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<li id="toc-Creation_of_the_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Creation of the text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Textual history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_within_Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_within_Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Importance within Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_within_Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Social philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Political philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Analects</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="تعاليم كونفوشيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعاليم كونفوشيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analectes_de_Confuciu" title="Analectes de Confuciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Analectes de Confuciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABn-g%C3%BA" title="Lūn-gú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lūn-gú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analectes_de_Confuci" title="Analectes de Confuci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Analectes de Confuci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovory" title="Hovory – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hovory" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gespr%C3%A4che_des_Konfuzius" title="Gespräche des Konfuzius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gespräche des Konfuzius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ανάλεκτα του Κομφούκιου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανάλεκτα του Κομφούκιου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analectas_de_Confucio" title="Analectas de Confucio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Analectas de Confucio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analektoj_de_Konfuceo" title="Analektoj de Konfuceo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Analektoj de Konfuceo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analektak" title="Analektak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Analektak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="منتخبات کنفوسیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منتخبات کنفوسیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entretiens_de_Confucius" title="Entretiens de Confucius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Entretiens de Confucius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunyu" title="Lunyu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lunyu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%BC%EC%96%B4" title="논어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="논어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_-_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="कन्फ्यूशियस सूक्ति - संग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कन्फ्यूशियस सूक्ति - संग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analek_Konfusius" title="Analek Konfusius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Analek Konfusius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialoghi_(Confucio)" title="Dialoghi (Confucio) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialoghi (Confucio)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="המאמרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאמרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiocinantium_colloquia" title="Ratiocinantium colloquia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ratiocinantium colloquia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apm%C4%85stymai_ir_pa%C5%A1nekesiai" title="Apmąstymai ir pašnekesiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apmąstymai ir pašnekesiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besz%C3%A9lget%C3%A9sek_%C3%A9s_mond%C3%A1sok" title="Beszélgetések és mondások – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beszélgetések és mondások" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAny%C7%94" title="Lúnyǔ – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lúnyǔ" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD" title="ကွန်ဖြူးရှပ် နီတိ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ဖြူးရှပ် နီတိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesprekken_van_Confucius" title="Gesprekken van Confucius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gesprekken van Confucius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="論語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtaler_(Konfutse)" title="Samtaler (Konfutse) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samtaler (Konfutse)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%C3%A8ctas_de_Confuci" title="Analèctas de Confuci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Analèctas de Confuci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%82_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="گلدستۂ تحریر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلدستۂ تحریر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogi_konfucja%C5%84skie" title="Dialogi konfucjańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dialogi konfucjańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analectos_de_Conf%C3%BAcio" title="Analectos de Confúcio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Analectos de Confúcio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analectele_lui_Confucius" title="Analectele lui Confucius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Analectele lui Confucius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%8E%D0%B9" title="Лунь юй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лунь юй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Di%C3%A0lughi_di_Cunfuciu" title="Li Diàlughi di Cunfuciu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Li Diàlughi di Cunfuciu" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Confucian philosophical text</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Analects <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analects&rft.author=Disciples+of+%5B%5BConfucius%5D%5D&rft.place=%5B%5BChina%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongo_Analects_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rongo_Analects_02.jpg/350px-Rongo_Analects_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rongo_Analects_02.jpg/525px-Rongo_Analects_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rongo_Analects_02.jpg/700px-Rongo_Analects_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="540" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A page from the <i>Analects</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data">Disciples of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">論語</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Original text</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="s:zh:論語">論語</a></span></span> at Chinese <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Analects" class="extiw" title="s:Analects">Analects</a></i> at Wikisource</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Analects</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Analects_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Analects_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/100px-Analects_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Analects_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/150px-Analects_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Analects_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/200px-Analects_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="425" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Analects" written using <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> (top), as well as modern <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional</a> (middle) and <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified</a> (bottom) <a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a> character forms</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:論語">論語</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:论语">论语</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lúnyǔ</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">'Selected sayings',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden200212_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden200212-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Edited conversations'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesShih2010645_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesShih2010645-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Lúnyǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄌㄨㄣˊ   ㄩˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Luenyeu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Lun<sup>2</sup>-yü<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Lwúnyǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Luényǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[lwə̌n.ỳ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Lén-nyû</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Lèuhn-yúh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Leon4-jyu5</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[lɵn˩.jy˩˧]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Lūn-gú</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Lūn-gú</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">lwin-ngjó</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]u[n]<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ(r)aʔ</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Luận ngữ</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">論語</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">논어</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">論語</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Noneo</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">論語</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ろんご</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Rongo</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Analects</b></i>, also known as the <i><b>Sayings of Confucius</b></i>, is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophical</a> text composed of sayings and ideas attributed to <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been compiled by his followers. </p><p>The consensus among scholars is that large portions of the text were composed during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (475–221 BC), and that the work achieved its final form during the mid-<a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC – 220 AD). During the early Han, the <i>Analects</i> was merely considered to be a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a>. However, by the dynasty's end the status of the <i>Analects</i> had grown to being among the central texts of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. </p><p>During the late <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279 AD) the importance of the <i>Analects</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a> work was raised above that of the older Five Classics, and it was recognized as one of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Books">Four Books</a>". The <i>Analects</i> has been one of the most widely read and studied books in China for more than two millennia; its ideas continue to have a substantial influence on East Asian thought and values. </p><p>Confucius believed that the welfare of a country depended on the moral cultivation of its people, beginning from the nation's leadership. He believed that individuals could begin to cultivate an all-encompassing sense of virtue through <i><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">ren</a></i>, and that the most basic step to cultivating <i>ren</i> was <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a>—primarily the devotion to one's parents and older siblings. </p><p>He taught that one's individual desires do not need to be suppressed, but that people should be educated to reconcile their desires via <i>li</i>, rituals and forms of propriety, through which people could demonstrate their respect for others and their responsible roles in society. Confucius also believed that a ruler's sense of <i><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">de</a></i>, or 'virtue', was his primary prerequisite for leadership. </p><p>Confucius' primary goal in educating his students was to produce <a href="/wiki/Junzi" title="Junzi">ethically well-cultivated men</a> who would carry themselves with gravity, speak correctly, and demonstrate consummate integrity in all things. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_the_text">Creation of the text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creation of the text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_of_Lunyu,_text_by_Kong_Anguo_with_commentary_by_Zheng_Xuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Manuscript_of_Lunyu%2C_text_by_Kong_Anguo_with_commentary_by_Zheng_Xuan.jpg/220px-Manuscript_of_Lunyu%2C_text_by_Kong_Anguo_with_commentary_by_Zheng_Xuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Manuscript_of_Lunyu%2C_text_by_Kong_Anguo_with_commentary_by_Zheng_Xuan.jpg/330px-Manuscript_of_Lunyu%2C_text_by_Kong_Anguo_with_commentary_by_Zheng_Xuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Manuscript_of_Lunyu%2C_text_by_Kong_Anguo_with_commentary_by_Zheng_Xuan.jpg/440px-Manuscript_of_Lunyu%2C_text_by_Kong_Anguo_with_commentary_by_Zheng_Xuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption>Fragment from the manuscript of <i>Analects</i>, text by <a href="/wiki/Kong_Anguo" title="Kong Anguo">Kong Anguo</a> with commentary by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Xuan" title="Zheng Xuan">Zheng Xuan</a>. This fragmentary manuscript has been found at <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a>. It is dated era Longji, 2nd year (i.e. 890 AD), but it could be copied in the middle of the 8th century. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Analects.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Analects.JPG/220px-Analects.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Analects.JPG/330px-Analects.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Analects.JPG/440px-Analects.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Analects</i>, from <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stasiatiska_Museet" class="mw-redirect" title="Östasiatiska Museet">Östasiatiska Museet</a> in Stockholm</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a>, writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>, the <i>Analects</i> originated as individual records kept by Confucius's disciples of conversations between the Master and them, which were then collected and jointly edited by the disciples after Confucius' death in 479 BC. The work was titled <i>Lunyu</i> during the Han dynasty: in this context the character for <i>lun</i> means 'discuss' or 'dispute',<sup id="cite_ref-ni_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i>yu</i> means 'speech' or 'sayings'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimCsikszentmihalyi201025_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimCsikszentmihalyi201025-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Lunyu</i> therefore may mean 'edited conversations',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesShih2010645_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesShih2010645-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'selected speeches' (thus "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/analects" class="extiw" title="wikt:analects">analects</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimCsikszentmihalyi201025_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimCsikszentmihalyi201025-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This broadly forms the traditional account of the genesis of the work accepted by later generations of scholars, for example the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> neo-Confucian scholar <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> stated that <i>Analects</i> is the records of Confucius's first- and second-generation pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimCsikszentmihalyi201326_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimCsikszentmihalyi201326-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This traditional view has been challenged by Chinese, Japanese, and Western scholars. The Qing dynasty <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> Cui Shu argued on linguistic ground that the last five books were produced much later than the rest of the work. <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Jinsai" title="Itō Jinsai">Itō Jinsai</a> claimed that, because of differences he saw in patterns of language and content in the <i>Analects</i>, a distinction in authorship should be made between the "upper <i>Analects</i>" (Books 1–10) and "lower <i>Analects</i>" (Books 11–20). <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waley" title="Arthur Waley">Arthur Waley</a> speculated that Books 3–9 represent the earliest parts of the book. E. Bruce Brooks and A. Taeko Brooks reviewed previous theories of the chapters' creation and produced a "four stratum theory" of the text's creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden200212_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden200212-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland2003xiii–xiv_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland2003xiii–xiv-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many modern scholars now believe that the work was compiled over a period of around two hundred years, some time during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (476–221 BC), with some questioning the authenticity of some of the sayings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 2015, no manuscript dated earlier than <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 70 BC</span> has been discovered, and because the <i>Analects</i> was not referred to by name in any existing source before the early Han dynasty, some scholars have proposed dates as late as 140 BC for the text's final compilation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Els201221–23_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Els201221–23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the Anhui University acquired a corpus of excavated Warring States period <a href="/wiki/Anhui_University_Bamboo_Strips#Content" title="Anhui University Bamboo Strips">bamboo strips</a>, and they contained fragments of the <i>Analects</i> corresponding to the received text.<sup id="cite_ref-Anhuibamboostrips_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anhuibamboostrips-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of how early the text of the <i>Analects</i> existed, most <i>Analects</i> scholars believe that by the early Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) the book was widely known and transmitted throughout China in a mostly complete form, and that the book acquired its final, complete form during the Han dynasty. However, Han dynasty writer <a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a> claimed that all copies of the <i>Analects</i> that existed during the Han dynasty were incomplete and formed only a part of a much larger work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimCsikszentmihalyi201025–26_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimCsikszentmihalyi201025–26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is supported by the fact that a larger collection of Confucius's teachings did exist in the Warring States period than has been preserved directly in the <i>Analects</i>: 75% of Confucius's sayings cited by his second-generation student, <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a>, do not exist in the received text of the <i>Analects</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193823_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193823-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_history">Textual history<span class="anchor" id="Versions"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Textual history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Han dynasty scholar <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a>, there were two versions of the <i>Analects</i> that existed at the beginning of the Han dynasty: the "<a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a> version" and the "<a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> version". The Lu version contained twenty chapters, and the Qi version contained twenty-two chapters, including two chapters not found in the Lu version. Of the twenty chapters that both versions had in common, the Lu version had more passages. Each version had its own masters, schools, and transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner20037,_15–16_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner20037,_15–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han" title="Emperor Jing of Han">Emperor Jing of Han</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 157–141 BC</span>), a third "<a href="/wiki/Old_Text" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Text">Old Text</a>" version was discovered hidden in a wall of the home believed at the time to have been Confucius's, when the home was in the process of being destroyed by King Gong of Lu (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 153–128 BC</span>) in order to expand the king's palace. The new version did not contain the two extra chapters found in the Qi version, but it split one chapter found in the Lu and Qi versions in two, so it had twenty-one chapters, and the order of the chapters was different.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner20037,_15–16_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner20037,_15–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The old text version got its name because it was written in characters not used since the earlier Warring States period (before 221 BC), when it was assumed to have been hidden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Els201220_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Els201220-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Han dynasty scholar <a href="/wiki/Huan_Tan" title="Huan Tan">Huan Tan</a>, the old text version had four hundred characters different from the Lu version—from which the received text is mostly based—and it seriously differed from the Lu version in 27 places. Of these twenty-seven differences, the received text only agrees with the old text version in two places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193824_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193824-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over a century later, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Yu_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Yu (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Zhang Yu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E7%A6%B9_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89)" class="extiw" title="zh:张禹 (西汉)">zh</a>]</span>, the tutor of the <i>Analects</i> to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Cheng_of_Han" title="Emperor Cheng of Han">Emperor Cheng of Han</a>, (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 5 BC</span>), synthesized the Lu and Qi versions by taking the Lu version as authoritative and selectively adding sections from the Qi version, and produced a composite text of the <i>Analects</i> known as the "Zhang Hou Lun". This text was recognized by Zhang Yu's contemporaries and by subsequent Han scholars as superior to either individual version, and is the text that is recognized as the <i>Analects</i> today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner20037,_15–16_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner20037,_15–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No complete copies of either the Lu version or the old text version of the <i>Analects</i> exist today,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Els201220_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Els201220-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though fragments of the old text version were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193824_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193824-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qi version was lost for about 1,800 years, but was rediscovered during the excavation of the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Haihun" title="Marquis of Haihun">Marquis of Haihun</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the late twentieth century the oldest existing copy of the <i>Analects</i> known to scholars was found in the "Stone Classics of the Xinping Era", a copy of the Confucian classics written in stone in the old Eastern capital of <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 175 AD</span>. Archaeologists have since discovered two handwritten copies of the <i>Analects</i> that were written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>, during the Western Han dynasty. They are known as the "<a href="/wiki/Dingzhou" title="Dingzhou">Dingzhou</a> <i>Analects</i>", and the "<a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> <i>Analects</i>", after the location of the tombs in which they were found. The Dingzhou <i>Analects</i> was discovered in 1973, but no transcription of its contents was published until 1997. The Pyongyang <i>Analects</i> was discovered in 1992. Academic access to the Pyongyang <i>Analects</i> has been highly restricted, and no academic study on it was published until 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Els20121–2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Els20121–2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dingzhou <i>Analects</i> was damaged in a fire shortly after it was entombed in the Han dynasty. It was further damaged in <a href="/wiki/1976_Tangshan_earthquake" title="1976 Tangshan earthquake">an earthquake</a> shortly after it was recovered, and the surviving text is just under half the size of the received text of the <i>Analects</i>. Of the sections that survive, the Dingzhou <i>Analects</i> is shorter than the received <i>Analects</i>, implying that the text of the <i>Analects</i> was still in the process of expansion when the Dingzhou <i>Analects</i> was entombed. There was evidence that "additions" may have been made to the manuscript after it had been completed, indicating that the writer may have become aware of at least one other version of the <i>Analects</i> and included "extra" material for the sake of completeness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Els20126,_10–11,_20–21_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Els20126,_10–11,_20–21-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The content of the Pyongyang <i>Analects</i> is similar to the Dingzhou <i>Analects</i>. Because of the secrecy and isolationism of the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> government, only a very cursory study of it has been made available to international scholars, and its contents are not completely known outside of North Korea. Scholars do not agree about whether either the Dingzhou <i>Analects</i> or the Pyongyang <i>Analects</i> represent the Lu version, the Qi version, the old text version, or a different version that was independent of these three traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Els20126,_10–11,_20–21_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Els20126,_10–11,_20–21-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 2015, the oldest extant manuscript of the <i>Analects</i> were the discovered texts found in the Haihunhou Tomb in 2011; the Haihunhou <i>Analects</i> "circulated at least seventeen years" before the Dingzhou and Pyongyang ones.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anhui University in 2015 acquired a corpus of excavated Warring States period bamboo slips that contained fragments of the <i>Analects</i> that corresponded to the received text. The manuscript featuring the <i>Analects</i> content was officially published by the university in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_within_Confucianism">Importance within Confucianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Importance within Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During most of the Han period the <i>Analects</i> was not considered one of the principal texts of Confucianism. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Han_Wudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Wudi">Han Wudi</a> (141–87 BC), when the Chinese government began promoting Confucian studies, only the <a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a> were considered by the government to be canonical (<i>jing</i>). They were considered Confucian because Confucius was assumed to have partially written, edited, and/or transmitted them. The <i>Analects</i> was considered secondary as it was thought to be merely a collection of Confucius's oral "commentary" (<i>zhuan</i>) on the Five Classics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner20037_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner20037-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political importance and popularity of Confucius and Confucianism grew throughout the Han dynasty, and by the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a> the <i>Analects</i> was widely read by schoolchildren and anyone aspiring to literacy, and often read before the Five Classics themselves. During the Eastern Han, the heir apparent was provided a tutor specifically to teach him the <i>Analects</i>. The growing importance of the <i>Analects</i> was recognized when the Five Classics was expanded to the "Seven Classics": the Five Classics plus the <i>Analects</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i>, and its status as one of the central texts of Confucianism continued to grow until the late <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), when it was identified and promoted as one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Books">Four Books</a> by Zhu Xi and generally accepted as being more insightful than the older Five Classics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner20038,_18–19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner20038,_18–19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writing style of the <i>Analects</i> also inspired future Confucian writers. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Wang_Tong_(philosopher)" title="Wang Tong (philosopher)">Wang Tong</a>'s <i>Explanation of the Mean</i> (<span lang="zh">中说</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was purposely written to emulate the style of the <i>Analects</i>, a practice praised by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commentaries_of_the_Analects_of_Confucius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Commentaries_of_the_Analects_of_Confucius.jpg/220px-Commentaries_of_the_Analects_of_Confucius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Commentaries_of_the_Analects_of_Confucius.jpg/330px-Commentaries_of_the_Analects_of_Confucius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Commentaries_of_the_Analects_of_Confucius.jpg/440px-Commentaries_of_the_Analects_of_Confucius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>A copy of He Yan's commentary on the <i>Analects</i>, with a sub-commentary by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xing_Bing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xing Bing (page does not exist)">Xing Bing</a>, printed during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the Han dynasty, Chinese readers have interpreted the <i>Analects</i> by reading scholars' commentaries on the book. There have been many commentaries on the <i>Analects</i> since the Han dynasty, but the two which have been most influential have been the <i>Collected Explanations of the Analects</i> (<i>Lunyu Jijie</i>) by <a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 195–249</span>) and several colleagues, and the <i>Collected Commentaries of the Analects</i> (<i>Lunyu Jizhu</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> (1130–1200). In his work, He Yan collected, selected, summarized, and rationalized what he believed to be the most insightful of all preceding commentaries on the <i>Analects</i> which had been produced by earlier Han and <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei dynasty</a> (220–265 AD) scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner20038,_13–14_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner20038,_13–14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He Yan's personal interpretation of the <i>Lunyu</i> was guided by his belief that <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a> and Confucianism complemented each other, so that by studying both in a correct manner a scholar could arrive at a single, unified truth. Arguing for the ultimate compatibility of Daoist and Confucian teachings, he argued that "Laozi [in fact] was in agreement with the Sage" (sic). The <i>Explanations</i> that was written in 248 AD, was quickly recognized as authoritative, and remained the standard guide to interpreting the <i>Analects</i> for nearly 1,000 years, until the early <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368). It is the oldest complete commentary on the <i>Analects</i> that still exists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner20038,_13–14_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner20038,_13–14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He Yan's commentary was eventually displaced as the definitive, standard commentary by Zhu Xi's commentary. Zhu Xi's work also brought together the commentaries of earlier scholars (mostly from the Song dynasty), along with his own interpretations. Zhu's work took part in the context of a period of renewed interest in Confucian studies, in which Chinese scholars were interested in producing a single "correct" intellectual orthodoxy that would "save" Chinese traditions and protect them from foreign influences, and in which scholars were increasingly interested in metaphysical speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner200318–20,_46_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner200318–20,_46-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his commentary Zhu made a great effort to interpret the <i>Analects</i> by using theories elaborated in the other Four Books, something that He Yan had not done. Zhu attempted to give an added coherence and unity to the message of the <i>Analects</i>, demonstrating that the individual books of the Confucian canon gave meaning to the whole, just as the whole of the canon gave meaning to its parts. In his preface, Zhu Xi stated, "[T]he <i>Analects</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i> are the most important works for students pursuing the <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Way</a> [...] The words of the <i>Analects</i> are all inclusive; what they teach is nothing but the essentials of preserving the mind and cultivating [one's] nature."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner20037–8,_21,_46_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner20037–8,_21,_46-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the first publication of the <i>Commentaries</i>, Zhu continued to refine his interpretation for the last thirty years of his life. In the fourteenth century, the Ming state endorsed Zhu's commentary. Until 1905 it was read and memorized along with the <i>Analects</i> by all Chinese aspiring to literacy and employment as government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner20037–8,_21,_46_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner20037–8,_21,_46-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very few reliable sources about Confucius exist besides that of the Analects. The principal biography available to historians is included in <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, but because the history contains a significant amount of material unverifiable in other sources and possibly legendary, the biographical material on Confucius found in the <i>Analects</i> makes the <i>Analects</i> arguably the most reliable source of biographical information about Confucius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELau2002ix_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELau2002ix-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confucius viewed himself as a "transmitter" of social and political traditions originating in the early <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000–800 BC</span>), and claimed not to have originated anything (§7.1), but Confucius's social and political ideals were not popular in his time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_philosophy">Social philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Confucius' discussions on the nature of the supernatural (§3.12; §6.20; §11.11) indicate his belief that while "ghosts" and "spirits" should be respected, they are best kept at a distance. Instead human beings should base their values and social ideals on moral philosophy, tradition, and a natural love for others. Confucius' social philosophy largely depended on the cultivation of <i><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">ren</a></i> by every individual in a community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Confucian philosophers explained <i>ren</i> as the quality of having a kind manner, similar to the English words "humane", "altruistic", or "benevolent", but, of the sixty instances in which Confucius discusses <i>ren</i> in the <i>Analects</i>, very few have these later meanings. Confucius instead used the term <i>ren</i> to describe an extremely general and all-encompassing state of virtue, one which no living person had attained completely. (This use of the term <i>ren</i> is peculiar to the <i>Analects</i>.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193827–29_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193827–29-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the <i>Analects</i>, Confucius's students frequently request that Confucius define <i>ren</i> and give examples of people who embody it, but Confucius generally responds indirectly to his students' questions, instead offering illustrations and examples of behaviours that are associated with <i>ren</i> and explaining how a person could achieve it. According to Confucius, a person with a well-cultivated sense of <i>ren</i> would speak carefully and modestly (§12.3); be resolute and firm (§12.20), courageous (§14.4), free from worry, unhappiness, and insecurity (§9.28; §6.21); moderate their desires and return to propriety (§12.1); be respectful, tolerant, diligent, trustworthy and kind (§17.6); and love others (§12.22). Confucius recognized his followers' disappointment that he would not give them a more comprehensive definition of <i>ren</i>, but assured them that he was sharing all that he could (§7.24).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner200352–53_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner200352–53-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Confucius, the cultivation of <i>ren</i> involved depreciating oneself through modesty while avoiding artful speech and ingratiating manners that would create a false impression of one's own character (§1.3). Confucius said that those who had cultivated <i>ren</i> could be distinguished by their being "simple in manner and slow of speech." He believed that people could cultivate their sense of <i>ren</i> through exercising the inverted <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a>: "Do not do to others what you would not like done to yourself"; "a man with <i>ren</i>, desiring to establish himself, helps others establish themselves; desiring to succeed himself, helps others to succeed" (§12.2; §6.28).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confucius taught that the ability of people to imagine and project themselves into the places of others was a crucial quality for the pursuit of moral self-cultivation (§4.15; see also §5.12; §6.30; §15.24).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland200334_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland200334-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confucius regarded the exercise of <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">devotion to one's parents</a> and older siblings as the simplest, most basic way to cultivate <i>ren</i>. (§1.2).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confucius believed that <i>ren</i> could best be cultivated by those who had already learned self-discipline, and that self-discipline was best learned by practicing and cultivating one's understanding of <a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Confucian)"><i>li</i></a>: rituals and forms of propriety through which people demonstrate their respect for others and their responsible roles in society (§3.3). Confucius said that one's understanding of <i>li</i> should inform everything that one says and does (§12.1). He believed that subjecting oneself to <i>li</i> did not mean suppressing one's desires but learning to reconcile them with the needs of one's family and broader community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By leading individuals to express their desires within the context of social responsibility, Confucius and his followers taught that the public cultivation of <i>li</i> was the basis of a well-ordered society (§2.3).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confucius taught his students that an important aspect of <i>li</i> was observing the practical social differences that exist between people in daily life. In Confucian philosophy these "five relationships" include: ruler to ruled; father to son; husband to wife; elder brother to younger brother; and friend to friend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ren</i> and <i>li</i> have a special relationship in the <i>Analects</i>: <i>li</i> manages one's relationship with one's family and close community, while <i>ren</i> is practiced broadly and informs one's interactions with all people. Confucius did not believe that ethical self-cultivation meant unquestioned loyalty to an evil ruler. He argued that the demands of <i>ren</i> and <i>li</i> meant that rulers could oppress their subjects only at their own peril: "You may rob the Three Armies of their commander, but you cannot deprive the humblest peasant of his opinion" (§9.26). Confucius said that a morally well-cultivated individual would regard his devotion to loving others as a mission for which he would be willing to die (§15.8).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"2._Confucius'_Social_Philosophy"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_philosophy">Political philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Confucius' political beliefs were rooted in his belief that a good ruler would be self-disciplined, would govern his subjects through education and by his own example, and would seek to correct his subjects with love and concern rather than punishment and coercion. "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity among them be sought by punishments, they will try to escape punishment and have no sense of shame. If they are led by virtue, and uniformity sought among them through the practice of ritual propriety, they will possess a sense of shame and come to you of their own accord" (§2.3; see also §13.6). Confucius' political theories were directly contradictory to the <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalistic</a> political orientations of China's rulers, and he failed to popularize his ideals among China's leaders within his own lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"3._Confucius'_Political_Philosophy"_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"3._Confucius'_Political_Philosophy"-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confucius believed that the social chaos of his time was largely due to China's ruling elite aspiring to, and claiming, titles of which they were unworthy. When the ruler of the large state of <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> asked Confucius about the principles of good government, Confucius responded: "Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler, the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son being a son" (§12.11). </p><p>The analysis of the need to raise officials' behavior to reflect the way that they identify and describe themselves is known as the <a href="/wiki/Rectification_of_names" title="Rectification of names">rectification of names</a>, and he stated that the rectification of names should be the first responsibility of a ruler upon taking office (§13.3). Confucius believed that, because the ruler was the model for all who were under him in society, the rectification of names had to begin with the ruler, and that afterwards others would change to imitate him (§12.19).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"3._Confucius'_Political_Philosophy"_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"3._Confucius'_Political_Philosophy"-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confucius judged a good ruler by his possession of <i><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">de</a></i> ('virtue'): a sort of moral force that allows those in power to rule and gain the loyalty of others without the need for physical coercion (§2.1). Confucius said that one of the most important ways that a ruler cultivates his sense of <i>de</i> is through a devotion to the correct practices of <i>li</i>. Examples of rituals identified by Confucius as important to cultivate a ruler's <i>de</i> include: sacrificial rites held at ancestral temples to express thankfulness and humility; ceremonies of <a href="/wiki/Enfeoffment" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoffment">enfeoffment</a>, toasting, and gift exchanges that bound nobility in complex hierarchical relationships of obligation and indebtedness; and, acts of formal politeness and decorum (i.e. bowing and yielding) that identify the performers as morally well-cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"3._Confucius'_Political_Philosophy"_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"3._Confucius'_Political_Philosophy"-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The importance of education and study is a fundamental theme of the <i>Analects</i>. For Confucius, a good student respects and learns from the words and deeds of his teacher, and a good teacher is someone older who is familiar with the ways of the past and the practices of antiquity (§7.22). Confucius emphasized the need to find balance between formal study and intuitive self-reflection (§2.15). When teaching he is never cited in the <i>Analects</i> as lecturing at length about any subject, but instead challenges his students to discover the truth through <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">asking direct questions</a>, citing passages from the classics, and using analogies (§7.8).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"4._Confucius_and_Education"_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"4._Confucius_and_Education"-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sometimes required his students to demonstrate their understanding of subjects by making intuitive conceptual leaps before accepting their understanding and discussing those subjects at greater levels of depth. (§3.8)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland200319–20_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland200319–20-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His primary goal in educating his students was to produce ethically well-cultivated men who would carry themselves with gravity, speak correctly, and demonstrate consummate integrity in all things (§12.11; see also §13.3). He was willing to teach anyone regardless of social class, as long as they were sincere, eager, and tireless to learn (§7.7; §15.38). He is traditionally credited with teaching three thousand students, though only seventy are said to have mastered what he taught. He taught <a href="/wiki/Six_Arts" title="Six Arts">practical skills</a>, but regarded moral self-cultivation as his most important subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"4._Confucius_and_Education"_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"4._Confucius_and_Education"-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters">Chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional titles given to each chapter are mostly an initial two or three <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">incipits</a>. In some cases a title may indicate a central theme of a chapter, but it is inappropriate to regard a title as a description or generalization of the content of a chapter. Chapters in the <i>Analects</i> are grouped by individual themes, but the chapters are not arranged in a way as to carry a continuous stream of thoughts or ideas. The themes of adjacent chapters are completely unrelated to each other. Central themes recur repeatedly in different chapters, sometimes in exactly the same wording and sometimes with small variations. </p><p>Chapter 10 contains detailed descriptions of Confucius's behaviors in various daily activities. <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> believed that this chapter demonstrated how Confucius was a mere human. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Leys" title="Simon Leys">Simon Leys</a>, who recently translated the <i>Analects</i> into English and French, said that the book may have been the first in human history to describe the life of an individual, historic personage. <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a> wrote: "Confucius's <i>Analects</i> is the oldest complete intellectual and spiritual portrait of a man. It strikes one as a modern book; everything it contains and indeed everything it lacks is important."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanetti1984173_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanetti1984173-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 20, "<a href="/wiki/Yao_Yue" title="Yao Yue">Yao Yue</a>", particularly the first verse, is bizarre in terms of both language and content. In terms of language, the text appears to be archaic (or a deliberate imitation of the archaic language of the Western Zhou) and bears some similarity with the language of the speeches in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Shujing</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In terms of the content, the passage appears to be an admonition by <a href="/wiki/Yao_(ruler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yao (ruler)">Yao</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shun_(ruler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shun (ruler)">Shun</a> on the eve of Yao's abdication, which seems to be only tangentially related to Confucius and his philosophy. Moreover, there appear to be some problems with the text's continuity, and scholars have speculated that parts of the text were lost in the process of transmission and possibly transmitted with errors in the order.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fragmentary nature of the final chapter of the received Lu text has been explained by the "accretion theory", in which the text of the <i>Analects</i> was gradually accreted over a 230-year period, beginning with the death of Confucius and ending suddenly with the conquest of Lu in 249 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within these incipits, a large number of passages in the Analects begin with the formulaic <i>ziyue</i>, "The Master said," but without punctuation marks in classical Chinese, this does not confirm whether what follows <i>ziyue</i> is direct quotation of actual sayings of Confucius, or simply to be understood as "the Master said that.." and the paraphrase of Confucius by the compilers of the Analects.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>List of chapters in the <i>Analects</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:10em">Title</th> <th scope="col" style="width:12em">Translation</th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td><span lang="zh">學而</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Xue_Er" title="Xue Er">Xué ér</a></span></i>)</td> <td>"Studying and Practicing"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td><span lang="zh">為政</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wéi zhèng</span></i>)</td> <td>"The practice of government"</td> <td>This chapter explores the theme that political order is best gained through the <a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">non-coercive influence</a> of moral self-cultivation rather than through force or excessive government regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland20038_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland20038-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td><span lang="zh">八佾</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bā yì</span></i>)</td> <td>"Eight lines of eight dancers apiece"</td> <td>Ba Yi was a kind of ritual dance practiced in the court of the Zhou king. In Confucius' time, lesser nobles also began staging these dances for themselves. The main themes of this chapter are: criticism of ritual impropriety (especially among China's political leadership), and the need to combine learning with nature in the course moral self-cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland200317_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland200317-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Chapters 3–9 may be the oldest in the <i>Analects</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193821-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td><span lang="zh">里仁</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ rén</span></i>)</td> <td>"Living in brotherliness"</td> <td>This chapter explores the theme of <i>ren</i>, its qualities, and the qualities of those who have it. A secondary theme is the virtue of filial piety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland200329_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland200329-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5 </th> <td><span lang="zh">公冶長</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gōngyě cháng</span></i>)</td> <td>"Gongye Chang"</td> <td>The main theme of this chapter is Confucius' examination of others' qualities and faults in order to illustrate the desirable course of moral self-cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland200339_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland200339-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This chapter has traditionally been attributed to the disciples of <a href="/wiki/Duanmu_Ci" title="Duanmu Ci">Zigong</a>, a student of Confucius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge200916_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge200916-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gongye_Chang" title="Gongye Chang">Gongye Chang</a> was Confucius' son-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge2009119_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge2009119-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6 </th> <td><span lang="zh">雍也</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yōng yě</span></i>)</td> <td>"There is Yong"</td> <td>Refers to <a href="/wiki/Ran_Yong" title="Ran Yong">Ran Yong</a>, also called Zhou Gong, a disciple of Confucius. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">7 </th> <td><span lang="zh">述而</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shù ér</span></i>)</td> <td>"Transmission"</td> <td>Transmission, not invention [of learning]. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">8 </th> <td><span lang="zh">泰伯</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tàibó</span></i>)</td> <td>"Taibo"</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Taibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Taibo">Wu Taibo</a> was the legendary founder of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Wu">state of Wu</a>. He was the oldest son of <a href="/wiki/King_Tai_of_Zhou" title="King Tai of Zhou">King Tai</a> and the uncle of <a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" title="King Wen of Zhou">King Wen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">9 </th> <td><span lang="zh">子罕</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zǐ hǎn</span></i>)</td> <td>"The Master shunned"</td> <td>Confucius seldom spoke of advantage. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">10 </th> <td><span lang="zh">鄉黨</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiāng dǎng</span></i>)</td> <td>"Among the Xiang and the Dang"</td> <td>A "xiang" was a group of 12,500 families, while a "dang" is a group of 500. The chapter is a collection of maxims related to ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193821-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">11 </th> <td><span lang="zh">先進</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiānjìn</span></i>)</td> <td>"Those of former eras"</td> <td>The former generations. This chapter has traditionally been attributed to the disciples of <a href="/wiki/Min_Sun" title="Min Sun">Min Sun</a>, a student of Confucius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge200916_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge200916-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">12 </th> <td><span lang="zh">顏淵</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yán Yuān</span></i>)</td> <td>"Yan Yuan"</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yan_Hui" title="Yan Hui">Yan Hui</a> was a common name of Zi Yuan, the favorite disciple of Confucius. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">13 </th> <td><span lang="zh">子路</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zǐlù</span></i>)</td> <td>"Zilu"</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zilu">Zilu</a> was a student of Confucius. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">14 </th> <td><span lang="zh">憲問</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiàn wèn</span></i>)</td> <td>"Xian asked"</td> <td>This chapter has traditionally been attributed to the disciples of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xian" title="Yuan Xian">Yuan Xian</a>, also called both Yuan Si and Zisi, a student of Confucius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge200916_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge200916-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">15 </th> <td><span lang="zh">衛靈公</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wèi líng gōng</span></i>)</td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Duke_Ling_of_Wey" title="Duke Ling of Wey">Duke Ling of Wey</a>"</td> <td>Duke Ling ruled from 534 to 493 BC in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Wey" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Wey">state of Wey</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">16 </th> <td><span lang="zh">季氏</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jì shì</span></i>)</td> <td>"Chief of the Ji Clan"</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jisun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisun">Jisun</a> was an official from one of the most important families in Lu. This chapter is generally believed to have been written relatively late;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193821-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly compiled from the extra chapters of the Qi version of the <i>Analects</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge200916_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge200916-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">17 </th> <td><span lang="zh">陽貨</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yáng huò</span></i>)</td> <td>"Yang Huo"</td> <td>Yang was an official of the Ji clan, an important family in Lu. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">18 </th> <td><span lang="zh">微子</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wēizǐ</span></i>)</td> <td>"Weizi"</td> <td>Weizi was the older half-brother of <a href="/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang" title="King Zhou of Shang">Zhou</a>, the last king of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, and was founder of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Song">state of Song</a>. The writer of this chapter was critical of Confucius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193821-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">19 </th> <td><span lang="zh">子張</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zǐzhāng</span></i>)</td> <td>"Zizhang"</td> <td>Zizhang (<a href="/wiki/Zhuansun_Shi" title="Zhuansun Shi">Zhuansun Shi</a>) was a student of Confucius. This chapter consists entirely of sayings by Confucius' disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193821-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">20 </th> <td><span lang="zh">堯曰</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yue" title="Yao Yue">Yáo yuē</a></span></i>)</td> <td>"Yao spoke"</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Yao</a> was one of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> of ancient China. This chapter consists entirely of stray sentences resembling the style and content of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shujing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shujing">Shujing</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193821-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_translations">Notable translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_page_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_lu%E1%BA%ADn_ng%E1%BB%AF_th%C3%ADch_ngh%C4%A9a_ca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/First_page_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_lu%E1%BA%ADn_ng%E1%BB%AF_th%C3%ADch_ngh%C4%A9a_ca.png/220px-First_page_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_lu%E1%BA%ADn_ng%E1%BB%AF_th%C3%ADch_ngh%C4%A9a_ca.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/First_page_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_lu%E1%BA%ADn_ng%E1%BB%AF_th%C3%ADch_ngh%C4%A9a_ca.png/330px-First_page_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_lu%E1%BA%ADn_ng%E1%BB%AF_th%C3%ADch_ngh%C4%A9a_ca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/First_page_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_lu%E1%BA%ADn_ng%E1%BB%AF_th%C3%ADch_ngh%C4%A9a_ca.png/440px-First_page_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_lu%E1%BA%ADn_ng%E1%BB%AF_th%C3%ADch_ngh%C4%A9a_ca.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>A Vietnamese translation of the Analects translated by <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> in Tự Đức thánh chế luận ngữ thích nghĩa ca 嗣德聖製論語釋義歌.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLegge1861" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">Legge, James, trans.</a> (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseclassics02legggoog"><i>Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean</i></a>. The Chinese Classics. Vol. I. London: Trübner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucian+Analects%2C+the+Great+Learning%2C+and+the+Doctrine+of+the+Mean&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Chinese+Classics&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=James%2C+trans.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineseclassics02legggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseclassics01mencgoog">Revised second edition</a> (1893), Oxford: Clarendon Press, reprinted by Cosimo in 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-643-1">978-1-60520-643-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyall1909" class="citation book cs1">Lyall, Leonard A., trans. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/0/5/24055/24055-h/24055-h.htm"><i>The Sayings of Confucius</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green and Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1435673">1435673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sayings+of+Confucius&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1435673&rft.aulast=Lyall&rft.aufirst=Leonard+A.%2C+trans.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2F2%2F4%2F0%2F5%2F24055%2F24055-h%2F24055-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoothill1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Soothill" title="William Edward Soothill">Soothill, William Edward, trans.</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1846"><i>The Analects of Confucius</i></a>. Yokohama: Fukuin Printing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analects+of+Confucius&rft.place=Yokohama&rft.pub=Fukuin+Printing&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Soothill&rft.aufirst=William+Edward%2C+trans.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitle%2F1846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span>; rpt. London: Oxford University Press (1937).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaley1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waley" title="Arthur Waley">Waley, Arthur, trans.</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616015435/http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/analects.txt"><i>The Analects</i></a>. London: George Allen and Unwin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/analects.txt">the original</a> on 2015-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analects&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Waley&rft.aufirst=Arthur%2C+trans.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2F~phalsall%2Ftexts%2Fanalects.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Rpt. (2000), New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41204-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41204-2">978-0-375-41204-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D.C._Lau" class="mw-redirect" title="D.C. Lau">Lau, D. C., trans.</a> (1979). <i>Confucius, The Analects (Lun yü)</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucius%2C+The+Analects+%28Lun+y%C3%BC%29&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=D.+C.%2C+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span>; rpt. with Chinese text, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press (1979).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang1997" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Chi-chung, trans. (1997). <i>The Analects of Confucius</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195112764" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195112764"><bdi>978-0195112764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analects+of+Confucius&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0195112764&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Chi-chung%2C+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeys1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Leys" title="Simon Leys">Leys, Simon, trans.</a> (1997). <i>The Analects of Confucius</i>. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393316995" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393316995"><bdi>978-0393316995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analects+of+Confucius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Co.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0393316995&rft.aulast=Leys&rft.aufirst=Simon%2C+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmesRosemont1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Ames" title="Roger T. Ames">Ames, Roger T.</a>; Rosemont, Henry, trans. (1999). <i>The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation</i>. New York: Ballantine Books (Penguin Random House). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345434074" title="Special:BookSources/978-0345434074"><bdi>978-0345434074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analects+of+Confucius%3A+A+Philosophical+Translation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books+%28Penguin+Random+House%29&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0345434074&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Roger+T.&rft.au=Rosemont%2C+Henry%2C+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksBrooks2001" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, E. Bruce; Brooks, Taeko, trans. (2001). <i>The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Followers</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231104302" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231104302"><bdi>978-0231104302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Original+Analects%3A+Sayings+of+Confucius+and+His+Followers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0231104302&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=E.+Bruce&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Taeko%2C+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Slingerland" title="Edward Slingerland">Slingerland, Edward, trans.</a> (2003). <i>Analects of Confucius: With Selections from Traditional Commentaries</i>. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872206359" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872206359"><bdi>978-0872206359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analects+of+Confucius%3A+With+Selections+from+Traditional+Commentaries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0872206359&rft.aulast=Slingerland&rft.aufirst=Edward%2C+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Watson, Burton, trans.</a> (2007). <i>The Analects of Confucius</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14164-2"><bdi>978-0-231-14164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analects+of+Confucius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14164-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Burton%2C+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouvreur1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9raphin_Couvreur" title="Séraphin Couvreur">Couvreur, Séraphin, trans.</a> (1930). <i>Entretiens de Confucius</i> [<i>Conversations of Confucius</i>]. Les Quatre Livres (in French) (3rd ed.). Sien Hsien: Mission Catholique.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entretiens+de+Confucius&rft.place=Sien+Hsien&rft.series=Les+Quatre+Livres&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Mission+Catholique&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Couvreur&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9raphin%2C+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cheng" title="Anne Cheng">Cheng, Anne, trans.</a> (1981). <i>Entretiens de Confucius</i> [<i>Conversations of Confucius</i>] (in French). Paris: Éditions du Seuil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entretiens+de+Confucius&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Anne%2C+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyckmans1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ryckmans_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Ryckmans (writer)">Ryckmans, Pierre, trans.</a> (1987). <i>Les Entretiens de Confucius</i> [<i>The Conversations of Confucius</i>] (in French). Paris: Gallimard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Entretiens+de+Confucius&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ryckmans&rft.aufirst=Pierre%2C+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> English version published as Simon Leys, trans. (1997), <i>The Analects of Confucius</i> (New York: W. W. Norton).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Yoshikawa, Kōjirō 吉川幸次郎 (1978). <i>Rongo</i> 論語 [<i>Lunyu</i>], 3 vols. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbun. Rpt. 2 vols, Asahi Shinbun (1996).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_applications">Cultural applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Analects</i> and its commentaries are applied in a multitude of cultural expressions throughout East and South-East Asia, in countries like China, Japan, Korea (both North and South), Thailand and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stands out especially in fields pertaining to education.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Analects</i> also has a long history of having influenced traditional East Asian martial arts.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is still influential in the practice and teaching of such martial arts in contemporary time, including in relation to their social and political dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kongzi_Jiayu" title="Kongzi Jiayu">Kongzi Jiayu</a></i>, sayings of Confucius not included in the <i>Analects</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred text">Sacred text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence" title="Virtue jurisprudence">Virtue jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Confucius" title="Disciples of Confucius">Disciples of Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" title="Mahāvākyas">Mahāvākyas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Maxims_of_Ptahhotep" title="The Maxims of Ptahhotep">The Maxims of Ptahhotep</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden200212-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden200212_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden200212_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Norden2002">Van Norden (2002)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesShih2010645-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesShih2010645_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesShih2010645_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnechtgesShih2010">Knechtges & Shih (2010)</a>, p. 645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ni-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ni_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNi2017" class="citation book cs1">Ni, Peimin (2017-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEMSDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77"><i>Understanding the Analects of Confucius: A New Translation of Lunyu with Annotations</i></a>. 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Confucius' Social Philosophy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193827–29-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193827–29_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaley1938">Waley (1938)</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner200352–53-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner200352–53_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner2003">Gardner (2003)</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland200334-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland200334_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlingerland2003">Slingerland (2003)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"3._Confucius'_Political_Philosophy"-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"3._Confucius'_Political_Philosophy"_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"3._Confucius'_Political_Philosophy"_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"3._Confucius'_Political_Philosophy"_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiegel2012">Riegel (2012)</a>, "3. Confucius' Political Philosophy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"4._Confucius_and_Education"-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"4._Confucius_and_Education"_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel2012"4._Confucius_and_Education"_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiegel2012">Riegel (2012)</a>, "4. Confucius and Education".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland200319–20-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland200319–20_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlingerland2003">Slingerland (2003)</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanetti1984173-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanetti1984173_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanetti1984">Canetti 1984</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchabergAmesRosemontLau2001" class="citation journal cs1">Schaberg, David; Ames, Roger T.; Rosemont, Henry; Lau, D. C.; Dawson, Raymond; Leys, Simon; Huang, Chichung; Hinton, David; Brooks, E. Bruce (December 2001). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Sell it! Sell it!": Recent Translations of Lunyu". <i>Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews</i>. <b>23</b>: 115–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F495503">10.2307/495503</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/495503">495503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Literature%3A+Essays%2C+Articles%2C+Reviews&rft.atitle=%22Sell+it%21+Sell+it%21%22%3A+Recent+Translations+of+Lunyu&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=115-139&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F495503&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F495503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schaberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ames%2C+Roger+T.&rft.au=Rosemont%2C+Henry&rft.au=Lau%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Dawson%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Leys%2C+Simon&rft.au=Huang%2C+Chichung&rft.au=Hinton%2C+David&rft.au=Brooks%2C+E.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden2002_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Norden2002">Van Norden (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Analects</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Yang_Bojun" title="Yang Bojun">Yang, Bojun</a>. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-101-06228-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-101-06228-1"><bdi>978-7-101-06228-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/269201157">269201157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analects&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Zhonghua+shuju&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F269201157&rft.isbn=978-7-101-06228-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlingerland2000" class="citation journal cs1">Slingerland, Edward (2000). Brooks, E. Bruce; Brooks, A. Taeko (eds.). "Why Philosophy Is Not "Extra" in Understanding the Analects". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 137–141. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8221">0031-8221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1400076">1400076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Why+Philosophy+Is+Not+%22Extra%22+in+Understanding+the+Analects&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-141&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1400076%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0031-8221&rft.aulast=Slingerland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger T. Ames <i>The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation</i> 2010 p. 285 "A large number of passages in the Analects begin with the formulaic ziyue 子曰, "The Master said," but because there are no punctuation marks in classical Chinese, we must ask if whatever follows ziyue is a literal transcription of speech, or a paraphrase of it, or a method of transmitting ideas in a written language which existed in important ways independently of the spoken language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland20038-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland20038_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlingerland2003">Slingerland (2003)</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland200317-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland200317_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlingerland2003">Slingerland (2003)</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley193821-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaley193821_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaley1938">Waley (1938)</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland200329-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland200329_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlingerland2003">Slingerland (2003)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlingerland200339-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlingerland200339_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlingerland2003">Slingerland (2003)</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge200916-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge200916_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge200916_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge200916_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge200916_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegge2009">Legge (2009)</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge2009119-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge2009119_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegge2009">Legge (2009)</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confucianism">"Confucianism - Analects, Philosophy, Ethics"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Confucianism+-+Analects%2C+Philosophy%2C+Ethics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FConfucianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com">"Chinese Philosophical Practice toward Self-Cultivation: Integrating Confucian Wisdom into Philosophical Counseling"</a>. <i>MDPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDPI&rft.atitle=Chinese+Philosophical+Practice+toward+Self-Cultivation%3A+Integrating+Confucian+Wisdom+into+Philosophical+Counseling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/45499/chapter/392458952">"Analects of Confucius in Education"</a>. <i>Oxford Academic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Academic&rft.atitle=Analects+of+Confucius+in+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F45499%2Fchapter%2F392458952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/45499/chapter/392457048">"Confucianism in Tokugawa Japan"</a>. <i>Oxford Academic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Academic&rft.atitle=Confucianism+in+Tokugawa+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F45499%2Fchapter%2F392457048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpkinsSimpkins,_A.M.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Simpkins, C.A.; Simpkins, A.M. (2007). "Confucianism and Martial Traditions". <i>Journal of Asian Martial Arts</i>. <b>16</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Martial+Arts&rft.atitle=Confucianism+and+Martial+Traditions&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Simpkins&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft.au=Simpkins%2C+A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluestein2024" class="citation book cs1">Bluestein, Jonathan (2024). <i>Martial Arts Politics Explained</i>. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8335564984" title="Special:BookSources/979-8335564984"><bdi>979-8335564984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+Politics+Explained&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services+LLC+-+KDP&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-8335564984&rft.aulast=Bluestein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanetti1984" class="citation book cs1">Canetti, Elias (1984). <i>The Conscience of Words</i>. Translated by Neugroschel, Joachim. Farrar Straus Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374518815" title="Special:BookSources/0374518815"><bdi>0374518815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conscience+of+Words&rft.pub=Farrar+Straus+Giroux&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0374518815&rft.aulast=Canetti&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng1993" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Anne (1993). "<i>Lun yü</i> 論語". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a> (ed.). <i>Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide</i>. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China; Institute for East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 313–323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-043-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-043-4"><bdi>978-1-55729-043-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lun+y%C3%BC+%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Early+Chinese+Texts%3A+A+Bibliographical+Guide&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=313-323&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Early+China%3B+Institute+for+East+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55729-043-4&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2003" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Daniel K (2003). <i>Zhu Xi's Reading of the Analects: Canon, Commentary, and the Classical Tradition</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12865-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12865-0"><bdi>978-0-231-12865-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhu+Xi%27s+Reading+of+the+Analects%3A+Canon%2C+Commentary%2C+and+the+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12865-0&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Daniel+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>China Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116174212/http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2017/0113/56820.html">"Qi Version of 'Analects of Confucius' Discovered in Haihunhou Tomb"</a>. <i>Chinese Archaeology</i>. January 13, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Els2012" class="citation journal cs1">van Els, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003201823/http://www.paulvanels.nl/resources/publications/PvE2013AnalectsDraft.pdf">"Confucius' sayings entombed: On Two Han Dynasty <i>Analects</i> Manuscripts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Analects Studies</i>. Leiden: Brill. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulvanels.nl/resources/publications/PvE2013AnalectsDraft.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analects+Studies&rft.atitle=Confucius%27+sayings+entombed%3A+On+Two+Han+Dynasty+Analects+Manuscripts&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=van+Els&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulvanels.nl%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2FPvE2013AnalectsDraft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKern2010" class="citation book cs1">Kern, Martin (2010). "Early Chinese literature, Beginnings through Western Han". In Owen, Stephen (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11677-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11677-0"><bdi>978-0-521-11677-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Chinese+literature%2C+Beginnings+through+Western+Han&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Chinese+Literature%2C+Volume+1%3A+To+1375&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11677-0&rft.aulast=Kern&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimCsikszentmihalyi2010" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Tae Hyun; Csikszentmihalyi, Mark (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBHHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">"Chapter 2"</a>. In Olberding, Amy (ed.). <i>Dao Companion to the Analects</i>. Springer. pp. 21–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9400771123" title="Special:BookSources/978-9400771123"><bdi>978-9400771123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2&rft.btitle=Dao+Companion+to+the+Analects&rft.pages=21-36&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9400771123&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Tae+Hyun&rft.au=Csikszentmihalyi%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBHHBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnechtgesShih2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Knechtges" title="David R. Knechtges">Knechtges, David R.</a>; Shih, Hsiang-ling (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mED9Vx10WokC&pg=645">"<i>Lunyu</i> 論語"</a>. In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.). <i>Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 645–650. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19127-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19127-3"><bdi>978-90-04-19127-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lunyu+%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+Chinese+Literature%3A+A+Reference+Guide%2C+Part+One&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=645-650&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19127-3&rft.aulast=Knechtges&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.au=Shih%2C+Hsiang-ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmED9Vx10WokC%26pg%3D645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau2002" class="citation book cs1">Lau, D.C. (2002). "Introduction". <i>The Analects</i>. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-201-980-3" title="Special:BookSources/962-201-980-3"><bdi>962-201-980-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Analects&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=962-201-980-3&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegge2009" class="citation book cs1">Legge, James (2009). "Prolegomena". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUCZEPUyvBAC"><i>The Confucian Analects, The Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean</i></a>. New York: Cosimo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-644-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-644-8"><bdi>978-1-60520-644-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prolegomena&rft.btitle=The+Confucian+Analects%2C+The+Great+Learning%2C+and+The+Doctrine+of+the+Mean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60520-644-8&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQUCZEPUyvBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Norden2002" class="citation book cs1">Van Norden, Bryan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nqb0Fa8Umv4C"><i>Confucius and the Analects : New Essays</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535082-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535082-1"><bdi>978-0-19-535082-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466432745">466432745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucius+and+the+Analects+%3A+New+Essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466432745&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535082-1&rft.aulast=Van+Norden&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnqb0Fa8Umv4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiegel2012" class="citation book cs1">Riegel, Jeffrey (Spring 2012). "Confucius". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confucius&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Riegel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2012%2Fentries%2Fconfucius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimCsikszentmihalyi2013" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Tae Hyun; Csikszentmihalyi, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBHHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">"Chapter 2"</a>. In Olberding, Amy (ed.). <i>Dao Companion to the Analects</i>. Springer. pp. 21–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9400771123" title="Special:BookSources/978-9400771123"><bdi>978-9400771123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2&rft.btitle=Dao+Companion+to+the+Analects&rft.pages=21-36&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9400771123&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Tae+Hyun&rft.au=Csikszentmihalyi%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBHHBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlingerland2003" class="citation book cs1">Slingerland, Edward (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6DseYHSfaagC&pg=PR14"><i>Analects: With Selections from Traditional Commentaries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-345-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-345-4"><bdi>978-1-60384-345-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analects%3A+With+Selections+from+Traditional+Commentaries&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-60384-345-4&rft.aulast=Slingerland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6DseYHSfaagC%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalects" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Waley, Arthur. "Terms". In <i>The Analects of Confucius</i>. Trans. Arthur Waley. New York: Vintage Books. 1938.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_W._Van_Norden" title="Bryan W. Van Norden">Van Norden, Bryan W.</a> <i>Confucius and the Analects : New Essays</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195350821" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195350821">978-0195350821</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religiondatabase.org/browse/1063/#/">The <i>Analects</i></a> at the Database of Religious History.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analects&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/analects" class="extiw" title="wikt:analects">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Analects" class="extiw" title="q:The Analects">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Analects" class="extiw" title="s:The Analects">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Analects" class="extiw" title="b:The Analects">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Chinese <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="zh" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="s:zh:論語">論語</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Analects&author=CONFUCIUS&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">The Analects of Confucius</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themathesontrust.org/library/analects-lun-yu-audio">Bilingual excerpts and children's audio in Chinese and Japanese.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/analects">Chinese-English bilingual text (Legge's translation)</a> with links to <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a>'s commentary, at <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Text_Project" title="Chinese Text Project">Chinese Text Project</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmuller.net/con-dao/analects.html">English translation by A. Charles Muller, with Chinese text.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://confucius.org/lunyu/lange.htm">English translation at Confucius.org, one page per verse.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Confucius/analects.html">English translation at MIT Classics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315225647/http://slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/pedagogy/latinitas/kung/k1.htm">Latin translation (Zottoli, 1879)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050320102811/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/c/confucius/c748a/">Legge's English translation from the University of Adelaide Library</a> (no section numbers)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wengu.tartarie.com/wg/wengu.php?l=Lunyu">Multilingual edition of the <i>Analects</i> in Chinese, English and French</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.confucius.org/main01.htm">Translations of the <i>Analects</i> in over 20 languages, with footnotes.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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selflink">Analects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erya" title="Erya">Erya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">San Bai Qian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Character_Classic" title="Three Character Classic">Three Character Classic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Family_Surnames" title="Hundred Family Surnames">Hundred Family Surnames</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Character_Classic" title="Thousand Character Classic">Thousand Character Classic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_the_Sima" title="The Methods of the Sima">The Methods of the Sima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Secret_Teachings" title="Six Secret Teachings">Six Secret Teachings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wei_Liaozi" title="Wei Liaozi">Wei Liaozi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuzi" title="Wuzi">Wu Zi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Strategies_of_Huang_Shigong" title="Three Strategies of Huang Shigong">Three Strategies of Huang Shigong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Questions_and_Replies_between_Tang_Taizong_and_Li_Weigong" title="Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong">Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation" title="Book on Numbers and Computation">Book on Numbers and Computation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art" title="The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art">The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhoubi_Suanjing" title="Zhoubi Suanjing">Zhoubi Suanjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shushu_Jiyi" title="Shushu Jiyi">Shushu Jiyi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haidao_Suanjing" title="Haidao Suanjing">Haidao Suanjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunzi_Suanjing" title="Sunzi Suanjing">Sunzi Suanjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_Hu_Tong" title="Bai Hu Tong">Bai Hu Tong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Exemplary_Women" title="Biographies of Exemplary Women">Biographies of Exemplary Women</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Music" title="Classic of Music">Classic of Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_for_Women" title="Four Books for Women">Four Books for Women</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lessons_for_Women" title="Lessons for Women">Lessons for Women</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kongzi_Jiayu" title="Kongzi Jiayu">School Sayings of Confucius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(book)" title="Xunzi (book)">Xunzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q276015#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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