CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134ab950b6c8970',cH: 'xkgz.9AIGWKqOFWWR.qQSMKWykcDxrtChV2ddz8tNWg-1739783698-1.2.1.1-5OecxVhqMusYRHFzO6jRG7enHZDZdhx5Rz_dKD7U8K17eH7m.A0Ic8NQwJZ3m5Hx',cUPMDTk: "\/10008686\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=Y5dWk6IVskZIvSC0V01SnW5PpUdZluh3NKAzvFc.t.s-1739783698-1.0.1.1-yV58omV38j8bNbUAHXMuEyNC5UGzyWGRYR2.Dh5bydk",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783698',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/10008686\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=Y5dWk6IVskZIvSC0V01SnW5PpUdZluh3NKAzvFc.t.s-1739783698-1.0.1.1-yV58omV38j8bNbUAHXMuEyNC5UGzyWGRYR2.Dh5bydk",md: "RPJK0X84osZ2_RYFrhShUOqqDZc_PoOKGmpFFJa4kVc-1739783698-1.2.1.1-8lVHbYskxZ.ipb4Sy4lT3_Isg6JIciRGV4Zre0ikrp_OFobtiNLfiUW7Xr7Zyup6dpcHViFI9BwTtBA3an9sm.JzAxYS1SJUSAuF80Ow2CtvEbiTKTrbOKdhlrGEjEuHjOwNlKakr4l6D3OBrqM3KlYuiVGow7KE7yhS9qsEqtvN38mkqjzeAmYyxg37ENvGjanw9YtH9PKFLykvgWaCcC_E82T1_JHM4_JtFc8AmwdhA5mgf11N4zAOrbUG0lR5T7.13arOaeIiqdu3TKUrT0FkcbRZ52l0BpYplS5UrbsLq8oWO75QrlrhmzdrJmOR.UTiiHkNurXr67e.zu6CNnPZaAyyHJ_ZtQxuwlBpwb_aPz7THOuZ6WFfU43C3swtr.VrvrRaUGIXjc4nE_v4ICy90GSoO47pq2faVamyjvlcdgUnwI_yNmzUh1A9adtX9R0MQrrFOLCVQWvOrPx.tfH4Ig4qj6AnPHtkLj.2yzz1QB6ESGarPJs0aFh3YJb3MmtZu0gHUv6oQL5Uc_XjmUeCvr2FFf0Kl81R3eU_AiZXvPrX1OmpSR_IplZdj1stB3tRtFc07F5cB7qhlYN44CDnqlEJJuER0tkoouwmgq3ECJMAmXGxClbHWRZExDV4gctKquNEoV_VvdIHsqq3DE5FNsSXR7QeYWkplhi6480GzwTuGQ3W3wGStfSAxfOFeK6Kcebe_c1uanJliX5cjr4s4Vbe8R7WOCvQ1CsdIFtyRGc67_scv4PucJMDOb9mbxjqbtgMTA1SsyBxSBX6wl93Ip47OyoSG4gyIyl.69TDpq.RWc58XM3YDP.Qg9R5ucOynz2tN2ICqsw_2S_i1PkLwWvKI9cCrZ2no6j2fSTYbOaczwKYH7CDvngRFre2uiOt.tspNHwRbsGBrcWyfiNEUjhCRYNAW5U30ny6D817MLF_UvzHX5ey0fLzQ1CoREAQJte02xNXZgLij7pYgnHzqO9N4sAWwxy1fBsPz1juQXzYjh.5C_TDjIS.wXcaMTNRwZ6cXQgBJhpSj5ENQzhIl7X7Tawr4VidGZhoDuvHjEpfL.4bBupoBjZQsKbGMoy9LCBKls8Sl3lITRa7njgSupr_Q7eOlsvtMGAoSLeHEtmjlLmnDjykvpu5AXLJwM8LQoLLy9E.II9Zb3GUKY3ZwnHKC5sEATlVg3fDQmvx5A5jXXzEOwB6jVvdenMBNMPMqJIMYHnw1trMm_AArUVbZxnf6AQAv8lpWTbzbWQwUgv45bw6ks3zraAc7MAMg8_q6WPS3Zrr523wwBZPWqlUzDka7LFgtHLnGMPKGku52JtE6uCOfXisp_0cyOc6Zip5sYESS.Ecde7KqEyB9LYUX9ZzP9VWL.nNHss9RCc9DmyhQWqYdgi5YlrkskpZQk_5SggiFI.d1x.U3GnBkWJAq_eSMQ6qKc4u8voB0BJx.4oEbtqVfD.MkRSht5Qj_panRM6kwgqChKWIgZcKXdvbh3YxkfSG63vqfWyRKHtVz1_pmrdctYvS.K2Z1OqMjq1UKTUlEMtrM11K12YoVj1oTOuwVX7q8sPv06Qge3KrSgxrVepkwi.5BLKgKqtl.oBlf4xs2KD.o5Q_njIP.Kdqd4NzYh74ZvvQnO3.B6oU_D.Vi1T8OO2AsEQ2GvcrMtBG0BCCndqAFwldHpWwEiwRwYGo_ddpsAyNmLEhzsAVgMYoQgzQQFW5mZXL7V84AFhd5OQP2tk4T4g5UkNfdhcRFp4xew8PRtF7hljRfmpQvskPNwdUedmkxL35wSOaP3mjDDsI3kJ0LOq3uA0IdirM22hBC9RV4ZwM._JgKHz1YbRztFTdgRESwX.UY_.31ghdYjOlpMfedoX5BJ2JimwIMykNnXqOYWKqvZ_.2pk",mdrd: "GtJRzx_HDnuc_tTUMSXZTmMFvSJo2MCbPbp6iz4XV1c-1739783698-1.2.1.1-Xf7TPKL2i6nonktX1DDQTIlOOqTqhDSTYo3oEfUBtEfFJCMezfPXMyfZh5gPvTSO6RuMZbZl52LGva4GbdjnkXuPikgfIvXLcWw5kmue6TeP1X_oWzOu29d3CEa8JDIErkEn8KDMD7.6dbIS0.h5mr4iwl6IYlrmiMEKX.3LTniy3d7FlSwupxzCCite2QqaXLZ2HYu0URh3sC7NQiWDeSuJ2BVu2hws0YLWDoUZFB79Z7lfW8K3XzXX9M7tSZNsr4jm9n_RGTRHuwHnfdZVHGPf5lTWTUqzMzUJNc45OqTsWS0FOWn5NGMy9aJsZeEVQlzLCMJ1DLsXBJayQgT1UZXX8dHLq.Ncq3d5t7m1IMUFvZond53fKQXwluGcI4t7zidCp5AuLVM.uGrI7kG_Pg1aDoLpKTaL3KuEyM4yDck2Ilo.RN7jPVx8FclTCKk2If5EhIMVBQgWlI6mHL9Lz9lAnKcKFltqWymkSxVMQYManW8uBUXpu.OMnB2_ehMivVMlajxDjKrvWBrWD8X729IYHWbZvpnzYinjH0SNBxJMVEmEjVE472Phu1FZkerCMPMDV1aOU8cfY20LlboPLLJTVvLd3KPaFAe.SuZVXdacccFYEQfqx6ySEPCAv7dhFj1PSMoIkNsbqmW4X7RLk_lqWYU8WFDu2O18XC.iHVS_d6kpcp4dDuvqWwaSm9vADPB0Ub611daYzA6GCzJe0Bn.b8ly3HJFwnhfy.SJ4bKIephfB9LyRY6C9iin4cQmNXJKSf3wu5ocXZoWDfxNgQNCBJJw6yslORMq.5X0E.brqSWbTAHlc_iynVx4xhYSWujLl1oY2ZwMLQfyLRVvBs8jtzZgLsKfWkzezKCrHYNGLyTCpWxS9csqva9tKVlQgT31fhLDkVnYmKqMPuEIyrUEAQABHe56maONnYfWJ4S6C6suVVTgoE4K_.zPerKFsHtVJhv2Wc.MHokHoPv5W_Rukz4CIRZpU_nOh3BrKMsLk8dl5xYu48S.6d5gW_w2_47iu961o.9VNrny8k0_BgrafQeBVh7QP46W4aUXB7_joNo3d6vxBDCyNQnc85FyjeuLAx3s.Gm7XI3sLxoIRAvseSV0bgagzkLulN088T96G7.qeXrrPvEtJLlsz7nTzKDrNezflRnIiWYUpqZm0iPx9fJIbkhep_DRZAHc78UHyti_5YuwjEa1bqAtu0fdtPEP2Tr1KkJafcEV2IwSiP5cWPdQce6cq3IglG.r.ZeDN1_64x0smF7V_.DJlCY2Q2OUxKQK7Wv.5xg_bAWrPcj872aPxh2Kk.jdCoJyqndCiGwN0P5xNIugTaEj2nESiBTr62zVkn_ywiDpsCvzJ1WtzjCWNNT3tdycAKe7QX9U3.ORaanDrscWoXTB7U6CSvYoIdCbcZ1m7HSAr9LCnAJgebPSqMeUsVwSfZK4XaBxepKvAgW2sYHQHnz8f6Ai1yl_BXLAeGhtg042jDFusu9YJF7m5S8emWZQpC_2WawDi_NKQRqm1Nf_mowlt59I8uv4aj.VfLT6.71kCRGfEurLJTf69U5YKNvsu4u18MfIQ5KZGShF6XcUp68cqBt8.rOnT8S.7.GmR0SVyo7zMkAuneTi38E_haNbM3iojur94Gd7J_LhSbecm.vS9WcZic8aXmbrOB_DpYLdPr1.B7DppnLqLRaTWnHAODxc83dPbIFXOC9Ei4irI_NeArMIwE9I.D0Q6.ZqLXQzp53xcchZnG9yRQ3bO9sFmn98d8P943JCJ43GbIb0dHEfEzIsG_mfK4H_FVP5wR6QhX9eN2l1B4tREKHF0iu0.HvL_.edlBKfZrX2nwP5VOh6V_.E_zmLfzvkeTMcmzcmPZ_N3ud9jovVcbPldTK75dlx0hFiCLy2vyyCgtkJ_i95WF16YoB.uuya3uVCe1Iu0qyF5BlmoyhdZ0hgKLrCd6WxJNn71L0EwyKYt6tcqPiu70C.M.E3wjGIUMWWMz19AeojAA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134ab950b6c8970';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/10008686\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=Y5dWk6IVskZIvSC0V01SnW5PpUdZluh3NKAzvFc.t.s-1739783698-1.0.1.1-yV58omV38j8bNbUAHXMuEyNC5UGzyWGRYR2.Dh5bydk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>