CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chinese painting - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ee778688-fc30-4de5-972c-59556ade6bf3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chinese_painting","wgTitle":"Chinese painting","wgCurRevisionId":1282630496,"wgRevisionId":1282630496,"wgArticleId":277584,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from February 2019","Use American English from February 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020","Commons category link from Wikidata","Chinese painting","Chinese art","Arts in China"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chinese_painting","wgRelevantArticleId":277584,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Guohua","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Chinese_painting","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q919348","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg/1200px-Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="703"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg/800px-Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="469"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg/640px-Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="375"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chinese painting - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_painting"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_painting"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chinese_painting rootpage-Chinese_painting skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chinese+painting" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chinese+painting" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chinese+painting" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chinese+painting" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Specifics_and_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifics_and_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Specifics and study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifics_and_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early periods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_periods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early periods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Six_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Six principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sui,_Tang_and_Five_dynasties_(581–979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sui,_Tang_and_Five_dynasties_(581–979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sui, Tang and Five dynasties (581–979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sui,_Tang_and_Five_dynasties_(581–979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song,_Liao,_Jin_and_Yuan_dynasties_(907–1368)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song,_Liao,_Jin_and_Yuan_dynasties_(907–1368)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties (907–1368)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song,_Liao,_Jin_and_Yuan_dynasties_(907–1368)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_imperial_China_(1368–1895)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_imperial_China_(1368–1895)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Late imperial China (1368–1895)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_imperial_China_(1368–1895)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern painting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_painting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern painting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_PRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_PRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Early PRC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_PRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1978" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1978"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Since 1978</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1978-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Chinese_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Chinese_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Contemporary Chinese art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Chinese_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography_in_Chinese_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_in_Chinese_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Iconography in Chinese painting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iconography_in_Chinese_painting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iconography in Chinese painting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iconography_in_Chinese_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_Mill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_Mill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Water Mill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_Mill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_as_Word:_Rebus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_as_Word:_Rebus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Image as Word: Rebus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_as_Word:_Rebus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Donkey_Rider" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Donkey_Rider"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>The Donkey Rider</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Donkey_Rider-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realm_of_the_Immortals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realm_of_the_Immortals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Realm of the Immortals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realm_of_the_Immortals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Images of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Landscape painting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landscape_painting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landscape painting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landscape_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paradigm_shift_in_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paradigm_shift_in_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Paradigm shift in representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paradigm_shift_in_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_and_Taoist_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_and_Taoist_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Buddhist and Taoist influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_and_Taoist_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_landscape_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_landscape_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Early landscape painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_landscape_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Dyads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_as_cartography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_as_cartography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Art as cartography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_as_cartography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese painting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللوحة الصينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللوحة الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Кітайскі жывапіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайскі жывапіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_xinesa" title="Pintura xinesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pintura xinesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Malerei" title="Chinesische Malerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesische Malerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_china" title="Pintura china – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pintura china" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نگارگری چینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نگارگری چینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peinture_chinoise" title="Peinture chinoise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peinture chinoise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%ED%99%94_(%ED%9A%8C%ED%99%94)" title="중국화 (회화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국화 (회화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Չինական գեղանկարչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինական գեղանկարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukisan_Tionghoa" title="Lukisan Tionghoa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lukisan Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura_cinese" title="Pittura cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pittura cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ფერწერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინური ფერწერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_fest%C3%A9szet" title="Kínai festészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai festészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_schilderkunst" title="Chinese schilderkunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese schilderkunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%B5%E7%94%BB" title="中国の絵画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国の絵画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malarstwo_chi%C5%84skie" title="Malarstwo chińskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malarstwo chińskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_da_China" title="Pintura da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pintura da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Китайская живопись – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайская живопись" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradicionalno_kitajsko_slikarstvo" title="Tradicionalno kitajsko slikarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tradicionalno kitajsko slikarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="وێنەکێشی لە چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێنەکێشی لە چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesko_slikarstvo" title="Kinesko slikarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kinesko slikarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சீன ஓவியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன ஓவியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_ressaml%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Çin ressamlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin ressamlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Китайський живопис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайський живопис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چین میں مصوری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چین میں مصوری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%BB" title="中国画 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中国画" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%95%AB" title="中國畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%BB" title="中国画 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中国画" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q919348#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chinese_painting" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chinese_painting" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chinese_painting" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&oldid=1282630496" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chinese_painting&id=1282630496&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChinese_painting"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChinese_painting"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chinese_painting&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paintings_from_China" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q919348" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guohua&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Guohua">Guohua</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artistic tradition</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinese painting</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg/400px-Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg/600px-Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg/800px-Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6826" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Huang_Quan_(painter)" title="Huang Quan (painter)">Huang Quan's</a> <i>Almanac of Birds and Beasts</i>; <a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a>, c. 950 CE.</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">中國畫</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中国画</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó huà</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chinese painting</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">中国画</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">中國畫</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó huà</span></i>) is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world. Painting in the traditional style is known today in Chinese as <i><span lang="zh-Latn">guó huà</span></i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">国画</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">國畫</span>), meaning "national painting" or "native painting", as opposed to Western styles of art which became popular in China in the 20th century. It is also called <i><a href="/wiki/Danqing" title="Danqing">danqing</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">丹青</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dān qīng</span></i>). Traditional painting involves essentially the same techniques as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligraphy</a> and is done with a <a href="/wiki/Ink_and_wash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink and wash painting">brush dipped in black ink</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pigment" title="Chinese pigment">coloured pigments</a>; oils are not used. As with calligraphy, the most popular materials on which paintings are made are paper and silk. The finished work can be mounted on scrolls, such as <a href="/wiki/Hanging_scroll" title="Hanging scroll">hanging scrolls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Handscroll" title="Handscroll">handscrolls</a>. Traditional painting can also be done on album sheets, walls, <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folding_screen" title="Folding screen">folding screens</a>, and other media. </p><p>The two main techniques in Chinese painting are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongbi" title="Gongbi">Gongbi</a> (工筆), meaning "meticulous", uses highly detailed brushstrokes that delimit details very precisely. It is often highly colored and usually depicts figural or narrative subjects. It is often practiced by artists working for the royal court or in independent workshops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_and_wash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink and wash painting">Ink and wash painting</a>, in Chinese <i>shuǐ-mò</i> (水墨, "water and ink") also loosely termed watercolor or brush painting, and also known as "literati painting", as it was one of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">four arts</a>" of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Scholar-official</a> class.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In theory this was an art practiced by gentlemen, a distinction that begins to be made in writings on art from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, though in fact the careers of leading exponents could benefit considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style is also referred to as "xieyi" (寫意) or freehand style.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a> was regarded as the highest form of Chinese painting, and generally still is.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song period (907–1127) is known as the "Great age of Chinese landscape". In the north, artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jing_Hao" title="Jing Hao">Jing Hao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Cheng_(painter)" title="Li Cheng (painter)">Li Cheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuan" title="Fan Kuan">Fan Kuan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guo_Xi" title="Guo Xi">Guo Xi</a> painted pictures of towering mountains, using strong black lines, ink wash, and sharp, dotted brushstrokes to suggest rough stone. In the south, <a href="/wiki/Dong_Yuan" title="Dong Yuan">Dong Yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juran_(painter)" title="Juran (painter)">Juran</a>, and other artists painted the rolling hills and rivers of their native countryside in peaceful scenes done with softer, rubbed brushwork. These two kinds of scenes and techniques became the classical styles of Chinese landscape painting. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1010px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qian_Xuan_-_Early_Autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Autumn by Qian Xuan (1235–1305)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Qian_Xuan_-_Early_Autumn.jpg/1000px-Qian_Xuan_-_Early_Autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Qian_Xuan_-_Early_Autumn.jpg/1500px-Qian_Xuan_-_Early_Autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Qian_Xuan_-_Early_Autumn.jpg/2000px-Qian_Xuan_-_Early_Autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="647" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Qian_Xuan_-_Early_Autumn.jpg" title="File:Qian Xuan - Early Autumn.jpg"> </a></div>Early Autumn by <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuan" title="Qian Xuan">Qian Xuan</a> (1235–1305)</div></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifics_and_study">Specifics and study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Specifics and study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese painting and calligraphy distinguish themselves from other cultures' arts by emphasis on motion and change with dynamic life.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley-Barker_2010a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-Barker_2010a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice is traditionally first learned by rote, in which the master shows the "right way" to draw items. The apprentice must copy these items strictly and continuously until the movements become instinctive. In contemporary times, debate emerged on the limits of this copyist tradition within modern art scenes where innovation is the rule. Changing lifestyles, tools, and colors are also influencing new waves of masters.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley-Barker_2010a_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-Barker_2010a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanley-Barker_2010b_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-Barker_2010b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:910px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiao_and_Xiang_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Views of Xiaoxiang by Dong Yuan (932–962). Dong is considered as one of the originators of landscape painting styles; the scales of such paintings were often huge, with minuscule yet intricate pastoralist subjects showing the relative enormity of the landscape. Zoom into the left to see a group of men engaging in seine-haul fishing."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Xiao_and_Xiang_rivers.jpg/960px-Xiao_and_Xiang_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Xiao_and_Xiang_rivers.jpg/1350px-Xiao_and_Xiang_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Xiao_and_Xiang_rivers.jpg/1800px-Xiao_and_Xiang_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8475" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiao_and_Xiang_rivers.jpg" title="File:Xiao and Xiang rivers.jpg"> </a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Views_of_Xiaoxiang" title="Eight Views of Xiaoxiang">Views of Xiaoxiang</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dong_Yuan" title="Dong Yuan">Dong Yuan</a> (932–962). Dong is considered as one of the originators of <a href="/wiki/Shan_shui" title="Shan shui">landscape painting</a> styles; the scales of such paintings were often huge, with minuscule yet intricate pastoralist subjects showing the relative enormity of the landscape. Zoom into the left to see a group of men engaging in <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">seine-haul fishing</a>.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_periods">Early periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si_shen_yun_qi_Painting_form_Liu_Fa_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Si_shen_yun_qi_Painting_form_Liu_Fa_tomb.jpg/330px-Si_shen_yun_qi_Painting_form_Liu_Fa_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Si_shen_yun_qi_Painting_form_Liu_Fa_tomb.jpg/500px-Si_shen_yun_qi_Painting_form_Liu_Fa_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Si_shen_yun_qi_Painting_form_Liu_Fa_tomb.jpg/960px-Si_shen_yun_qi_Painting_form_Liu_Fa_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Western Han lacquered <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a> mural, c. 2nd century BCE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Han_Silk_Painting_(10128933036).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Western_Han_Silk_Painting_%2810128933036%29.jpg/220px-Western_Han_Silk_Painting_%2810128933036%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Western_Han_Silk_Painting_%2810128933036%29.jpg/330px-Western_Han_Silk_Painting_%2810128933036%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Western_Han_Silk_Painting_%2810128933036%29.jpg/440px-Western_Han_Silk_Painting_%2810128933036%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Western Han dynasty silk painting.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest paintings were not representational but ornamental; they consisted of patterns or designs rather than pictures. Early pottery was painted with spirals, zigzags, dots, or animals. It was only during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a> (770–256 BC) that artists began to represent the world around them. In imperial times (beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin dynasty">Eastern Jin dynasty</a>), painting and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> in China were among the most highly appreciated arts in the court and they were often practiced by amateurs—aristocrats and scholar-officials—who had the leisure time necessary to perfect the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork. Calligraphy and painting were thought to be the purest forms of art. The implements were the <a href="/wiki/Ink_brush" title="Ink brush">brush pen</a> made of animal hair, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ink">black inks</a> made from pine soot and <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glue</a>. In ancient times, writing, as well as painting, was done on <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>. However, after the invention of paper in the 1st century AD, silk was gradually replaced by the new and cheaper material. Original writings by famous calligraphers have been greatly valued throughout China's history and are mounted on scrolls and hung on walls in the same way that paintings are. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Changshadragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Changshadragon.jpg/148px-Changshadragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Changshadragon.jpg/222px-Changshadragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Changshadragon.jpg/296px-Changshadragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1789" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Silk_painting_depicting_a_man_riding_a_dragon" title="Silk painting depicting a man riding a dragon">Silk painting depicting a man riding a dragon</a>, 5th century BCE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warring_States_Silk_Painting_Replica,_Chu_State_(10162703463).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Warring_States_Silk_Painting_Replica%2C_Chu_State_%2810162703463%29.jpg/136px-Warring_States_Silk_Painting_Replica%2C_Chu_State_%2810162703463%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Warring_States_Silk_Painting_Replica%2C_Chu_State_%2810162703463%29.jpg/204px-Warring_States_Silk_Painting_Replica%2C_Chu_State_%2810162703463%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Warring_States_Silk_Painting_Replica%2C_Chu_State_%2810162703463%29.jpg/272px-Warring_States_Silk_Painting_Replica%2C_Chu_State_%2810162703463%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu (state)</a> silk painting of woman with phoenix</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Artists from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> (206 BC – 220 AD) to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> (618–906) dynasties mainly painted the human figure. Much of what we know of early Chinese figure painting comes from burial sites, where paintings were preserved on silk banners, lacquered objects, and tomb walls. Many early tomb paintings were meant to protect the dead or help their souls to get to paradise. Others illustrated the teachings of the Chinese philosopher <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> or showed scenes of daily life. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a> period (220–589), people began to appreciate painting for its own beauty and to write about art. From this time we begin to learn about individual artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi" title="Gu Kaizhi">Gu Kaizhi</a>. Even when these artists illustrated Confucian moral themes – such as the proper behavior of a wife to her husband or of children to their parents – they tried to make the figures graceful. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2410px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gu_Kaizhi_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Admonitions Scroll by Gu Kaizhi (348–405), British Museum; heavily damaged after it was looted by a British army officer during the Boxer Rebellion"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gu_Kaizhi_001.jpg/2400px-Gu_Kaizhi_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="2400" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gu_Kaizhi_001.jpg/3600px-Gu_Kaizhi_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gu_Kaizhi_001.jpg/4800px-Gu_Kaizhi_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11557" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gu_Kaizhi_001.jpg" title="File:Gu Kaizhi 001.jpg"> </a></div><i>Admonitions Scroll</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi" title="Gu Kaizhi">Gu Kaizhi</a> (348–405), British Museum; heavily damaged after it was looted by a <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British army officer</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></div></div></div><p>. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confucius,_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County,_Shandong_province,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of Confucius from the Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD)"><img alt="Fresco of Confucius from the Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg/250px-Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg/345px-Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of Confucius from the Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mujeres_Sabias_y_Benevolentes_(detalle)_por_Ku_K%27ai-chih_-_Duque_Yi_de_Wey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up on another scroll by Gu Kaizhi."><img alt="Close-up on another scroll by Gu Kaizhi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mujeres_Sabias_y_Benevolentes_%28detalle%29_por_Ku_K%27ai-chih_-_Duque_Yi_de_Wey.jpg/168px-Mujeres_Sabias_y_Benevolentes_%28detalle%29_por_Ku_K%27ai-chih_-_Duque_Yi_de_Wey.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mujeres_Sabias_y_Benevolentes_%28detalle%29_por_Ku_K%27ai-chih_-_Duque_Yi_de_Wey.jpg/252px-Mujeres_Sabias_y_Benevolentes_%28detalle%29_por_Ku_K%27ai-chih_-_Duque_Yi_de_Wey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mujeres_Sabias_y_Benevolentes_%28detalle%29_por_Ku_K%27ai-chih_-_Duque_Yi_de_Wey.jpg/335px-Mujeres_Sabias_y_Benevolentes_%28detalle%29_por_Ku_K%27ai-chih_-_Duque_Yi_de_Wey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up on another scroll by Gu Kaizhi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahuting_tomb_banquet_scene_with_jugglers,_Eastern_Han_Dynasty,_mural.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wall painting from Dahuting tomb, c.2nd century AD"><img alt="Wall painting from Dahuting tomb, c.2nd century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dahuting_tomb_banquet_scene_with_jugglers%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty%2C_mural.jpg/250px-Dahuting_tomb_banquet_scene_with_jugglers%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty%2C_mural.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dahuting_tomb_banquet_scene_with_jugglers%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty%2C_mural.jpg/500px-Dahuting_tomb_banquet_scene_with_jugglers%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty%2C_mural.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wall painting from <a href="/wiki/Dahuting" title="Dahuting">Dahuting</a> tomb, c.2nd century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_panels,_from_the_tomb_of_Sima_Jinlong,_484_CE._Datong,_Shanxi_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lacquer screens from the tomb of Sima Jinlong (420–484)"><img alt="Lacquer screens from the tomb of Sima Jinlong (420–484)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Funerary_panels%2C_from_the_tomb_of_Sima_Jinlong%2C_484_CE._Datong%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg/230px-Funerary_panels%2C_from_the_tomb_of_Sima_Jinlong%2C_484_CE._Datong%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Funerary_panels%2C_from_the_tomb_of_Sima_Jinlong%2C_484_CE._Datong%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg/345px-Funerary_panels%2C_from_the_tomb_of_Sima_Jinlong%2C_484_CE._Datong%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Funerary_panels%2C_from_the_tomb_of_Sima_Jinlong%2C_484_CE._Datong%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg/460px-Funerary_panels%2C_from_the_tomb_of_Sima_Jinlong%2C_484_CE._Datong%2C_Shanxi_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1618" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lacquer screens from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Sima_Jinlong" title="Sima Jinlong">Sima Jinlong</a> (420–484)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_Worshipping_Bodhisattva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mural from the Mogao caves, Western Wei, (535-556 A.D.)"><img alt="Mural from the Mogao caves, Western Wei, (535-556 A.D.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mural_Worshipping_Bodhisattva.jpg/250px-Mural_Worshipping_Bodhisattva.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mural_Worshipping_Bodhisattva.jpg/330px-Mural_Worshipping_Bodhisattva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mural from the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogao caves">Mogao caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a>, (535-556 A.D.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunhuang_mural_flying_apsarasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunhuang mural, mid-6th century"><img alt="Dunhuang mural, mid-6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dunhuang_mural_flying_apsarasa.jpg/250px-Dunhuang_mural_flying_apsarasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dunhuang_mural_flying_apsarasa.jpg/500px-Dunhuang_mural_flying_apsarasa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> mural, mid-6th century</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahuting_tomb_mural_of_chariots_and_cavalry,_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dahuting_tomb_mural_of_chariots_and_cavalry%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg/600px-Dahuting_tomb_mural_of_chariots_and_cavalry%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dahuting_tomb_mural_of_chariots_and_cavalry%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg/900px-Dahuting_tomb_mural_of_chariots_and_cavalry%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Dahuting_tomb_mural_of_chariots_and_cavalry%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Mural of chariots and cavalry from Dahuting tomb, 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six_principles">Six principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Six principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhang_Shengwen._L%27enseignement_de_Bouddha_Sakyamuni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Zhang_Shengwen._L%27enseignement_de_Bouddha_Sakyamuni.jpg/500px-Zhang_Shengwen._L%27enseignement_de_Bouddha_Sakyamuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Zhang_Shengwen._L%27enseignement_de_Bouddha_Sakyamuni.jpg/960px-Zhang_Shengwen._L%27enseignement_de_Bouddha_Sakyamuni.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption><i>The <a href="/wiki/Sakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakyamuni">Sakyamuni</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></i>, by Zhang Shengwen, 1173–1176 CE, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg/290px-Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg/435px-Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg/580px-Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Three_Friends_of_Winter" title="Three Friends of Winter">Three Friends of Winter</a> by Zhao Mengjian, 13th century</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Six_principles_of_Chinese_painting" title="Six principles of Chinese painting">Six principles of Chinese painting</a></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Six_principles_of_Chinese_painting" title="Six principles of Chinese painting">Six principles of Chinese painting</a>" were established by <a href="/wiki/Xie_He_(artist)" title="Xie He (artist)">Xie He</a>, a writer, art historian and critic in 5th century China, in "Six points to consider when judging a painting" (繪畫六法, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Huìhuà Liùfǎ), taken from the preface to his book "The Record of the Classification of Old Painters" (古畫品錄; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Gǔhuà Pǐnlù). Keep in mind that this was written circa 550 CE and refers to "old" and "ancient" practices. The six elements that define a painting are: </p> <ol><li>"Spirit Resonance", or vitality, which refers to the flow of energy that encompasses theme, work, and artist. Xie He said that without Spirit Resonance, there was no need to look further.</li> <li>"Bone Method", or the way of using the brush, refers not only to texture and brush stroke, but to the close link between handwriting and personality. In his day, the art of calligraphy was inseparable from painting.</li> <li>"Correspondence to the Object", or the depicting of form, which would include shape and line.</li> <li>"Suitability to Type", or the application of color, including layers, value, and tone.</li> <li>"Division and Planning", or placing and arrangement, corresponding to composition, space, and depth.</li> <li>"Transmission by Copying", or the copying of models, not from life only but also from the works of antiquity.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sui,_Tang_and_Five_dynasties_(581–979)"><span id="Sui.2C_Tang_and_Five_dynasties_.28581.E2.80.93979.29"></span>Sui, Tang and Five dynasties (581–979)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sui, Tang and Five dynasties (581–979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_painting" title="Tang dynasty painting">Tang dynasty painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg/220px-Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg/330px-Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg/440px-Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>A Man Herding Horses, by <a href="/wiki/Han_Gan" title="Han Gan">Han Gan</a> (706–783 AD)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Sixun_boats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Li_Sixun_boats.jpg/250px-Li_Sixun_boats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Li_Sixun_boats.jpg/330px-Li_Sixun_boats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Li_Sixun_boats.jpg/500px-Li_Sixun_boats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="3271" /></a><figcaption><i>Sailing Boats and a Riverside Mansion</i>, 7th century original by <a href="/wiki/Li_Sixun" title="Li Sixun">Li Sixun</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous-Bodhisattva_Leading_the_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Anonymous-Bodhisattva_Leading_the_Way.jpg/220px-Anonymous-Bodhisattva_Leading_the_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Anonymous-Bodhisattva_Leading_the_Way.jpg/330px-Anonymous-Bodhisattva_Leading_the_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Anonymous-Bodhisattva_Leading_the_Way.jpg/440px-Anonymous-Bodhisattva_Leading_the_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="4399" /></a><figcaption>Bodhisattva leading a patroness to the <a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Western Pure Lands</a>. c. 7th century from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, figure painting flourished at the royal court. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhou Fang (Tang dynasty)">Zhou Fang</a> depicted the splendor of court life in paintings of emperors, palace ladies, and imperial horses. Figure painting reached the height of elegant realism in the art of the court of Southern Tang (937–975). </p><p>Most of the Tang artists outlined figures with fine black lines and used brilliant color and elaborate detail. However, one Tang artist, the master <a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a>, used only black ink and freely painted brushstrokes to create ink paintings that were so exciting that crowds gathered to watch him work. From his time on, ink paintings were no longer thought to be preliminary sketches or outlines to be filled in with color. Instead, they were valued as finished works of art. </p><p>Beginning in the Tang dynasty, many paintings were <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscapes</a>, often <i><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui" title="Shan shui">shanshui</a></i> (山水, "mountain water") paintings. In these landscapes, <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochromatic</a> and sparse (a style that is collectively called <i><a href="/wiki/Ink_and_wash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink and wash painting">shuimohua</a></i>), the purpose was not to reproduce the appearance of nature exactly (<a href="/wiki/Realism_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual arts)">realism</a>) but rather to grasp an emotion or atmosphere, as if catching the "rhythm" of nature. </p><p>A considerable amount of literary and documentary information about Tang painting has survived, but very few works, especially of the highest quality. A walled-up cave in the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a> complex at Dunhuang was discovered by Sir Aurel Stein, which contained a vast haul, mostly of Buddhist writings, but also some banners and paintings, making much the largest group of paintings on silk to survive. These are now in the British Museum and elsewhere. They are not of court quality, but show a variety of styles, including those with influences from further west. As with sculpture, other survivals showing Tang style are in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, though the most important, at Nara, was very largely destroyed in a fire in 1949. The rock-cut cave complexes and royal tombs also contain many wall-paintings. Court painting mostly survives in what are certainly or arguably copies from much later. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:590px;max-width:590px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Wearing_Flowered_Headdresses._(46x180)_Liaoning_Provincial_Museum,_Shenyang..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Wearing_Flowered_Headdresses._%2846x180%29_Liaoning_Provincial_Museum%2C_Shenyang..jpg/588px-Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Wearing_Flowered_Headdresses._%2846x180%29_Liaoning_Provincial_Museum%2C_Shenyang..jpg" decoding="async" width="588" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Wearing_Flowered_Headdresses._%2846x180%29_Liaoning_Provincial_Museum%2C_Shenyang..jpg/882px-Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Wearing_Flowered_Headdresses._%2846x180%29_Liaoning_Provincial_Museum%2C_Shenyang..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Wearing_Flowered_Headdresses._%2846x180%29_Liaoning_Provincial_Museum%2C_Shenyang..jpg/1176px-Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Wearing_Flowered_Headdresses._%2846x180%29_Liaoning_Provincial_Museum%2C_Shenyang..jpg 2x" data-file-width="6455" data-file-height="1378" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:590px;max-width:590px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:233px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Tuning_the_Lute_(28x75)_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art,_Kansas_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Tuning_the_Lute_%2828x75%29_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art%2C_Kansas_City.jpg/588px-Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Tuning_the_Lute_%2828x75%29_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art%2C_Kansas_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="588" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Tuning_the_Lute_%2828x75%29_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art%2C_Kansas_City.jpg/882px-Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Tuning_the_Lute_%2828x75%29_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art%2C_Kansas_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Tuning_the_Lute_%2828x75%29_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art%2C_Kansas_City.jpg/1176px-Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Tuning_the_Lute_%2828x75%29_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art%2C_Kansas_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhou Fang (Tang dynasty)">Zhou Fang</a> (c.730–800) is renowned for his paintings of contemporary court ladies, whose opulent figures reflected the beauty standards of the day.</div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2010px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yan_Liben._Thirteen_Emperors._Boston,_Museum_of_the_Fine_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪Yan Liben's Thirteen Emperors; original, 7th century AD‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yan_Liben._Thirteen_Emperors._Boston%2C_Museum_of_the_Fine_Arts.jpg/2000px-Yan_Liben._Thirteen_Emperors._Boston%2C_Museum_of_the_Fine_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="2000" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yan_Liben._Thirteen_Emperors._Boston%2C_Museum_of_the_Fine_Arts.jpg/3000px-Yan_Liben._Thirteen_Emperors._Boston%2C_Museum_of_the_Fine_Arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yan_Liben._Thirteen_Emperors._Boston%2C_Museum_of_the_Fine_Arts.jpg/4000px-Yan_Liben._Thirteen_Emperors._Boston%2C_Museum_of_the_Fine_Arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8400" data-file-height="858" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yan_Liben._Thirteen_Emperors._Boston,_Museum_of_the_Fine_Arts.jpg" title="File:Yan Liben. Thirteen Emperors. Boston, Museum of the Fine Arts.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a>'s Thirteen Emperors; original, 7th century AD</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_1_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪Full scroll of The Night Revels of Han Xizai, first painted in the 10th century in Southern Tang, later reproduced in 12th-century‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_1_edit.jpg/2300px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_1_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="2300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_1_edit.jpg/3450px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_1_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_1_edit.jpg/4600px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_1_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4720" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_1_edit.jpg" title="File:Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 1 edit.jpg"> </a></div>Full scroll of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Revels_of_Han_Xizai" title="The Night Revels of Han Xizai">The Night Revels of Han Xizai</a></i>, first painted in the 10th century in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a>, later reproduced in 12th-century</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Song,_Liao,_Jin_and_Yuan_dynasties_(907–1368)"><span id="Song.2C_Liao.2C_Jin_and_Yuan_dynasties_.28907.E2.80.931368.29"></span>Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties (907–1368)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties (907–1368)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinesischer_Maler_des_11._Jahrhunderts_(I)_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chinesischer_Maler_des_11._Jahrhunderts_%28I%29_001.jpg/220px-Chinesischer_Maler_des_11._Jahrhunderts_%28I%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chinesischer_Maler_des_11._Jahrhunderts_%28I%29_001.jpg/330px-Chinesischer_Maler_des_11._Jahrhunderts_%28I%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chinesischer_Maler_des_11._Jahrhunderts_%28I%29_001.jpg/440px-Chinesischer_Maler_des_11._Jahrhunderts_%28I%29_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2094" /></a><figcaption><i>Buddhist Temple in the Mountains</i>, 11th century, ink on silk, <a href="/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art" title="Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art">Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art</a>, Kansas City (Missouri).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loquats_and_Mountain_Bird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Loquats_and_Mountain_Bird.jpg/250px-Loquats_and_Mountain_Bird.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Loquats_and_Mountain_Bird.jpg/330px-Loquats_and_Mountain_Bird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Loquats_and_Mountain_Bird.jpg/500px-Loquats_and_Mountain_Bird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Loquats" class="mw-redirect" title="Loquats">Loquats</a> and a Mountain Bird</i>, by an anonymous painter of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> (1127–1279); albums of small leaf paintings like this were popular amongst the <a href="/wiki/Gentry_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentry (China)">gentry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar-bureaucrats">scholar-officials</a> of the Southern Song.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Song-Palace1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Song-Palace1.jpg/250px-Song-Palace1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Song-Palace1.jpg/330px-Song-Palace1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Song-Palace1.jpg/500px-Song-Palace1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption><i>Auspicious Cranes</i>, by Emperor Huizong depicting a scene on top of Kaifeng city gate on 16th January 1112.</figcaption></figure> <p>Painting during the Song dynasty (960–1279) reached a further development of landscape painting; immeasurable distances were conveyed through the use of blurred outlines, mountain contours disappearing into the mist, and impressionistic treatment of natural phenomena. The <i><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui" title="Shan shui">shan shui</a></i> style painting—"shan" meaning mountain, and "shui" meaning river—became prominent in Chinese landscape art. The emphasis laid upon landscape was grounded in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> stressed that humans were but tiny specks in the vast and greater cosmos, while <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confucianist">Neo-Confucianist</a> writers often pursued the discovery of patterns and principles that they believed caused all social and natural phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_162_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_162-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting of portraits and closely viewed objects like birds on branches were held in high esteem, but landscape painting was paramount.<sup id="cite_ref-morton_104_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morton_104-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the Song dynasty a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Northern_Landscape_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Landscape style">landscape style</a> had emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists mastered the formula of intricate and realistic scenes placed in the foreground, while the background retained qualities of vast and infinite space. Distant mountain peaks rise out of high clouds and mist, while streaming rivers run from afar into the foreground.<sup id="cite_ref-morton_105_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morton_105-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a significant difference in painting trends between the Northern Song period (960–1127) and Southern Song period (1127–1279). The paintings of Northern Song officials were influenced by their political ideals of bringing order to the world and tackling the largest issues affecting the whole of society; their paintings often depicted huge, sweeping landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_163_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_163-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Northern Song, landscape paintings had political significance and were used by the court to emphasize its strength and authority with the symbolism of grand landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 167">: 167 </span></sup> The Northern Song court commissioned enormous landscapes which it used in support of its rites.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 167">: 167 </span></sup> </p><p>Southern Song officials were more interested in reforming society from the bottom up and on a much smaller scale, a method they believed had a better chance for eventual success; their paintings often focused on smaller, visually closer, and more intimate scenes, while the background was often depicted as bereft of detail as a realm without concern for the artist or viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_163_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_163-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change in attitude from one era to the next stemmed largely from the rising influence of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucian</a> philosophy. Adherents to Neo-Confucianism focused on reforming society from the bottom up, not the top down, which can be seen in their efforts to promote small private academies during the Southern Song instead of the large state-controlled academies seen in the Northern Song era.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ever since the <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern dynasties">Southern and Northern dynasties</a> (420–589), painting had become an art of high sophistication that was associated with the gentry class as one of their main artistic pastimes, the others being calligraphy and poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_81_83_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_81_83-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Song dynasty there were avid art collectors that would often meet in groups to discuss their own paintings, as well as rate those of their colleagues and friends. The poet and statesman <a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> (1037–1101) and his accomplice <a href="/wiki/Mi_Fu" title="Mi Fu">Mi Fu</a> (1051–1107) often partook in these affairs, borrowing art pieces to study and copy, or if they really admired a piece then an exchange was often proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_163_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_163-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They created a new kind of art based upon the <a href="/wiki/Three_perfections" title="Three perfections">three perfections</a> in which they used their skills in <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> (the art of beautiful writing) to make ink paintings. From their time onward, many painters strove to freely express their feelings and to capture the inner spirit of their subject instead of describing its outward appearance. The small round paintings popular in the Southern Song were often collected into albums as poets would write poems along the side to match the theme and mood of the painting.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_163_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_163-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lin_Liang-Eagles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lin_Liang-Eagles.jpg/250px-Lin_Liang-Eagles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lin_Liang-Eagles.jpg/330px-Lin_Liang-Eagles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lin_Liang-Eagles.jpg/500px-Lin_Liang-Eagles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1618" /></a><figcaption> <i>Eagles</i>, by Lin Liang (1424–1500). The prolific <a href="/wiki/Gongbi" title="Gongbi">gongbi</a> paintings by Emperor Huizong had a profound impact on many contemporaries and beyond.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although they were avid art collectors, some Song scholars did not readily appreciate artworks commissioned by those painters found at shops or common marketplaces, and some of the scholars even criticized artists from renowned schools and academies. Anthony J. Barbieri-Low, a professor of early Chinese history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>, points out that Song scholars' appreciation of art created by their peers was not extended to those who made a living simply as professional artists:<sup id="cite_ref-barbieri_low_2007_39_40_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbieri_low_2007_39_40-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>During the Northern Song (960–1126 CE), a new class of scholar-artists emerged who did not possess the tromp l'œil skills of the academy painters nor even the proficiency of common marketplace painters. The literati's painting was simpler and at times quite unschooled, yet they would criticize these other two groups as mere professionals, since they relied on paid commissions for their livelihood and did not paint merely for enjoyment or self-expression. The scholar-artists considered that painters who concentrated on realistic depictions, who employed a colorful palette, or, worst of all, who accepted monetary payment for their work were no better than butchers or tinkers in the marketplace. They were not to be considered real artists.<sup id="cite_ref-barbieri_low_2007_39_40_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbieri_low_2007_39_40-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, during the Song period, there were many acclaimed court painters and they were highly esteemed by emperors and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a>. One of the greatest landscape painters given patronage by the Song court was <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zeduan" title="Zhang Zeduan">Zhang Zeduan</a> (1085–1145), who painted the original <i><a href="/wiki/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival" title="Along the River During the Qingming Festival">Along the River During the Qingming Festival</a></i> scroll, one of the most well-known masterpieces of Chinese visual art. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gaozong of Song">Emperor Gaozong of Song</a> (1127–1162) once commissioned an art project of numerous paintings for the <i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute" title="Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute">Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute</a></i>, based on the woman poet <a href="/wiki/Cai_Wenji" class="mw-redirect" title="Cai Wenji">Cai Wenji</a> (177–250 AD) of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yi_Yuanji" title="Yi Yuanji">Yi Yuanji</a> achieved a high degree of realism painting animals, in particular <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Southern Song period (1127–1279), court painters such as <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(painter)" title="Ma Yuan (painter)">Ma Yuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xia_Gui" title="Xia Gui">Xia Gui</a> used strong black brushstrokes to sketch trees and rocks and pale washes to suggest misty space. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_Playing_on_a_Winter_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Children_Playing_on_a_Winter_Day.jpg/250px-Children_Playing_on_a_Winter_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Children_Playing_on_a_Winter_Day.jpg/330px-Children_Playing_on_a_Winter_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Children_Playing_on_a_Winter_Day.jpg/500px-Children_Playing_on_a_Winter_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="3610" /></a><figcaption><i>Children Playing on a Winter Day</i> by <a href="/wiki/Su_Hanchen" title="Su Hanchen">Su Hanchen</a>(1094–1172); depictions of common life became a popular motif during the prosperous years of the Song Dynasty</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:642px;max-width:642px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG/232px-Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG" decoding="async" width="232" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG/348px-Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG/464px-Song_Dynasty_Hydraulic_Mill_for_Grain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:404px;max-width:404px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B8%85%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B3%E5%9B%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E6%B8%85%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B3%E5%9B%BE.jpg/500px-%E6%B8%85%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B3%E5%9B%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="402" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E6%B8%85%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B3%E5%9B%BE.jpg/960px-%E6%B8%85%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B3%E5%9B%BE.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bianjing_city_gate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bianjing_city_gate.JPG/330px-Bianjing_city_gate.JPG" decoding="async" width="303" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bianjing_city_gate.JPG/500px-Bianjing_city_gate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bianjing_city_gate.JPG/960px-Bianjing_city_gate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:333px;max-width:333px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leifeng_Pagoda_in_the_Southern_Song_Dynasty_by_Li_Song.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Leifeng_Pagoda_in_the_Southern_Song_Dynasty_by_Li_Song.jpg/500px-Leifeng_Pagoda_in_the_Southern_Song_Dynasty_by_Li_Song.jpg" decoding="async" width="331" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Leifeng_Pagoda_in_the_Southern_Song_Dynasty_by_Li_Song.jpg/960px-Leifeng_Pagoda_in_the_Southern_Song_Dynasty_by_Li_Song.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="1244" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various scenes from <i><a href="/wiki/Along_the_River_During_Qingming_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Along the River During Qingming Festival">Along the River During Qingming Festival</a></i></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), painters joined the arts of painting, poetry, and calligraphy by inscribing poems on their paintings. These three arts worked together to express the artist's feelings more completely than one art could do alone. Yuan emperor <a href="/wiki/Tugh_Temur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugh Temur">Tugh Temur</a> (r. 1328, 1329–1332) was fond of Chinese painting and became a creditable painter himself. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Chinese are of all peoples the most skilful in crafts and attain the greatest perfection in them. This is well known and people have described it and spoken at length about it. No one, whether Greek or any other, rivals them in mastery of painting. They have prodigious facility in it. One of the remarkable things I saw in this connection is that if I visited one of their cities, and then came back to it, I always saw portraits of me and my companions painted on the walls and on paper in the bazaars. I went to the Sultan's city, passed through the painters' bazaar, and went to the Sultan's palace with my companions. We were dressed as Iraqis. When I returned from the palace in the evening I passed through the said bazaar. I saw my and my companions' portraits painted on paper and hung on the walls. We each one of us looked at the portrait of his companion; the resemblance was correct in all respects. I was told the Sultan had ordered them to do this, and that they had come to the palace while we were there and had begun observing and painting us without our being aware of it. It is their custom to paint everyone who comes among them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb2010892_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb2010892-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1336px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15_Qian_Xuan_Eight_Flowers_National_Palace_Museum_Beijing.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Qian Xuan's Eight Flowers, 13th century."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/15_Qian_Xuan_Eight_Flowers_National_Palace_Museum_Beijing.JPG/1326px-15_Qian_Xuan_Eight_Flowers_National_Palace_Museum_Beijing.JPG" decoding="async" width="1326" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/15_Qian_Xuan_Eight_Flowers_National_Palace_Museum_Beijing.JPG/1989px-15_Qian_Xuan_Eight_Flowers_National_Palace_Museum_Beijing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/15_Qian_Xuan_Eight_Flowers_National_Palace_Museum_Beijing.JPG/2652px-15_Qian_Xuan_Eight_Flowers_National_Palace_Museum_Beijing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6920" data-file-height="835" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:15_Qian_Xuan_Eight_Flowers_National_Palace_Museum_Beijing.JPG" title="File:15 Qian Xuan Eight Flowers National Palace Museum Beijing.JPG"> </a></div>Qian Xuan's <i>Eight Flowers</i>, 13th century.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:4314px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chen_Rong_-_Nine_Dragons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪Nine Dragons (painting) by Chen Rong (c.1200–1266)‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chen_Rong_-_Nine_Dragons.jpg/4304px-Chen_Rong_-_Nine_Dragons.jpg" decoding="async" width="4304" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chen_Rong_-_Nine_Dragons.jpg/6456px-Chen_Rong_-_Nine_Dragons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chen_Rong_-_Nine_Dragons.jpg/8608px-Chen_Rong_-_Nine_Dragons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30020" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chen_Rong_-_Nine_Dragons.jpg" title="File:Chen Rong - Nine Dragons.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Nine_Dragons_(painting)" title="Nine Dragons (painting)">Nine Dragons (painting)</a> by Chen Rong (c.1200–1266)</div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three Friends of Winter depicting plum, pine and bamboo, still used for decoration during new year's by countries in the sinosphere"><img alt="Three Friends of Winter depicting plum, pine and bamboo, still used for decoration during new year's by countries in the sinosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg/170px-Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg/255px-Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg/340px-Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Three_Friends_of_Winter" title="Three Friends of Winter">Three Friends of Winter</a> depicting plum, pine and bamboo, still used for decoration during new year's by countries in the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">sinosphere</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traveling on the River in Snow. Extremely intricate details give historians insight into medieval Chinese shipbuilding."><img alt="Traveling on the River in Snow. Extremely intricate details give historians insight into medieval Chinese shipbuilding." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg/250px-Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg/330px-Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg/500px-Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Traveling on the River in Snow</i>. Extremely intricate details give historians insight into <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Song dynasty">medieval Chinese shipbuilding</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%BE%BD%E5%AE%97_%E7%AB%B9%E7%A6%BD%E5%9C%96_%E5%8D%B7-Finches_and_bamboo_MET_DP151504.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emperor Huizong of Song was a prolific painter"><img alt="Emperor Huizong of Song was a prolific painter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%BE%BD%E5%AE%97_%E7%AB%B9%E7%A6%BD%E5%9C%96_%E5%8D%B7-Finches_and_bamboo_MET_DP151504.jpg/170px-%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%BE%BD%E5%AE%97_%E7%AB%B9%E7%A6%BD%E5%9C%96_%E5%8D%B7-Finches_and_bamboo_MET_DP151504.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%BE%BD%E5%AE%97_%E7%AB%B9%E7%A6%BD%E5%9C%96_%E5%8D%B7-Finches_and_bamboo_MET_DP151504.jpg/255px-%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%BE%BD%E5%AE%97_%E7%AB%B9%E7%A6%BD%E5%9C%96_%E5%8D%B7-Finches_and_bamboo_MET_DP151504.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%BE%BD%E5%AE%97_%E7%AB%B9%E7%A6%BD%E5%9C%96_%E5%8D%B7-Finches_and_bamboo_MET_DP151504.jpg/340px-%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%BE%BD%E5%AE%97_%E7%AB%B9%E7%A6%BD%E5%9C%96_%E5%8D%B7-Finches_and_bamboo_MET_DP151504.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3919" data-file-height="2287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong of Song</a> was a prolific painter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Anzhong%27s_Bird_on_a_Branch.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Li Anzhong's Bird on a Branch; it has a circular shape because this was initially painted for a circular fan."><img alt="Li Anzhong's Bird on a Branch; it has a circular shape because this was initially painted for a circular fan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Li_Anzhong%27s_Bird_on_a_Branch.gif/250px-Li_Anzhong%27s_Bird_on_a_Branch.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Li_Anzhong%27s_Bird_on_a_Branch.gif/330px-Li_Anzhong%27s_Bird_on_a_Branch.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Li_Anzhong%27s_Bird_on_a_Branch.gif/500px-Li_Anzhong%27s_Bird_on_a_Branch.gif 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Li Anzhong's <i>Bird on a Branch</i>; it has a circular shape because this was initially painted for a <a href="/wiki/Tuanshan" title="Tuanshan">circular fan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%90%8D%E7%BB%98%E9%9B%86%E7%8F%8D%E5%86%8C_9_%E5%AE%8B_%E6%9D%8E%E8%BF%AA_%E6%98%A5%E6%BD%AE%E5%B8%A6%E9%9B%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Spring Tide Brings Rain by Li Di"><img alt="The Spring Tide Brings Rain by Li Di" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E5%90%8D%E7%BB%98%E9%9B%86%E7%8F%8D%E5%86%8C_9_%E5%AE%8B_%E6%9D%8E%E8%BF%AA_%E6%98%A5%E6%BD%AE%E5%B8%A6%E9%9B%A8.jpg/250px-%E5%90%8D%E7%BB%98%E9%9B%86%E7%8F%8D%E5%86%8C_9_%E5%AE%8B_%E6%9D%8E%E8%BF%AA_%E6%98%A5%E6%BD%AE%E5%B8%A6%E9%9B%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E5%90%8D%E7%BB%98%E9%9B%86%E7%8F%8D%E5%86%8C_9_%E5%AE%8B_%E6%9D%8E%E8%BF%AA_%E6%98%A5%E6%BD%AE%E5%B8%A6%E9%9B%A8.jpg/330px-%E5%90%8D%E7%BB%98%E9%9B%86%E7%8F%8D%E5%86%8C_9_%E5%AE%8B_%E6%9D%8E%E8%BF%AA_%E6%98%A5%E6%BD%AE%E5%B8%A6%E9%9B%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E5%90%8D%E7%BB%98%E9%9B%86%E7%8F%8D%E5%86%8C_9_%E5%AE%8B_%E6%9D%8E%E8%BF%AA_%E6%98%A5%E6%BD%AE%E5%B8%A6%E9%9B%A8.jpg/500px-%E5%90%8D%E7%BB%98%E9%9B%86%E7%8F%8D%E5%86%8C_9_%E5%AE%8B_%E6%9D%8E%E8%BF%AA_%E6%98%A5%E6%BD%AE%E5%B8%A6%E9%9B%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3358" data-file-height="1788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Spring Tide Brings Rain</i> by <a href="/wiki/Li_Di" title="Li Di">Li Di</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Circular-fan painting by Ma Lin"><img alt="Circular-fan painting by Ma Lin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/250px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/330px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/500px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tuanshan" title="Tuanshan">Circular-fan</a> painting by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(painter)" title="Ma Lin (painter)">Ma Lin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Yuan-Banquet_by_Lantern_Light.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ma Yuan's Banquet by the Lanterns"><img alt="Ma Yuan's Banquet by the Lanterns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ma_Yuan-Banquet_by_Lantern_Light.jpg/96px-Ma_Yuan-Banquet_by_Lantern_Light.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ma_Yuan-Banquet_by_Lantern_Light.jpg/144px-Ma_Yuan-Banquet_by_Lantern_Light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ma_Yuan-Banquet_by_Lantern_Light.jpg/193px-Ma_Yuan-Banquet_by_Lantern_Light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(painter)" title="Ma Yuan (painter)">Ma Yuan</a>'s <i>Banquet by the Lanterns</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%9B%AA%E6%99%AF%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E4%BC%A0%E5%AE%8B.%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%9C.%E7%94%BB.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Snowscape by Ma Yuan"><img alt="Snowscape by Ma Yuan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E9%9B%AA%E6%99%AF%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E4%BC%A0%E5%AE%8B.%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%9C.%E7%94%BB.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/81px-%E9%9B%AA%E6%99%AF%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E4%BC%A0%E5%AE%8B.%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%9C.%E7%94%BB.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E9%9B%AA%E6%99%AF%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E4%BC%A0%E5%AE%8B.%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%9C.%E7%94%BB.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/122px-%E9%9B%AA%E6%99%AF%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E4%BC%A0%E5%AE%8B.%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%9C.%E7%94%BB.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E9%9B%AA%E6%99%AF%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E4%BC%A0%E5%AE%8B.%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%9C.%E7%94%BB.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/163px-%E9%9B%AA%E6%99%AF%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E4%BC%A0%E5%AE%8B.%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%9C.%E7%94%BB.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5290" data-file-height="12967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Snowscape</i> by Ma Yuan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dancing and Singing Peasants Returning from Work"><img alt="Dancing and Singing Peasants Returning from Work" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work.jpg/120px-Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work.jpg/250px-Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Dancing and Singing Peasants Returning from Work</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work_-_Detail_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Architectural details of the previous work"><img alt="Architectural details of the previous work" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work_-_Detail_1.jpg/250px-Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work_-_Detail_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work_-_Detail_1.jpg/330px-Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work_-_Detail_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work_-_Detail_1.jpg/500px-Ma_Yuan_-_Dancing_and_Singing-_Peasants_Returning_from_Work_-_Detail_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Architectural details of the previous work</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Di-Shrike_on_a_Winter_Tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shrike on a tree in winter; 1187 AD."><img alt="Shrike on a tree in winter; 1187 AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Li_Di-Shrike_on_a_Winter_Tree.jpg/92px-Li_Di-Shrike_on_a_Winter_Tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Li_Di-Shrike_on_a_Winter_Tree.jpg/138px-Li_Di-Shrike_on_a_Winter_Tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Li_Di-Shrike_on_a_Winter_Tree.jpg/184px-Li_Di-Shrike_on_a_Winter_Tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="2122" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Shrike on a tree in winter</i>; 1187 AD. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cui_Bai_-_Wintry_Sparrows.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wintry Sparrows by Cui Bai"><img alt="Wintry Sparrows by Cui Bai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cui_Bai_-_Wintry_Sparrows.jpg/170px-Cui_Bai_-_Wintry_Sparrows.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cui_Bai_-_Wintry_Sparrows.jpg/255px-Cui_Bai_-_Wintry_Sparrows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cui_Bai_-_Wintry_Sparrows.jpg/340px-Cui_Bai_-_Wintry_Sparrows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8072" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Wintry Sparrows</i> by <a href="/wiki/Cui_Bai" title="Cui Bai">Cui Bai</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Hundred_Children_Playing_in_the_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""One Hundred Children Playing in the Spring" by Su Hanchen((1094–1172))"><img alt=""One Hundred Children Playing in the Spring" by Su Hanchen((1094–1172))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/One_Hundred_Children_Playing_in_the_Spring.jpg/170px-One_Hundred_Children_Playing_in_the_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/One_Hundred_Children_Playing_in_the_Spring.jpg/255px-One_Hundred_Children_Playing_in_the_Spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/One_Hundred_Children_Playing_in_the_Spring.jpg/340px-One_Hundred_Children_Playing_in_the_Spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"One Hundred Children Playing in the Spring" by <a href="/wiki/Su_Hanchen" title="Su Hanchen">Su Hanchen</a>((1094–1172))</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Knickknack_Peddler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Knickknack Peddler by Su Hanchen; depictions of common life became a popular motif during the prosperous years of the Song dynasty"><img alt="The Knickknack Peddler by Su Hanchen; depictions of common life became a popular motif during the prosperous years of the Song dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Knickknack_Peddler.jpg/250px-The_Knickknack_Peddler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Knickknack_Peddler.jpg/330px-The_Knickknack_Peddler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Knickknack_Peddler.jpg/500px-The_Knickknack_Peddler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="18980" data-file-height="13225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Knickknack Peddler by Su Hanchen; depictions of common life became a popular motif during the prosperous years of the Song dynasty</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_imperial_China_(1368–1895)"><span id="Late_imperial_China_.281368.E2.80.931895.29"></span>Late imperial China (1368–1895)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late imperial China (1368–1895)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:5010px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous-Ten_Thousand_Miles_of_the_Yangtze_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪Ten Thousand Miles of the Yangtze River, Ming dynasty (1368–1644)‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Anonymous-Ten_Thousand_Miles_of_the_Yangtze_River.jpg/5000px-Anonymous-Ten_Thousand_Miles_of_the_Yangtze_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="5000" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Anonymous-Ten_Thousand_Miles_of_the_Yangtze_River.jpg/7500px-Anonymous-Ten_Thousand_Miles_of_the_Yangtze_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Anonymous-Ten_Thousand_Miles_of_the_Yangtze_River.jpg/10000px-Anonymous-Ten_Thousand_Miles_of_the_Yangtze_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="22517" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous-Ten_Thousand_Miles_of_the_Yangtze_River.jpg" title="File:Anonymous-Ten Thousand Miles of the Yangtze River.jpg"> </a></div><i>Ten Thousand Miles of the Yangtze River</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644)</div></div></div> <p>Beginning in the 13th century, the tradition of painting simple subjects—a branch with fruit, a few flowers, or one or two horses—developed. Narrative painting, with a wider color range and a much busier composition than Song paintings, was immensely popular during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_painting" title="Ming dynasty painting">Ming period</a> (1368–1644). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B8%85_%E9%99%B8%E6%BC%A2_%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AB%E9%96%8B_%E5%86%8A-Eight_Landscapes_MET_DP154488.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E6%B8%85_%E9%99%B8%E6%BC%A2_%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AB%E9%96%8B_%E5%86%8A-Eight_Landscapes_MET_DP154488.jpg/120px-%E6%B8%85_%E9%99%B8%E6%BC%A2_%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AB%E9%96%8B_%E5%86%8A-Eight_Landscapes_MET_DP154488.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E6%B8%85_%E9%99%B8%E6%BC%A2_%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AB%E9%96%8B_%E5%86%8A-Eight_Landscapes_MET_DP154488.jpg/250px-%E6%B8%85_%E9%99%B8%E6%BC%A2_%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AB%E9%96%8B_%E5%86%8A-Eight_Landscapes_MET_DP154488.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="3992" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B8%85_%E9%99%B8%E6%BC%A2_%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AB%E9%96%8B_%E5%86%8A-Eight_Landscapes_MET_DP154485.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E6%B8%85_%E9%99%B8%E6%BC%A2_%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AB%E9%96%8B_%E5%86%8A-Eight_Landscapes_MET_DP154485.jpg/120px-%E6%B8%85_%E9%99%B8%E6%BC%A2_%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AB%E9%96%8B_%E5%86%8A-Eight_Landscapes_MET_DP154485.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E6%B8%85_%E9%99%B8%E6%BC%A2_%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AB%E9%96%8B_%E5%86%8A-Eight_Landscapes_MET_DP154485.jpg/250px-%E6%B8%85_%E9%99%B8%E6%BC%A2_%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AB%E9%96%8B_%E5%86%8A-Eight_Landscapes_MET_DP154485.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2983" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Early Qing works preserved the styles and sensibilities of Ming art, some even implied a nostalgic longing for the days of native rule before the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Manchu conquest</a>.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA_%E5%8F%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83_%E8%BF%A6%E5%8A%9B%E8%BF%A6%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA_%E5%8F%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83_%E8%BF%A6%E5%8A%9B%E8%BF%A6%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89.jpg/250px-%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA_%E5%8F%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83_%E8%BF%A6%E5%8A%9B%E8%BF%A6%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="448" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA_%E5%8F%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83_%E8%BF%A6%E5%8A%9B%E8%BF%A6%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89.jpg/330px-%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA_%E5%8F%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83_%E8%BF%A6%E5%8A%9B%E8%BF%A6%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA_%E5%8F%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83_%E8%BF%A6%E5%8A%9B%E8%BF%A6%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89.jpg/500px-%E6%B0%B4%E9%99%86%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%9D%E5%AE%81%E5%AF%BA_%E5%8F%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83_%E8%BF%A6%E5%8A%9B%E8%BF%A6%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85_%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Luohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luohan">Luohans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_and_Land_Ritual_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Water and Land Ritual painting">Water and Land Ritual painting</a> from Baoning Temple</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shen_Nanpi_Pair_of_Hares_and_Plum_Blossom_in_the_Snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shen_Nanpi_Pair_of_Hares_and_Plum_Blossom_in_the_Snow.jpg/250px-Shen_Nanpi_Pair_of_Hares_and_Plum_Blossom_in_the_Snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="452" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shen_Nanpi_Pair_of_Hares_and_Plum_Blossom_in_the_Snow.jpg/330px-Shen_Nanpi_Pair_of_Hares_and_Plum_Blossom_in_the_Snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shen_Nanpi_Pair_of_Hares_and_Plum_Blossom_in_the_Snow.jpg/500px-Shen_Nanpi_Pair_of_Hares_and_Plum_Blossom_in_the_Snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption>Early 18th century work by <a href="/wiki/Shen_Quan" title="Shen Quan">Shen Quan</a>, like many contemporaries of his during the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">early Qing</a> he spent much of his career in <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Japan</a> and left a huge influence on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese art</a>. In his case, by creating the <a href="/wiki/Nanpin_school" title="Nanpin school">Nanpin school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first books illustrated with colored woodcuts appeared around this time; as color-printing techniques were perfected, illustrated manuals on the art of painting began to be published. <i><a href="/wiki/Jieziyuan_Huazhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jieziyuan Huazhuan">Jieziyuan Huazhuan</a> (Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden)</i>, a five-volume work first published in 1679, has been in use as a technical textbook for artists and students ever since. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_painting" title="Ming dynasty painting">painters of the Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644) continued the traditions of the Yuan scholar-painters. This group of painters, known as the <a href="/wiki/Wu_School" title="Wu School">Wu School</a>, was led by the artist <a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhou" title="Shen Zhou">Shen Zhou</a>. Another group of painters, known as the <a href="/wiki/Zhe_school_(painting)" title="Zhe school (painting)">Zhe School</a>, revived and transformed the styles of the Song court. </p><p>During the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1911), painters known as Individualists rebelled against many of the traditional rules of painting and found ways to express themselves more directly through free brushwork. In the 18th and 19th centuries, great commercial cities such as <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> became art centers where wealthy merchant-patrons encouraged artists to produce bold new works. However, similar to the phenomenon of key lineages producing, many well-known artists came from established artistic families. Such families were concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a> region and produced painters such as <a href="/wiki/Ma_Quan" title="Ma Quan">Ma Quan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Tingxi" title="Jiang Tingxi">Jiang Tingxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yun_Zhu" title="Yun Zhu">Yun Zhu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_View_of_Henan_(Honam),_Chinese_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A_View_of_Henan_%28Honam%29%2C_Chinese_School.jpg/220px-A_View_of_Henan_%28Honam%29%2C_Chinese_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A_View_of_Henan_%28Honam%29%2C_Chinese_School.jpg/330px-A_View_of_Henan_%28Honam%29%2C_Chinese_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A_View_of_Henan_%28Honam%29%2C_Chinese_School.jpg/440px-A_View_of_Henan_%28Honam%29%2C_Chinese_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>A View of Henan Island (Honam), Canton, Qing dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>It was also during this period when Chinese trade painters emerged. Taking advantage of British and other European traders in popular port cities such as Canton, these artists created works in the Western style particularly for Western traders. Known as Chinese export paintings, the trade thrived throughout the Qing dynasty. </p><p>In the late 19th and 20th centuries, Chinese painters were increasingly exposed to <a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western art</a>. Some artists who studied in Europe rejected Chinese painting; others tried to combine the best of both traditions. Among the most beloved modern painters was <a href="/wiki/Qi_Baishi" title="Qi Baishi">Qi Baishi</a>, who began life as a poor peasant and became a great master. His best-known works depict flowers and small animals. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:4302px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Departure_Herald-Ming_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪The panorama painting "Departure Herald", painted during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (1521–1567 AD), shows the emperor traveling on horseback with a large escort through the countryside from Beijing's Imperial City to the Ming dynasty tombs. Beginning with Yongle, thirteen Ming emperors were buried in the Ming Tombs of present-day Changping District.‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Departure_Herald-Ming_Dynasty.jpg/4292px-Departure_Herald-Ming_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="4292" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Departure_Herald-Ming_Dynasty.jpg/6438px-Departure_Herald-Ming_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Departure_Herald-Ming_Dynasty.jpg/8584px-Departure_Herald-Ming_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="24894" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Departure_Herald-Ming_Dynasty.jpg" title="File:Departure Herald-Ming Dynasty.jpg"> </a></div>The panorama painting "Departure Herald", painted during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a> (1521–1567 AD), shows the emperor traveling on horseback with a large escort through the countryside from Beijing's Imperial City to the Ming dynasty tombs. Beginning with Yongle, thirteen Ming emperors were buried in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Tombs">Ming Tombs</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Changping_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changping District">Changping District</a>.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_painting">Modern painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Li-tiefu-portrait-of-madame-liu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Li-tiefu-portrait-of-madame-liu.jpg/220px-Li-tiefu-portrait-of-madame-liu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Li-tiefu-portrait-of-madame-liu.jpg/330px-Li-tiefu-portrait-of-madame-liu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Li-tiefu-portrait-of-madame-liu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of Madame Liu</i> (1942) <a href="/wiki/Li_Tiefu" title="Li Tiefu">Li Tiefu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a>, Chinese artists started to adopt using Western techniques. Prominent Chinese artists who studied Western painting include <a href="/wiki/Li_Tiefu" title="Li Tiefu">Li Tiefu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Wenliang" title="Yan Wenliang">Yan Wenliang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xu_Beihong" title="Xu Beihong">Xu Beihong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Fengmian" title="Lin Fengmian">Lin Fengmian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fang_Ganmin" title="Fang Ganmin">Fang Ganmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Haisu" title="Liu Haisu">Liu Haisu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_PRC">Early PRC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early PRC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the <a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party's Propaganda Department</a> organized networks of cultural workers' associations which were headed by the <a href="/wiki/China_Federation_of_Literary_and_Art_Circles" title="China Federation of Literary and Art Circles">China Federation of Literary and Art Circles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 136">: 136 </span></sup> The state incorporated existing cultural enterprises into the state apparatus, which provided stable income and working environments for artists.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 136">: 136 </span></sup> </p><p>In the early years of the PRC, artists were encouraged to employ <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> socialist realism was imported without modification, and painters were assigned subjects and expected to mass-produce paintings. Following the model of the Soviet Union, the early PRC endorsed historical oil painting and the state commissioned many artistic works in this style to represent the new nation by depicting major battles and other events leading the country's proclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 137">: 137 </span></sup> In this period, critics took a negative stance towards the <i>guohua</i> painting style.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 137">: 137 </span></sup> </p><p>This regimen was considerably relaxed in 1953, and after the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a> of 1956–57, traditional Chinese painting experienced a significant revival. By the mid-1950s, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">relations between China and the Soviet Union</a> were deteriorating, and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> was increasingly eager for China to establish its own national path.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 137">: 137 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a> campaigns began to promote the re-adoption of traditional art styles as suitable for depicting modern social relations.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 137">: 137 </span></sup> The New <i>Guohua</i> Campaign asked painters to modernize the traditional style (which had historically been exclusive to China's ruling class) to portray the PRC's landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 137">: 137 </span></sup> The traditional landscape form and techniques were largely retained, but new elements like the increased use of the color red and the incorporation of modern vehicles and cable lines were intended to convey socialist modernity.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 137">: 137 </span></sup> </p><p>Along with these developments in professional art circles, there was a proliferation of peasant art depicting everyday life in the rural areas on wall murals and in open-air painting exhibitions. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, authorities promoted the Peasant Painting Movement, from which hundreds of thousands of new artists emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-:Qian_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Qian-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of this Movement, peasant artists decorated village walls with Great Leap Forward-themed murals.<sup id="cite_ref-:Qian_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Qian-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Leap Forward also prompted a second wave of the New <i>Guohua</i> Campaign in which the state commissioned landscape artists to paint new production projects; select paintings of the campaign were taught in schools, published widely as propaganda posters, exhibited in museums, and used as the backdrops of state events.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 138">: 138 </span></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, art schools were closed, and publication of art journals and major art exhibitions ceased. Major destruction was also carried out as part of the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> campaign. During the Cultural Revolution, the spread of peasant paintings in rural China became one of the <a href="/wiki/Newborn_socialist_things" title="Newborn socialist things">newborn things</a> celebrated in a socialist society.<sup id="cite_ref-Ching-2021_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ching-2021-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1978">Since 1978</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Since 1978"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Cultural Revolution, art schools and professional organizations were reinstated. Exchanges were set up with groups of foreign artists, and Chinese artists began to experiment with new subjects and techniques. One particular case of freehand style (xieyi hua) may be noted in the work of the child prodigy <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yani" title="Wang Yani">Wang Yani</a> (born 1975) who started painting at age 3 and has since considerably contributed to the exercise of the style in contemporary artwork. </p><p>After Chinese economic reform, more and more artists boldly conducted innovations in Chinese painting. The innovations include: development of new brushing skill such as vertical direction splash water and ink, with representative artist Tiancheng Xie,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> creation of new style by integration traditional Chinese and Western painting techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Heaven_Style_painting" title="Heaven Style painting">Heaven Style painting</a>, with representative artist <a href="/wiki/Shaoqiang_Chen" title="Shaoqiang Chen">Shaoqiang Chen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-calligraphy_reported-heaven_school_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calligraphy_reported-heaven_school-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and new styles that express contemporary theme and typical nature scene of certain regions such as Lijiang Painting Style, with representative artist Gesheng Huang.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A 2008 set of paintings by <a href="/wiki/Cai_Jin" title="Cai Jin">Cai Jin</a>, most well known for her use of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">psychedelic</a> colors, showed influences of both Western and traditional Chinese sources, though the paintings were organic abstractions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Chinese_art">Contemporary Chinese art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary Chinese art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese painting continues to play an essential role in Chinese cultural expression. Starting in the mid-twentieth century, artists begin to combine traditional Chinese painting techniques with Western art styles, leading to the style of new contemporary Chinese art. One of the representative artists is Wei Dong who drew inspirations from eastern and western sources to express national pride and arrive at personal actualization.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another key figure is <a href="/wiki/Liu_Dan_(artist)" title="Liu Dan (artist)">Liu Dan</a>, known for his ink painting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography_in_Chinese_painting">Iconography in Chinese painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iconography in Chinese painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_Mill">Water Mill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water Mill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the landscape painting rose and became the dominant style in North Song dynasty, artists began to shift their attention from <a href="/wiki/Jiehua" title="Jiehua">jiehua</a> painting, which indicates paintings of Chinese architectural objects such as buildings, boats, wheels and vehicles, towards landscape paintings. Intertwining with the imperial landscape painting, water mill, an element of <a href="/wiki/Jiehua" title="Jiehua">jiehua</a> painting, though, is still used as an imperial symbol. Water mill depicted in the <i>Water Mill</i> is a representation for the revolution of technology, economy, science, mechanical engineering and transportation in Song dynasty. It represents the government directly participate in the milling industry which can influence commercial activities. Another evidence that shows the government interfered with the commercial is a wineshop that appears beside the water mill. The water mill in <i>Shanghai Scroll</i> reflects the development in engineering and growing knowledge in hydrology. Furthermore, a water mill can also be used to identify a painting and used as a literature metaphor. Lately, the water mill transform into a symbolic form representing the imperial court. </p><p><i>A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains</i> by Wang Ximeng, celebrates the imperial patronage and builds up a bridge that ties the later emperors, Huizong, Shenzong with their ancestors, Taizu and Taizong. The water mill in this painting, unlike that is painted in previous Shanghai scroll to be solid and weighted, it is painted to be ambiguous and vague to match up with the court taste of that time. The painting reflects a slow pace and peaceful idyllic style of living. Located deeply in a village, the water mill is driven by the force of a huge, vertical waterwheel which is powered by a sluice gate. The artist seems to be ignorance towards hydraulic engineering since he only roughly drew out the mechanism of the whole process. <i>A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains</i>painted by Wang Ximeng, a court artist taught directly by Huizong himself. Thus, the artwork <i>A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains</i>should directly review the taste of the imperial taste of the landscape painting. Combining richness bright blue and turquoise pigments heritage from Tang dynasty with the vastness and solemn space and mountains from Northern Song, the scroll is a perfect representation of imperial power and aesthetic taste of the aristocrats.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_as_Word:_Rebus">Image as Word: Rebus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Image as Word: Rebus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a long tradition of having hidden meaning behind certain objects in Chinese paintings. A fan painting by an unknown artist from North Song period depicts three gibbons capturing baby egrets and scaring the parents away. The rebus behind this scene is interpreted as celebrating the examination success. Since another painting which has similar subjects—gibbons and egrets, is given the title of San yuan de lu三猿得鹭, or Three gibbons catching egrets. As the rebus, the sound of the title can also be written as 三元得路, meaning "a triple first gains [one] power." 元represents "first" replaces its homophonous 猿, and 路means road, replaces 鹭. Sanyuan is firstly recorded as a term referring to people getting triple first place in an exam in Qingsuo gaoyi by a North Song writer Liu Fu, and the usage of this new term gradually spread across the country where the scenery of gibbons and egrets is widely accepted. Lately, other scenery derived from the original paintings, including deer in the scene because in Chinese, deer, lu is also a homophonous of egrets. Moreover, the number of gibbons depicted in the painting can be flexible, not only limited to three, sanyuan. Since the positions in Song courts are held by elites who achieved jinshi degree, the paintings with gibbons, egrets or deer are used for praising those elites in general. </p><p>Emperor Huizong personally painted a painting called <i>Birds in a blossom wax-plum tree</i>, features with two "hoary headed birds," "Baitou weng" resting on a tree branch together. "Baitou" in Chinese culture is allusion to faithful love and marriage. In a well-known love poem, it wrote: "I wish for a lover in whose heart I alone exist, unseparated even our heads turn hoary." During Huizong's rule, literati rebus is embedded in court painting academy and became part of the test routine to enter the imperial court. During Song dynasty, the connection between painters and literati, paintings and poem is closer.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Donkey_Rider">The Donkey Rider</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Donkey Rider"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The country is broken; mountains and rivers remain." The poem by Du Fu (712–770) reflects the major principle in Chinese culture: the dynasty might change, but the landscape is eternal. This timelessness theme evolved from Six Dynasties period and early Northern Song. A donkey rider travelling through the mountains, rivers and villages is studied as an important iconographical character in developing of landscape painting. </p><p>The donkey rider in the painting <i>Travelers in a wintry forest</i> by Li Cheng is assumed to be a portrait painting of Meng Haoran, "a tall and lanky man dressed in a scholar plain robe, riding on a small horse followed by a young servant." Except Meng Haoran, other famous people for example, Ruan Ji, one of the seven sages of the Bamboo Grove and Du Fu, a younger contemporary of Meng are also depicted as donkey rider. Tang dynasty poets Jia Dao and Li He and early Song dynasty elites Pan Lang, Wang Anshi appears on the paintings as donkey rider. North Song poets Lin Bu and Su Shi are lately depicted as donkey rider. In this specific painting <i>Travelers in a wintry forest</i>, the potential candidates for the donkey rider are dismissed and the character can only be Meng Haoran. Meng Haoran has made more than two hundred poems in his life but none of them is related with donkey ride. Depicting him as a donkey rider is a historical invention and Meng represents a general persona than an individual character. Ruan Ji was depicted as donkey rider since he decided to escape the office life and went back to the wilderness. The donkey he was riding is representing his poverty and eccentricity. Du Fu was portrayed as the rider to emphasis his failure in office achievement and also his poor living condition. Meng Haoran, similar to those two figures, disinterested in office career and acted as a pure scholar in the field of poem by writing real poems with real experience and real emotional attachment with the landscape. The donkey rider is said to travel through time and space. The audience are able to connect with the scholars and poets in the past by walking on the same route as those superior ancestors have gone on. Besides the donkey rider, there is always a bridge for the donkey to across. The bridge is interpreted to have symbolic meaning that represents the road which hermits depart from capital city and their official careers and go back to the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realm_of_the_Immortals">Realm of the Immortals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Realm of the Immortals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Song dynasty, paintings with themes ranging from animals, flower, landscape and classical stories, are used as ornaments in imperial palace, government office and elites' residence for multiple purposes. The theme of the art in display is carefully picked to reflect not only a personal taste, but also his social status and political achievement. In emperor Zhezong's lecture hall, a painting depicting stories form Zhou dynasty was hanging on the wall to remind Zhezong how to be a good ruler of the empire. The painting also serves the purpose of expressing his determination to his court officers that he is an enlightened emperor. </p><p>The main walls of the government office, also called walls of the "Jade Hall," meaning the residence of the immortals in Taoism are decorated by decorative murals. Most educated and respected scholars were selected and given the title xueshi. They were divided into groups in helping the Instituted of Literature and were described as descending from the immortals. Xueshi are receiving high social status and doing carefree jobs. Lately, the xueshi yuan, the place where xueshi lives, became the permanent government institution that helped the emperor to make imperial decrees. </p><p>During Tang dynasty reign of Emperor Xianzong (805–820), the west wall of the xueshi yuan was covered by murals depicting dragon-like mountain scene. In 820–822, immortal animals like Mount Ao, flying cranes, and <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xianqin</i></span>, a kind of immortal birds were added to the murals. Those immortal symbols all indicate that the xueshi yuan as eternal existing government office. </p><p>During Song dynasty, the xueshi yuan was modified and moved with the dynasty to the new capital Hangzhou in 1127. The mural painted by Song artist Dong yu, closely followed the tradition of the Tang dynasty in depicting the misty sea surrounding the immortal mountains. The scenery on the walls of the Jade Hall which full of mist clouds and mysterious land is closely related to Taoism tradition. When Yan Su, a painter followed the style of Li Cheng, was invited to paint the screen behind the seat of the emperor, he included elaborated constructed pavilions, mist clouds and mountain landscape painting in his work. The theme of his painting is suggesting the immortal realm which accord with the entire theme of the Jade Hall provides to its viewer the feeling of otherworldliness. Another painter, Guo Xi made another screen painting for emperor Shenzong, depicting mountains in spring in a harmonized atmosphere. The image also includes immortal elements Mount Tianlao which is one of the realms of the immortals. In his painting, Early Spring, the strong branches of the trees reflects the life force of the living creatures and implying the emperor's benevolent rule.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images_of_women">Images of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Images of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Female characters are almost excluded from traditional Chinese painting under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. Dong Zhongshu, an influential Confucian scholar in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, proposed the three-bond theory saying that: "the ruler is Yang and the subject is Yin, father is Yang and son is Yin…The husband is Yang, and the wife is Yin," which places females in a subordinate position to that of males. Under the three-bond theory, women are depicted as housewives who need to obey to their husbands and fathers in literature. Similarly, in the portrait paintings, female characters are also depicted as exemplary women to elevate the rule of males. A hand roll <i>Exemplary Women</i>by Ku Kai Zhi, a six Dynasty artist, depicted woman characters who may be a wife, a daughter or a widow. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, artists slowly began to appreciate the beauty of a woman's body (shinu). Artist Zhang Xuan produced painting named <i>palace women listening to music</i> that captured women's elegance and pretty faces. However, women were still being depicted as submissive and ideal within male system. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, as the love poem emerged, the images associated with those love stories were made as attractive as possible to meet the taste of the male viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landscape_painting">Landscape painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Landscape painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shan_shui" title="Shan shui">Shan shui</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:center;max-width:1010px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_landscape_painting_timeline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A timeline of Chinese landscape painting from early Tang to the present day"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chinese_landscape_painting_timeline.jpg/1000px-Chinese_landscape_painting_timeline.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="435" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chinese_landscape_painting_timeline.jpg/1500px-Chinese_landscape_painting_timeline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chinese_landscape_painting_timeline.jpg/2000px-Chinese_landscape_painting_timeline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16044" data-file-height="6982" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_landscape_painting_timeline.jpg" title="File:Chinese landscape painting timeline.jpg"> </a></div>A timeline of Chinese landscape painting from early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> to the present day</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Deep_Valley.jpg/220px-Deep_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="707" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Deep_Valley.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>A landscape painting by <a href="/wiki/Guo_Xi" title="Guo Xi">Guo Xi</a>. This piece shows a scene of deep and serene mountain valley covered with snow and several old trees struggling to survive on precipitous cliffs.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paradigm_shift_in_representation">Paradigm shift in representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Paradigm shift in representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northern Song landscape painting differs from Southern Song painting because of its paradigm shift in representation. If Southern Song period landscape painting is said to be looking inward, Northern Song painting is reaching outward. During the Northern Song period, the rulers' goal is to consolidate and extend the elites value across the society. Whereas Southern Song painters decided to focus on personal expression. Northern Song landscapes are regarded as "real landscape", since the court appreciated the representation relationship between art and the external world, rather than the relationship between art and the artists inner voice. The painting, <i>A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains</i> is horizontally displayed and there are four mountain ranges arranged from left to right. Similar to another early Southern Song painter, Zhou Boju, both artists glorified their patrons by presenting the gigantic empire images in blue and green landscape painting. The only difference is that in Zhou's painting, there are five mountain ranges arranged from right to left. The scenes in the Southern Song paintings are about north landscape that echo the memory of their lost north territory. However, ironically, some scholars suggested that Wang Ximeng's <i>A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains</i> depicts the scenes of the south not the north.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_and_Taoist_influences">Buddhist and Taoist influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Buddhist and Taoist influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese landscape painting are believed to be affected by the intertwining Chinese traditional religious beliefs, for example, "the Taoist love of nature", and "Buddhist principle of emptiness," and can represent the diversification of artists attitudes and thoughts from previous period. The Taoist love of nature is not always present in Chinese landscape painting but gradually developed from Six Dynasties period when Taoists Lao-tzu, Chuang-tzu, the Pao-p'u tzu's thoughts are reflected in literature documents. Apart from the contemporary Confucian tradition of insisting on human cultivation and learning to be more educated and build up social framework, Taoist persist on going back to human's origin, which is to be ignorant. Taoists believe that if one discard wise, the robbery will stop. If people abandon expensive jewelry, thieves will not exist. From the Han dynasty, the practice of Taoism was associated with alchemical and medicine made. To better pursuit Taoism belief, Taoist need to go on pilgrim into specific mountains to connect themselves with the spirits and immortals that lived in those mountains. In the third and fourth century, the practice of escaping society and going back to nature mediating in the countryside is further enhanced by a group called Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove who would like to escape from the civil unrest. The wise men fleet the world and wonder in the countryside and enjoy the tranquil landscape and forgot to return. The Taoism ideology of forgetfulness, self-cultivation, harmonizing with nature world, and purifying soul by entering the isolated mountains to mediate and seek medicine herbs create the scene of landscape painting. </p><p>During the Han dynasty, the mountains appeared in the design of the artworks shows the prevalence role of mountain in Han society. The emperor would climb on to the mountain to sacrifice and religion practice because mountains are thought to have connection between earth and heaven and can link human with spirits and immortals. And sometimes, mountains are depicted as mystical mountains" (shenshan), where sages and legendary animals settled. Hence, landscape painting is used as an object for Taoism practice which provide visualize form for religious ritual. During the Six Dynasties period, the landscape painting experienced a stylistic change which myth and poem depiction were introduced into the painting. For example, in Ku Kai-chih's "Nymph of the river" scroll and "The Admonitions of the Court Preceptress", audience are able to read narrative description and text accompanied by visualized images. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xsxlt_fankuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Xsxlt_fankuan.jpg/220px-Xsxlt_fankuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Xsxlt_fankuan.jpg/330px-Xsxlt_fankuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Xsxlt_fankuan.jpg/440px-Xsxlt_fankuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Fan Kuan's <i>Travels Through Mount Ji</i>, 10th century AD; <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a>, Taipei</figcaption></figure> <p>Furthermore, in Buddhism, the mountain also has an important role in religious practice. From an iconographical point of view, a Buddha's image is used in helping a believer to practice <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>. For instance, Buddha's reflection image, or shadow, is assimilated with the image of a mountain, <a href="/wiki/Lushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushan">Lushan</a>. This assimilation is also recorded in a poem by poet from the Six Dynasties period who pointed out that the beauty and numinosity of the mountain can elevate the spiritual connection between human being and the spirits. Thus, the landscape painting come into display Buddha's image in people's everyday ritual practice. Hui-yuan described in his poem that "Lushan seems to mirror the divine appearance" which unifies the two images—the true image and the reflection of Buddha. Moreover, spiritual elevation can be achieved by contemplating in front of landscape painting which depict the same mountain and path those old sages have been to. The painting contains both the spiritual force (ling) and the truth (li) of Buddha and also the objects that no longer physically presence. Hui-Yuan's famous image is closely relation with its landscape scene indicating the trend of transformation from Buddha image to landscape painting as a religious practice.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_landscape_painting">Early landscape painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Early landscape painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountains_in_Suzhou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mountains_in_Suzhou.jpg/220px-Mountains_in_Suzhou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mountains_in_Suzhou.jpg/330px-Mountains_in_Suzhou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mountains_in_Suzhou.jpg/440px-Mountains_in_Suzhou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Landscape paintings often depicted the exotic and fantastical mountains of southern China</figcaption></figure> <p>In Chinese society, there is a long-time appreciation of natural beauty. The early themes of poems, artworks are associated with agriculture and everyday life associates with fields, animals. On the other hand, later Chinese painting pursuits majesty and grand. Thus, mountain scenery become the most popular subject to paint because it's high which represent human eminence. Also, mountain is stable and permanent suggests the eminent of the imperial power. Furthermore, mountain is difficult to climb showing the difficulties human will face through their lives. </p><p>Landscape painting evolved under the influence of Taoist who fled from civil turbulence and prosecution of the government and went back to the wilderness. However, the development of Taoism was hindered by Han dynasty. During Han dynasty, the empire expanded and enlarged its political and economic influence. Hence, the Taoism's anti-social belief was disfavored by the imperial government. Han rulers only favored portrait painting which enabled their image to be perpetuate and their civilians to see and to memorize their great leaders or generals. Landscape at that time only focus on the trees for literary or talismanic value. The usage of landscape painting as ornament is suspects to be borrowed from other societies outside Han empire during its expansion to the Near East. Landscape and animal scene began to appear on the jars, but the decoration has little to do with connection with the natural world. Also, there is evidence showing that the emerging of landscape painting is not derived from map-making. </p><p>During the Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties, landscape painting began to have connection with literati and the production of poems. Taoism influence on people's appreciation of landscaping deceased and nature worshipping superseded. However, Taoist still used landscape painting in their meditation just as Confucius uses portrait painting in their ritual practice. (Ku Kai Chih's admonitions) During this time period, the landscape painting is more coherence with variation trees, rocks and branches. Moreover, the painting is more elaborated and organized. The evolution in landscape painting during the Six Dynasties is that artists harmonized sprit with the nature. (Wu Tao-tzu) Buddhism might also contribute in affecting changes in landscape painting. The artists began to show space and depth in their works where they showed mountain mass, distanced hills and clouds. The emptiness of the space is helping the believers meditating to enter the space of emptiness and nothingness. </p><p>The most important development in landscape painting is that people came to recognize the infinity variation of the nature world, so they tended to make each tree individualized. Every landscape painting is restricted by storytelling and is dependent on artists memory.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyads">Dyads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dyads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese landscape painting, "shanshui hua" means the painting of mountains, rivers, and cliffs which are the two major components that represents the essence of the nature. Shanshui in Chinese tradition is given rich meaning, for example mountain represents Yang and river indicates Yin. According to Yin Yang theory, Yin embodies Yang and Yang involved in Yin, thus, mountain and river is inseparable and is treated as a whole in a painting. In the <i>Mountains and rivers without end,</i> for example, "the dyad of the mountain uplift, subduction, and erosion and the planetary water cycle" is consistent with the dyad of Buddhism iconography, both representing austerity and generous loving spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_as_cartography">Art as cartography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Art as cartography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Arts in maps, arts as maps, maps in arts, and maps as arts," are the four relationships between art and map. Making a distinction between map and art is difficult because there are cartographic elements in both paintings. Early Chinese map making considered earth surface as flat, so artists would not take projection into consideration. Moreover, map makers did not have the idea of map scale. Chinese people from Song dynasty called paintings, maps and other pictorial images as tu, so it's impossible to distinguish the types of each painting by name. Artists who paint landscape as an artwork focus mainly on the natural beauty rather on the accuracy and realistic representation of the object. Map on the other hand should be depicted in a precise manner which more focus on the distance and important geographic features. </p><p>The two examples in this case: </p><p>The Changjiang Wan Li Tu, although the date and the authorship are not clear, the painting is believed to be made in Song dynasty by examining the place names recorded on the painting. Only based on the name of this painting, it is hard to distinguish whether this painting is painted as a landscape painting or as a map. </p><p>The Shu Chuan Shenggai was once thought as the product done by North Song artist Li Gonglin, however, later evidence disapproved this thought and proposed the date should be changed to the end of South Song and artist remains unknown. </p><p>Both those paintings, aiming to enhance viewers appreciation on the beauty and majesty of landscape painting, focusing on the light condition and conveying certain attitude, are characterized as masterpiece of art rather than map.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/40px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/60px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Bird-and-flower painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Piling_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Piling paintings">Chinese Piling paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danqing" title="Danqing">Danqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern art history">Eastern art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Eccentrics_of_Yangzhou" title="Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou">Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Views_of_Xiaoxiang" title="Eight Views of Xiaoxiang">Eight Views of Xiaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbi" title="Gongbi">Gongbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">History of Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_painting" title="Japanese painting">Japanese painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_School" title="Lingnan School">Lingnan School</a> (also called Cantonese School)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Great_Academy_Presidents" title="The Four Great Academy Presidents">The Four Great Academy Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_perfections" title="Three perfections">Three perfections</a> – integration of calligraphy, poetry and painting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_Land_Ritual_paintings" title="Water and Land Ritual paintings">Water and Land Ritual paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C7%94_X%C3%ADng_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wǔ Xíng painting">Wǔ Xíng painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_painters" title="List of Chinese painters">List of Chinese painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_women_artists" title="List of Chinese women artists">List of Chinese women artists</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sickman, 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 114–119; Sickman, Chapter 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley-Barker_2010a-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley-Barker_2010a_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley-Barker_2010a_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFStanley-Baker2010a">Stanley-Baker 2010a</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley-Barker_2010b-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley-Barker_2010b_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFStanley-Baker2010b">Stanley-Baker 2010b</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_162-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_162_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, <i>Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i>, 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morton_104-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morton_104_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton, 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnhart, "Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting", 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morton_105-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morton_105_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton, 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_163-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_163_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_163_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_163_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, <i>Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i>, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Laikwan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaikwan2024" class="citation book cs1">Laikwan, Pang (2024). <i>One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty</i>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503638822">10.1515/9781503638822</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503638815" title="Special:BookSources/9781503638815"><bdi>9781503638815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+and+All%3A+The+Logic+of+Chinese+Sovereignty&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503638822&rft.isbn=9781503638815&rft.aulast=Laikwan&rft.aufirst=Pang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walton, 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_81_83-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_81_83_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_163-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_163_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barbieri_low_2007_39_40-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barbieri_low_2007_39_40_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barbieri_low_2007_39_40_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbieri-Low (2007), 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_van_Gulik" title="Robert van Gulik">Robert van Gulik</a>, "Gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese Animal Lore". The Hague, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb2010892-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb2010892_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb2010">Gibb 2010</a>, p. 892.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lan_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLan_Qiuyang_兰秋阳Xing_Haiping_邢海萍2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lan Qiuyang 兰秋阳; Xing Haiping 邢海萍 (2009), "清代绘画世家及其家学考略" [The aristocratic art families of the Qing and their learning], <i>Heibei Beifang Xueyuan Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban)</i> (in Chinese), <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heibei+Beifang+Xueyuan+Xuebao+%28Shehui+Kexue+Ban%29&rft.atitle=%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%83%E7%95%A5&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Lan+Qiuyang+%E5%85%B0%E7%A7%8B%E9%98%B3&rft.au=Xing+Haiping+%E9%82%A2%E6%B5%B7%E8%90%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Qian-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Qian_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Qian_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQian2024" class="citation book cs1">Qian, Ying (2024). <i>Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231204477" title="Special:BookSources/9780231204477"><bdi>9780231204477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Becomings%3A+Documentary+Media+in+Twentieth-Century+China&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780231204477&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ching-2021-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ching-2021_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChing2021" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Pao-Yu (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1325647379"><i>Revolution and counterrevolution : China's continuing class struggle since liberation</i></a> (2nd ed.). Paris: Foreign languages press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-491182-89-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-491182-89-2"><bdi>978-2-491182-89-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1325647379">1325647379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+counterrevolution+%3A+China%27s+continuing+class+struggle+since+liberation&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=137&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Foreign+languages+press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1325647379&rft.isbn=978-2-491182-89-2&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Pao-Yu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1325647379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calligraphy_reported-heaven_school-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-calligraphy_reported-heaven_school_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5NDIyOTAxMQ==&mid=202410242&idx=5&sn=df9425e9e28c8ef81651b5c9839209c4#rd">"【社团风采】——"天堂画派"艺术家作品选刊("书法报·书画天地",2015年第2期第26–27版)"</a>. <i>qq.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qq.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E7%A4%BE%E5%9B%A2%E9%A3%8E%E9%87%87%E3%80%91%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%22%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE%22%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E9%80%89%E5%88%8A%28%22%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95%E6%8A%A5%C2%B7%E4%B9%A6%E7%94%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%9C%B0%22%2C2015%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC2%E6%9C%9F%E7%AC%AC26%E2%80%9327%E7%89%88%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmp.weixin.qq.com%2Fs%3F__biz%3DMzA5NDIyOTAxMQ%3D%3D%26mid%3D202410242%26idx%3D5%26sn%3Ddf9425e9e28c8ef81651b5c9839209c4%23rd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2013" class="citation web cs1">Goodman, Jonathan (August 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklynrail.org/2013/07/artseen/cai-jin-return-to-the-source">"Cai Jin: Return to the Source"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Rail</i>. Brooklyn Rail<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Rail&rft.atitle=Cai+Jin%3A+Return+to+the+Source&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynrail.org%2F2013%2F07%2Fartseen%2Fcai-jin-return-to-the-source&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artmuseum.williams.edu/collection/modern-contemporary-chinese-art/">"Modern & Contemporary Chinese Art"</a>. <i>Williams College Museum of Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Williams+College+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Modern+%26+Contemporary+Chinese+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartmuseum.williams.edu%2Fcollection%2Fmodern-contemporary-chinese-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiu2002" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Heping (December 2002). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Water Mill" and Northern Song Imperial Patronage of Art, Commerce, and Science". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>84</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">566–</span>595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177285">10.2307/3177285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079">0004-3079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177285">3177285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%22The+Water+Mill%22+and+Northern+Song+Imperial+Patronage+of+Art%2C+Commerce%2C+and+Science&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E566-%3C%2Fspan%3E595&rft.date=2002-12&rft.issn=0004-3079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3177285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3177285&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Heping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBai1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Qianshen_Bai" title="Qianshen Bai">Bai, Qianshen</a> (January 1999). "Image as Word: A Study of Rebus Play in Song Painting (960–1279)". <i>Metropolitan Museum Journal</i>. <b>34</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1513046">10.2307/1513046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0077-8958">0077-8958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513046">1513046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194029919">194029919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+Journal&rft.atitle=Image+as+Word%3A+A+Study+of+Rebus+Play+in+Song+Painting+%28960%E2%80%931279%29&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1999-01&rft.issn=0077-8958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194029919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1513046%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1513046&rft.aulast=Bai&rft.aufirst=Qianshen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSturman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sturman, Peter C. (1995). "The Donkey Rider as Icon: Li Cheng and Early Chinese Landscape Painting". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>55</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249762">10.2307/3249762</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648">0004-3648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249762">3249762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=The+Donkey+Rider+as+Icon%3A+Li+Cheng+and+Early+Chinese+Landscape+Painting&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0004-3648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249762%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249762&rft.aulast=Sturman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJang1992" class="citation journal cs1">Jang, Scarlett (1992). "Realm of the Immortals: Paintings Decorating the Jade Hall of the Northern Song". <i>Ars Orientalis</i>. <b>22</b>: <span class="nowrap">81–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629426">4629426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Orientalis&rft.atitle=Realm+of+the+Immortals%3A+Paintings+Decorating+the+Jade+Hall+of+the+Northern+Song&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4629426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jang&rft.aufirst=Scarlett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFong1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fong, Mary H. (1996). "Images of Women in Traditional Chinese Painting". <i>Woman's Art Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1358525">10.2307/1358525</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7993">0270-7993</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1358525">1358525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Woman%27s+Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Images+of+Women+in+Traditional+Chinese+Painting&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0270-7993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1358525%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1358525&rft.aulast=Fong&rft.aufirst=Mary+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Duan, Lian (January 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F25723618.2017.1339507">"Paradigm Shift in Chinese Landscape Representation"</a>. <i>Comparative Literature: East & West</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F25723618.2017.1339507">10.1080/25723618.2017.1339507</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2572-3618">2572-3618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Literature%3A+East+%26+West&rft.atitle=Paradigm+Shift+in+Chinese+Landscape+Representation&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F25723618.2017.1339507&rft.issn=2572-3618&rft.aulast=Duan&rft.aufirst=Lian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F25723618.2017.1339507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw1988" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, Miranda (April 1988). "Buddhist and Taoist Influences on Chinese Landscape Painting". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">183–</span>206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709496">10.2307/2709496</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037">0022-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709496">2709496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Buddhist+and+Taoist+Influences+on+Chinese+Landscape+Painting&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=1988-04&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709496%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709496&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoper1941" class="citation journal cs1">Soper, Alexander C. (June 1941). "Early Chinese Landscape Painting". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3046752">10.2307/3046752</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079">0004-3079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046752">3046752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Early+Chinese+Landscape+Painting&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=1941-06&rft.issn=0004-3079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3046752%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3046752&rft.aulast=Soper&rft.aufirst=Alexander+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, Anthony (1999). "Singing The Dyads: The Chinese Landscape Scroll and Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End". <i>Journal of Modern Literature</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjml.1999.0049">10.1353/jml.1999.0049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-1464">1529-1464</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161806483">161806483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Literature&rft.atitle=Singing+The+Dyads%3A+The+Chinese+Landscape+Scroll+and+Gary+Snyder%27s+Mountains+and+Rivers+Without+End&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161806483%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1529-1464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjml.1999.0049&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHu2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Bangbo (June 2000). "Art as Maps: Influence of Cartography on Two Chinese Landscape Paintings of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE)". <i>Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F07l4-2754-514j-7r38">10.3138/07l4-2754-514j-7r38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0317-7173">0317-7173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartographica%3A+The+International+Journal+for+Geographic+Information+and+Geovisualization&rft.atitle=Art+as+Maps%3A+Influence+of+Cartography+on+Two+Chinese+Landscape+Paintings+of+the+Song+Dynasty+%28960%E2%80%931279+CE%29&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F07l4-2754-514j-7r38&rft.issn=0317-7173&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Bangbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibb2010" class="citation cs2">Gibb, H.A.R. (2010), <i>The Travels of Ibn Battuta, AD 1325–1354, Volume IV</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battuta%2C+AD+1325%E2%80%931354%2C+Volume+IV&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rawson" title="Jessica Rawson">Rawson, Jessica</a> (ed). <i>The British Museum Book of Chinese Art</i>, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714124469" title="Special:BookSources/9780714124469">9780714124469</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley-Baker2010a" class="citation cs2">Stanley-Baker, Joan (May 2010a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917105406/http://www.communitycenter.org.tw/sites/default/files/documents/publications/cot/COT_201005.pdf"><i>Ink Painting Today</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. 10, Centered on Taipei, pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>11, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communitycenter.org.tw/sites/default/files/documents/publications/cot/COT_201005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 17, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ink+Painting+Today&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Centered+on+Taipei&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Stanley-Baker&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communitycenter.org.tw%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fcot%2FCOT_201005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sickman, Laurence, in: Sickman L & Soper A, "The Art and Architecture of China", Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley-Baker2010b" class="citation cs2">Stanley-Baker, Joan (June 2010b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321051147/http://www.communitycenter.org.tw/sites/default/files/documents/publications/cot/COT_201006.pdf"><i>Ink Painting Today</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. 10, Centered on Taipei, pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>21, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communitycenter.org.tw/sites/default/files/documents/publications/cot/COT_201006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 21, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ink+Painting+Today&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Centered+on+Taipei&rft.date=2010-06&rft.aulast=Stanley-Baker&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communitycenter.org.tw%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fcot%2FCOT_201006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnhart, Richard, et al., ed. <i>Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cahill_(art_historian)" title="James Cahill (art historian)">Cahill, James</a>. <i>Chinese Painting</i>. Geneva: Albert Skira, 1960.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFong,_Wen1973" class="citation book cs1">Fong, Wen (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sungyuanpainting0000metr"><i>Sung and Yuan paintings</i></a></span>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870990847" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870990847"><bdi>978-0870990847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sung+and+Yuan+paintings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0870990847&rft.au=Fong%2C+Wen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsungyuanpainting0000metr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span> Fully online from the MMA</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiu,_Shi-yee2007" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Shi-yee (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/161950"><i>Straddling East and West: Lin Yutang, a modern literatus: the Lin Yutang family collection of Chinese painting and calligraphy</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588392701" title="Special:BookSources/9781588392701"><bdi>9781588392701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straddling+East+and+West%3A+Lin+Yutang%2C+a+modern+literatus%3A+the+Lin+Yutang+family+collection+of+Chinese+painting+and+calligraphy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781588392701&rft.au=Liu%2C+Shi-yee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F161950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paintings_from_China" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paintings from China">Paintings from China</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting.php">Chinese Painting</a> at China Online Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-masters.php">Famous Chinese painters and their galleries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chine-culture.com/en/chinese-painting.php">Chinese painting</a> Technique and styles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cuiqixuan.com/">Cuiqixuan – Inside painting snuff bottles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12925">Between two cultures : late-nineteenth- and twentieth-century Chinese paintings from the Robert H. Ellsworth collection in The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> Fully online from the MMA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamescahill.info/a-pure-and-remote-view">A Pure and Remote View: Visualizing Early Chinese Landscape Painting</a>: a series of more than 20 video lectures by <a href="/wiki/James_Cahill_(art_historian)" title="James Cahill (art historian)">James Cahill</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamescahill.info/gazing-into-the-past">Gazing Into The Past – Scenes From Later Chinese & Japanese Painting</a>: a series of video lecture by James Cahill.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox938" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919348#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Painting, Chinese"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85096713">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="čínské malířství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph128214&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558111105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_art15" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_art" title="Template:Chinese art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_art" title="Template talk:Chinese art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_art15" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huabiao" title="Huabiao">Chinese column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_sculpture" title="Chinese Buddhist sculpture">Chinese Buddhist sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Chinese comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_embroidery" title="Chinese embroidery">Chinese embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_furniture" title="Chinese furniture">Chinese furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_jade" title="Chinese jade">Chinese jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_screen" title="Folding screen"> Chinese Folding screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese paper cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_folding" title="Chinese paper folding">Chinese paper folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjing" title="Penjing">Penjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sculpture" title="Chinese sculpture">Chinese sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)"> Chinese seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_accessories" title="Hanfu accessories">Chinese traditional accessories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil-paper_umbrella" title="Oil-paper umbrella"> Chinese umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_symbols,_designs,_and_art_motifs" title="List of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs"> Chinese symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_pattern" title="Willow pattern"> Chinese willow pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshi" title="Gongshi">Gongshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&oldid=1282630496">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&oldid=1282630496</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_painting" title="Category:Chinese painting">Chinese painting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_art" title="Category:Chinese art">Chinese art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_China" title="Category:Arts in China">Arts in China</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2019">Use mdy dates from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_February_2019" title="Category:Use American English from February 2019">Use American English from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 March 2025, at 16:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese painting</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>28 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84559f4bd5-cljpt","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.885","walltime":"1.171","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6788,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":105240,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5080,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":139538,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 982.947 1 -total"," 17.86% 175.524 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 17.81% 175.091 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.63% 84.814 5 Template:Cite_book"," 8.07% 79.300 1 Template:Authority_control"," 7.29% 71.657 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.83% 67.107 11 Template:Rp"," 6.01% 59.071 11 Template:R/superscript"," 5.87% 57.745 1 Template:Quotation"," 4.62% 45.393 2 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.514","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23795933,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBai1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChing2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFong,_Wen1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFong1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibb2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHu2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJang1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaikwan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLan_Qiuyang_兰秋阳Xing_Haiping_邢海萍2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu,_Shi-yee2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQian2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoper1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley-Baker2010a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley-Baker2010b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSturman1995\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese art\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Clear\"] = 6,\n [\"Commonscatinline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Chinese Painting\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Notatypo\"] = 1,\n [\"Panorama\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 7,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Zhi\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-29zgh","timestamp":"20250331175120","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chinese painting","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_painting","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q919348","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q919348","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-26T06:12:43Z","dateModified":"2025-03-27T16:44:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bf\/Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg","headline":"artistic tradition"}</script> </body> </html>