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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonianism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_antonianiste" title="Mouvement antonianiste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement antonianiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nianisma" title="Antônianisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antônianisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonianismen" title="Antonianismen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antonianismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Syncretic Bakongo Catholic movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Antoinism" title="Antoinism">Antoinism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Antonianism<br />Antonine sect</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimpa_Vita_%C2%B4s_statue_in_Angola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kimpa_Vita_%C2%B4s_statue_in_Angola.jpg/220px-Kimpa_Vita_%C2%B4s_statue_in_Angola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kimpa_Vita_%C2%B4s_statue_in_Angola.jpg/330px-Kimpa_Vita_%C2%B4s_statue_in_Angola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kimpa_Vita_%C2%B4s_statue_in_Angola.jpg/440px-Kimpa_Vita_%C2%B4s_statue_in_Angola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kimpa Vita's statue in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">Syncretic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Bakongo</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kimpa_Vita" title="Kimpa Vita">Beatriz Kimpa Vita</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1704</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1708</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">20,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antonianism</b>, or <b>Antonine sect</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i>Antonianismo</i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Bakongo</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic movement</a> formed in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> between 1704 and 1708, as a development out of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kongo" title="Catholic Church in Kongo">Catholic Church in Kongo</a>, yet without denying the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. Its founder was a young charismatic woman named <a href="/wiki/Kimpa_Vita" title="Kimpa Vita">Beatriz Kimpa Vita</a>, who said she was possessed by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Anthony of Padua">Saint Anthony of Padua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beatriz became known for healing and other miracles. It was eventually suppressed by King <a href="/wiki/Pedro_IV_of_Kongo" title="Pedro IV of Kongo">Pedro IV of Kongo</a>, and Dona Beatriz was burned at the stake as a heretic.<sup id="cite_ref-Wessinger_2011_391_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessinger_2011_391-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dona_Beatriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Dona Beatriz">Dona Beatriz</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptismal</a> name of Kimpa Vita) was a young indigenous noblewoman born around 1684 in the Kongo.<sup id="cite_ref-Wessinger_2011_391_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessinger_2011_391-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Kongo was the largest and most powerful kingdom in Central Africa, but its influence was waning; during the 17th century, Portugal became the region's dominant military and economic force. The Portuguese had begun converting the people of the Kongo to Catholicism as early as the 15th century. The nobility of the Kongo and the commoners both practised Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> had been introduced to <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> in the 15th century and had attracted a wide following in Kongo. Beatriz claimed Anthony had told her through a vision to create a new Kongolese Catholicism, and she incorporated various native practices and traditions into her movement. The major differences between Roman Catholicism and Antonianism were the rejection of the cross, as it was seen as being responsible for Christ's death, as well as the rejection of baptism, confession and prayer. Among her beliefs were that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was a black man and that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a> was the real home of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also held that heaven was for <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">Africans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After an illness in 1704, Dona Beatriz began to preach that she had been possessed by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">St. Anthony of Padua</a>, who was a major Portuguese saint. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Dona Beatriz "was trained as an <i>nganga marinda</i>, an individual who consults the supernatural world to solve problems within the community",<sup id="cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acted as a <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual medium">medium</a>, speaking the pronouncements of St. Anthony. The teachings were a mixture of Kongo religious rituals, nativism, and Catholicism: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>According to this vision, Jesus was born in <a href="/wiki/Mbanza_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbanza Kongo">Mbanza Kongo</a> and baptized not at <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> but in the northern province of <a href="/wiki/Nsundi" title="Nsundi">Nsundi</a>, while Mary's mother was a slave of the Kongo nobleman Nzimba Mpangi. Dona Beatriz also disclosed new versions of the <a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave Maria">Ave Maria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a> that were more relevant to Kongolese modes of thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Dona Beatriz prophesied a new golden age to her followers, one that would follow the end of European presence in the Kongo. European treasures would be found around the Kongo capital city of <a href="/wiki/Mbanza_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbanza Kongo">Mbanza Kongo</a> by her followers, and trees would turn to silver and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Wessinger_2011_391_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessinger_2011_391-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dona Beatriz acknowledged papal authority, yet her cult was hostile to European missionaries, teaching that they were "corrupt and unsympathetic to the spiritual needs of Kongolese Catholics".<sup id="cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activities_and_suppression">Political activities and suppression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political activities and suppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Antonians, led by Dona Beatriz, occupied the territory of <a href="/wiki/Mbanza_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbanza Kongo">Mbanza Kongo</a>. It served as a base for Antonian missionaries, who were sent by Dona Beatriz to convert followers to her movement, and "to urge rulers of the divided Kongo territories to unite under one king".<sup id="cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She aimed to end the civil wars that had plagued the kingdom since the arrival of the Portuguese. Dona Beatriz' political influence was a threat to Pedro IV and the Portuguese administration that supported him. In 1706, Pedro IV had Dona Beatriz arrested and burned at the stake for <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, under the urging of Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Capuchines" class="mw-redirect" title="Capuchines">Capuchin</a> monks.<sup id="cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement of Antonianism did not immediately die when she did and in 1708 twenty thousand Antonians marched on King Pedro IV, who eventually defeated them and restored his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the movement had a short life under the leadership of Dona Beatriz, artifacts have survived, including St. Anthony figurines made of "ivory, brass, and wood ... affixed to crosses, used as staff finials, and worn as pendants.... these images, called <i>Toni Malau</i> or "Anthony of good fortune" in <a href="/wiki/KiKongo" class="mw-redirect" title="KiKongo">KiKongo</a>, served to guard their bearers against illness and other misfortunes".<sup id="cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-overview-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-overview_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter N. Stearns and William Leonard Langer. <i>The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged</i>, 2001. Page 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Thornton, <i>The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684-1706</i> (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessinger_2011_391-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wessinger_2011_391_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessinger_2011_391_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessinger_2011_391_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWessinger2011" class="citation book cs1">Wessinger, Catherine (2011). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195301052" title="Special:BookSources/9780195301052"><bdi>9780195301052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Millennialism&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780195301052&rft.aulast=Wessinger&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dona_Beatriz:_Kongo_Prophet_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pwmn_4/hd_pwmn_4.htm">"Dona Beatriz: Kongo Prophet"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dona+Beatriz%3A+Kongo+Prophet&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fpwmn_4%2Fhd_pwmn_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBortolot" class="citation web cs1">Bortolot, Authors: Alexander Ives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pwmn_4/hd_pwmn_4.htm">"Women Leaders in African History: Dona Beatriz, Kongo Prophet | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"</a>. <i>The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Met%E2%80%99s+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Women+Leaders+in+African+History%3A+Dona+Beatriz%2C+Kongo+Prophet+%7C+Essay+%7C+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%7C+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.aulast=Bortolot&rft.aufirst=Authors%3A+Alexander+Ives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fpwmn_4%2Fhd_pwmn_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentley, Jerry and Ziegler, Herb. <i>Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past</i>. McGraw Hill, New York: 2006</span> </li> </ol></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png/180px-Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png/240px-Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_deities_and_mythological_figures#Kongo" title="List of African deities and mythological figures">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunzi" title="Bunzi">Bunzi</a></li> <li>Chicamassi-chinuinji</li> <li>Dinganga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li>Kimbazi</li> <li>Kuitikuiti</li> <li>Lubangala</li> <li>Lusiemo</li> <li>Lusunzi</li> <li>Makanga</li> <li>Ma Kiela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_Wata" title="Mami Wata">Mamba Muntu</a></li> <li>Mbantilanda</li> <li>Mbenza</li> <li>Mboze</li> <li>Mbumba</li> <li>Moni-Mambu</li> <li>Ngonde</li> <li>Ntangu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi Mpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambici" title="Nzambici">Nzambici</a></li> <li>Nzazi</li> <li>Phulu Bunzi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kongo_culture" title="Category:Kongo culture">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead"> Ancestral veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalunga_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalunga line">Kalunga line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_cosmogram" title="Kongo cosmogram">Kongo cosmogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfinda" title="Mfinda">Mfinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion#Nature_spirits_and_fetishes" title="Kongo religion">Nature spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganga" title="Nganga">Nganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">Nlongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi">Simbi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumba_(Kongo)" title="Tumba (Kongo)">Tumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%">Diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat_bone" title="Black cat bone">Black cat bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_foot_powder" title="Hot foot powder">Hot foot powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">Kumbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_shout" title="Ring shout">Ring shout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> (<a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myal" title="Myal">Myal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lionza" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Lionza">Maria Lionza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e1bae7"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Kongo" title="Category:Kongo">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_Kongo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e1bae7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Template:Kingdom of Kongo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Kongo (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Kongo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_Kongo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kingdom of Kongo</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kongo" title="Category:Kongo">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Angola" title="History of Angola">History of Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png/120px-Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png/180px-Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png/240px-Kongo_Cosmogram_-_blank.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%">Preceded by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Kingdoms_of_Kongo_dia_Nlaza" title="Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza">Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbata_Kingdom" title="Mbata Kingdom">Mbata Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpemba_Kasi" title="Mpemba Kasi">Mpemba Kasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manikongo" title="Manikongo">Awenekongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngola_(title)" title="Ngola (title)">Ngola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_mother_(Africa)" title="Queen mother (Africa)">Queen Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Council_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Royal Council of the Kingdom of Kongo">Mbanda Mbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Kongo)" title="Order of Christ (Kongo)">Order of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Kongo" title="List of rulers of Kongo">List of rulers of Kongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kanda_(lineage)" title="Kanda (lineage)">Ruling houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilukeni" title="Kilukeni">House of Kilukeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_dynasty" title="Kwilu dynasty">House of Kwilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinkanga" title="Kinkanga">House of Kinkanga/Nsundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpanzu" title="Kimpanzu">House of Kimpanzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinlaza" title="Kinlaza">House of Kinlaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81gua_Rosada" title="Água Rosada">House of Água Rosada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Nzimbu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olivella_nana" title="Olivella nana">Olivella nana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo#Kongo_and_the_slave_trade_under_Afonso" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Enslaved people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%">Goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Lubongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_textiles" title="Kongo textiles">Lubongo cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">Taro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%27banza-Kongo" title="M'banza-Kongo">Capital: M'banza-Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsi_Kwilu" title="Nsi Kwilu">Nsi Kwilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsundi" title="Nsundi">Nsundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyo" title="Soyo">Soyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kikongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kongo" title="Catholic Church in Kongo">Kongo Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_deities_and_mythological_figures#Kongo" title="List of African deities and mythological figures">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunzi" title="Bunzi">Bunzi</a></li> <li>Chicamassi-chinuinji</li> <li>Dinganga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li>Kimbazi</li> <li>Kuitikuiti</li> <li>Lubangala</li> <li>Lusiemo</li> <li>Lusunzi</li> <li>Makanga</li> <li>Ma Kiela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_Wata" title="Mami Wata">Mamba Muntu</a></li> <li>Mbantilanda</li> <li>Mbenza</li> <li>Mboze</li> <li>Mbumba</li> <li>Moni-Mambu</li> <li>Ngonde</li> <li>Ntangu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi Mpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambici" title="Nzambici">Nzambici</a></li> <li>Nzazi</li> <li>Phulu Bunzi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead"> Ancestral veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalunga_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalunga line">Kalunga line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_cosmogram" title="Kongo cosmogram">Kongo cosmogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfinda" title="Mfinda">Mfinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion#Nature_spirits_and_fetishes" title="Kongo religion">Nature spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganga" title="Nganga">Nganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">Nlongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi">Simbi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumba_(Kongo)" title="Tumba (Kongo)">Tumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e1bae7;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo#Military_structure" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Archery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arrow_poison" title="Arrow poison">Poisoned Arrows</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboat" title="Longboat">Kongolese longboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Iron stake traps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar" title="Scimitar">Scimitar-shaped</a> <a href="/wiki/Longsword" title="Longsword">Longsword</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#edd7f1;;width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Conquest of Kabunga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbumbi" title="Battle of Mbumbi">Battle of Mbumbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbanda_Kasi" title="Battle of Mbanda Kasi">Battle of Mbanda Kasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kitombo" title="Battle of Kitombo">Battle of Kitombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbwila" title="Battle of Mbwila">Battle of Mbwila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbidizi_River" title="Battle of Mbidizi River">Battle of Mbidizi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Salvador" title="Battle of São Salvador">Battle of São Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_Civil_War" title="Kongo Civil War">Kongo Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e1bae7"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Category:Kingdom of 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