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Board of Education (1954)"/><link rel="icon" href="/images/logos/favicon.ico"/><meta name="next-size-adjust"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200"/><script src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-c67a75d1b6f99dc8.js" crossorigin="" noModule=""></script></head><body class="bg-blueDark text-white print:bg-white print:text-black"><a class="sr-only focus:not-sr-only" href="#content">Skip to content</a><header class="sticky top-0 h-[78px] bg-blueDark text-white transition-transform duration-500 translate-y-0 z-20 print:bg-white print:text-black"><div class="w-full h-[78px] flex items-center justify-between px-3 lg:px-5 overflow-hidden print:justify-center"><div class="w-1/4 print:hidden"><a class="hidden" title="Go to homepage" href="/home/"><span class="material-symbols-outlined scale-125">arrow_back</span></a></div><div class="w-1/2 text-center"><a class="mx-auto btn font-title text-lg lg:text-2xl font-normal " href="/"><em>Brown</em> Revisited</a></div><div class="w-1/4 flex justify-end print:hidden"><button aria-label="menu" class="block"><span class="material-symbols-outlined scale-125">menu</span></button></div></div></header><div class="fixed inset-0 w-full h-screen top-0 left-0 overflow-hidden overflow-y-auto z-50 bg-blueDark text-white transition-transform duration-500 -translate-y-[150%] print:hidden"><div class="w-full h-[78px] flex items-center justify-between px-3 lg:px-5 overflow-hidden print:justify-center"><div class="w-1/4 print:hidden"><a class="hidden" title="Go to homepage" href="/home/"><span class="material-symbols-outlined scale-125">arrow_back</span></a></div><div class="w-1/2 text-center"><a class="mx-auto btn font-title text-lg lg:text-2xl font-normal " href="/"><em>Brown</em> Revisited</a></div><div class="w-1/4 flex justify-end print:hidden"><button aria-label="menu" class="block lg:-translate-x-3"><span class="material-symbols-outlined scale-125">close</span></button></div></div><nav class="max-w-5xl mx-auto flex flex-col gap-7 lg:gap-0 px-5 pt-7 lg:pt-16 pb-32 lg:pb-16"><div class="flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:justify-between gap-3.5 lg:gap-0 text-lg lg:text-2xl mb-5 lg:mb-5"><ul class="lg:w-[50%] flex flex-col gap-3.5 lg:gap-5 lg:pr-12 lg:border-r border-gray"><li><a href="/modules/introduction/">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/modules/cases/">The Cases</a></li><li><a href="/modules/precedents/">The Precedents</a></li><li><ul class="flex flex-col gap-3.5 lg:gap-5 lg:mt-5"><li><span class="text-blueLight lg:text-xl">Initial Argument: 1952</span></li><li class="ml-5"><a href="/modules/arguments-against-segregation/">The Arguments Against Segregation</a></li><li class="ml-5"><a href="/modules/arguments-for-segregation/">The Arguments for Segregation</a></li><li class="ml-5"><a href="/modules/1952-deliberations/">The 1952 Deliberations</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="lg:w-[45%] flex flex-col gap-3.5"><li><ul class="flex flex-col gap-3.5"><li><span class="text-blueLight lg:text-xl">Reargument: 1953</span></li><li class="ml-5"><a href="/modules/final-showdown-marshall-davis/">The Final Showdown: Marshall and Davis</a></li><li class="ml-5"><a href="/modules/1953-deliberations/">The 1953 Deliberations</a></li></ul></li><li class="lg:mt-10"><a href="/modules/opinions-may-1954/">The Opinions: May 17, 1954</a></li></ul></div><ul class="flex flex-col lg:flex-row gap-6 lg:text-xl pt-7 lg:pt-10 border-t border-grayMenu lg:border-none"><li class="lg:w-1/3"><a href="/transcripts/">Transcripts<span class="block mt-3.5 text-xs lg:text-base text-grayMiddle font-medium">The complete transcript of all cases</span></a></li><li class="lg:w-1/3"><a href="/about/">Overview<span class="block mt-3.5 text-xs lg:text-base text-grayMiddle font-medium">The story behind the project</span></a></li><li class="lg:w-1/3"><a href="https://www.oyez.org/" target="_blank">The Oyez Project<span class="block mt-3.5 text-xs lg:text-base text-grayMiddle font-medium">A complete audio archive for the Supreme Court of the United States</span></a></li></ul></nav></div><div style="opacity:0;transform:none"><div id="content"><main class="flex flex-col items-center"><div class="w-full max-w-5xl mx-auto pt-32 pb-48 flex flex-col justify-center gap-3 lg:gap-2 text-center overflow-hidden relative text-balance bg-intro-wrap after:bg-[url('/images/backgrounds/bg-pen.png')]"><h1 class="text-[2rem] lg:text-4xl opacity-0 animate-fade">Benefactors</h1><h2 class="w-full max-w-[75%] md:max-w-[60%] lg:max-w-media mx-auto text-lg lg:text-2xl font-normal opacity-0 animate-fade text-balance">This project exists thanks to the support of numerous people.</h2></div><div class="w-full pt-16 pb-32 bg-white text-black"><div class="max-w-module mx-auto px-5 xl:px-0 flex flex-col gap-12"><section class="flex flex-col gap-5"><h2 class="w-full mx-auto text-xl lg:text-2xl"><strong>Financial Contributors</strong></h2><div class="w-full mx-auto">Professor Goldman and the project team would like to thank the following financial contributors for their support.</div></section><section class="flex flex-col gap-5"><h2 class="w-full mx-auto text-lg lg:text-xl">Individuals</h2><ul class="list-disc lg:columns-2 pl-6"><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Cindy Chupack</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Marshall and Patricia Geller</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Brent Hanfling</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Kristina M Infante</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Kenneth F. and Ann Janda</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Kenneth and Elena Marks</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Barbara H. Messing</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Jeffrey A. and Kristin A. Potts</li></ul></section><section class="flex flex-col gap-5"><h2 class="w-full mx-auto text-lg lg:text-xl">Organizations</h2><div class="w-full flex flex-wrap justify-center md:justify-between items-center"><a class="w-full md:w-2/5 mb-10 text" target="_blank" href="https://www.bsfllp.com/"><figure class="w-full mb-3"><img src="/images/logos/logo-bsf.png" alt="Boies, Schiller & Flexner LLP" class="h-16 object-contain"/></figure><figcaption class="block font-bold">Boies, Schiller & Flexner LLP</figcaption></a><a class="w-full md:w-2/5 mb-10 text" target="_blank" href="https://www.haynesboone.com/"><figure class="w-full mb-3"><img src="/images/logos/logo-haynesboone.png" alt="Haynes and Boone LLP" class="h-16 object-contain"/></figure><figcaption class="block font-bold">Haynes and Boone LLP</figcaption></a><a class="w-full md:w-2/5 mb-10 text" target="_blank" href="https://www.jonesday.com/"><figure class="w-full mb-3"><img src="/images/logos/logo-jonesday.png" alt="Jones Day" class="h-16 object-contain"/></figure><figcaption class="block font-bold">Jones Day</figcaption></a><a class="w-full md:w-2/5 mb-10 text" target="_blank" href="https://www.justia.com/"><figure class="w-full mb-3"><img src="/images/logos/logo-justia.png" alt="Justia" class="h-16 object-contain"/></figure><figcaption class="block font-bold">Justia</figcaption></a><a class="w-full md:w-2/5 mb-10 text" target="_blank" href="https://www.kramerlevin.com/"><figure class="w-full mb-3"><img src="/images/logos/logo-kramerlevin.png" alt="Kramer Levin Naftalis and Frankel" class="h-16 object-contain"/></figure><figcaption class="block font-bold">Kramer Levin Naftalis and Frankel</figcaption></a><a class="w-full md:w-2/5 mb-10 text" target="_blank" href="https://www.podhurst.com/"><figure class="w-full mb-3"><img src="/images/logos/logo-podhurst.png" alt="Podhurst Orcek P.A." class="h-16 object-contain"/></figure><figcaption class="block font-bold">Podhurst Orcek P.A.</figcaption></a><a class="w-full md:w-2/5 mb-10 text" target="_blank" href="https://www.sidley.com/"><figure class="w-full mb-3"><img src="/images/logos/logo-sidley.png" alt="The Sidley Austin Foundation" class="h-16 object-contain"/></figure><figcaption class="block font-bold">The Sidley Austin Foundation</figcaption></a></div></section><section class="flex flex-col gap-5"><h2 class="w-full mx-auto text-xl lg:text-2xl"><strong>Advisory Committee</strong></h2><div class="w-full mx-auto">Professor Goldman and the project team would like to thank our outstanding Advisory Committee for guidance and critical feedback.</div><div class="w-full flex flex-wrap justify-center gap-4 lg:gap-7"><a target="_blank" class="block w-[calc(50%-0.5rem)] md:w-[calc(33.3%-0.75rem)] lg:w-[calc(25%-1.5rem)] text-center cursor-pointer " href="https://www.stjohns.edu/law/faculty/john-q-barrett"><figure class="card w-full aspect-square mb-4"><img src="/images/advisors/advisor-barrett.jpg" alt="John Q. Barrett" class="w-full h-full object-cover rounded-lg"/></figure><div class="font-bold">John Q. Barrett</div><span class="text-sm text-grayDark">Benjamin N. Cardozo Professor of Law, St. John's University School of Law</span></a><a target="_blank" class="block w-[calc(50%-0.5rem)] md:w-[calc(33.3%-0.75rem)] lg:w-[calc(25%-1.5rem)] text-center cursor-pointer " href="https://www.drjasmineharris.com/"><figure class="card w-full aspect-square mb-4"><img src="/images/advisors/advisor-harris.jpg" alt="Jasmine Harris" class="w-full h-full object-cover rounded-lg"/></figure><div class="font-bold">Jasmine Harris</div><span class="text-sm text-grayDark">Professor and Department Chair of Africana Studies at the Metropolitan State University of Texas of Denver</span></a><a target="_blank" class="block w-[calc(50%-0.5rem)] md:w-[calc(33.3%-0.75rem)] lg:w-[calc(25%-1.5rem)] text-center cursor-pointer " href="https://cla.umn.edu/about/directory/profile/trj"><figure class="card w-full aspect-square mb-4"><img src="/images/advisors/advisor-johnson.jpg" alt="Timothy Johnson" class="w-full h-full object-cover rounded-lg"/></figure><div class="font-bold">Timothy Johnson</div><span class="text-sm text-grayDark">Distinguished Teaching Professor of Political Science and Law, University of Minnesota</span></a><a target="_blank" class="block w-[calc(50%-0.5rem)] md:w-[calc(33.3%-0.75rem)] lg:w-[calc(25%-1.5rem)] text-center cursor-pointer " href="https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~myl/"><figure class="card w-full aspect-square mb-4"><img src="/images/advisors/advisor-liberman.jpg" alt="Mark Y. Liberman" class="w-full h-full object-cover rounded-lg"/></figure><div class="font-bold">Mark Y. Liberman</div><span class="text-sm text-grayDark">Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Linguistics and Director - Linguistic Data Consortium</span></a><a target="_blank" class="block w-[calc(50%-0.5rem)] md:w-[calc(33.3%-0.75rem)] lg:w-[calc(25%-1.5rem)] text-center cursor-pointer " href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/novalorraine/"><figure class="card w-full aspect-square mb-4"><img src="/images/advisors/advisor-lorraine.jpg" alt="Nova Lorraine" class="w-full h-full object-cover rounded-lg"/></figure><div class="font-bold">Nova Lorraine</div><span class="text-sm text-grayDark">Psychologist, Fashion Designer, AI + Web3 Influencer, Founder Raine Magazine</span></a><a target="_blank" class="block w-[calc(50%-0.5rem)] md:w-[calc(33.3%-0.75rem)] lg:w-[calc(25%-1.5rem)] text-center cursor-pointer " href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zacharynunnphr/"><figure class="card w-full aspect-square mb-4"><img src="/images/advisors/advisor-nunn.jpg" alt="Zach Nunn" class="w-full h-full object-cover rounded-lg"/></figure><div class="font-bold">Zach Nunn</div><span class="text-sm text-grayDark">CEO and Founder, Living Corporate</span></a><a target="_blank" class="block w-[calc(50%-0.5rem)] md:w-[calc(33.3%-0.75rem)] lg:w-[calc(25%-1.5rem)] text-center cursor-pointer " href="https://politicalscience.columbian.gwu.edu/andrew-ifedapo-thompson"><figure class="card w-full aspect-square mb-4"><img src="/images/advisors/advisor-thompson.png" alt="Andrew Ifedapo Thompson" class="w-full h-full object-cover rounded-lg"/></figure><div class="font-bold">Andrew Ifedapo Thompson</div><span class="text-sm text-grayDark">Assistant Professor of Political Science, The George Washington University</span></a></div></section><section class="flex flex-col gap-5"><h2 class="w-full mx-auto text-xl lg:text-2xl"><strong>Additional Thanks</strong></h2><div class="w-full mx-auto">The project team received valuable assistance from the following individuals and institutions:</div><ul class="list-disc lg:columns-2 pl-6"><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Harrison Behl (Library of Congress)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Beinecke Library Manuscripts and Archives Staff</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Ryan Choe (Northwestern/Medill)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Wayne Coleman (Birmingham Civil Rights Institute)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Joseph Jasperse (University of Pennsylvania)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Richard Kluger (author, <em>Simple Justice</em>)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Carl Malamud (Resource.org)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Mutahara Mobashar (Library of Congress)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Ken Myers (National Archives)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Scott Norman (NBCUniversal)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Aaron Prescott (Library of Congress)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Andi Rice (photographer)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">KUT Radio</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Brad Snyder (Georgetown Law)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Steve Suitts (Emory)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Lara Szypszak (Library of Congress)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Shania E. Vincent (St. Johns School of Law)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Judy A. Slagle (photographer)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Dennis Glenn (photographer)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Tim Stanley (Justia)</li><li class="pr-6 xl:pr-10">Vasu Kappettu (Justia)</li></ul></section><section class="flex flex-col gap-5"><h2 class="w-full mx-auto text-xl lg:text-2xl"><strong>Dedication</strong></h2><div class="w-full mx-auto">Brown <em>v.</em> Board of Education Revisited is dedicated to the brave plaintiffs and their families who sacrificed so much through the <em>Brown</em> litigation for the benefit of all Americans.</div></section><section class="flex flex-col gap-5"><h2 class="w-full mx-auto text-lg lg:text-xl">Additional Resources</h2><div class="w-full mx-auto"><a href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education" class="text">Brown v. Board of Education</a> - National Archives<br /><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483" class="text">Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka</a> - Oyez.org<br /><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/" class="text">Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka</a> - Justia.com</div></section></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="w-full py-12 mt-16 md:pb-32 bg-blueDark text-white print:hidden"><div class="max-w-5xl mx-auto px-5 flex flex-col md:flex-row md:justify-between gap-7 md:gap-0"><div class="w-full md:w-1/2 flex flex-col gap-7 md:gap-5"><a href="https://www.oyez.org/"><figure class="w-28"><img alt="The Oyez Project" class="w-full h-auto" src="/images/logos/logo-oyez.png"/></figure></a><div class="inline-flex items-center gap-5"><a title="Connect with the team on Facebook" target="_blank" class="inline-block" href="https://www.facebook.com/OyezProject"><img class="w-6 h-auto" src="/images/icons/icon-facebook.svg"/></a><a title="Follow the team on Twitter (X)" target="_blank" class="inline-block" href="https://www.twitter.com/oyez"><img class="w-6 h-auto" src="/images/icons/icon-x-twitter.svg"/></a><a title="Send an email to the team" target="_blank" class="inline-block" 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