–Whitney)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonparametric_statistics" title="Nonparametric statistics">Nonparametric</a> <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">anova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kruskal%E2%80%93Wallis_test" title="Kruskal–Wallis test">1-way <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kruskal–Wallis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_test" title="Friedman test">2-way <span style="font-size:85%;">(Friedman)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonckheere%27s_trend_test" title="Jonckheere's trend test">Ordered alternative <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jonckheere–Terpstra)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waerden_test" title="Van der Waerden test">Van der Waerden test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian inference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_probability" title="Bayesian probability">Bayesian probability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior_probability" title="Prior probability">prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_probability" title="Posterior probability">posterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credible_interval" title="Credible interval">Credible interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayes_factor" title="Bayes factor">Bayes factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayes_estimator" title="Bayes estimator">Bayesian estimator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_a_posteriori_estimation" title="Maximum a posteriori estimation">Maximum posterior estimator</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CorrelationRegression_analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Correlation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Correlation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_product-moment_correlation_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient">Pearson product-moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_correlation" title="Partial correlation">Partial correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confounding" title="Confounding">Confounding variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination" title="Coefficient of determination">Coefficient of determination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errors_and_residuals" title="Errors and residuals">Errors and residuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_validation" title="Regression validation">Regression validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_model" title="Mixed model">Mixed effects models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_equations_model" title="Simultaneous equations model">Simultaneous equations models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_adaptive_regression_splines" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate adaptive regression splines">Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">Linear regression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_linear_regression" title="Simple linear regression">Simple linear regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares" title="Ordinary least squares">Ordinary least squares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_linear_model" title="General linear model">General linear model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression" title="Bayesian linear regression">Bayesian regression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Non-standard predictors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_regression" title="Nonlinear regression">Nonlinear regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonparametric_regression" title="Nonparametric regression">Nonparametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiparametric_regression" title="Semiparametric regression">Semiparametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotonic_regression" title="Isotonic regression">Isotonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robust_regression" title="Robust regression">Robust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroscedasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteroscedasticity">Heteroscedasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoscedasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoscedasticity">Homoscedasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Generalized_linear_model" title="Generalized linear model">Generalized linear model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_family" title="Exponential family">Exponential families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">Logistic <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bernoulli)</span></a> / <a href="/wiki/Binomial_regression" title="Binomial regression">Binomial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Poisson regressions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_sums_of_squares" title="Partition of sums of squares">Partition of variance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_covariance" title="Analysis of covariance">Analysis of covariance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_analysis_of_variance" title="Multivariate analysis of variance">Multivariate ANOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)" title="Degrees of freedom (statistics)">Degrees of freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Categorical_/_Multivariate_/_Time-series_/_Survival_analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">Categorical</a> / <a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time-series</a> / <a href="/wiki/Survival_analysis" title="Survival analysis">Survival analysis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">Categorical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohen%27s_kappa" title="Cohen's kappa">Cohen's kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Contingency table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">Graphical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Log-linear model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNemar%27s_test" title="McNemar's test">McNemar's test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochran%E2%80%93Mantel%E2%80%93Haenszel_statistics" title="Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics">Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_linear_model" title="General linear model">Regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_analysis_of_variance" title="Multivariate analysis of variance">Manova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">Principal components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_correlation" title="Canonical correlation">Canonical correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis" title="Linear discriminant analysis">Discriminant analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Cluster analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_equation_modeling" title="Structural equation modeling">Structural equation model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate distribution">Multivariate distributions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliptical_distribution" title="Elliptical distribution">Elliptical distributions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_normal_distribution" title="Multivariate normal distribution">Normal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time-series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition_of_time_series" title="Decomposition of time series">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trend_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trend estimation">Trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stationary_process" title="Stationary process">Stationarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_adjustment" title="Seasonal adjustment">Seasonal adjustment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_smoothing" title="Exponential smoothing">Exponential smoothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointegration" title="Cointegration">Cointegration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_break" title="Structural break">Structural break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granger_causality" title="Granger causality">Granger causality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Specific tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dickey%E2%80%93Fuller_test" title="Dickey–Fuller test">Dickey–Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johansen_test" title="Johansen test">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljung%E2%80%93Box_test" title="Ljung–Box test">Q-statistic <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ljung–Box)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbin%E2%80%93Watson_statistic" title="Durbin–Watson statistic">Durbin–Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breusch%E2%80%93Godfrey_test" title="Breusch–Godfrey test">Breusch–Godfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autocorrelation" title="Autocorrelation">Autocorrelation (ACF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_autocorrelation_function" title="Partial autocorrelation function">partial (PACF)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-correlation" title="Cross-correlation">Cross-correlation (XCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive%E2%80%93moving-average_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoregressive–moving-average model">ARMA model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box%E2%80%93Jenkins_method" title="Box–Jenkins method">ARIMA model <span style="font-size:85%;">(Box–Jenkins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_conditional_heteroskedasticity" title="Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity">Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_autoregression" title="Vector autoregression">Vector autoregression (VAR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Frequency_domain" title="Frequency domain">Frequency domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_density_estimation" title="Spectral density estimation">Spectral density estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Experimental_design" title="Template:Experimental design"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Experimental_design" title="Template talk:Experimental design"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental_design" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental design"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Design_of_experiments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Design of 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<li><a href="/wiki/John_Thoday" title="John Thoday">John Thoday</a> (1959-1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fincham" title="John Fincham">John Fincham</a> (1984-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goodfellow_(geneticist)" title="Peter Goodfellow (geneticist)">Peter Goodfellow</a> (1992-1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Glover" title="David Glover">David Glover</a> (1999-2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Ferguson-Smith" title="Anne Ferguson-Smith">Anne Ferguson-Smith</a> (2015- )</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41900609">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34451/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrKcW4HtDPKBTbqcDTHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11853355X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79045333">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12278567t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01381351?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=46924">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=36510273000">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:fisher.ronald-aylmer">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/243354">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/sir-ronald-fisher/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/822505">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11853355X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11853355X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031602843">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bs0hj7">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&oldid=1259344516">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Fisher&oldid=1259344516</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890_births" title="Category:1890 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