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searchaux" style="display:none">12–13th century English illuminated manuscript</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:85-Oxford_1511_-_Unicorno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/85-Oxford_1511_-_Unicorno.jpg/220px-85-Oxford_1511_-_Unicorno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/85-Oxford_1511_-_Unicorno.jpg/330px-85-Oxford_1511_-_Unicorno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/85-Oxford_1511_-_Unicorno.jpg/440px-85-Oxford_1511_-_Unicorno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption><i>Ashmole Bestiary</i>; folio 21r: Monoceros and bear</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Ashmole Bestiary</b></i>, an English illuminated manuscript bestiary, is from the late 12th or early 13th century. Under 90 such manuscripts survive and they were studied and categorized into families by <a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">M.R. James</a> in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ashmole Bestiary is part of the Second-family of manuscript Latin bestiaries, wherein it is one of forty eight. The "Second-family" bestiary is the most popular and widely distributed type of these manuscripts. It is of English origin, with a spiritual text that catered to the prevailing culture of the church at the time. The stimulating illuminations are not just decorative, as many people were illiterate or semi-literate in England at the time. All true Latin Bestiaries take their origin from the Greek work <i><a href="/wiki/Physiologus" title="Physiologus">Physiologus</a>,</i> though the word can colloquially be used with less specificity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashmole_Bestiary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bestiaries are not intended to be zoological books, as a result the <i>Ashmole Bestiary</i> is not biologically consistent or scientifically accurate. These are artefacts of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and are meant to teach Christian principles and promote Christian values through the use allegory and symbolism in nature. Instead of being naturalist documentation, bestiaries are meant to tell the tale of Christ's work and teachings using the symbolism of various animals as part of the allegory. The animal-related stories in the manuscript contain moral themes and convey ideas of Christian ethics. </p><p>Like almost all bestiaries, the <i>Ashmole Bestiary</i> contains a creation story from the book of <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis</a>, about God creating man and animals before the detailed allegorical descriptions of the 130 animals written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. </p><p>Content from <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Fouilloy" title="Hugh of Fouilloy">Hugh of Fouilloy</a>'s sixty chapter <i><a href="/wiki/De_avibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De avibus">De avibus</a></i> which was written between 1132 and 1152 is incorporated into the text with 29 full colour illustrations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is known by other names including like <a href="/wiki/De_avibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De avibus"><i>The Aviarium</i></a> (The Aviary), <i><a href="/wiki/De_avibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De avibus">De columba deargentata</a></i> (The Silvered Dove), and <i><a href="/wiki/De_avibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De avibus">De tribus columbis</a></i> (The three Doves) but all refer to the same work.   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashmole_Bestiary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first few pages were originally left blank when the manuscript was initially created. As it came under new ownership throughout the centuries, some additions were made. An example of this is on the first page, which reads "ex libris of Peter Manwood" and has a drawing of a building done in graphite.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This addition indicating the owner at the time was made some 300 years after the manuscript's creation. </p><p>Scholars believe that way the manuscript is written and the tone and ideas conveyed within it suggest that it was intended to be used in an instructional manner, to teach the lessons of Christianity through the metaphors of the natural world. It does not delve into complex ideas and maintains a straightforward presentation throughout, likely to aid its ease of understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminations">Illuminations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashmole_Bestiary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Illuminations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ashmole_Bestiary_-_Unicorn_hunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medieval Unicorn Hunt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Ashmole_Bestiary_-_Unicorn_hunt.jpg/220px-The_Ashmole_Bestiary_-_Unicorn_hunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Ashmole_Bestiary_-_Unicorn_hunt.jpg/330px-The_Ashmole_Bestiary_-_Unicorn_hunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Ashmole_Bestiary_-_Unicorn_hunt.jpg/440px-The_Ashmole_Bestiary_-_Unicorn_hunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>The Ashmole Bestiary, folio 14 verso: Unicornis, early 13th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Rich colour <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a> of the animals of the compendium are a key part of the medieval bestiary, and what captivates many historians and preservationists. In keeping with this tradition The Ashmole Bestiary features “real” animals (such as dogs, beavers, and elephants), but also mythical and legendary creatures like a <a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more common or known animals may still have fantastical elements ascribed to them, like a snake having wings, a dog who can detect lies, or fledgling pelicans coming back to life.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fantastical elements serve to further to the goal of conveying morals and Christian teachings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Naming_the_Animals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adam_Naming_the_Animals.png/220px-Adam_Naming_the_Animals.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adam_Naming_the_Animals.png/330px-Adam_Naming_the_Animals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Adam_Naming_the_Animals.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Medieval Ashmole Bestiary illumination of the biblical Adam Naming the creatures of earth</figcaption></figure> <p>The introductory pages include a colorful miniature of <i>Adam Naming the Animals</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that takes up an entire page by itself. This lavish inclusion is from the biblical book of <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis</a> from the quote "The man gave names to all the cattle, all the birds of heaven and all the wild animals."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most, if not all medieval bestiaries contain the story of <a href="/wiki/Christian_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian creation myth">the Christian Creation Myth</a>, and many extant examples of medieval bestiaries are incomplete, which is one reason why the Ashmole manuscript is so remarkable and well studied. </p><p>The Ashmole Bestiary has been reproduced as a <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> in both French and German but not yet in English. There is a full digital facsimile available through the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian library</a> digital records.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashmole_Bestiary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><b>Ashmole Bestiary</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> MS. Ashmole 1511) along with its sister manuscript the <i><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary" title="Aberdeen Bestiary">Aberdeen Bestiary</a><sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>, is a late 12th or early 13th century <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> <a href="/wiki/Bestiary" title="Bestiary">Bestiary</a>. Both are of the Second Family of Bestiary Manuscripts. The two manuscripts are often compared to each other due to their striking similarities in illustration and the close time in which they were both made. Though there is still some debate among medieval scholars about which one is older and therefore the original, the similarities are significant to the point that there is a scholarly consensus that both manuscripts share an origin. The famed medievalist scholar <a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">M. R. James</a> considered the Aberdeen Bestiary to likely be a replica of Ashmole based on the quality of the illuminations and artistic style of both artefacts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provenance">Provenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashmole_Bestiary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Provenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is unclear to historians and researchers who the original patron; they may have been an <a href="/wiki/Aristocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocrat">aristocrat</a>, a high-ranking member of the church, or a monastery. It has been suggested by experts that the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Fouilloy" title="Hugh of Fouilloy">Hugh of Fouilloy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/De_avibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De avibus">De avibus</a></i> suggests a monastic origin for the work. </p><p>It is known through the study of the physical document and the inscriptions there-in that in the mid-1500s the Ashmole Bestiary belonged to William Wright, the vicar of Chipping Wycombe .<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After which the manuscript was in the possession of William Man, esq., of Canterbury, who gave it as a gift to Peter Manwood, who was an <a href="/wiki/Antiquary" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquary">antiquary</a>, in 1609. The next historically verifiable home of the manuscript was in the museum of John Tradescant, the elder, who then passed it on to his son John Tradescant the younger. Later that century antiquarian, and namesake of the artifact, <a href="/wiki/Elias_Ashmole" title="Elias Ashmole">Elias Ashmole</a> would come into possession of it. Ashmole's collection of antiques, curiosities and books was donated after his death, founding the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860 the manuscript was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> which is one of the oldest libraries in Europe and one of the largest in England.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has resided there ever since. </p><p>To protect the manuscript from damage, that can be caused by even the most careful handling, access to the artefact is restricted. Manuscript preservation requires stringent rules. Researchers are asked to use replicas and published descriptions as much as is practicable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condition">Condition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashmole_Bestiary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Condition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the bestiary is in excellent condition considering it is centuries old, it does contain some flaws. Aside from the wear of time it has edits and corrections by the different people who owned it throughout the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an attempt at re-binding the manuscript sometime in the 17th century. Centuries later in 1987 the Ashmole Bestiary was restored and rebound, removing the previous re-binding. Using modern technology, plain alum-tawed calfskin, and correcting some of the damaging preservation attempts from the 17th century. The 17th century binding is still kept with the manuscript in the library.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashmole_Bestiary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestiary.ca/manuscripts/manu556.htm">The Medieval Bestiary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/catalog/manuscript_290">MS Ashmole 1511</a> in the Bodleian Libraries Catalogue of Medieval Manuscripts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/inquire/p/faeff7fb-f8a7-44b5-95ed-cff9a9ffd198">MS Ashmole 1511</a> Images available in Digital Bodleian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashmole_Bestiary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Willene B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm70399940"><i>A medieval book of beasts: the second-family bestiary: commentary, art, text and translation</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-682-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-682-8"><bdi>978-0-85115-682-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70399940">70399940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+medieval+book+of+beasts%3A+the+second-family+bestiary%3A+commentary%2C+art%2C+text+and+translation&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm70399940&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-682-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Willene+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Focm70399940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshmole+Bestiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.Hourihane2012" class="citation cs2">P.Hourihane, Colum (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195395365.001.0001/acref-9780195395365-e-160">"Ashmole Bestiary"</a>, <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195395365.001.0001%2Facref-9780195395365-e-160">10.1093/acref/9780195395365.001.0001/acref-9780195395365-e-160</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5"><bdi>978-0-19-539536-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.atitle=Ashmole+Bestiary&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195395365.001.0001%2Facref-9780195395365-e-160&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539536-5&rft.aulast=P.Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195395365.001.0001%2Facref-9780195395365-e-160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshmole+Bestiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bestiary.ca/manuscripts/manu556.htm">"Medieval Bestiary : Manuscripts : Bodleian MS. Ashmole 1511"</a>. <i>bestiary.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bestiary.ca&rft.atitle=Medieval+Bestiary+%3A+Manuscripts+%3A+Bodleian+MS.+Ashmole+1511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbestiary.ca%2Fmanuscripts%2Fmanu556.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshmole+Bestiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/eb0735a3-e8ee-4104-b111-51d18a13b78b/">"Bodleian Library MS. Ashmole 1511"</a>. <i>digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Bodleian+Library+MS.+Ashmole+1511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Feb0735a3-e8ee-4104-b111-51d18a13b78b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshmole+Bestiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/genesis/documents/bible_genesis_en.html#:~:text=">"The Book of Genesis"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Genesis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fbible%2Fgenesis%2Fdocuments%2Fbible_genesis_en.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshmole+Bestiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/catalog/manuscript_290">"MS. Ashmole 1511 - Medieval Manuscripts"</a>. <i>medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=MS.+Ashmole+1511+-+Medieval+Manuscripts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2Fcatalog%2Fmanuscript_290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshmole+Bestiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/home">"Home"</a>. <i>www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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