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id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Toba_Clans_and_Families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Toba_Clans_and_Families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Toba Clans and Families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Toba_Clans_and_Families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Traditional house</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Boat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_Toba_people_in_Indonesian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_Toba_people_in_Indonesian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Views of Toba people in Indonesian culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_Toba_people_in_Indonesian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_Toba" title="Batak Toba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Batak Toba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Batak_Toba" title="Suku Batak Toba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Batak Toba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Batak_Toba" title="Suku Batak Toba – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Suku Batak Toba" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%83" title="شعب توبا باتاك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب توبا باتاك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Batak_Toba" title="Orang Batak Toba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Batak Toba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Batak_Toba" title="Urang Batak Toba – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Batak Toba" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba-Batak" title="Toba-Batak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toba-Batak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தோபா பத்தாக் மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோபா பத்தாக் மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halak_Batak_Toba" title="Halak Batak Toba – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Halak Batak Toba" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Batak_Toba" title="Jolma Batak Toba – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of the Batak people in Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Toba ethnic group from South America, see <a href="/wiki/Kom_people_(South_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kom people (South America)">Kom people (South America)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Toba Batak people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Batak_Toba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Toba language">Batak Toba</a>: <span lang="bbc">ᯅᯖᯂ᯲ ᯖᯬᯅ</span></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4,100,000</span> (2020)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>: <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toba_Samosir_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba Samosir Regency">Toba Samosir Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samosir_Regency" title="Samosir Regency">Samosir Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humbang_Hasundutan_Regency" title="Humbang Hasundutan Regency">Humbang Hasundutan Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidikalang" title="Sidikalang">Sidikalang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibolga" title="Sibolga">Sibolga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pematang_Siantar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pematang Siantar">Pematang Siantar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairi_Regency" title="Dairi Regency">Dairi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deli_Serdang" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Serdang">Deli Serdang</a>, and the surrounding areas – 3,000,000 <p>Outside North Sumatra: <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, and around Indonesia – 1,100,000 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Outside Indonesia: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> – 1,100+</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> 98%; <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> 1.7%, <a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a> and others 0.3%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_man_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_met_een_patjol_(gereedschap_om_het_land_te_bewerken)_te_Samosir_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005435.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_man_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_met_een_patjol_%28gereedschap_om_het_land_te_bewerken%29_te_Samosir_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005435.jpg/200px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_man_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_met_een_patjol_%28gereedschap_om_het_land_te_bewerken%29_te_Samosir_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005435.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_man_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_met_een_patjol_%28gereedschap_om_het_land_te_bewerken%29_te_Samosir_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005435.jpg/300px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_man_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_met_een_patjol_%28gereedschap_om_het_land_te_bewerken%29_te_Samosir_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005435.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_man_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_met_een_patjol_%28gereedschap_om_het_land_te_bewerken%29_te_Samosir_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005435.jpg/400px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_man_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_met_een_patjol_%28gereedschap_om_het_land_te_bewerken%29_te_Samosir_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005435.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A Batak Toba man from Samosir with a hoe over his shoulders, pre-1939.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Toba Batak</b> people (<a href="/wiki/Batak_Toba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Toba language">Batak Toba</a>: <span lang="bbc">ᯅᯖᯂ᯲ ᯖᯬᯅ</span>) are the largest ethnic group of the <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, Indonesia. The general term ‘Batak’ is sometimes used to refer to the Batak Toba people, for one thing because the Toba people are the largest sub-group of the Batak ethnicity, for another because they tend to self-identify as merely Batak instead of ‘Toba’ or ‘Batak Toba’, contrary to the habit of the Karo, Mandailing, Simalungun, Pakpak communities who commonly self-identify with their respective sub-groups. </p><p>The Toba people are found in <a href="/wiki/Toba_Regency" title="Toba Regency">Toba Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humbang_Hasundutan_Regency" title="Humbang Hasundutan Regency">Humbang Hasundutan Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samosir_Regency" title="Samosir Regency">Samosir Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Tapanuli_Regency" title="North Tapanuli Regency">North Tapanuli Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Tapanuli_Regency" title="Central Tapanuli Regency">Central Tapanuli Regency</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Sibolga" title="Sibolga">Sibolga</a> and its surrounding regions), and part of <a href="/wiki/Dairi_Regency" title="Dairi Regency">Dairi Regency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Batak Toba people speak the <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak language</a> and are centered on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba">Lake Toba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samosir" title="Samosir">Samosir Island</a> within the lake. Batak Toba people frequently build in traditional Batak architecture styles which are common in Samosir. Cultural demonstrations, performances, and festivities such as <a href="/wiki/Sigale_Gale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigale Gale">Sigale Gale</a> are often held for tourists. </p><p>Paleontological research done in the Humbang region of the west side of <a href="/wiki/Toba_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba Lake">Toba Lake</a> suggests that human activity existed 6,500 years ago. The genetic test of the Toba Batak people shows that the Toba Batak are the descendants of different people with distinct genetic components. The Toba Batak's ancestors migrated from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> thousands of years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batak_kingdoms">Batak kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Batak kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LogoSisingamangaraja.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LogoSisingamangaraja.svg/170px-LogoSisingamangaraja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LogoSisingamangaraja.svg/255px-LogoSisingamangaraja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LogoSisingamangaraja.svg/340px-LogoSisingamangaraja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The seal of the Sisingamangaraja dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were numerous kingdoms and dynasties in the history of the Batak and Toba Batak people. The last dynasty in the Toba Batak people is the Sisingamangaraja dynasty with twelve successive priest kings called ‘Sisingamangaraja’ from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinambela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinambela (page does not exist)">Sinambela</a> clan. During the time when the Batak kingdom was based in Bakara, the Sisingamangaraja dynasty of the Batak kingdom divided their kingdom into four regions by the name of <i>Raja Maropat</i>, which are:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Raja Maropat Silindung</li> <li>Raja Maropat Samosir</li> <li>Raja Maropat Humbang</li> <li>Raja Maropat Toba</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_colonization">Dutch colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dutch colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dutch colonization started with the defeat of King <a href="/wiki/Sisingamangaraja_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisingamangaraja XII">Sisingamangaraja XII</a>, ending the Thirty years <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batak_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batak War (page does not exist)">Batak War</a>. The Dutch colonization formally began with the annexation of the <i> Onafhankelijke Batak-Landen</i> or ‘The Free Batak-Country’ into <a href="/wiki/The_Dutch_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dutch East Indies">The Dutch East Indies</a> and the formation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapanuli_Residency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapanuli Residency (page does not exist)">the Tapanuli Residency</a> in 1910. The Tapanuli Residency is divided into four regions that are called <i>afdeling</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> for "section"); today it is known as <a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">a regency</a> or city, namely: </p> <ul><li>Afdeling <a href="/wiki/Padang_Sidempuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang Sidempuan">Padang Sidempuan</a>, which later became <a href="/wiki/South_Tapanuli_Regency" title="South Tapanuli Regency">South Tapanuli Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandailing_Natal_Regency" title="Mandailing Natal Regency">Mandailing Natal Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padang_Lawas_Regency" title="Padang Lawas Regency">Padang Lawas Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Padang_Lawas_Regency" title="North Padang Lawas Regency">North Padang Lawas Regency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padang_Sidempuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang Sidempuan">Padang Sidempuan</a>.</li> <li>Afdeling <a href="/wiki/Nias" title="Nias">Nias</a>, which later became <a href="/wiki/Nias_Regency" title="Nias Regency">Nias Regency</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Nias_Regency" title="South Nias Regency">South Nias Regency</a>.</li> <li>Afdeling <a href="/wiki/Sibolga" title="Sibolga">Sibolga</a> and Ommnenlanden, today it is <a href="/wiki/Central_Tapanuli_Regency" title="Central Tapanuli Regency">Central Tapanuli Regency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sibolga" title="Sibolga">Sibolga</a>.</li> <li>Afdeling Bataklanden, which later became <a href="/wiki/North_Tapanuli_Regency" title="North Tapanuli Regency">North Tapanuli Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humbang_Hasundutan_Regency" title="Humbang Hasundutan Regency">Humbang Hasundutan Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toba_Samosir_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba Samosir Regency">Toba Samosir Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samosir_Regency" title="Samosir Regency">Samosir Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairi_Regency" title="Dairi Regency">Dairi Regency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakpak_Bharat_Regency" title="Pakpak Bharat Regency">Pakpak Bharat Regency</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_occupation">Japanese occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_bij_de_stenen_muur_van_hun_dorp_in_de_Bataklanden_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_bij_de_stenen_muur_van_hun_dorp_in_de_Bataklanden_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005429.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_bij_de_stenen_muur_van_hun_dorp_in_de_Bataklanden_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005429.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_bij_de_stenen_muur_van_hun_dorp_in_de_Bataklanden_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005429.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_bij_de_stenen_muur_van_hun_dorp_in_de_Bataklanden_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_bij_de_stenen_muur_van_hun_dorp_in_de_Bataklanden_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005429.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_van_Toba-Batak_afkomst_bij_de_stenen_muur_van_hun_dorp_in_de_Bataklanden_Noord-Sumatra_TMnr_10005429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A group of Toba people, circa 1914–1919.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a>, the administration of the Tapanuli Residency had little changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence_of_Indonesia">Post-independence of Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-independence of Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the independence, the government of Indonesia retained Tapanuli as <a href="/wiki/Residency_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Residency (country subdivision)">Residency</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr._Ferdinand_Lumban_Tobing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr. Ferdinand Lumban Tobing (page does not exist)">Dr. Ferdinand Lumban Tobing</a> became the first Tapanuli <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Resident</a>. </p><p>Although there were changes made to the name, the division of the region was still the same. For example, the name of Afdeling Bataklanden was changed to Luhak Tanah Batak, and the first <i>luhak</i> (federated region) appointed was Cornelius Sihombing; who was once also a <span title="Batak Toba-language romanization"><i lang="bbc-Latn">demang</i></span> (chief) <span title="Batak Toba-language romanization"><i lang="bbc-Latn">silindung</i></span>. The title <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Onderafdeling</i></span> (Dutch for "subdivision") was changed to <span title="Batak Toba-language romanization"><i lang="bbc-Latn">urung</i></span>, and <span title="Batak Toba-language romanization"><i lang="bbc-Latn">demangs</i></span> that supervised an onderafdeling were promoted as <span title="Batak Toba-language romanization"><i lang="bbc-Latn">kepala</i></span> (head) <span title="Batak Toba-language romanization"><i lang="bbc-Latn">urung</i></span>. Onderdistrik (subdistrict) then became <span title="Batak Toba-language romanization"><i lang="bbc-Latn">urung kecil</i></span>, and was supervised by <span title="Batak Toba-language romanization"><i lang="bbc-Latn">kepala urung kecil</i></span>; which was previously known as assistant <span title="Batak Toba-language romanization"><i lang="bbc-Latn">demang</i></span>. </p><p>Just as it was in the past, the government of the Tapanuli Residency was divided into four districts, namely: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silindung_Regency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silindung Regency (page does not exist)">Silindung Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosir_Regency" title="Samosir Regency">Samosir Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humbang_Regency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humbang Regency (page does not exist)">Humbang Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Regency" title="Toba Regency">Toba Regency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_of_sovereignty_in_early_1950">Transfer of sovereignty in early 1950</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transfer of sovereignty in early 1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Toba-Bataks_hoofd_met_zijn_familie_voor_hun_met_fraai_houtsnijwerk_versierde_huis_TMnr_10001701.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Toba-Bataks_hoofd_met_zijn_familie_voor_hun_met_fraai_houtsnijwerk_versierde_huis_TMnr_10001701.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Toba-Bataks_hoofd_met_zijn_familie_voor_hun_met_fraai_houtsnijwerk_versierde_huis_TMnr_10001701.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Toba-Bataks_hoofd_met_zijn_familie_voor_hun_met_fraai_houtsnijwerk_versierde_huis_TMnr_10001701.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Toba-Bataks_hoofd_met_zijn_familie_voor_hun_met_fraai_houtsnijwerk_versierde_huis_TMnr_10001701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Toba-Bataks_hoofd_met_zijn_familie_voor_hun_met_fraai_houtsnijwerk_versierde_huis_TMnr_10001701.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Toba-Bataks_hoofd_met_zijn_familie_voor_hun_met_fraai_houtsnijwerk_versierde_huis_TMnr_10001701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Toba heads with his family in their home with beautifully carved head of Toba family (adathuis) Tapanoeli, <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, circa 1900.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the transfer of sovereignty in the early 1950s, the Tapanuli Residency that was unified into <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> province and was divided into four new regencies, namely: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Tapanuli_Regency" title="North Tapanuli Regency">North Tapanuli Regency</a> (previously known as <a href="/wiki/Tanah_Batak_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanah Batak Regency">Tanah Batak Regency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tapanuli_Regency" title="Central Tapanuli Regency">Central Tapanuli Regency</a> (previously known as <a href="/wiki/Sibolga_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibolga Regency">Sibolga Regency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tapanuli_Regency" title="South Tapanuli Regency">South Tapanuli Regency</a> (previously known as <a href="/wiki/Padang_Sidempuan_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang Sidempuan Regency">Padang Sidempuan Regency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_Regency" title="Nias Regency">Nias Regency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2008, the Tapanuli Residency was unified under <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> province. Since then, Toba is under the <a href="/wiki/Toba_Samosir_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba Samosir Regency">Toba Samosir Regency</a>'s region with <a href="/wiki/Balige" title="Balige">Balige</a> as its capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Res._Tapanoeli._Toba-Bataksche_familie_tot_het_Christendom_bekeerd_TMnr_10000662.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Res._Tapanoeli._Toba-Bataksche_familie_tot_het_Christendom_bekeerd_TMnr_10000662.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Res._Tapanoeli._Toba-Bataksche_familie_tot_het_Christendom_bekeerd_TMnr_10000662.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Res._Tapanoeli._Toba-Bataksche_familie_tot_het_Christendom_bekeerd_TMnr_10000662.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Res._Tapanoeli._Toba-Bataksche_familie_tot_het_Christendom_bekeerd_TMnr_10000662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Res._Tapanoeli._Toba-Bataksche_familie_tot_het_Christendom_bekeerd_TMnr_10000662.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Res._Tapanoeli._Toba-Bataksche_familie_tot_het_Christendom_bekeerd_TMnr_10000662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>A newly converted Christian Toba family in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapanuli_Residency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapanuli Residency (page does not exist)">Tapanoeli</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Toba Batak people practice a distinct culture. The central foundation of their culture is the <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">adat</a> called ‘<i>Dalihan Na Tolu</i>’ (‘The Three Legged Stove’). The Toba Batak generally are regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> society. While the role of men is central in the Toba Batak society, the role of women is very crucial with the existence of the Toba Batak concept of ‘<i>Hula hula</i>‘ where women and their families hold a higher ground in familial relations. Since the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversion to Christianity</a> of the Toba Batak people in the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> has played a vital part in the life of Toba people with church influencing the customs and regulations of the Toba Batak life. Toba Batak's adat traditions are often present in Christian ceremonies such as <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a>, while church <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">psalms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a> are often involved and invoked in traditional ethnic Toba Batak ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Toba Batak people are known to possess a robust tradition of ‘<i>Mangaranto</i>‘ or becoming migrants to look for better education, and social and economic opportunities. There is no obligation for Toba people to live in the Toba region, although they are obliged to be attached to their original village in Toba. The original village or <i>Bius</i> of a Toba Batak person is called ‘<i>Bona Pasogit</i>‘. It is common for a Toba Batak person to identify his/her origin not by their birthplaces, but by their <i>Bona Pasogit</i> in ‘<i>Tano Batak</i>‘ or ‘The Batak Land’.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just as it is with other ethnicities, the Toba people have also migrated to other places to look for a better life. For example, the majority of the Silindung natives are the Hutabarat, Panggabean, Simorangkir, Hutagalung, Hutapea and Lumbantobing clans. Instead all those six clans are actually descendants of Guru Mangaloksa, one of Raja Hasibuan's sons from Toba region. So it is with the Nasution clan where most of them live in Padangsidimpuan, surely share a common ancestor with their relative, the Siahaan clan in <a href="/wiki/Balige" title="Balige">Balige</a>. It is certain that the Toba people as a distinct culture can be found beyond the boundaries of their geographical origins. According to the folklore of the Batak people, the first ancestor of the Batak people is <i>Si Raja Batak </i>, literally means ‘King Batak’ or ‘the King of Batak’. His origin is believed to be from a Toba village known as Sianjur Mula village, situated on the slopes of Mount Pusuk Buhit, about 45 minutes drive from <a href="/wiki/Pangururan" title="Pangururan">Pangururan</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Samosir_Regency" title="Samosir Regency">Samosir Regency</a> today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Toba_Clans_and_Families">The Toba Clans and Families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Toba Clans and Families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A surname or family name (<i><a href="/wiki/Marga_(Batak)" title="Marga (Batak)">marga</a></i>) is part of a Toba person's name, which identifies the clan or family they belonged to. The Batak Toba people always have a surname or family name. The surname or family name is obtained from the father's lineage (paternal) which would then be passed on to the offspring continuously. Nainggolan, Napitupulu, Pardede, Gultom, Panggabean, Silalahi, Siahaan, Simanjuntak, Sihombing, Sitorus, Panjaitan, Sitompul, Marbun, Lumban Tobing, Aritonang, Pangaribuan, Situmorang, Manurung, Marpaung, Hutapea, Tambunan, Silitonga, <a href="/wiki/Tampubolon" title="Tampubolon">Tampubolon</a>, Sinaga, Siregar, Pakpahan, Sidabutar, Aruan, Ambarita, and Simatupang are among the common surnames. However, the number of all Toba Batak clans are in hundreds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_house">Traditional house</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Traditional house"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batak_Toba_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A traditional Toba house."><img alt="A traditional Toba house." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Batak_Toba_House.jpg/340px-Batak_Toba_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Batak_Toba_House.jpg/511px-Batak_Toba_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Batak_Toba_House.jpg/680px-Batak_Toba_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A traditional Toba house.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_a_Chief_amongst_the_Toba_Battaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House of a Toba Batak chief."><img alt="House of a Toba Batak chief." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/House_of_a_Chief_amongst_the_Toba_Battaks.jpg/181px-House_of_a_Chief_amongst_the_Toba_Battaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/House_of_a_Chief_amongst_the_Toba_Battaks.jpg/272px-House_of_a_Chief_amongst_the_Toba_Battaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/House_of_a_Chief_amongst_the_Toba_Battaks.jpg/362px-House_of_a_Chief_amongst_the_Toba_Battaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House of a Toba Batak chief.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumah_Bolon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rumah Bolon (Big house), Toba Batak house"><img alt="Rumah Bolon (Big house), Toba Batak house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rumah_Bolon.jpg/340px-Rumah_Bolon.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rumah_Bolon.jpg/511px-Rumah_Bolon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rumah_Bolon.jpg/680px-Rumah_Bolon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3895" data-file-height="2921" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rumah Bolon (Big house), Toba Batak house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorognom-giorognom_and_Signa_niruma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giorognom-giorognom (carving at the top of a Toba house) and signa (figurehead on either side of a Toba house)"><img alt="Giorognom-giorognom (carving at the top of a Toba house) and signa (figurehead on either side of a Toba house)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Giorognom-giorognom_and_Signa_niruma.jpg/197px-Giorognom-giorognom_and_Signa_niruma.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Giorognom-giorognom_and_Signa_niruma.jpg/296px-Giorognom-giorognom_and_Signa_niruma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Giorognom-giorognom_and_Signa_niruma.jpg/395px-Giorognom-giorognom_and_Signa_niruma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1629" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Giorognom-giorognom</i> (carving at the top of a Toba house) and <i>signa</i> (figurehead on either side of a Toba house)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 303.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumah_Bolon_(Batak_Traditional_House).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rumah Bolon (Jabu bolon)"><img alt="Rumah Bolon (Jabu bolon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rumah_Bolon_%28Batak_Traditional_House%29.jpg/455px-Rumah_Bolon_%28Batak_Traditional_House%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rumah_Bolon_%28Batak_Traditional_House%29.jpg/683px-Rumah_Bolon_%28Batak_Traditional_House%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rumah_Bolon_%28Batak_Traditional_House%29.jpg/909px-Rumah_Bolon_%28Batak_Traditional_House%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rumah Bolon (<i>Jabu bolon</i>)</div> </li> </ul> <p>The traditional house of the Toba people is called <i><a href="/wiki/Bolon_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolon House">rumah bolon</a></i>. It is a rectangular building that can house up to five or six families. One can enter a <i>rumah bolon</i> through a staircase in the middle of the house with an odd numbers of steps (odd number of staircase means offspring of slave, even number of staircase means offspring of king). When a person enters the house, one must bow in order to avoid one's head from knocking the transverse beam at the entrance of the traditional house. The interpretation of this is that the guests must respect the owner of the house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boat">Boat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Boat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Solu_on_lake_Toba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_Solu_on_lake_Toba.jpg/220px-A_Solu_on_lake_Toba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_Solu_on_lake_Toba.jpg/330px-A_Solu_on_lake_Toba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_Solu_on_lake_Toba.jpg/440px-A_Solu_on_lake_Toba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>A Solu on lake Toba.</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional boat of the Toba Batak people is the <i><a href="/wiki/Solu" title="Solu">solu</a></i>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">dugout canoe</a>, with boards added on the side bound with iron tacks. The boat is propelled by sitting rowers, who sit in pairs on cross seats.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_of_Toba_people_in_Indonesian_culture">Views of Toba people in Indonesian culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Views of Toba people in Indonesian culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Toba Batak are known throughout Indonesia as capable musicians, and are perceived as confident, outspoken and willing to question authority, expressing differences in order to resolve them through discussion. This outlook on life is contrasted to <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a>, Indonesia's largest ethnic group, who are more culturally conciliatory and less willing to air differences publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batak Toba people also known as professing <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in contrast with the largely Muslim population in Indonesia. In terms of occupational sector, Batak Toba is also known to be well represented in some sectors particularly <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_(1834%E2%80%931918).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png/170px-Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png/255px-Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png/340px-Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> travelling of <a href="/wiki/Bataks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataks">Batak lands</a>, especially Toba Batak people</figcaption></figure> <p>An overwhelming majority of the Toba Batak people are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The value and practice of Christianity are absorbed deeply into the daily life of the Toba people in combination with the practice of Toba traditional customs known as <a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">Adat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-btkb_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btkb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The currently pertaining traditional law, customs, and regulations used by most Batak Toba people to regulate their social relations nowadays were products of discussions between the Christian Toba Batak Rajas with the German Missionaries during the 1886 to evaluate the pre-Christian customs of the Toba Batak society to be inline with <a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_Ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Ordinance">Church Ordinance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bemmelen,_S._T._2012_P._14_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bemmelen,_S._T._2012_P._14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of this discussion is the codification of Batak Toba customs by the Christian Rajahs and the Missionaries into two treaties: <i> Ruhut Parsaoron di Habatahon 1898 </i> or The Customs regulating the social life of the Batak (referred to as Ruhut), and <i> Patik dohot Uhum ni Halak Batak 1899 </i> or Laws and Regulations of the Batak people (referred to as Patik).<sup id="cite_ref-Bemmelen,_S._T._2012_P._14_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bemmelen,_S._T._2012_P._14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Toba people are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> as the biggest denomination. After Protestantism, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> is the second largest religious belief among the Toba People.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Being the largest ethnic group in the Indonesian Protestant community, it is common for Protestant churches in Indonesia to provide service in <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak language</a>. </p><p>The first Protestant missionaries who tried to reach the <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> highlands of inner Northern Sumatra were English and American Baptist preachers in the 1820s and 1830s but without any success. After <a href="/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Junghuhn" title="Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn">Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Neubronner_van_der_Tuuk" title="Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk">Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk</a> did intensive research on Batak language and culture in the 1840s, a new attempt was done in 1861 by several missionaries sent out by the German <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society" title="Rhenish Missionary Society">Rhenish Missionary Society</a> (RMG). The first Bataks were baptized during this year. In 1864, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a> from the German Rhenish Missionary Society reached the Batak region and founded a village called "Huta Dame" (village of peace) in the district of <a href="/wiki/North_Tapanuli_Regency" title="North Tapanuli Regency">Tapanuli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tarutung" title="Tarutung">Tarutung</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Batak_Christian_Protestant_Church" title="Batak Christian Protestant Church">Batak Christian Protestant Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i>Huria Kristen Batak Protestan</i>) is the largest Protestant church with Lutheranism in Indonesia. It was founded by the German missionaries and still regarded as the traditional church of the Toba Batak people. In the early 20th century, HKBP disported into several independent Protestant churches such as <a href="/wiki/Simalungun_Protestant_Christian_Church" title="Simalungun Protestant Christian Church">GKPS</a> (Simalungun) and <a href="/wiki/Angkola_Protestant_Christian_Church" title="Angkola Protestant Christian Church">GKPA</a> (Angkola) to accommodate church services for the Batak people outside of the Toba community. </p><p>Before the conversion to Christianity, the old belief of the Toba Batak tribe was a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> with significant influence of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. In the beginning of the 20th century, some Toba Batak Rajahs who refused to embrace Christianity instituted a religion inspired by the pre-Christian Toba Batak beliefs, customs and practices. This religion is called ‘<i> Ugamo Malim </i>‘ with its adherents called <a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a>. The Parmalims worship Debata Mula Jadi Nabolon, which means The Great Almighty God.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A minority of Toba Batak are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>. Many of the Muslim Toba Batak are originated from port of <a href="/wiki/Barus" title="Barus">Barus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorkam (page does not exist)">Sorkam</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Sibolga" title="Sibolga">Sibolga</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Asahan_Regency" title="Asahan Regency">Asahan</a> areas. They are generally regarded as the original Toba Batak Muslims, although, sometimes the Batak Muslims from these regions are identified and self-identified as distinct sub-group known as ‘Orang Pesisir’ or ‘Batak Pesisir’ and ‘<a href="/w/index.php?title=Batak_Pardembanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batak Pardembanan (page does not exist)">Batak Pardembanan</a>’ (Asahan). In some cases of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" title="Conversion to Islam">conversion to Islam</a>, there are occurrences of Toba Batak Muslims disassociating themselves with Toba Batak customs and identity and prefer association with other ethnic identities (e.g. of their spouses) or to disassociate ethnic identity at all. This would cause the departure from the traditional Toba Batak customs and adoption of the more conventional Islamic customs in instances such as wedding or burial, as many aspects of the former are now seen as no longer compatible with Islamic standard.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toba_medicine_container" title="Toba medicine container">Toba medicine container</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Ibid plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Constructs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Loc._cit." title="Loc. cit.">loc. cit.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Idem" title="Idem">idem</a></i> are <b>discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IBID" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IBID">Wikipedia's style guide</a> for footnotes</b>, as they are easily broken. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit">improve this article</a> by replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#Naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">named references</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Refref/core" title="Template:Refref/core">quick guide</a></i>), or an abbreviated title. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Cornelis Vergouwen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SR8VTiyHvssC"><i>Masyarakat dan hukum adat Batak Toba</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Cornelis_Vergouwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Jacob Cornelis Vergouwen (2004). <i>Masyarakat Dan Hukum Adat Batak Toba</i>. PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7933-8142-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-7933-8142-6"><bdi>9-7933-8142-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masyarakat+Dan+Hukum+Adat+Batak+Toba&rft.pub=PT+LKiS+Pelangi+Aksara&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9-7933-8142-6&rft.au=Jacob+Cornelis+Vergouwen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToba+Batak+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia, The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Suzanne_Byl2006" class="citation book cs1">Julia Suzanne Byl (2006). <i>Antiphonal Histories: Performing Toba Batak Past and Present</i>. University of Michigan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiphonal+Histories%3A+Performing+Toba+Batak+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Julia+Suzanne+Byl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToba+Batak+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Suzanne Byl (2006). Antiphonal Histories: Performing Toba Batak Past and Present. University of Michigan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Op Cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giglioli (1893). p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mistar.id/hiburan/budaya/apak-ini-alasan-mengapa-banyak-orang-batak-jago-nyanyi/">"Apakah Ini Alasan Mengapa Banyak Orang Batak Jago Nyanyi"</a>. <i>www.mistar.id</i> (in Indonesian). 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mistar.id&rft.atitle=Apakah+Ini+Alasan+Mengapa+Banyak+Orang+Batak+Jago+Nyanyi&rft.date=2021-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mistar.id%2Fhiburan%2Fbudaya%2Fapak-ini-alasan-mengapa-banyak-orang-batak-jago-nyanyi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToba+Batak+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-btkb-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-btkb_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warneck, Johannes 1894a ‘Bilder aus dem Missionsleben in Toba’, Allgemeine Missions Zeitschrift, Beiblatt 7-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bemmelen,_S._T._2012_P._14-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bemmelen,_S._T._2012_P._14_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bemmelen,_S._T._2012_P._14_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">van Bemmelen, S. T. (2012). Good Customs, Bad customs in North Sumatra: Toba Batak, Missionaries and Colonial Officials Negotiate the Patrilineal Order (1861-1942). In eigen beheer. P. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitompul2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sitompul, Martin (22 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.id/agama/articles/aksi-nommensen-di-tanak-batak-D84W9/page/1">"Aksi Nommensen di Tanah Batak"</a>. <i>www.historia.id</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historia.id&rft.atitle=Aksi+Nommensen+di+Tanah+Batak&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft.aulast=Sitompul&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.id%2Fagama%2Farticles%2Faksi-nommensen-di-tanak-batak-D84W9%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToba+Batak+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Napitupulu, Sahala (2008). "BATAK BUKAN BAKAT: Parmalim Antara Agama Dan Budaya Batak"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritonga, S.(2012:260) Orientasi Nilai Budaya dan Potensi Konflik Sosial Batak Toba Muslim dan Kristen di Sumatera Utara (Studi Kasus Gajah Sakti Kabupaten Asahan). IAIN Sumatera Utara. Medan</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertha_T._PardedeApul_SimbolonS._M._Pardede1981" class="citation cs2">Bertha T. Pardede; Apul Simbolon; S. M. Pardede (1981), <i>Bahasa Tutur Perhataan Dalam Upacara Adat Batak Toba</i>, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19860686">19860686</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahasa+Tutur+Perhataan+Dalam+Upacara+Adat+Batak+Toba&rft.pub=Pusat+Pembinaan+dan+Pengembangan+Bahasa%2C+Departemen+Pendidikan+dan+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19860686&rft.au=Bertha+T.+Pardede&rft.au=Apul+Simbolon&rft.au=S.+M.+Pardede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToba+Batak+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Giglioli, Henry Hillyer (1893). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/internationalesa06inte/page/n137/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:internationalesa06inte/page/n137/mode/2up">Notes on the Ethnographical Collections Formed by Dr. Elio Modigliani During His Recent Explorations in Central Sumatra and Engano</a></i> in Intern. Gesellschaft für Ethnographie; Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden (1893). Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie volume VI. Getty Research Institute. Leiden : P.W.M. Trap.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay#Indonesia" title="Proto-Malay">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akit people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser <br />Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfur people">Alfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Chinese (page does not exist)">Padang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aceh Chinese (page does not exist)">Aceh Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Chinese (page does not exist)">Bali Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parit_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parit Chinese (page does not exist)">Parit Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palembang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palembang Chinese (page does not exist)">Palembang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Chinese (page does not exist)">Medan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia" title="Filipinos in Indonesia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Indonesian">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia" title="Koreans in Indonesia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Indonesia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2891032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2891032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2891032#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135704">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Toba-Batakové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph719131&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538807305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/19392/">Victoria</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&oldid=1256423618">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toba_Batak_people&oldid=1256423618</a>"</div></div> <div 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