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id="toc-血液檢查-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腹部造影" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腹部造影"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 腹部造影 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腹部造影-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-膽管造影" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#膽管造影"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 膽管造影 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-膽管造影-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-手術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 手術 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-手術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 病理 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分期" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 病程 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-流行病學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流行病學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 流行病學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-流行病學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 研究 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 參考資料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">膽管癌</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。30种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سرطانة الأقنية الصفراوية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطانة الأقنية الصفراوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xolangiokarsinoma" title="Xolangiokarsinoma – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xolangiokarsinoma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colangiocarcinoma" title="Colangiocarcinoma – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colangiocarcinoma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiokarcinom" title="Cholangiokarcinom – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cholangiokarcinom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallengangskarzinom" title="Gallengangskarzinom – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gallengangskarzinom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Χολαγγειοκαρκίνωμα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χολαγγειοκαρκίνωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma" title="Cholangiocarcinoma – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cholangiocarcinoma" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolangikarcinomo" title="Kolangikarcinomo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolangikarcinomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colangiocarcinoma" title="Colangiocarcinoma – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colangiocarcinoma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="کلانژیوکارسینوما – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلانژیوکارسینوما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolangiokarsinooma" title="Kolangiokarsinooma – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolangiokarsinooma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinome" title="Cholangiocarcinome – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cholangiocarcinome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolangiokarcinom" title="Kolangiokarcinom – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolangiokarcinom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Խոլանգիոկարցինոմա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոլանգիոկարցինոմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolangiokarsinoma" title="Kolangiokarsinoma – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolangiokarsinoma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colangiocarcinoma" title="Colangiocarcinoma – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colangiocarcinoma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%86%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C" title="胆管癌 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胆管癌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%B4%EA%B4%80%EC%95%94" title="담관암 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="담관암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Холангиокарцином – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холангиокарцином" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolangiokarsinoma" title="Kolangiokarsinoma – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kolangiokarsinoma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoom" title="Cholangiocarcinoom – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cholangiocarcinoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F" title="ପିତ୍ତ ନଳୀ କର୍କଟ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପିତ୍ତ ନଳୀ କର୍କଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_dr%C3%B3g_%C5%BC%C3%B3%C5%82ciowych" title="Rak dróg żółciowych – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rak dróg żółciowych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colangiocarcinoma" title="Colangiocarcinoma – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colangiocarcinoma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Холангиокарцинома – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холангиокарцинома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma" title="Cholangiocarcinoma – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cholangiocarcinoma" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Рак жучних канала – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рак жучних канала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallg%C3%A5ngscancer" title="Gallgångscancer – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gallgångscancer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="มะเร็งท่อน้ำดี – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะเร็งท่อน้ำดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0_bi%E1%BB%83u_m%C3%B4_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Ung thư biểu mô đường mật – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung thư biểu mô đường mật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cholangiocarcinoma" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link 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td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgrey">膽管癌</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Cholangiocarcinoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cholangiocarcinoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg/300px-Cholangiocarcinoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cholangiocarcinoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg/450px-Cholangiocarcinoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cholangiocarcinoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg/600px-Cholangiocarcinoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">肝內膽管癌（右側）和正常肝細胞（左側）的組織切片，<a href="/wiki/HE%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="HE染色">HE染色</a>。</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">症状</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E7%97%9B" title="腹痛">腹痛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E7%96%B8" title="黄疸">黄疸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D" title="體重下降">體重下降</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%A2" title="癢">全身搔癢</a>、發燒<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Pro-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">起病年龄</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">約70歲<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2014-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">肝內型（Intrahepatic）、肝門型（perihilar）、遠端型（distal）<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2014-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="风险因素">风险因素</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96%E6%80%A7%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%82%8E" title="原發性硬化性膽管炎">原發性硬化性膽管炎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%83%E7%96%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%93%E8%82%A0%E7%82%8E" title="溃疡性结肠炎">溃疡性结肠炎</a>、特定<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝吸蟲（页面不存在）">肝吸蟲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/liver_fluke" class="extiw" title="en:liver fluke">liver fluke</a>）感染、先天肝發育異常<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Pro-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD" title="诊断">診斷方法</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">顯微病理切片<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Sym-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">治療</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手術切除（页面不存在）">手術切除</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_resection" class="extiw" title="en:Surgical resection">Surgical resection</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" title="化学疗法">化学疗法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="放射線療法">放射線療法</a>、膽道<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%9E%B6" title="支架">支架</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝臟移植（页面不存在）">肝臟移植</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/liver_transplantation" class="extiw" title="en:liver transplantation">liver transplantation</a>）<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Pro-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E5%90%8E" title="预后">预后</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">通常很差<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.6-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">患病率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">約每年每10萬人1–2例（西方國家）<a href="#cite_note-Brid2016-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;;;">分类和外部资源</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91" title="醫學專科">醫學專科</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="肿瘤学">肿瘤学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">XH7M15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="人類孟德爾遺傳學">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/615619">615619</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="疾病資料庫">DiseasesDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb2505.htm">2505</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000291.htm">000291</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">277393、365065</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: right; font-size:0.9em;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124292" class="extiw" title="d:Q124292">编辑此条目的维基数据</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> 膽管癌（Cholangiocarcinoma），又稱膽道癌，是一種由<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1" title="膽管">膽道</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="上皮細胞">上皮細胞</a>（或呈現上皮細胞分化特征的細胞）<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E9%95%B7" title="逆行性生長">癌变</a>所造成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2019Def-6">[6]</a>。膽管癌主要的症狀為<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="肝功能測試">肝功能</a>異常、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E7%97%9B" title="腹痛">腹痛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%96%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="黃疸">黃疸</a>、全身搔癢、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%87%92" class="mw-redirect" title="發燒">發燒</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D" title="體重下降">體重減輕</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Pro-1">[1]</a>；此外患者的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%9E%E4%BE%BF" title="糞便">糞便</a>顏色可能變淺，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E6%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="尿液">尿液</a>顏色變深<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Sym-3">[3]</a>。同屬<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E9%81%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膽道系統（页面不存在）">膽道系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biliary_tract" class="extiw" title="en:biliary tract">biliary tract</a>）癌症的疾病還包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E5%9B%8A%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="膽囊癌">膽囊癌</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%8C%87%E8%85%B8%E4%B9%B3%E9%A0%AD%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十二指腸乳頭癌（页面不存在）">十二指腸乳頭癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ampulla_of_Vater" class="extiw" title="en:ampulla of Vater">ampulla of Vater</a>）<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>。膽管癌是一種罕見的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="腺癌">腺癌</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2014-2">[2]</a>。 膽管癌的風險因子包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96%E6%80%A7%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%82%8E" title="原發性硬化性膽管炎">原發性硬化性膽管炎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%83%E7%96%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%93%E8%82%A0%E7%82%8E" title="溃疡性结肠炎">溃疡性结肠炎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96" title="肝硬化">肝硬化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="丙型肝炎">丙型肝炎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="乙型肝炎">乙型肝炎</a>、特定<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝吸蟲（页面不存在）">肝吸蟲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/liver_fluke" class="extiw" title="en:liver fluke">liver fluke</a>）感染，以及先天肝臟結構異常等等<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Pro-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>。但大多數膽管癌患者缺乏明確的風險因子背景可供辨識<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2014-2">[2]</a>。疾病的診斷須結合<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5" title="血液检查">血液检查</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a>，和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%96%E9%8F%A1%E6%AA%A2" title="內視鏡檢">內視鏡</a>检查，有時需手術取出檢體進行病理診斷。確診須經由顯微鏡檢進行<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Sym-3">[3]</a>。 多數患者在診斷出膽管癌時，疾病已經進展至晚期，無法治癒。在這些無法治癒的病人可進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%BC%93%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="和缓医疗">和缓医疗</a>，包含<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手術切除（页面不存在）">手術切除</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/surgical_resection" class="extiw" title="en:surgical resection">surgical resection</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" title="化学疗法">化学疗法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="放射線療法">放射線療法</a>，以及置放膽道<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%9E%B6" title="支架">支架</a>等等。完全手術切除是唯一的治癒希望，但有約三分之一的病人腫瘤會進犯<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B8%BD%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="總膽管（页面不存在）">總膽管</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/common_bile_duct" class="extiw" title="en:common bile duct">common bile duct</a>），而此類腫瘤無法手術切除，因此僅有少數腫瘤可以進行完全切除。完全切除後仍然建議繼續進行化療及放療<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Pro-1">[1]</a>。有些符合特定條件的病人可以進行<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝臟移植（页面不存在）">肝臟移植</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/liver_transplantation" class="extiw" title="en:liver transplantation">liver transplantation</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2014-2">[2]</a>，但術後的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%98%E6%B4%BB%E7%8E%87" title="五年存活率">五年存活率</a>仍不到五成<a href="#cite_note-Brid2016-5">[5]</a>。 膽管癌在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="西方世界">西方世界</a>相當罕見，大約每年每10萬人僅 0.5–2 例<a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Pro-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brid2016-5">[5]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a>等肝吸蟲流行的地區發生率較高，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a>約每年每10萬人60例<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014_5.6-4">[4]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国">韓國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82" title="上海市">上海</a>的發生率甚至高於罕見癌症的標準<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a>。膽管癌一般發生於70歲左右，但患有原發性硬化性膽管炎者常在40歲左右即發病<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2014-2">[2]</a>。現今西方國家的肝內型膽管癌比例比起過去較高<a href="#cite_note-Brid2016-5">[5]</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="症狀和症候群">症狀和症候群</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：症狀和症候群">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaundice_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jaundice_eye.jpg/220px-Jaundice_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jaundice_eye.jpg/330px-Jaundice_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jaundice_eye.jpg/440px-Jaundice_eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>皮膚和眼睛變黃（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%96%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="黃疸">黃疸</a>和鞏膜黄染）</figcaption></figure> 膽管癌最常見的生理變化為<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="肝功能測試">肝功能異常</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%96%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="黃疸">黃疸</a>（膽管阻塞後，膽汁導致眼睛和皮膚變黃）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E7%97%9B" title="腹痛">腹痛</a>（30%–50%）、全身搔癢（66%）、體重減輕（30%–50%）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%87%92" class="mw-redirect" title="發燒">發燒</a>（小於20%）、糞便和尿液顏色改變<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>。症狀的類別取決於腫瘤在膽管中的位置：位於肝外膽管者較可能發生黃疸；位在肝內膽者則較常發生腹痛，但不常伴隨黃疸<a href="#cite_note-nakeeb-12">[12]</a>。 膽管癌患者的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="肝功能測試">肝功能血液檢驗</a>報告往往會呈現出各種「阻塞性」特徵：意即<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="膽色素">膽色素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E6%80%A7%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6" title="碱性磷酸酶">鹼性磷酸酶</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%99%E9%BA%A9%E8%83%BA%E9%85%B8%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丙麩胺酸轉移酶（页面不存在）">丙麩胺酸轉移酶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gamma_glutamyl_transferase" class="extiw" title="en:gamma glutamyl transferase">gamma glutamyl transferase</a>）濃度上升，但<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B6" title="转氨酶">转氨酶</a>濃度正常，此類檢驗結果排除了發炎或肝實質組織感染的可能，明確指出黃疸的病灶來自膽管阻塞<a href="#cite_note-feldman2-13">[13]</a>。多數的膽管癌患者<a href="/wiki/CA19-9" title="CA19-9">CA19-9</a>濃度也會上升<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="風險因子">風險因子</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：風險因子">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonorchis_sinensis_LifeCycle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Clonorchis_sinensis_LifeCycle.png/220px-Clonorchis_sinensis_LifeCycle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Clonorchis_sinensis_LifeCycle.png/330px-Clonorchis_sinensis_LifeCycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Clonorchis_sinensis_LifeCycle.png/440px-Clonorchis_sinensis_LifeCycle.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%9F%B2" title="中華肝吸蟲">中華肝吸蟲</a>的生活史，以下說明與圖中數字一致：(1) 受精卵透過糞便離開人體。(2) 卵被蝸牛食入後，依序發育為毛蚴、孢蚴、雷蚴、尾蚴。(3) 自由游動的尾蚴離開蝸牛，在淡水魚皮膚或肌肉內形成囊蚴。(4) 淡水魚被人類食用後，囊蚴進入人體。(5) 囊蚴在十二指腸破出囊孢。(6) 成體寄生在膽管。 </figcaption></figure> 雖然多數膽管癌患者形成腫瘤的原因並不明確，但目前已发现相当多的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="风险因子">風險因子</a>。西方國家最常見的風險因子為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96%E6%80%A7%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%82%8E" title="原發性硬化性膽管炎">原發性硬化性膽管炎</a>（PSC），這是一種和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%83%E7%96%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%93%E8%82%A0%E7%82%8E" title="溃疡性结肠炎">潰瘍性結腸炎</a>高度相關的膽道發炎疾病<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>，流行病學統計指出PSC患者一生中罹患膽管癌的機率為10%–15%<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E5%B1%8D" title="驗屍">法醫病理</a>的一系列研究則顯示此比率可能高達30%<a href="#cite_note-autopsy-17">[17]</a>。PSC增加膽管癌罹患風險的機制目前尚未明瞭。 特定的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85" title="寄生虫病">肝吸蟲疾病</a>也是膽管癌的風險因子，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%B2%93%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="香貓肝吸蟲">香貓肝吸蟲</a>（分布於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝">寮國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>）<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17622191-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20624536-20">[20]</a>或中華肝吸蟲（分布於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國大陸">中國大陸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a>、東<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西伯利亞">西伯利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國">韓國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>）<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>感染已證實和膽管癌有關。病毒感染（如<a href="/wiki/B%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="B型肝炎">B型肝炎</a>或<a href="/wiki/C%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="C型肝炎">C型肝炎</a>）<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>、酒精性肝炎、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96" title="肝硬化">肝硬化</a>或其他形式的慢性肝臟疾病，都會大幅提升患者罹患膽管癌的風險<a href="#cite_note-riskfactors-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>。一份研究中指出<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="愛滋病毒">愛滋病</a>也可能是膽管癌的風險因子，但目前還不清楚此現象是愛滋病毒本身還是相關的干擾因子（如C型肝炎感染）所造成的<a href="#cite_note-riskfactors-26">[26]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E5%9E%8B%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膽型螺旋桿菌（页面不存在）">膽型螺旋桿菌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_bilis" class="extiw" title="en:Helicobacter bilis">Helicobacter bilis</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E5%9E%8B%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝型螺旋桿菌（页面不存在）">肝型螺旋桿菌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_hepaticus" class="extiw" title="en:Helicobacter hepaticus">Helicobacter hepaticus</a>）等細菌感染也可能造成膽道癌症<a href="#cite_note-ChangParsonnet2010-28">[28]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E8%82%9D%E5%85%A7%E8%86%BD%E9%81%93%E5%9B%8A%E8%85%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="先天性肝內膽道囊腫（页面不存在）">先天性肝內膽道囊腫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroli%27s_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Caroli's syndrome">Caroli's syndrome</a>）（五種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E9%81%93%E5%9B%8A%E8%85%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膽道囊腫（页面不存在）">膽道囊腫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/choledochal_cysts" class="extiw" title="en:choledochal cysts">choledochal cysts</a>）中的一種）患者一生罹患膽管癌的概率为15%<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>；罕見的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E6%80%A7%E9%9D%9E%E6%81%AF%E8%82%89%E7%B5%90%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遺傳性非息肉結腸癌（页面不存在）">遺傳性非息肉結腸癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynch_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Lynch syndrome">Lynch syndrome</a>）和膽道乳突瘤也可能和膽管癌有關<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E7%9F%B3%E7%97%87" title="膽石症">膽結石</a>和膽管癌沒有明顯的關聯；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E5%85%A7%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%B5%90%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝內膽管結石（页面不存在）">肝內膽管結石</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hepatolithiasis" class="extiw" title="en:hepatolithiasis">hepatolithiasis</a>）和膽管癌卻強烈相關，後者在西方國家並不常見，但在亞洲部分地區（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>）卻非常普遍<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8D" title="二氧化钍">二氧化釷</a>以前常用作放射造影的對比劑，但人體受暴露後的30至40年內可能會產生膽管癌，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>為此已於1950年代禁用此藥品<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="病理生理學">病理生理學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：病理生理學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.svg/langzh-220px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.svg/langzh-330px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.svg/langzh-440px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>膽管在消化系統中的位置示意圖。圖中虛線膨大構造為胃，胃往下接著小腸。橫線區塊左上為肝臟，右下為胰臟，實心黑色樹枝狀線條即為膽管，膽管之後會匯入十二指腸（小腸的一部份）。</figcaption></figure> 膽管癌可能影響膽管中的任何位置──包括肝臟內和肝臟外：發生在肝臟內者稱肝內膽管癌；在肝臟外者稱肝外膽管癌；在肝外膽管與肝臟相接處者稱肝門膽管癌。膽管癌若發生在左右兩肝管匯流形成總肝管處（即膽囊三角內），則稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E8%8C%A8%E9%87%91%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克拉茨金瘤（页面不存在）">克拉茨金瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klatskin_tumor" class="extiw" title="en:Klatskin tumor">Klatskin tumor</a>）（Klatskin tumor）<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>。 雖然膽管癌在膽道<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="上皮組織">上皮</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="腺癌">腺癌</a>的組織和分子特徵，但細胞真正的來源仍屬未知，有證據指出造成腫瘤的初始轉型細胞可能來自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="多能性">多能性</a>肝<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="幹細胞">幹細胞</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>。膽管癌的發展可分為以下幾個階段：早期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="增生 (生物學)">增生</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F" title="化生">化生</a>、接著<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%94%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="異生">異生</a>、最後發展成腫瘤，這個過程和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="結腸癌">結腸癌</a>的發展相似<a href="#cite_note-targeting-42">[42]</a>。慢性發炎和膽管阻塞會造成膽汁流動受阻，這可能也會促進膽管癌發展<a href="#cite_note-targeting-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="組織學">組織學</a>上，膽管癌的細胞可能以未分化型、分化型、或過渡型出現，它們通常由活化的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E5%8C%96" title="纤维化">纖維結締組織</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%83%E7%B5%90%E7%B7%A0%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="促結締組織（页面不存在）">促結締組織</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/desmoplastic" class="extiw" title="en:desmoplastic">desmoplastic</a>）包圍，纖維化組織的存在使得分化型癌細胞和正常上皮細胞不易分辨。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="角蛋白">角蛋白</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E8%83%9A%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F" title="癌胚抗原">癌胚抗原</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="粘蛋白">粘蛋白</a>染色或許能幫助診斷，但目前沒有專門的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="免疫組織化學">免疫組織化學</a>染色能區分惡性和良性的膽道組織<a href="#cite_note-nejm-45">[45]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="診斷">診斷</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：診斷">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholangiocarcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cholangiocarcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg/220px-Cholangiocarcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cholangiocarcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg/330px-Cholangiocarcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cholangiocarcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg/440px-Cholangiocarcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>肝內膽管癌（右側）和正常肝細胞（左側）的組織切片。組織學上，這個膽管癌 (1) 為非典型的類膽管細胞，由肝小葉中隔（肝內膽管正常會在的地方）的腫瘤延伸而來 (2) 腫瘤有很多促結締組織形成的基質，如同在許多膽管癌案例中所見。圖中<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E9%96%80%E4%B8%89%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝門三體（页面不存在）">肝門三體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/portal_triad" class="extiw" title="en:portal triad">portal triad</a>）（左上）中的膽管有正常的組織染色。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%9C%A8%E7%B2%BE-%E4%BC%8A%E7%BA%A2%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2" title="苏木精-伊红染色">HE染色</a></figcaption></figure> 膽管癌的確切病程必須由病理檢查來判定，意即必須進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E9%AB%94%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%87%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="活體組織切片">組織切片</a>或檢驗手術以取得腫瘤組織<a href="#cite_note-Weber_2002-46">[46]</a>。阻塞性黃疸的病人可能疑似患有膽管癌，其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96%E6%80%A7%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%82%8E" title="原發性硬化性膽管炎">原發性硬化性膽管炎</a>是造成膽管癌的高風險因子，但它本身的症狀和膽管癌難以分辨，在這種情形下，造影上顯示的團狀物或膽管擴張等診斷線索不具有代表性，因此要有效診斷出膽管癌相當困難<a href="#cite_note-Razumilava_2011-47">[47]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="血液檢查">血液檢查</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：血液檢查">编辑</a>]</div> 目前沒有特定的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="血液檢查">血液檢查</a>方法能直接診斷出膽管癌。膽管癌患者血漿中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E8%83%9A%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F" title="癌胚抗原">癌胚抗原</a>和<a href="/wiki/CA19-9" title="CA19-9">CA19-9</a>濃度通常會提高，但其專一度和敏感度都不足以成為常規的檢查標準。血液檢查常配合造影方法，在疑似膽管癌的案例中作為有用的判斷依據<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="腹部造影">腹部造影</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：腹部造影">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CT_cholangioca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CT_cholangioca.jpg/220px-CT_cholangioca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CT_cholangioca.jpg/330px-CT_cholangioca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CT_cholangioca.jpg/440px-CT_cholangioca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4%E6%8E%83%E6%8F%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="X射線電腦斷層掃描">CT</a>顯示出膽管癌。</figcaption></figure> 針對可疑的阻塞性黃疸患者，<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" title="肝臟">肝臟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="膽道">膽道</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="超音波">超音波</a>常是首选的检查方法<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>，超音波可以辨識出膽管阻塞和擴張，在某些案例中也足夠診斷出膽管癌<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>。<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4%E6%8E%83%E6%8F%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="X射線電腦斷層掃描">X射線電腦斷層掃描</a>（CT）在膽管癌的診斷中也充当重要角色<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="膽管造影">膽管造影</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：膽管造影">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ERCP_cholangioca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ERCP_cholangioca.jpg/220px-ERCP_cholangioca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ERCP_cholangioca.jpg/330px-ERCP_cholangioca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ERCP_cholangioca.jpg/440px-ERCP_cholangioca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>膽管癌的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%96%E9%8F%A1%E9%80%86%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E8%86%BD%E8%83%B0%E7%AE%A1%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內視鏡逆行性膽胰管造影（页面不存在）">ERCP</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" class="extiw" title="en:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography</a>）影像顯示出總膽管狹窄和總膽管近端舒張</figcaption></figure> 雖然腹部造影在膽管癌的診斷上很有用，但针对性的膽管造影也是必須的。最廣泛使用的膽管造影術為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%96%E9%8F%A1%E9%80%86%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E8%86%BD%E8%83%B0%E7%AE%A1%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內視鏡逆行性膽胰管攝影術（页面不存在）">內視鏡逆行性膽胰管攝影術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" class="extiw" title="en:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography</a>）（ERCP），此種<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%96%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="內視鏡">內視鏡</a>必須由腸胃專科醫師或受過訓練的外科醫師操作，雖然這是一種有風險的侵入性方法，但它同時能取得<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E9%AB%94%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%87%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="活體組織切片">檢體</a>、放置支架、或進行其他能排除膽管阻塞的措施<a href="#cite_note-feldman2-13">[13]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%96%E9%8F%A1%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內視鏡超音波（页面不存在）">內視鏡超音波</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" class="extiw" title="en:Endoscopic ultrasound">Endoscopic ultrasound</a>）可以與ERCP同時進行，如此將能更準確地取得檢體、得知<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%B5%90" title="淋巴結">淋巴結</a>的入侵情形、並評估手術切除的可行性<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>。除了ERCP外，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%9D%E7%A9%BF%E5%88%BA%E8%86%BD%E9%81%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經皮肝穿刺膽道造影（页面不存在）">經皮肝穿刺膽道造影</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/percutaneous_transhepatic_cholangiography" class="extiw" title="en:percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography">percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography</a>）（PTC）也是可行的選擇；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E8%86%BD%E8%83%B0%E7%AE%A1%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核磁共振膽胰管造影（页面不存在）">核磁共振膽胰管造影</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" class="extiw" title="en:Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography</a>）（MRCP）則是一種非侵入性的替代方法<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>，有些研究者建議以MRCP取代ERCP，因為MRCP能更精準地確認腫瘤並避免ERCP操作的風險<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="手術">手術</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：手術">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholangiocarcinoma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cholangiocarcinoma.png/220px-Cholangiocarcinoma.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cholangiocarcinoma.png/330px-Cholangiocarcinoma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cholangiocarcinoma.png/440px-Cholangiocarcinoma.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>人類肝臟中的膽管癌照片</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="外科手術">外科手術</a>是取得<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E9%AB%94%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5" title="活體組織檢查">組織切片</a>和準確得知膽管癌<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="癌症分期">病程</a>的唯一方法，分期<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%85%94%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="腹腔鏡">腹腔鏡</a>手術在特定情形下可以替代更具侵入性的<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%96%E8%85%B9%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="剖腹手術">剖腹手術</a> <a href="#cite_note-Weber_2002-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>；以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%94%E7%8B%80%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楔狀切除術（页面不存在）">手術切除</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_resection" class="extiw" title="en:Segmental resection">Segmental resection</a>）腫瘤是目前唯一能治癒膽管癌的方法，但只適用於尚未<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="遠端轉移">遠端轉移</a>的病患<a href="#cite_note-resectibility-63">[63]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="病理">病理</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：病理">编辑</a>]</div> 膽管癌在組織學上歸類為中度到高度分化的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="腺癌">腺癌</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="免疫組織化學">免疫組織化學</a>方法在診斷上很有用，能協助醫師區別膽管癌、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="肝細胞癌">肝細胞癌</a>與其他腸胃道癌的後期轉移<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞病理學（页面不存在）">細胞刮削</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathology" class="extiw" title="en:Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a>）通常對膽管癌診斷的精確度很低<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>，這和癌細胞周圍<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E7%B7%A0%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結締組織增生（页面不存在）">促纖維細胞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/desmoplasia" class="extiw" title="en:desmoplasia">desmoplasia</a>）產生的基質有關<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分期">分期</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：分期">编辑</a>]</div> 目前至少有三種<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="癌症分期">癌症分期</a>系統用於膽管癌（Bismuth系統、Blumgart系統和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國癌症聯合委員會（页面不存在）">美國癌症聯合委員會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Joint_Committee_on_Cancer" class="extiw" title="en:American Joint Committee on Cancer">American Joint Committee on Cancer</a>）的系統），但沒有一種能有效預測患者存活率<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>。癌症分期最重要的問題在於腫瘤能否成功地以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%94%E7%8B%80%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楔狀切除術（页面不存在）">手術移除</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_resection" class="extiw" title="en:Segmental resection">Segmental resection</a>），但對膽管癌而言，答案通常要到手術進行當下才能判定。 一般而言，評估膽管癌手術可行性的原則如下<a href="#cite_note-resectibility-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>： <ul><li>沒有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%B5%90" title="淋巴結">淋巴結</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" title="肝臟">肝臟</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="遠端轉移">轉移</a></li> <li>沒有影響到肝門靜脈</li> <li>沒有直接侵犯到鄰近器官</li> <li>沒有大範圍的遠端轉移</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="治療">治療</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：治療">编辑</a>]</div> 膽管癌是個難以醫治且快速致死的疾病，只有在腫瘤能以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%94%E7%8B%80%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楔狀切除術（页面不存在）">手術根除</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_resection" class="extiw" title="en:Segmental resection">Segmental resection</a>）的情況下才有機會治癒。除非已有明確證據指出患者無法進行手術，多數案例要到手術進行當下才能評估手術成功率<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>，因此患者多會先進行一次試探性手術<a href="#cite_note-feldman2-13">[13]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%84%E8%A8%BA%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="馬約診所">馬約診所</a>使用標準化的肝臟移植手術和嚴格的手術篩選條件，在早期膽管癌治療中取得顯著的成功<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝臟移植（页面不存在）">肝臟移植</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_transplantation" class="extiw" title="en:Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a>）後的輔助性療法在無法切除腫瘤的特定個案中有明显的作用<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輔助性化療和放療">輔助性化療和放療</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：輔助性化療和放療">编辑</a>]</div> 由於有高達85%的膽管癌患者在手術後三年內復發，患者術後常會使用輔助性<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="化學療法">化療</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="放射治療">放療</a>以期增加治癒機會<a href="#cite_note-adjuvant1-72">[72]</a>。若術後腫瘤組織邊緣呈陰性反應（例如腫瘤已完全清除），輔助療法不一定能帶來好處，報告指出輔助性放療可能產生正面<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>或負面<a href="#cite_note-nakeeb-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>的結果；對於腫瘤已成功清除的病人而言，輔助性化療似乎也沒有意义<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>。結合化療和放療的效果目前並不清楚<a href="#cite_note-adjuvant2-78">[78]</a>。若術後腫瘤組織邊緣呈陽性反應，代表腫瘤沒有根除，一般會建議進行輔助性放療和化療<a href="#cite_note-nccn-79">[79]</a>。目前的研究結果顯示化療的效果似乎有優於放療的趨勢<a href="#cite_note-adjuvant1-72">[72]</a>，針對化療藥物<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%BB%96%E6%BB%A8" title="吉西他滨">吉西他濱</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E9%93%82" title="顺铂">順鉑</a>的第三期<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">隨機對照試驗</a>已經在2014年註冊<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="後期治療">後期治療</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：後期治療">编辑</a>]</div> 膽管癌絕大多數的病例都無法以手術根除<a href="#cite_note-未命名-20230318195235-81">[81]</a>，患者通常會接受緩和性<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="化療">化療</a>，也可能配合<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="放射治療">放射治療</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">隨機對照試驗</a>的結果顯示化療在這些患者中能增進生活品質並延長壽命<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>。目前沒有單一的化療用藥常規，若狀況允許，也常會建議患者申請<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="臨床試驗">臨床試驗</a><a href="#cite_note-nccn-79">[79]</a>。治療膽管癌的化療藥物包括<a href="/wiki/5-%E6%B0%9F%E5%B0%BF%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="5-氟尿嘧啶">5-氟尿嘧啶</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%91%89%E9%85%B8" title="亞葉酸">亞葉酸</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>、單用<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%BB%96%E6%BB%A8" title="吉西他滨">吉西他濱</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>或吉西他濱加上<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E9%93%82" title="顺铂">順鉑</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E8%90%8A%E8%AB%BE%E8%BF%AA%E8%82%AF" title="愛萊諾迪肯">愛萊諾迪肯</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%9F%B9%E4%BB%96%E6%BB%A8" title="卡培他滨">卡培他濱</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>。一個小型的可行性研究指出<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91" title="酪氨酸激酶抑制劑">酪氨酸激酶抑制劑</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E6%B4%9B%E6%9B%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="厄洛替尼">厄洛替尼</a>在後期膽管癌患者中可能是有益的<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="病程">病程</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：病程">编辑</a>]</div> 以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%94%E7%8B%80%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楔狀切除術（页面不存在）">手術移除</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_resection" class="extiw" title="en:Segmental resection">Segmental resection</a>）腫瘤是目前唯一可能治癒膽管癌的方法。由於癌細胞會透過淋巴結<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="遠端轉移">遠端轉移</a>，無法切除腫瘤的患者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%98%E6%B4%BB%E7%8E%87" title="五年存活率">五年存活率</a>為0%<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>；全部膽管癌患者的五年存活率則為5%<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>。若無法切除的腫瘤藉由肝內膽管或<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E9%96%80%E9%9D%9C%E8%84%88" title="肝門靜脈">肝門靜脈</a>侵犯肝臟，即使患者其餘生理機能正常，其餘命的中位數也小於6個月<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>。 對能進行手術的病例而言，手術成功的機率取決於腫瘤的位置，以及腫瘤是否能加以根除。遠端型膽管癌（腫瘤發生於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B8%BD%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="總膽管（页面不存在）">總膽管</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bile_duct" class="extiw" title="en:Common bile duct">Common bile duct</a>））患者通常會進行<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%B0%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%8C%87%E8%85%B8%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胰十二指腸切除術（页面不存在）">胰十二指腸切除術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipple_procedure" class="extiw" title="en:Whipple procedure">Whipple procedure</a>），長期存活率為15%–25%，另有一系列報告指出腫瘤未侵犯到淋巴結的患者有54%的五年存活率<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>。肝內膽管癌（腫瘤發生於肝內膽管）患者通常會將<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝臟切除術（页面不存在）">部分肝臟移除</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hepatectomy" class="extiw" title="en:hepatectomy">hepatectomy</a>），不同的系列報告估計術後存活率為22%–66%，存活率差異取決於手術移除的完整度和癌細胞是否侵犯到淋巴結<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>。肝門型膽管癌（腫瘤發生於肝外膽管與肝臟相接處，又稱<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E8%8C%A8%E9%87%91%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克拉茨金瘤（页面不存在）">克拉茨金瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klatskin_tumor" class="extiw" title="en:Klatskin tumor">Klatskin tumor</a>））通常無法進行手術，只有少數罕見的病例有開刀治療的可能，手術過程通常會包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E5%9B%8A%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膽囊切除術（页面不存在）">膽囊切除術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cholecystectomy" class="extiw" title="en:cholecystectomy">cholecystectomy</a>）或部分肝臟移除，能進行手術的肝門型膽管癌患者五年存活率為20%–50%<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>。 由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96%E6%80%A7%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%82%8E" title="原發性硬化性膽管炎">原發性硬化性膽管炎</a>發展而來的膽管癌患者情況通常更糟，這或許是因為腫瘤在診斷出來前就已經惡化<a href="#cite_note-autopsy-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>。一些臨床證據指出入侵性較高的手術和佐劑治療可能會有較好的效果<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="流行病學">流行病學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：流行病學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholangiocarcinoma_incidence_zh-tw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cholangiocarcinoma_incidence_zh-tw.svg/500px-Cholangiocarcinoma_incidence_zh-tw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cholangiocarcinoma_incidence_zh-tw.svg/750px-Cholangiocarcinoma_incidence_zh-tw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cholangiocarcinoma_incidence_zh-tw.svg/1000px-Cholangiocarcinoma_incidence_zh-tw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>膽管癌發生率的全球分布圖。綠色代表膽管癌在該地區為罕見癌症 (年發生率小於每十萬人6例)，紅色代表膽管癌在該地區非罕見癌症。數據來自 Bragazzi MC et al (2011)。<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a></figcaption></figure> 膽管癌是一種相對少見的癌症，美國每年大約有2000到3000樁新病例，換算成年<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E7%8E%87_(%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="發生率 (流行病學)">發生率</a>約每十萬人1至2例<a href="#cite_note-Landis-97">[97]</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E5%B1%8D" title="驗屍">法醫病理</a>研究指出<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="盛行率">盛行率</a>約0.01% - 0.46%<a href="#cite_note-未命名-20230318195235-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>。由於區域性流行病的緣故，膽管癌在亞洲有較高的流行率，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="上海">上海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國">韓國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰國</a>北部的發生率都已超過罕見癌症的標準（大於每年每十萬人6例）<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a>，尤其是泰國北部的年發生率高達每十萬人14.6例以上，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">統合分析</a>研究指出<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%9F%B2" title="中華肝吸蟲">中華肝吸蟲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%B2%93%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="香貓肝吸蟲">香貓肝吸蟲</a>是最主要的風險因子。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a>的膽管癌年發生率為每十萬人4.7例，屬於罕見癌症，但發生率仍較西方國家高出許多，台灣的中華肝吸蟲感染盛行率雖然已經大幅降低，但另一項西方國家很少見的風險因子——<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E5%85%A7%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%B5%90%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝內膽管結石（页面不存在）">肝內膽管結石</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hepatolithiasis" class="extiw" title="en:hepatolithiasis">hepatolithiasis</a>）和台灣的膽管癌病例則有強烈關聯<a href="#cite_note-asia-99">[99]</a>。 膽管癌的發生率會隨著年齡增加，男性發生的機率稍微較女性高（可能是因為男性有較高比例的原發性硬化性膽管炎患者）<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-100">[100]</a>。根據法醫病理研究，帶有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96%E6%80%A7%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%82%8E" title="原發性硬化性膽管炎">原發性硬化性膽管炎</a>的患者膽管癌流行率可能高達30%<a href="#cite_note-autopsy-17">[17]</a>。多份研究紀錄指出截至二十世紀末為止，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="北美">北美</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="亞洲">亞洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲">澳洲</a>的肝內膽管癌發生率都有上升的趨勢<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>，並於2000年後逐漸趨於穩定<a href="#cite_note-BanalesCardinale2016-102">[102]</a>，肝內膽管癌發生率上升的原因目前並不清楚，診斷方法的進步可能有關，但潛在風險因子的盛行率（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="愛滋病">愛滋病</a>感染）在同個時期也有增加，因此可能也扮演一定的角色<a href="#cite_note-riskfactors-26">[26]</a>。然而，近年來肝外膽管癌和肝門膽管癌的發生率卻呈現下降的趨勢<a href="#cite_note-BanalesCardinale2016-102">[102]</a>。美國可能由於有完善的醫療照護，膽管癌患者的住院人數和院內死亡率也都趨於降低<a href="#cite_note-WadhwaJobanputra2016-103">[103]</a>。 <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:50%; margin:0.2em; float:center;"> <caption align="top">不同國家男性與女性的肝內膽管癌和肝外膽管癌<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1%E5%88%A5%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="年齡別死亡率（页面不存在）">年齡別死亡率</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age-standardized_mortality_rate" class="extiw" title="en:Age-standardized mortality rate">Age-standardized mortality rate</a>）<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>國家 </th> <th>肝內膽管癌 (男/女) </th> <th>肝外膽管癌 (男/女) </th></tr> <tr> <th>美國 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">0.60 / 0.43 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.70 / 0.87 </td></tr> <tr> <th>日本 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">0.23 / 0.10 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.87 / 5.20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>澳洲 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">0.70 / 0.53 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.90 / 1.23 </td></tr> <tr> <th>英格蘭/威爾斯 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">0.83 / 0.63 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.43 / 0.60 </td></tr> <tr> <th>蘇格蘭 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1.17 / 1.00 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.60 / 0.73 </td></tr> <tr> <th>法國 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">0.27 / 0.20 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.20 / 1.37 </td></tr> <tr> <th>義大利 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">0.13 / 0.13 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.10 / 2.60 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究">研究</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：研究">编辑</a>]</div> 近期研究顯示不同患者的癌細胞具有高度的基因變異，這和腫瘤發生位置、造成疾病的風險因子等都有關聯<a href="#cite_note-Cardinale_2012-105">[105]</a>，研究者正嘗試由手術切除的組織篩選患者腫瘤細胞的基因型，以施予患者特定的標靶藥物<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>。隨著膽管癌細胞生成和腫瘤微環境的可能分子路徑正式提出，阻斷這些路徑的抑制劑也成為治療膽管癌的候選藥物<a href="#cite_note-PatelBorad2014-107">[107]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="光动力治疗">光動力治療</a>則是使用對特定光波長敏感的藥物的新型療法，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">隨機對照試驗</a>的結果顯示此療法對無法手術切除腫瘤的患者而言能有效提高存活率<a href="#cite_note-ZoepfJakobs2005-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-OrtnerCaca2003-109">[109]</a>。另外，偵測腫瘤<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="基质细胞">基質細胞</a>副產物在血液中濃度的技術也正在發展，此方法可用於協助癌症診斷<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料">參考資料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：參考資料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NCI2018Pro-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Pro_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Pro_1-1">1.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Pro_1-2">1.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Pro_1-3">1.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Pro_1-4">1.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Pro_1-5">1.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Pro_1-6">1.6</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/bile-duct-treatment-pdq#section/all">Bile 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Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2005-09-01, 50 (9): 1734–1740 [2016-07-27]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0163-2116">ISSN 0163-2116</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16133981">PMID 16133981</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10620-005-2927-8">doi:10.1007/s10620-005-2927-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707004125/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16133981">存档</a>于2019-07-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=The+value+of+serum+CA+19-9+in+predicting+cholangiocarcinomas+in+patients+with+primary+sclerosing+cholangitis&rft.au=Angulo%2C+Paul&rft.au=Gores%2C+Gregory+J.&rft.au=Larusso%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Lindor%2C+Keith+D.&rft.au=Lymp%2C+James&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0163-2116&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Digestive+Diseases+and+Sciences&rft.pages=1734-1740&rft.volume=50&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16133981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10620-005-2927-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16133981&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Chapman, R. 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Annals of Surgery. 2002-03, 235 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4932">ISSN 0003-4932</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1422445">PMC 1422445</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11882761">PMID 11882761</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000658-200203000-00011">doi:10.1097/00000658-200203000-00011</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Staging+Laparoscopy+in+Patients+With+Extrahepatic+Biliary+Carcinoma%3A+Analysis+of+100+Patients&rft.au=Blumgart%2C+Leslie+H.&rft.au=DeMatteo%2C+Ronald+P.&rft.au=Fong%2C+Yuman&rft.au=Jarnagin%2C+William+R.&rft.aufirst=Sharon+M.&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.date=2002-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0003-4932&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgery&rft.volume=235&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1422445&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00000658-200203000-00011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00000658-200203000-00011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11882761&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Razumilava_2011-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Razumilava_2011_47-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Razumilava, Nataliya; Gores, Gregory J.; Lindor, Keith D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24570">Cancer surveillance in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis</a>. Hepatology. 2011-11, 54 (5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-3350">ISSN 1527-3350</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205332">PMC 3205332</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21793028">PMID 21793028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhep.24570">doi:10.1002/hep.24570</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Cancer+surveillance+in+patients+with+primary+sclerosing+cholangitis&rft.au=Gores%2C+Gregory+J.&rft.au=Lindor%2C+Keith+D.&rft.aufirst=Nataliya&rft.aulast=Razumilava&rft.date=2011-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1527-3350&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Hepatology&rft.volume=54&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3205332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fhep.24570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhep.24570&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21793028&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> 以下研究顯示了非原發性硬化性膽管炎引發的膽管癌有關的血液指標（如CA19-9）和其表現量： <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Nehls, Oliver; Gregor, Michael; Klump, Bodo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055%2Fs-2004-828891">Serum and Bile Markers for Cholangiocarcinoma</a>. 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Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1999-03-01, 29 (3) [2022-11-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0368-2811">ISSN 0368-2811</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10225697">PMID 10225697</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjjco%2F29.3.147">doi:10.1093/jjco/29.3.147</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115025938/https://academic.oup.com/jjco/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jjco/29.3.147">存档</a>于2022-11-15） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lymph+Node+Metastasis+in+Intrahepatic+Cholangiocarcinoma&rft.au=Takasaki%2C+K.&rft.au=Yoshikawa%2C+T.&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Yamamoto&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0368-2811&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.volume=29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjjco%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fjjco%2F29.3.147&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjjco%2F29.3.147&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10225697&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Farley, David R.; Weaver, Amy L.; Nagorney, David M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)63877-9/abstract">“Natural History” of Unresected Cholangiocarcinoma: Patient Outcome After Noncurative Intervention</a>. 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Annals of Surgery. 1996-10, 224 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4932">ISSN 0003-4932</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235406">PMC 1235406</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8857851">PMID 8857851</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000658-199610000-00005">doi:10.1097/00000658-199610000-00005</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Cholangiocarcinoma%3A+A+Spectrum+of+Intrahepatic%2C+Perihilar%2C+and+Distal+Tumors&rft.au=Abrams%2C+Ross+A.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+John+L.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+JoAnn&rft.au=Hruban%2C+Ralph+H.&rft.au=Lillemoe%2C+Keith+D.&rft.au=Piantadosi%2C+Steven&rft.au=Pitt%2C+Henry+A.&rft.au=Sohn%2C+Taylor+A.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+Charles+J.&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft.aulast=Nakeeb&rft.date=1996-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0003-4932&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgery&rft.volume=224&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235406&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00000658-199610000-00005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00000658-199610000-00005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8857851&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Nagorney, David M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archsurg.1993.01420200045008">Outcomes After Curative Resections of Cholangiocarcinoma</a>. Archives of Surgery. 1993-08-01, 128 (8). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0010">ISSN 0004-0010</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8393652">PMID 8393652</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchsurg.1993.01420200045008">doi:10.1001/archsurg.1993.01420200045008</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Outcomes+After+Curative+Resections+of+Cholangiocarcinoma&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.aulast=Nagorney&rft.date=1993-08-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0004-0010&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Surgery&rft.volume=128&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchsurg.jamanetwork.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fdoi%3D10.1001%2Farchsurg.1993.01420200045008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchsurg.1993.01420200045008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8393652&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Jang, Jin-Young; Kim, Sun-Whe; Park, Do Joong; Ahn, Young Joon; Yoon, Yoo-Seok; Choi, Min Gew; Suh, Kyung-Suk; Lee, Kuhn Uk; Park, Yong-Hyun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/00000658-200501000-00011">Actual Long-term Outcome of Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer After Surgical Resection</a>. Annals of Surgery. 2005-01, 241 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4932">ISSN 0003-4932</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356849">PMC 1356849</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15621994">PMID 15621994</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.sla.0000150166.94732.88">doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000150166.94732.88</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Actual+Long-term+Outcome+of+Extrahepatic+Bile+Duct+Cancer+After+Surgical+Resection&rft.au=Ahn%2C+Young+Joon&rft.au=Choi%2C+Min+Gew&rft.au=Kim%2C+Sun-Whe&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kuhn+Uk&rft.au=Park%2C+Do+Joong&rft.au=Park%2C+Yong-Hyun&rft.au=Suh%2C+Kyung-Suk&rft.au=Yoon%2C+Yoo-Seok&rft.aufirst=Jin-Young&rft.aulast=Jang&rft.date=2005-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0003-4932&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgery&rft.volume=241&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1356849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00000658-200501000-00011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.sla.0000150166.94732.88&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15621994&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Bortolasi, Luca; Burgart, Lawrence J.; Tsiotos, Gregory G.; Luque-de León, Enrique; Sarr, Michael G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/18798">Adenocarcinoma of the Distal Bile Duct</a>. Digestive Surgery. 2000, 17 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0253-4886">ISSN 0253-4886</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720830">PMID 10720830</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000018798">doi:10.1159/000018798</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Adenocarcinoma+of+the+Distal+Bile+Duct&rft.au=Burgart%2C+Lawrence+J.&rft.au=Luque-de+Le%C3%B3n%2C+Enrique&rft.au=Sarr%2C+Michael+G.&rft.au=Tsiotos%2C+Gregory+G.&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft.aulast=Bortolasi&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0253-4886&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Digestive+Surgery&rft.volume=17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karger.com%2FArticle%2FFullText%2F18798&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000018798&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10720830&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Fong, Y; Blumgart, L H; Lin, E; Fortner, J G; Brennan, M F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/bjs/article/83/12/1712/6166526">Outcome of treatment for distal bile duct cancer</a>. British Journal of Surgery. 2005-12-12, 83 (12) [2022-11-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1323">ISSN 0007-1323</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9038548">PMID 9038548</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbjs.1800831217">doi:10.1002/bjs.1800831217</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115050600/https://academic.oup.com/bjs/article/83/12/1712/6166526">存档</a>于2022-11-15） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Outcome+of+treatment+for+distal+bile+duct+cancer&rft.au=Blumgart%2C+L+H&rft.au=Brennan%2C+M+F&rft.au=Fortner%2C+J+G&rft.au=Lin%2C+E&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.aulast=Fong&rft.date=2005-12-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0007-1323&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.volume=83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbjs%2Farticle%2F83%2F12%2F1712%2F6166526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbjs.1800831217&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9038548&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> 下列研究指出了肝內膽管癌的治療結果： <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Nakeeb, Attila; Pitt, Henry A.; Sohn, Taylor A.; Coleman, JoAnn; Abrams, Ross A.; Piantadosi, Steven; Hruban, Ralph H.; Lillemoe, Keith D.; Yeo, Charles J.; Cameron, John L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/00000658-199610000-00005">Cholangiocarcinoma: A Spectrum of Intrahepatic, Perihilar, and Distal Tumors</a>. Annals of Surgery. 1996-10, 224 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4932">ISSN 0003-4932</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235406">PMC 1235406</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8857851">PMID 8857851</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000658-199610000-00005">doi:10.1097/00000658-199610000-00005</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Cholangiocarcinoma%3A+A+Spectrum+of+Intrahepatic%2C+Perihilar%2C+and+Distal+Tumors&rft.au=Abrams%2C+Ross+A.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+John+L.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+JoAnn&rft.au=Hruban%2C+Ralph+H.&rft.au=Lillemoe%2C+Keith+D.&rft.au=Piantadosi%2C+Steven&rft.au=Pitt%2C+Henry+A.&rft.au=Sohn%2C+Taylor+A.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+Charles+J.&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft.aulast=Nakeeb&rft.date=1996-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0003-4932&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgery&rft.volume=224&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235406&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00000658-199610000-00005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00000658-199610000-00005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8857851&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Lieser, Mark J.; Barry, M. Kevin; Rowland, Charles; Ilstrup, Duane M.; Nagorney, David M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/PL00009949">Surgical management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A 31-year experience</a>. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 1998-04-08, 5 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0944-1166">ISSN 0944-1166</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9683753">PMID 9683753</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00009949">doi:10.1007/PL00009949</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Surgical+management+of+intrahepatic+cholangiocarcinoma%3A+A+31-year+experience&rft.au=Barry%2C+M.+Kevin&rft.au=Ilstrup%2C+Duane+M.&rft.au=Nagorney%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Rowland%2C+Charles&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft.aulast=Lieser&rft.date=1998-04-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0944-1166&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic+Surgery&rft.volume=5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FPL00009949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FPL00009949&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9683753&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Valverde, Alain; Bonhomme, Nicolas; Farges, Olivier; Sauvanet, Alain; Flejou, Jean F.; Belghiti, Jacques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s005340050094">Resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a Western experience</a>. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 1999-07-09, 6 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0944-1166">ISSN 0944-1166</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398898">PMID 10398898</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs005340050094">doi:10.1007/s005340050094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Resection+of+intrahepatic+cholangiocarcinoma%3A+a+Western+experience&rft.au=Belghiti%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Bonhomme%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Farges%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Flejou%2C+Jean+F.&rft.au=Sauvanet%2C+Alain&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.aulast=Valverde&rft.date=1999-07-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0944-1166&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic+Surgery&rft.volume=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs005340050094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs005340050094&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10398898&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Nakagohri, Toshio; Asano, Takehide; Kinoshita, Hirotoshi; Kenmochi, Takashi; Urashima, Tetsuro; Miura, Fumihiko; Ochiai, Takenori. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00268-002-6696-7">Aggressive Surgical Resection for Hilar-invasive and Peripheral Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma</a>. World Journal of Surgery. 2003-03-04, 27 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0364-2313">ISSN 0364-2313</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12607053">PMID 12607053</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00268-002-6696-7">doi:10.1007/s00268-002-6696-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Aggressive+Surgical+Resection+for+Hilar-invasive+and+Peripheral+Intrahepatic+Cholangiocarcinoma&rft.au=Asano%2C+Takehide&rft.au=Kenmochi%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Kinoshita%2C+Hirotoshi&rft.au=Miura%2C+Fumihiko&rft.au=Ochiai%2C+Takenori&rft.au=Urashima%2C+Tetsuro&rft.aufirst=Toshio&rft.aulast=Nakagohri&rft.date=2003-03-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0364-2313&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.volume=27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00268-002-6696-7&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00268-002-6696-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12607053&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Weber, Sharon M; Jarnagin, William R; Klimstra, David; DeMatteo, Ronald P; Fong, Yuman; Blumgart, Leslie H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/00019464-200110000-00008">Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Resectability, Recurrence Pattern, and Outcomes</a>. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2001-10, 193 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1072-7515">ISSN 1072-7515</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11584966">PMID 11584966</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1072-7515%2801%2901016-X">doi:10.1016/S1072-7515(01)01016-X</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Intrahepatic+Cholangiocarcinoma%3A+Resectability%2C+Recurrence+Pattern%2C+and+Outcomes&rft.au=Blumgart%2C+Leslie+H&rft.au=DeMatteo%2C+Ronald+P&rft.au=Fong%2C+Yuman&rft.au=Jarnagin%2C+William+R&rft.au=Klimstra%2C+David&rft.aufirst=Sharon+M&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.date=2001-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1072-7515&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Surgeons&rft.volume=193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00019464-200110000-00008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1072-7515%2801%2901016-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11584966&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> 以下報告估算了肝門型膽管癌患者的術後存活率： <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Burke, Edmund C.; Jarnagin, William R.; Hochwald, Steven N.; Pisters, Peter W. T.; Fong, Yuman; Blumgart, Leslie H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/00000658-199809000-00011">Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Patterns of Spread, the Importance of Hepatic Resection for Curative Operation, and a Presurgical Clinical Staging System</a>. 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Cancer. 1992-09-15, 70 (6) [2022-11-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-543X">ISSN 0008-543X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1516001">PMID 1516001</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819920915%2970%3A6%3C1498%3A%3Aaid-cncr2820700609%3E3.0.co%3B2-c">doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19920915)70:6<1498::aid-cncr2820700609>3.0.co;2-c</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115025959/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1516001/">存档</a>于2022-11-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Carcinoma+of+the+extrahepatic+bile+ducts.+Histologic+types%2C+stage+of+disease%2C+grade%2C+and+survival+rates&rft.au=Albores-Saavedra%2C+J.&rft.au=Corle%2C+D.&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rft.aulast=Henson&rft.date=1992-09-15&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0008-543X&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.volume=70&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F1516001%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819920915%2970%3A6%3C1498%3A%3Aaid-cncr2820700609%3E3.0.co%3B2-c&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1516001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> 有關二十世紀末膽管癌發生率的論文如下： <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Patel T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113759">Worldwide trends in mortality from biliary tract malignancies</a>. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114235455/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24123296/">存档</a>于2022-11-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Desmoplastic+stroma+and+cholangiocarcinoma%3A+clinical+implications+and+therapeutic+targeting&rft.au=Gores%2C+Gregory+J.&rft.aufirst=Alphonse+E.&rft.aulast=Sirica&rft.date=2014-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1527-3350&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Hepatology+%28Baltimore%2C+Md.%29&rft.volume=59&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3975806&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24123296%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhep.26762&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24123296&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310210114/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/CRI_2_3x.asp?dt=69">美國癌症協會對膽管癌的詳細指引</a> （英語）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="美國國家癌症中心">美國國家癌症中心</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bileduct/Patient/">給肝外膽管癌病患的相關資訊</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150503153126/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bileduct/Patient/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） （英語）</li> <li>美國國家癌症中心對<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer/">膽管癌的介紹</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20161021130906/http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） （英語）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cholangiocarcinoma.org/">膽管癌基金會</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210316072020/http://www.cholangiocarcinoma.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）：提供膽管癌病患和其家屬、親友、照護者相關的資源。（英語）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ammf.org.uk">Alan Morement 紀念基金會</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210331100049/http://www.ammf.org.uk/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）：英國唯一致力於膽管癌的慈善團體。（英語）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="消化系统肿瘤（C15–C26/D12–D13,_150–159/211）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:Silver"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="Template:消化系统肿瘤"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="Template talk:消化系统肿瘤"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:消化系统肿瘤"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="消化系统肿瘤（C15–C26/D12–D13,_150–159/211）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%81%AF%E8%82%89" title="消化系統的息肉">消化系统肿瘤</a>（<a href="/wiki/ICD-10_%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%EF%BC%9A%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4#(C15–C26)_恶性肿瘤,_消化器官" title="ICD-10 第二章：肿瘤">C15–C26/D12–D13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICD-9%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(140%E2%80%93239)#消化器官及腹膜恶性肿瘤_(150–159)" title="ICD-9编码列表 (140–239)">150–159/211</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="消化系统">消化道</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="消化系统">上消化道</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%81%93%E7%99%8C" title="食道癌">食道</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%9E%E7%8A%B6%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="鳞状细胞癌">鳞状细胞癌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="腺癌">腺癌</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83%E7%99%8C" title="胃癌">胃</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83%E7%99%8C" title="胃癌">胃癌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%88%92%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="印戒细胞癌">印戒细胞癌</a>(SRCC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%83%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胃淋巴瘤（页面不存在）">胃淋巴瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_lymphoma" class="extiw" title="en:Gastric lymphoma">Gastric lymphoma</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MALT%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MALT淋巴瘤（页面不存在）">MALT淋巴瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MALT_lymphoma" class="extiw" title="en:MALT lymphoma">MALT lymphoma</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%9B%8A%E8%83%83" title="革囊胃">革囊胃</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="消化系统">下消化道</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" title="小腸癌">小肠</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%8C%87%E8%82%A0%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十二指肠癌（页面不存在）">十二指肠癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenal_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:Duodenal cancer">Duodenal cancer</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="腺癌">腺癌</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fd6;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%91%E5%B0%BE%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阑尾癌（页面不存在）">阑尾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:Appendix cancer">Appendix cancer</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%8C" title="類癌">類癌</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B9%E8%86%9C%E5%81%87%E6%80%A7%E7%B2%98%E6%B6%B2%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腹膜假性粘液瘤（页面不存在）">腹膜假性粘液瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomyxoma_peritonei" class="extiw" title="en:Pseudomyxoma peritonei">Pseudomyxoma peritonei</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" title="大腸癌">结肠/直肠</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E6%81%AF%E8%82%89" title="大肠息肉">大肠息肉</a>： <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%80%E8%8C%A8%E2%80%94%E6%9D%B0%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="珀茨—杰格斯综合征（页面不存在）">珀茨—杰格斯综合征</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%B9%B4%E6%80%A7%E6%81%AF%E8%82%89%E7%97%85%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幼年性息肉病综合征（页面不存在）">幼年性息肉病综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_polyposis_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Juvenile polyposis syndrome">Juvenile polyposis syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E6%80%A7%E8%85%BA%E7%98%A4%E6%80%A7%E6%81%AF%E8%82%89%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家族性腺瘤性息肉病（页面不存在）">家族性腺瘤性息肉病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" class="extiw" title="en:Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous polyposis</a>）/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gardner综合征（页面不存在）">Gardner综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner%27s_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Gardner's syndrome">Gardner's syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronkhite%E2%80%93Canada%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronkhite–Canada综合征（页面不存在）">Cronkhite–Canada综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronkhite%E2%80%93Canada_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Cronkhite–Canada syndrome">Cronkhite–Canada syndrome</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li>肿瘤：<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="腺癌">腺癌</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E6%80%A7%E8%85%BA%E7%98%A4%E6%80%A7%E6%81%AF%E8%82%89%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家族性腺瘤性息肉病（页面不存在）">家族性腺瘤性息肉病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" class="extiw" title="en:Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous polyposis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E6%80%A7%E9%9D%9E%E6%81%AF%E8%82%89%E7%97%85%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌（页面不存在）">遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer">Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9B%E9%96%80%E7%99%8C" title="肛門癌">肛门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%9E%E7%8A%B6%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="鳞状细胞癌">鳞状细胞癌</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #fd6;">上及/或下消化道</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83%E8%85%B8%E9%81%93%E5%9F%BA%E8%B3%AA%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" title="胃腸道基質腫瘤">胃腸道基質腫瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E5%B7%A2%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%A0%B9%E5%8B%83%E6%B0%8F%E7%98%A4" title="卵巢克鲁根勃氏瘤">Krukenberg肿瘤 (转移性)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="消化系统">消化系统</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%99%8C" title="肝癌">肝</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7" title="恶性">恶性</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="肝細胞癌">肝細胞癌</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E6%9D%BF%E5%B1%82%E6%A0%B7%E8%82%9D%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纤维板层样肝细胞癌（页面不存在）">纤维板层样</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrolamellar_hepatocellular_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma">Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E6%AF%8D%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝母细胞瘤（页面不存在）">肝母细胞瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatoblastoma" class="extiw" title="en:Hepatoblastoma">Hepatoblastoma</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="良性肿瘤">良性</a>：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%85%BA%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝细胞腺瘤（页面不存在）">肝细胞腺瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_adenoma" class="extiw" title="en:Hepatocellular adenoma">Hepatocellular adenoma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%BB%B5%E7%8A%B6%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海绵状血管瘤（页面不存在）">海绵状血管瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavernous_hemangioma" class="extiw" title="en:Cavernous hemangioma">Cavernous hemangioma</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F_(%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="增生 (病理学)">增生</a>：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%80%E7%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%93%E8%8A%82%E6%80%A7%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="局灶性结节性增生（页面不存在）">局灶性结节性增生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_nodular_hyperplasia" class="extiw" title="en:Focal nodular hyperplasia">Focal nodular hyperplasia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%93%E8%8A%82%E6%80%A7%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="结节性再生性增生（页面不存在）">结节性再生性增生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodular_regenerative_hyperplasia" class="extiw" title="en:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia">Nodular regenerative hyperplasia</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1" title="膽管">膽管</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E7%AE%A1" title="膽管">膽管</a>：<a class="mw-selflink selflink">膽管癌</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klatskin%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klatskin瘤（页面不存在）">Klatskin瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klatskin_tumor" class="extiw" title="en:Klatskin tumor">Klatskin tumor</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%86%E5%9B%8A" title="胆囊">胆囊</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E7%99%8C" title="膽癌">膽癌</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E8%87%9F%E7%99%8C" title="胰臟癌">胰腺</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E8%85%BA" title="外分泌腺">外分泌腺</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="腺癌">腺癌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E8%87%9F%E7%99%8C" title="胰臟癌">胰臟癌</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E8%85%AB" title="囊腫">囊</a>性<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%85%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="贅生物">肿瘤</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%86%E6%B6%B2%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%AE%E5%9B%8A%E6%80%A7%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浆液性微囊性腺癌（页面不存在）">浆液性微囊性腺癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_microcystic_adenoma" class="extiw" title="en:Serous microcystic adenoma">Serous microcystic adenoma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%B0%E8%85%BA%E5%AF%BC%E7%AE%A1%E5%86%85%E4%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E7%8A%B6%E9%BB%8F%E6%B6%B2%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胰腺导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤（页面不存在）">胰腺导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraductal_papillary_mucinous_neoplasm" class="extiw" title="en:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm">Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%B0%E8%85%BA%E7%B2%98%E6%B6%B2%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%8A%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胰腺粘液性囊性肿瘤（页面不存在）">粘液性囊性肿瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pancreatic_mucinous_cystic_neoplasm" class="extiw" title="en:pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm">pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%B0%E8%85%BA%E5%AE%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%81%87%E4%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E7%8A%B6%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤（页面不存在）">胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_pseudopapillary_neoplasm" class="extiw" title="en:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm">Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%B0%E6%AF%8D%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胰母细胞瘤（页面不存在）">胰母细胞瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatoblastoma" class="extiw" title="en:Pancreatoblastoma">Pancreatoblastoma</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#fd6;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%86%9C" title="腹膜">腹腔</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E8%85%B9%E8%86%9C%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原发性腹膜癌（页面不存在）">原发性腹膜癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_peritoneal_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:Primary peritoneal carcinoma">Primary peritoneal carcinoma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B9%E8%86%9C%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%AE%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腹膜间皮瘤（页面不存在）">腹膜间皮瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_mesothelioma" class="extiw" title="en:Peritoneal mesothelioma">Peritoneal mesothelioma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%83%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%9C%86%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="促纤维增生性小圆细胞瘤（页面不存在）">促纤维增生性小圆细胞瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmoplastic_small_round_cell_tumor" class="extiw" title="en:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor">Desmoplastic small round cell tumor</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_navs" title="Template:Digestive system navs"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_navs" title="Template talk:Digestive system navs"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Digestive_system_navs" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Digestive system navs"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="消化系统索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="消化系统">消化系统</a>索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">描述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>解剖 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E9%81%93" title="Template:消化道">消化道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%99%84%E5%B1%9E%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E8%85%BA" title="Template:附属消化腺">消化腺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%85%B9%E8%85%94" title="Template:腹腔">其他</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%83%83%E8%82%A0%E9%81%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:胃肠道生理学">生理</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:消化酶类">酵素</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2" title="Template:消化系统发育">發育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">疾病</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_digestive_system" title="Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of digestive system">先天</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="Template:消化系统肿瘤">腫瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Crohn%27s_disease_and_ulcerative_colitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis（页面不存在）">炎症性腸病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Crohn%27s_disease_and_ulcerative_colitis" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis">Template:Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Gluten_sensitivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Gluten sensitivity（页面不存在）">穀蛋白過敏</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gluten_sensitivity" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Gluten sensitivity">Template:Gluten sensitivity</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="Template:消化系统疾病">其他</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs">症狀</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for digestive system and general abdominal signs" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for digestive system and general abdominal signs"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_digestive_system_and_general_abdominal_signs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for digestive system and general abdominal signs（页面不存在）">齊名</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_digestive_system_and_general_abdominal_signs" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Eponymous medical signs for digestive system and general abdominal signs">Template:Eponymous medical signs for digestive system and general abdominal signs</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="Template:血液检验项目">血檢</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">治療</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="Template:消化系统外科手术方法">治療過程</a></li> <li>藥物 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9B%84%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:雄激素类">合成代谢类固醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%97%E9%85%B8%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:抗酸药">抗酸药</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AD%A2%E6%B3%BB%E8%8D%AF%E3%80%81%E8%82%A0%E9%81%93%E6%8A%97%E7%82%8E/%E6%8A%97%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:止泻药、肠道抗炎/抗感染药">腹瀉及感染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%82%9D%E3%80%81%E8%83%86%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:肝、胆疾病治疗药">肝胆病治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E8%83%83%E8%82%A0%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="Template:功能性胃肠疾病治疗药物">功能性胃腸疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%BB%E6%B3%BB%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:轻泻药">轻泻药</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E9%81%93%E6%BA%83%E7%96%A1%E5%92%8C%E8%83%83%E9%A3%9F%E7%AE%A1%E5%8F%8D%E6%B5%81%E7%97%85%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="Template:消化道溃疡和胃食管反流病治疗药物">消化道潰瘍和胃食管反流病治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AD%A2%E5%90%90%E5%89%82" title="Template:止吐剂">止吐</a></li> 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