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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Eclairage.jpg/220px-Eclairage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Eclairage.jpg/330px-Eclairage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Eclairage.jpg/440px-Eclairage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4773" data-file-height="3579" /></a><figcaption>Lighting through the ages (<a href="/wiki/File:Eclairage.jpg" title="File:Eclairage.jpg">legend</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-price-for-lighting-per-million-lumen-hours-in-the-uk-in-british-pound.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The-price-for-lighting-per-million-lumen-hours-in-the-uk-in-british-pound.svg/220px-The-price-for-lighting-per-million-lumen-hours-in-the-uk-in-british-pound.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The-price-for-lighting-per-million-lumen-hours-in-the-uk-in-british-pound.svg/330px-The-price-for-lighting-per-million-lumen-hours-in-the-uk-in-british-pound.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The-price-for-lighting-per-million-lumen-hours-in-the-uk-in-british-pound.svg/440px-The-price-for-lighting-per-million-lumen-hours-in-the-uk-in-british-pound.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The price of lighting through the ages</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_74zrgmn1go43placadoolbdzrn8g1jm"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Phase%2Dout_of_incandescent_light_bulbs" coords="52,937,294,958" title="Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs" alt="Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/LED_filament" coords="52,928,155,949" title="LED filament" alt="LED filament" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Light%2Demitting_diode" coords="52,879,133,900" title="Light-emitting diode" alt="Light-emitting diode" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" coords="52,859,149,879" title="Sulfur lamp" alt="Sulfur lamp" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Organic_light%2Demitting_diode" coords="52,846,110,867" title="Organic light-emitting diode" alt="Organic light-emitting diode" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" coords="52,801,222,822" title="Compact fluorescent lamp" alt="Compact fluorescent lamp" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sodium%2Dvapor_lamp%23High%2Dpressure_sodium" coords="52,748,260,768" title="Sodium-vapor lamp#High-pressure sodium" alt="Sodium-vapor lamp#High-pressure sodium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Light%2Demitting_diode" coords="52,739,127,759" title="Light-emitting diode" alt="Light-emitting diode" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Halogen_light_bulb" coords="52,708,188,728" title="Halogen light bulb" alt="Halogen light bulb" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Light%2Demitting_diode" coords="52,601,199,621" title="Light-emitting diode" alt="Light-emitting diode" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sodium%2Dvapor_lamp" coords="52,572,183,592" title="Sodium-vapor lamp" alt="Sodium-vapor lamp" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb%23Revolution_of_the_tungsten_filament%2C_inert_gas%2C_and_the_coiled_coil" coords="52,559,199,580" title="Incandescent light bulb#Revolution of the tungsten filament, inert gas, and the coiled coil" alt="Incandescent light bulb#Revolution of the tungsten filament, inert gas, and the coiled coil" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb%23Revolution_of_the_tungsten_filament%2C_inert_gas%2C_and_the_coiled_coil" coords="52,543,183,564" title="Incandescent light bulb#Revolution of the tungsten filament, inert gas, and the coiled coil" alt="Incandescent light bulb#Revolution of the tungsten filament, inert gas, and the coiled coil" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" coords="52,531,160,551" title="Neon lighting" alt="Neon lighting" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tungsten_filament" coords="52,506,183,527" title="Tungsten filament" alt="Tungsten filament" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mercury%2Dvapor_lamp" coords="52,494,188,514" title="Mercury-vapor lamp" alt="Mercury-vapor lamp" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gas%2Ddischarge_lamp" coords="52,461,188,481" title="Gas-discharge lamp" alt="Gas-discharge lamp" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gas_mantle" coords="52,428,144,448" title="Gas mantle" alt="Gas mantle" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb%23Dominance_of_carbon_filament_and_vacuum" coords="52,407,205,428" title="Incandescent light bulb#Dominance of carbon filament and vacuum" alt="Incandescent light bulb#Dominance of carbon filament and vacuum" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Electric_light_bulb" coords="52,387,194,407" title="Electric light bulb" alt="Electric light bulb" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" coords="52,354,177,374" title="Fluorescent lamp" alt="Fluorescent lamp" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Geissler_tube" coords="52,308,160,329" title="Geissler tube" alt="Geissler tube" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" coords="52,86,133,107" title="Arc lamp" alt="Arc lamp" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" coords="52,53,155,74" title="Gas lighting" alt="Gas lighting" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" coords="52,-4,149,16" title="Argand lamp" alt="Argand lamp" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_74zrgmn1go43placadoolbdzrn8g1jm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/74zrgmn1go43placadoolbdzrn8g1jm.png" /></div></div></div></div> <p>Artificial <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a> technology began to be developed tens of thousands of years ago and continues to be refined in the present day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_lighting_technology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>125,000 BC Widespread <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">control of fire by early humans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beyondveg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyondveg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>17,500 BC oldest documented lamp, utilizing animal fat as fuel<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4500 BC</span> <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamps</a></li> <li>c. 3000 BC <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a> are invented.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_lighting_technology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1780 <a href="/wiki/Ami_Argand" title="Ami Argand">Ami Argand</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">central draught fixed oil lamp</a>.</li> <li>1784 Argand adds glass chimney to central draught lamp.</li> <li>1786 <a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_(chemist)" title="William Nicholson (chemist)">William Nicholson</a> proposes use of concentric wicks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1792 <a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch" title="William Murdoch">William Murdoch</a> begins experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a> and probably produced the first gas light in this year.</li> <li>1800 French watchmaker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_Guillaume_Carcel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertrand Guillaume Carcel (page does not exist)">Bertrand Guillaume Carcel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Guillaume_Carcel" class="extiw" title="fr:Bertrand Guillaume Carcel">fr</a>]</span> overcomes the disadvantages of the Argand-type lamps with his clockwork fed <a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel lamp</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_lighting_technology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1800–1809 <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamp</a> when using Voltaic piles (battery) for his electrolysis experiments.</li> <li>1802- <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vladimirovich_Petrov" title="Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov">Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov</a> developed the first persistent <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a> <sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri_7-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1802 William Murdoch illuminates the exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Soho_Foundry" title="Soho Foundry">Soho Foundry</a> with gas.</li> <li>1805 Philips and Lee's Cotton Mill, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> was the first industrial factory to be fully lit by gas.</li> <li>1809 Humphry Davy publicly demonstrates first electric lamp over 10,000 lumens, at the Royal Society.<sup id="cite_ref-DrThomasKlett_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrThomasKlett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1813 National Heat and Light Company formed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Albert_Winsor" title="Frederick Albert Winsor">Frederick Albert Winsor</a>.</li> <li>1815 Humphry Davy invents the <a href="/wiki/Davy_lamp" title="Davy lamp">miner's safety lamp</a>.</li> <li>1823 <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6bereiner%27s_lamp" title="Döbereiner's lamp">Döbereiner's lamp</a>.</li> <li>1835 <a href="/wiki/James_Bowman_Lindsay" title="James Bowman Lindsay">James Bowman Lindsay</a> demonstrates a <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulb</a> based electric lighting system to the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Dundee,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundee, Scotland">Dundee</a>.</li> <li>1841 Arc-lighting is used as experimental public lighting in Paris.</li> <li>1853 <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Ignacy Łukasiewicz">Ignacy Łukasiewicz</a> invents the modern <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamp</a>.</li> <li>1856 <a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">glassblower</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Geissler" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Geissler">Heinrich Geissler</a> confines the electric arc in a <a href="/wiki/Geissler_tube" title="Geissler tube">Geissler tube</a>.</li> <li>1867 <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel" title="Edmond Becquerel">Edmond Becquerel</a> demonstrates the first <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1874 <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lodygin" title="Alexander Lodygin">Alexander Lodygin</a> patents an <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulb</a>.</li> <li>1875 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Woodward_(inventor)" title="Henry Woodward (inventor)">Henry Woodward</a> patents an electric light bulb.</li> <li>1876 <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Yablochkov" title="Pavel Yablochkov">Pavel Yablochkov</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a>, the first practical carbon arc lamp, for public street lighting in Paris.</li> <li>1879 (About Christmas time) Col. <a href="/wiki/R._E._Crompton" class="mw-redirect" title="R. E. Crompton">R. E. Crompton</a> illuminated his home in <a href="/wiki/Porchester_Gardens" title="Porchester Gardens">Porchester Gardens</a>, using a primary battery of Grove Cells, then a generator which was better. He gave special parties and illuminated his drawing room and dining room. Source: Practical Electrical Engineering, Newnes. Article entitled "The Development of Electric Lighting".</li> <li>1879 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a> patent the carbon-thread <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamp">incandescent lamp</a>. It lasted 40 hours.</li> <li>1880 Edison produced a 16-watt lightbulb that lasts 1500 hours.</li> <li>1882 Introduction of large scale <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> based indoor incandescent lighting and lighting <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> with Edison's first <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Street_Station" title="Pearl Street Station">Pearl Street Station</a></li> <li>c. 1885 Incandescent <a href="/wiki/Gas_mantle" title="Gas mantle">gas mantle</a> invented, revolutionises <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a>.</li> <li>1886 <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrington,_Massachusetts" title="Great Barrington, Massachusetts">Great Barrington, Massachusetts</a> demonstration project, a much more versatile (long-distance transmission) <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> based <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> based indoor incandescent lighting system introduced by <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Stanley, Jr.">William Stanley, Jr.</a> working for <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanley lit 23 businesses along a 4000 feet length of main street stepping a 500 AC volt current at the street down to 100 volts to power incandescent lamps at each location.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1893 GE introduces first commercial fully enclosed carbon arc lamp. Sealed in glass globes, it lasts 100h and therefore 10 times longer than hitherto carbon arc lamps <sup id="cite_ref-DrThomasKlett_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrThomasKlett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gorowitz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorowitz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1893 <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> puts forward his ideas on high frequency and wireless electric lighting<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included public demonstrations where he lit a <a href="/wiki/Geissler_tube" title="Geissler tube">Geissler tube</a> wirelessly.</li> <li>1894 <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFarlan_Moore" title="Daniel McFarlan Moore">Daniel McFarlan Moore</a> creates the <a href="/wiki/Moore_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore tube">Moore tube</a>, precursor of <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">electric gas-discharge</a> lamps.</li> <li>1897 <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a> invents and patents his <a href="/wiki/Nernst_lamp" title="Nernst lamp">incandescent lamp</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid state</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_lighting_technology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1900 Frederick Baldwin patents a <a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">carbide lamp</a> for use on bicycles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention builds on acetylene lamps from the 1890s.</li> <li>1901 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt" title="Peter Cooper Hewitt">Peter Cooper Hewitt</a> creates the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">mercury-vapor lamp</a>.</li> <li>1904 <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Just" title="Alexander Just">Alexander Just</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Hanaman" title="Franjo Hanaman">Franjo Hanaman</a> invent the <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> filament for incandescent lightbulbs.</li> <li>1910 <a href="/wiki/Georges_Claude" title="Georges Claude">Georges Claude</a> demonstrates <a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">neon lighting</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show" title="Paris Motor Show">Paris Motor Show</a>.</li> <li>1912 Charles P. Steinmetz invents the <a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">metal-halide lamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1913 <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> discovers that <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert gas</a> could double the luminous efficacy of incandescent lightbulbs.</li> <li>1917 Burnie Lee Benbow patents the <a href="/wiki/Coiled_coil" title="Coiled coil">coiled coil</a> filament.</li> <li>1920 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">sodium-vapor lamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1921 Junichi Miura creates the first incandescent lightbulb to utilize a coiled coil filament.</li> <li>1925 <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Pipkin" title="Marvin Pipkin">Marvin Pipkin</a> invents the first internal frosted lightbulb.</li> <li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Germer" title="Edmund Germer">Edmund Germer</a> patents the modern fluorescent lamp.</li> <li>1927 <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Losev" title="Oleg Losev">Oleg Losev</a> creates the first <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> (light-emitting diode).</li> <li>1953 Elmer Fridrich invents the <a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">halogen lamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1953 André Bernanose and several colleagues observe <a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">electroluminescence</a> in organic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Maiman" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore H. Maiman">Theodore H. Maiman</a> creates the first <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>.</li> <li>1962 <a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a> Jr. develops the first practical visible-spectrum (red) light-emitting diode.</li> <li>1963 Kurt Schmidt invents the first <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp#High-pressure_sodium" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">high pressure sodium-vapor lamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/M._George_Craford" title="M. George Craford">M. George Craford</a> invents the first yellow light-emitting diode.</li> <li>1972 Herbert Paul Maruska and Jacques Pankove create the first violet light-emitting diode.</li> <li>1981 Philips sells their first Compact Fluorescent Energy Saving Lamps, with integrated conventional ballast.</li> <li>1981 Thorn Lighting Group exhibits the <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_metal-halide_lamp" title="Ceramic metal-halide lamp">ceramic metal-halide lamp</a>.</li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a> answers with the first electronic Energy Saving Lamps to be very successful <sup id="cite_ref-DrThomasKlett_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrThomasKlett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Ching_Wan_Tang" title="Ching Wan Tang">Ching Wan Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Van_Slyke" title="Steven Van Slyke">Steven Van Slyke</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> create the first practical <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED).</li> <li>1990 Michael Ury, Charles Wood, and several colleagues develop the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">sulfur lamp</a>.</li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> invents a fluorescent lightbulb that lasts 60,000 hours using <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">magnetic induction</a>.</li> <li>1994 T5 lamps with cool tip are introduced to become the leading fluorescent lamps with up to 117 lm/W with good color rendering. These and almost all new fluorescent lamps are to be operated on electronic ballasts only.<sup id="cite_ref-DrThomasKlett_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrThomasKlett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994 The first commercial <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">sulfur lamp</a> is sold by Fusion Lighting.</li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nichia" title="Nichia">Nichia labs</a> invents the first practical blue and with additional phosphor, white LED, starting an LED boom.<sup id="cite_ref-DrThomasKlett_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrThomasKlett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_lighting_technology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2008 Ushio Lighting demonstrates the first <a href="/wiki/LED_filament" title="LED filament">LED filament</a>.</li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> wins <a href="/wiki/L_Prize" title="L Prize">L Prize</a> for LED screw-in lamp equivalent to 60 W incandescent A-lamp for general use.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_lighting_technology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-beyondveg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beyondveg_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edisontechcenter.org/SodiumLamps.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Patents&rft.atitle=High+pressure+sodium+vapor+lamp&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS3248590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+lighting+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Timeline_of_lighting_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Timeline of lighting technology">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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