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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Paul L. Bates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Paul Levern Bates</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-03-04</span>)</span>March 4, 1908<br /><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 21, 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-02-21)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dunedin,_Florida" title="Dunedin, Florida">Dunedin, Florida</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/29px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/34px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/51px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/68px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/761st_Tank_Battalion_(United_States)" title="761st Tank Battalion (United States)">761st Tank Battalion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/32px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/48px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/64px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a><br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/32px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/48px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/64px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/32px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/48px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/64px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a> (2)<br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/32px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/48px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/64px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Levern Bates</b> (March 4, 1908 – February 21, 1995) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> officer. He served a distinguished and decorated career in the Army, which most notably included commanding the first black tank battalion to enter combat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He also became well known as the white colonel who refused to court-martial future <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" title="List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame">Baseball Hall of Famer</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_L._Bates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bates was born in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California and graduated in 1931 from Western Maryland College, now <a href="/wiki/McDaniel_College" title="McDaniel College">McDaniel College</a>, where he was a star football player and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Officers Training Corps">Reserve Officers Training Corps</a>. Before being called to active duty in the Army as a first lieutenant in February 1941, Bates worked as a high school football coach and a teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_L._Bates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1943, then Lieutenant Colonel Bates took command of the <a href="/wiki/761st_Tank_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="761st Tank Battalion">761st Tank Battalion</a>, all of whose enlisted men were black. The unit’s <a href="/wiki/Distinctive_unit_insignia" title="Distinctive unit insignia">distinctive unit insignia</a> had an image of a <a href="/wiki/Black_panther" title="Black panther">black panther</a> head. </p><p>When the unit completed training in rigidly segregated boot camps in Louisiana and Texas, Bates refused a promotion from lieutenant colonel that would have separated him from what he regarded as one of the best tank battalions in the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-BiA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> He was eventually promoted to colonel. </p><p>While in Texas, Bates refused to court-martial a black officer who had refused to move to the rear of a bus at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hood">Fort Hood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BiA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> That officer was <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a>, who was subsequently court-martialed for insubordination but not convicted. Robinson, who would go on to break the color barrier in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> by signing with the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ANC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> praised Bates in his autobiography for his fairness and good judgment. </p><p>The 761st entered combat in November 1944 as part of General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>'s Third Army and fought for 183 consecutive days without relief, according to David Williams, a battalion veteran and the author of the novel <i>Hit Hard</i>. The battalion fought in France and then Germany, where it pierced the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a>, and in Belgium, where it fought the Germans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>. The 761st also fought in Luxembourg and Austria. In all, the 761st Tank Battalion went from <a href="/wiki/Vic-sur-Seille" title="Vic-sur-Seille">Vic-sur-Seille</a>, France, to the <a href="/wiki/Enns_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Enns River">Enns River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Steyr" title="Steyr">Steyr</a>, Austria, where it linked up with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>. The 761st inflicted thousands of casualties on the enemy and captured, destroyed or liberated more than 30 major towns, four airfields, three ammunition-supply dumps, 461 wheeled vehicles, 34 tanks, 113 large guns and a radio station. </p><p>Ironically, Bates was the first member of the 761st to be wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-BiA_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> Among its 687 enlisted men and 41 officers, 276 received the <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> for wounds in action and 36 died in combat. During World War II, Bates was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Stars">Bronze Stars</a>, in addition to the Purple Heart. In 1963, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> when he retired from the Army, having served in combat commands in Europe, at the <a href="/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and General Staff College">Command and General Staff College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, Kansas, and at the <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a>. </p><p>In 1978, after a 33-year struggle by the unit's veterans, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> awarded the 761st a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Presidential Unit Citation</a> "for extraordinary heroism in action". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_L._Bates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANCExplorer_Paul_L._Bates_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ANCExplorer_Paul_L._Bates_grave.jpg/220px-ANCExplorer_Paul_L._Bates_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ANCExplorer_Paul_L._Bates_grave.jpg/330px-ANCExplorer_Paul_L._Bates_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ANCExplorer_Paul_L._Bates_grave.jpg/440px-ANCExplorer_Paul_L._Bates_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Bates' grave at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following his retirement, Colonel Bates remained in close touch with the veterans of the 761st and their families, attending yearly reunions and establishing a scholarship at <a href="/wiki/McDaniel_College" title="McDaniel College">McDaniel College</a> for lineal descendants of the battalion members who served the unit from August 1944 through April 1945. The Paul L. Bates Memorial Scholarship Fund was established in 1999 under the terms of his will, and is administered and maintained by the Board of Trustees of McDaniel College in Westminster, Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, the 761st made news because of a <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> documentary, <i><a href="/wiki/Liberators:_Fighting_on_Two_Fronts_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberators: Fighting on Two Fronts in World War II">Liberators: Fighting on Two Fronts in World War II</a></i>, in which two of its former enlisted men said the battalion had participated in the liberation of the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. But Colonel Bates, along with other officers, noted that the unit was spread over a 50-mile front supporting the <a href="/wiki/71st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="71st Infantry Division (United States)">71st Infantry Division</a> at the time and would not confirm the claim. The unit did, however, liberate <a href="/wiki/Gunskirchen" title="Gunskirchen">Gunskirchen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen" title="List of subcamps of Mauthausen">subcamp</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen complex</a>. </p><p>Colonel Bates was buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> in Virginia on March 1, 1995, with full military honors.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife, Taffy Bates, died in Florida, Sunday, October 19, 2014. She was 96. Born Helen Rosen in Queens, New York, "Taffy," a name she fashioned for herself, volunteered for duty as an Army nurse during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_L._Bates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_L._Bates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVan_Gelder1995" class="citation news cs1">Van Gelder, Lawrence (February 25, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE3D81039F936A15751C0A963958260">"Paul Bates, Head of Black Tank Unit, Dead at 86"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Paul+Bates%2C+Head+of+Black+Tank+Unit%2C+Dead+at+86&rft.date=1995-02-25&rft.aulast=Van+Gelder&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D990CE3D81039F936A15751C0A963958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+L.+Bates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BiA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BiA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BiA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BiA_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul-JabbarWalton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar" title="Kareem Abdul-Jabbar">Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Walton_(poet)" title="Anthony Walton (poet)">Walton, Anthony</a> (2004). <i>Brothers in Arms: The Epic Story of the 761st Tank Battalion, WWII's Forgotten Heroes</i>. Broadway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385503385" title="Special:BookSources/0385503385"><bdi>0385503385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brothers+in+Arms%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+761st+Tank+Battalion%2C+WWII%27s+Forgotten+Heroes&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0385503385&rft.aulast=Abdul-Jabbar&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft.au=Walton%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+L.+Bates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/plbates.htm">"Paul Levern Bates, Colonel, United States Army"</a>. <i>Arlington National Cemetery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arlington+National+Cemetery&rft.atitle=Paul+Levern+Bates%2C+Colonel%2C+United+States+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlingtoncemetery.net%2Fplbates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+L.+Bates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.761st.com/18update/2018a/index.php/scholarship">"Scholarship"</a>. <i>761st Tank Battalion</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=761st+Tank+Battalion&rft.atitle=Scholarship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.761st.com%2F18update%2F2018a%2Findex.php%2Fscholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+L.+Bates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.761st.com/18update/2018a/index.php/taps/col-paul-levern-bates/taffy-bates">"Taffy Bates, 1918-2014"</a>. <i>761st Tank Battalion</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612231019/http://www.761st.com/18update/2018a/index.php/taps/col-paul-levern-bates/taffy-bates">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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