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vikist [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Otsi</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Kasutaja navigatsioon"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rooma keisririik</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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<script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Rooma keisririik</b> ehk <b>Rooma impeerium</b> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ladina_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ladina keel">ladina keeles</a> <i>Imperium Romanum</i>) oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma riik">Rooma riik</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vana-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vana-Rooma keiser">Rooma keisrite</a> valitsemise all. Keisririik järgnes <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_vabariik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma vabariik">Rooma vabariigile</a>. Impeerium laius suurel alal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vahemeri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vahemeri">Vahemere</a> ümber Euroopas, Aafrikas, Lähis-Idas ja Väike-Aasias.</p> <table class="infobox bordered" style="width:22em;width:300px; background:white; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:170%; padding: 3px;"><p><big><b>Rooma keisririik</b></big></p> <hr style="width:90%; margin:2px auto;">Imperium Romanum <hr style="width:90%; margin:2px auto;">27 eKr – 395</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:170%; padding: 3px;"> <div style="display:table; table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-row"> <div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Better_Imperial_Aquila.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Better_Imperial_Aquila.png/125px-Better_Imperial_Aquila.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Better_Imperial_Aquila.png/188px-Better_Imperial_Aquila.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Better_Imperial_Aquila.png/250px-Better_Imperial_Aquila.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span> </div> <div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/75px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/113px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/150px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343"></a></span> </div> </div> <div style="display:table-row"> <div style="display:table-cell; text-align:center; border-right: 7px solid transparent;"></div> <div style="display:table-cell; text-align:center;"></div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/300px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/450px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/600px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614"></a></span> <div> Impeerium aastal 117 pKr oma suurimates piirides </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Valitsusvorm</th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarhia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarhia">monarhia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Keiser</th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma keiser">Rooma keiser</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Pealinn</th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma">Rooma</a> (27 eKr – 330)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Pindala</th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;">2 750 000 km² (25 eKr)<br> 5 000 000 km² (117)<br> 4 400 000 km² (390)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Rahvaarv</th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;">56 800 000 (25 eKr)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Riigikeeled</th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ladina_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ladina keel">ladina keel</a><br><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kreeka_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kreeka keel">kreeka keel</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Oma olemasolu jooksul oli Rooma impeerium majanduslikult, kultuuriliselt, poliitiliselt ja sõjaliselt kõige võimsam riik maailmas. Oma kõrgajal, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traianus">Traianuse</a> valitsemise all, laius impeerium 6,8 miljonil ruutkilomeetril ja selle 70 miljonit elanikku moodustasid viiendiku kogu maailma rahvaarvust. Keisririigi pikaealisus ja territoriaalne haare tagasid ladina ja kreeka keele, kultuuri, religiooni, leiutiste, arhitektuuri, filosoofia, õiguse ja valitsemisvormide püsiva mõju impeeriumi alade tulevikule. Impeerium kestis umbes 500 aastat. Esimese 200 aasta jooksul suurendati impeeriumi territooriumit drastiliselt, riigis oli enneolematu poliitiline stabiilsus ja õitseng, seda perioodi nimetatakse ka <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pax_Romana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i>, 'rooma rahu'.</p> <p>Rooma keisririigi territooriumite hulka kuulusid peale <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia">Itaalia</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vahemeri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vahemeri">Vahemere</a> saarte ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britannia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia">Gallia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispaania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispaania">Hispaania</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noricum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pannoonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pannoonia">Pannoonia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalmaatsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalmaatsia">Dalmaatsia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daakia">Daakia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traakia">Traakia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Makedoonia_(Rooma_provints)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Makedoonia (Rooma provints)">Makedoonia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ahhaia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ahhaia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ahhaia</a> (Lõuna- ja Kesk-<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kreeka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kreeka">Kreeka</a>), <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A4ike-Aasia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Väike-Aasia">Väike-Aasia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotaamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotaamia">Mesopotaamia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armeenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armeenia">Armeenia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ass%C3%BC%C3%BCria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assüüria">Assüüria</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Süüria">Süüria</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araabia">Araabia</a> (osa tänapäeva <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jordaania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jordaania">Jordaaniast</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Süüria">Süüriast</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liibanon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liibanon">Liibanonist</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestiina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestiina">Palestiinast</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iisrael?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iisrael">Iisraelist</a>) ning kogu <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Aafrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Põhja-Aafrika">Põhja-Aafrika</a> rannikuala (osa tänapäeva <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maroko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maroko">Marokost</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al%C5%BEeeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alžeeria">Alžeeriast</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuneesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuneesia">Tuneesiast</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liib%C3%BCa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liibüa">Liibüast</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egiptus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egiptus">Egiptusest</a>).</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="et" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sisukord</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Varane_keisririik"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Varane keisririik</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%9Chiskondlik_korraldus"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Ühiskondlik korraldus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Esimene_Rooma_keiser"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Esimene Rooma keiser</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Augustuse_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Augustuse valitsusaeg</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Germaania"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Germaania</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Tiberiuse_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Tiberiuse valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Caligula_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Caligula valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Claudiuse_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Claudiuse valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Flaviuste_d%C3%BCnastia"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Flaviuste dünastia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Antoniuste_d%C3%BCnastia"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Antoniuste dünastia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Traianuse_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Traianuse valitsusaeg</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Daakia_s%C3%B5jad"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Daakia sõjad</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nabatea_vallutamine"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nabatea vallutamine</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Hadrianuse_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Hadrianuse valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Antoninus_Piuse_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Antoninus Piuse valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Severuste_d%C3%BCnastia"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Severuste dünastia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#S%C3%B5durkeisrite_ajaj%C3%A4rk"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Sõdurkeisrite ajajärk</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Goodid"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Goodid</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#3._sajandi_kriis"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">3. sajandi kriis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alemannid"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Alemannid</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Aurelianuse_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Aurelianuse valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hiline_keisririik"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">Hiline keisririik</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Diocletianuse_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">20</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Diocletianuse valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Constantinus_Suure_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">21</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Constantinus Suure valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_Constantinus_Suure_valitsusaeg_2"><span class="tocnumber">22</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser Constantinus Suure valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vaata_ka"><span class="tocnumber">23</span> <span class="toctext">Vaata ka</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Viited"><span class="tocnumber">24</span> <span class="toctext">Viited</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Varane_keisririik">Varane keisririik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Varane keisririik"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Roman_Empire_125.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/220px-Roman_Empire_125.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/330px-Roman_Empire_125.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/440px-Roman_Empire_125.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817"></a> <figcaption> Rooma riik 125. aastal </figcaption> </figure> <p>Keisririigiks nimetatakse "monarhilist režiimi", mille kehtestas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> 27 eKr ning mis kestis Lääne-Rooma riigi lõpuni. Ajaloolased eelistavad kasutada mõistet "<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Printsipaat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Printsipaat">printsipaat</a>" (27 eKr – 284 pKr), et tähistada "suhteliselt liberaalset monarhiat kahel esimesel sajandil meie aja järgi". Augustus kandis tiitlit <i>princeps</i>, mis tähendas riigipead ja esimest kodanike seas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keiser (imperaator) koondas enda kätte "kõik võimuliigid: keisri käes oli konsulaarne ja prokonsulaarne <i>imperium</i> (lad, 'ülemvõim') (ta võis sekkuda riigiasjadesse Itaalias ja kogu riigis, ning käsutada sõjavägesid, mistõttu ongi ta <i>imperator</i>), tribunaalne võim (tänu millele võis ta kokku kutsuda rahvakoosolekuid) ja ülempreestri ametikoht.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Vormiliselt oli kõrgeim võim senatil, kuid tegelikult valitses riiki keiser. Pärast Augustuse surma tugevnes senati opositsioon. Selle mahasurumiseks rakendasid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Juliuste-Claudiuste_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Juliuste-Claudiuste dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Juliuste-Claudiuste dünastia</a> keisrid terrorit. Puhkesid ülestõusud Pannoonias, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traakia">Traakias</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia">Gallias</a>, Britannias ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestiina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestiina">Palestiinas</a>. Pärast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nero">Nero</a> kukutamist tuli võimule <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Flaviuste_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Flaviuste dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Flaviuste dünastia</a>.</p> <p>Provintside majandus edenes jõudsalt, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_provintsid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma provintsid">provintsikeskustest</a> arenesid linnad (Gallias <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6ln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Köln">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provence">Provence</a>'is <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aix-en-Provence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aquae Sextiae</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narbonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a>, Inglismaal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">Londinium</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="York">Eburacum</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Venta_Belgarum&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Venta Belgarum (pole veel kirjutatud)">Venta Belgarum</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%BCrenee_poolsaar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pürenee poolsaar">Pürenee poolsaarel</a> arendasid roomlased juba olemasolevaid linnu, näiteks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lissabon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lissabon">Olissipo</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarragona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarragona">Tarraco</a> ja asutasid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaragoza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaragoza">Caesaraugusta</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9rida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mérida">Augusta Emerita</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valencia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valencia">Valentia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalmaatsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalmaatsia">Dalmaatsias</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Split?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Split">Split</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Salona&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Salona (pole veel kirjutatud)">Salona</a>, Pannoonias <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aquincum&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aquincum (pole veel kirjutatud)">Aquincum</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carnuntum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a> jt). Alates <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1. sajand">1. sajandi</a> lõpust hakkas Itaalia neile oma juhtpositsiooni kaotama.</p> <p>Usukuulutaja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeesus">Jeesuse</a> tegevuse tulemusena kujunes 1. sajandil <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestiina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestiina">Palestiinas</a> välja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ristiusk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ristiusk">ristiusk</a>. Esimeste sajandite jooksul m.a.j kasvas see teistest <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kultus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kultus">kultustest</a> ja religioonidest suuremaks. Aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/380?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="380">380</a> sai kristlus Rooma keisririigi ametlikuks usuks ja levis hiljem üle kogu maailma.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ühiskondlik_korraldus"><span id=".C3.9Chiskondlik_korraldus"></span>Ühiskondlik korraldus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Ühiskondlik korraldus"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Rooma ühiskond keisririigi perioodil oli seisuslik: kõik inimesed kuulusid sõltuvalt rikkusest ja ühiskondlikust <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_%C3%B5igus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma õigus">positsioonist seadustega</a> kindlaks määratud õigustega seisusse.</p> <ul> <li>Senaatoriseisus: Rooma riigi ülikud ja senaatoriperekonnad, kelle hulgast tavaliselt määrati tähtsamad riigiametnikud, väepealikud ja provintside asevalitsejad.</li> <li>Ratsanikuseisus: rikkad, tavaliselt mõjukad suurmaaomanikest roomlased, kes jäid väljapoole senaatoriseisust. Paljud sellesse seisusse kuulujad tegelesid kaubanduse ja finantstegevusega ning määrati seetõttu sageli rahandusega tegelevateks ametnikeks või kohtunikeks.</li> <li>Lihtrahvas: linnade käsitöölised, väikekaupmehed ja proletaarid, kelle hulk suurlinnades kogu aeg kasvas. Riik jagas proletaaridele ohtralt tasuta vilja ja korraldas neile tasuta vaatemänge, et ära hoida sotsiaalsete vastuolude kasvu ("tsirkust ja leiba"). Maapiirkondades kuulusid sellesse seisusse väiketalupojad ja rentnikud.</li> <li>Vabakslastud (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libertiin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libertiin">libertiinid</a>): truu teenistuse eest peremehe poolt vabastatud või vabaks ostetud endised orjad, kes said küll kodanikuks, ent jäid oma isanda klientideks.</li> <li>Orjad: eri eluvaldkondades töötavad sõltlased; isandate "kõnelevad tööriistad".</li> </ul> <p>Valdava osa keisririigi elanikest väiketalupojad ja rentnikud. Riigi läänepoolsetes provintsides toodeti suur osa linnadesse minevast toodangust <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latifundium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latifundium">latifundiumites</a> (põllumajanduslikud suurettevõtted, kus kasutati valdavalt orjade tööjõudu). Rooma riigis leidus ka palju linnu, mis olid majandus-, kultuuri- ja poliitilise elu keskused. Linnu oli rohkem riigi idapoolsetes provintsides, samas soodustati uute linnade teket ja arengut ka vallutatud läänepoolsetel aladel.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Esimene_Rooma_keiser">Esimene Rooma keiser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Esimene Rooma keiser"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklites <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vana-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vana-Rooma keiser">Vana-Rooma keiser</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vana-Rooma_keisrite_loend_kuni_riigi_lahknemiseni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vana-Rooma keisrite loend kuni riigi lahknemiseni">Vana-Rooma keisrite loend kuni riigi lahknemiseni</a></i> </dd> </dl> <p>500 aastat kestnud vabariik oli muutunud ebastabiilseks pidevate kodusõdade ja senati intriigide tõttu. Aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/60_eKr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="60 eKr">60 eKr</a> sõlmisid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pompeius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pompeius">Pompeius</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Crassius&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Crassius (pole veel kirjutatud)">Crassius</a> senativastase I <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triumviraat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triumviraat">triumviraadi</a> ja 44 eKr kehtestas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> diktatuuri. Järgnenud kodusõjas võitis Caesar Pompeiuse senati väe ja kehtestas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diktatuur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diktatuur">diktatuuri</a>, mis lõppes tema mõrvamisega. See põhjustas võimuvaakumi ja hulga konflikte Caesari pooldajate ja senati vahel. Pärast Caesari surma sai ainuvalitsejaks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octavianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavianus">Octavianus</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_eKr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 eKr">27 eKr</a> tunnistas tema võimu ka senat ja andis talle <i>Augustuse</i> tiitli. Caesari lapsendatud poeg ja pärija <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octavianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavianus">Octavianus</a> lõi 31 eKr <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aktioni_lahing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aktioni lahing">Aktioni lahingus</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Antonius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antoniust</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kleopatra_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleopatra VII">Kleopatrat</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg/220px-Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg/330px-Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg/440px-Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1181"></a> <figcaption> Rooma impeerium, keiser 27–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14">14</a> pKr Augustuse valitsemisajal </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Roman-legions-14-AD-Centrici-site-Keilo-Jack.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Roman-legions-14-AD-Centrici-site-Keilo-Jack.jpg/220px-Roman-legions-14-AD-Centrici-site-Keilo-Jack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Roman-legions-14-AD-Centrici-site-Keilo-Jack.jpg/330px-Roman-legions-14-AD-Centrici-site-Keilo-Jack.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Roman-legions-14-AD-Centrici-site-Keilo-Jack.jpg/440px-Roman-legions-14-AD-Centrici-site-Keilo-Jack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="1340"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vana-Rooma_armee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vana-Rooma armee">Rooma impeeriumi armee</a><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leegion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leegion">leegionide</a> asukohad u 14. aastal </figcaption> </figure> <p>Pärast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemaioste_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemaioste dünastia">Ptolemaioste dünastia</a> poolt valitsetud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egiptus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kreeka-Rooma_aeg" title="Egiptus">Egiptuse</a> annekteerimist 30 eKr andis Rooma Senat aastal 27 eKr <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octavianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavianus">Octavianusele</a> tiitli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, mis lõpetaski vabariigi ja andis võimu keisrile. Keisririigiks nimetatakse "monarhilist režiimi", mille kehtestas Augustus 27 eKr ning mis kestis Lääne-Rooma riigi lõpuni. Ajaloolased eelistavad kasutada mõistet "<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Printsipaat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Printsipaat">printsipaat</a>" (27 eKr–284 pKr), et tähistada "suhteliselt liberaalset monarhiat kahel esimesel sajandil meie aja järgi". Augustus kandis tiitlit <i>princeps</i>, mis tähendas riigipead ja esimest kodanike seas. Keiser (imperaator) koondas enda kätte "kõik võimuliigid: keisri käes oli konsulaarne ja prokonsulaarne <i>imperium</i> (lad., 'ülemvõim') (ta võis sekkuda riigiasjadesse Itaalias ja kogu riigis, ning käsutada sõjavägesid, mistõttu ongi ta <i>imperator</i>), tribunaalne võim (tänu millele võis ta kokku kutsuda rahvakoosolekuid) ja ülempreestri ametikoht. Vormiliselt oli kõrgeim võim senatil, kuid tegelikult valitses keiser.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Augustuse_valitsusaeg">Keiser Augustuse valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Augustuse valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Statue-Augustus.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/220px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/330px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/440px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250"></a> <figcaption> Augustus, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vana-Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vana-Rooma">Vana-Rooma</a> keiser 27–14 pKr. Augustus oli esimene Rooma keiser </figcaption> </figure> <p>Keiser (27 eKr–14 pKr) Augustus säilitas Rooma vabariigi välised vormid, ta valitses <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autokraatia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autokraatia">autokraadina</a> üle 40 aasta. Ta tegi lõpu sajandi kestnud kodusõdadele ning tõi Rooma riigile rahu, õitsengu ja suurriikliku hiilguse ajastu. Lisanime "<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus_(lisanimi)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustus (lisanimi)">Augustus</a>" 'auväärne', mille järgi teda tänapäeval põhiliselt tuntakse, sai ta 27 eKr. Aastal 27 eKr andis Augustus välja seaduse nimega <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pax_Romana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> ehk 'rooma rahu,' tänu millele valitses impeeriumis üle 200 aasta rahu. Pax Romana kehtis kuni keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aureliuse</a> surmani aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/180?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="180">180</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Germaania">Germaania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Germaania"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Abraham_Ortelius_-_ROMANI_IMPERII_IMAGO.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Abraham_Ortelius_-_ROMANI_IMPERII_IMAGO.jpg/220px-Abraham_Ortelius_-_ROMANI_IMPERII_IMAGO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Abraham_Ortelius_-_ROMANI_IMPERII_IMAGO.jpg/330px-Abraham_Ortelius_-_ROMANI_IMPERII_IMAGO.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Abraham_Ortelius_-_ROMANI_IMPERII_IMAGO.jpg/440px-Abraham_Ortelius_-_ROMANI_IMPERII_IMAGO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1400"></a> <figcaption> Rooma keisririik. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrum Orbis Terrarum">Theatrum Orbis Terrarum</a> extra, u 1592 </figcaption> </figure> <p>Augustuse valitsusajal toimunud katse põhjas, tungida <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germaania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germaania">Germaaniasse</a> lõppes Rooma vägede kaotusega <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teutoburgi_lahing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutoburgi lahing">Teutoburgi lahingus</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teutoburgi_mets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teutoburgi mets">Teutoburgi metsas</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9">9</a> pKr. Rooma impeerium hoidis selle ajani oma kontrolli all territooriume Reinist idas koos <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lippe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lippe">Lippe</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Main">Maini</a> jõega. Augustuse poolt määratud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varuse</a> all üritasid roomlased oma ülemvõimu laiendada ka ida pool asuvate <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weser">Weseri</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elbe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> jõe suunas. 9. aasta sügisel varitses <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arminius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> koos oma <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germaanlased?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germaanlased">Germaani hõimude</a> liiduga Rooma armeed ja hävitas täielikult XVII, XVIII, XIX <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leegion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keisririigi_aeg" title="Leegion">leegioni</a>, kolm ratsaväeosa ja kuus abiväelaste kohorti. Kokku langes umbes 20 000 roomlast. Pärast seda aktsepteeris Augustus impeeriumi põhjapiirina <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rein">Reini</a> jõge. Idas rahuldus ta sellega, et allutas Rooma võimule Armeenia ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taga-Kaukaasia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taga-Kaukaasia">Taga-Kaukaasia</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partia">Partia</a> jättis ta rahule.</p> <p>Rooma suubuvat tohutut rikkust kasutas Augustus selleks, et sõjaväele hästi tasuda ning neid rahulolevatena hoida, ning pealinna kaunistamisega ja suurejooneliste mängude korraldamisega, et roomlased oleksid rahul. Ta ehitas senatile uue maja (<i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Curia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Curia</a></i>) ning rajas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_(jumal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo (jumal)">Apollo</a> ja Jumaliku Juliuse templi. Samuti rajas ta pühamu <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Circus_Maximus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Circus Maximus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Circus Maximus</a></i>'e juurde. Ta olevat <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pompei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pompei">Pompeis</a> rajanud nii Capitoliumi templi kui ka teatri</p> <p>Pärast Augustuse surma tugevnes senati opositsioon. Selle mahasurumiseks rakendasid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Juliuste-Claudiuste_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Juliuste-Claudiuste dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Juliuste-Claudiuste dünastia</a> keisrid terrorit. Puhkesid ülestõusud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pannoonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pannoonia">Pannoonias</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traakia">Traakias</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia">Gallias</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britannia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Britannia">Britannias</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestiina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestiina">Palestiinas</a>. Pärast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nero">Nero</a> kukutamist (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/68?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="68">68</a>) tuli võimule <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Flaviuste_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Flaviuste dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Flaviuste dünastia</a>.</p> <p>Provintside majandus edenes jõudsalt. Alates <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1. sajand">1. sajandi</a> lõpust hakkas Itaalia neile oma juhtpositsiooni kaotama.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Tiberiuse_valitsusaeg">Keiser Tiberiuse valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Tiberiuse valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiberius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiberius">Tiberiuse</a> valitsemisaja (14–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/37?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="37">37</a>) algusest alates püüdis Tiberius jätkata Augustuse poliitikat. Ta valitses asjalikult ja kokkuhoidlikult, parandas rahandust ja provintside haldamist ning kaotas osaliselt maksurendi. Ta oli väga aupaklik <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senat">senati</a> suhtes, konsulteerides sellega sageli ka küsimustes, mis ei kuulunud viimase kompetentsi. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pleebs&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pleebs (pole veel kirjutatud)">Pleebs</a> jäi Tiberiuse ajal ilma oma viimastest poliitilistest õigustest, sest komiitse ehk rahvakoosolekuid enam kokku ei kutsutud. Tiberiuse ebapopulaarsemaid omadusi rahva seas oli vaatemängude ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gladiaator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gladiaator">gladiaatorite</a> võitluste põlgamine. Talle ei meeldinud ei raharaiskamine ega sellistel üritustel esinevad vabameelsuse ja mässumeelsuse ilmingud.</p> <p>Üheks tuntumaid sõjaväelisi ja poliitilisi figuure pärast Augustuse surma oli olnud Tiberiuse vennapoeg <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, kelle populaarsus oli sedavõrd suur, et sõjavägi tahtis ta isegi keisriks kuulutada. Pärast mitmeid konfliktseid situatsioone Tiberiusega suri Germanicus aastal 19 Antiookias. Tema lähikondsed olid veendunud, et ta mürgitati keisri käsul. Pretoriaanide prefekt Seianus hakkas Tiberiust hirmutama Agrippina ja tema poegade (kelle seas oli ka hilisem keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caligula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>) kättemaksuga. Aastal 23 oli – ilmselt Seianuse intriigide tõttu – surnud ka Tiberiuse poeg Drusus, kes pidi olema seaduslik troonipärija. Kõige selle tulemusena lahkus inimpelglikuks ja umbusklikuks muutunud Tiberius Roomast ning elas 26. aastast alates alaliselt <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campania">Campanias</a>, peamiselt <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capri">Capril</a>. Seianus jäi Rooma ning oli impeeriumi tegelik valitseja.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Roman_Empire_69.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Empire_69.svg/220px-Roman_Empire_69.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Empire_69.svg/330px-Roman_Empire_69.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Empire_69.svg/440px-Roman_Empire_69.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1675"></a> <figcaption> Rooma keisririik aastal 69. Pärast keiser Nero surma said järjestikku keisriks neli silmapaistvat Rooma ülikut </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Caligula_valitsusaeg">Keiser Caligula valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Caligula valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caligula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> sai keisriks (37–41) Tiberiuse surma järel ja kogu printsipaadi valdused ja tiitlid pärisid Caligula ja Tiberiuse pojapoeg Gemellus ühiselt. Caligula meeldis paljudele, kuna ta oli populaarse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanicus">Germanicuse</a> poeg. Toetuse kindlustamiseks jagas ta preemiaid sõjaväelastele, sealhulgas Pretoriaanidele, linna üksustele ja armeedele väljaspool Itaaliat. Ta lasi oma nõo Tiberius Gemelluse hukata.</p> <p>Aastal 38 keskendus Caligula poliitilistele ja avalikele reformidele. Ta avalikustas riigi rahandust puudutavad andmed, tühistas teatud maksud ja jagas spordiüritustel rahvale auhindu. Ta lubas uusi liikmeid ratsanike ja senaatorite klassi. Tema kõige olulisem tegu oli demokraatlike valimiste tava taastamine.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Claudiuse_valitsusaeg">Keiser Claudiuse valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Claudiuse valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudius">Claudiuse</a> valitsusajal (41–54) impeerium laienes, muu hulgas vallutati 43. aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britannia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>, kuid Claudius keeldus lisanimest Britannicus. Keiser Claudiusele allunud 4 <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leegion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leegion">leegionit</a> vallutasid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/44?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="44">44</a>. aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suurbritannia_saar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suurbritannia saar">Suurbritannia saare</a> lõunapoolse osa <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inglismaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inglismaa">Inglismaa</a>. Alade lõplik alistamine kestis ligi 40 aastat. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Britannica_provints&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Britannica provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Britannica provintsi</a> valitsesid Rooma väejuhid, kes pidas korduvalt sõdu ka alistamata <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0otlased?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šotlased">šoti</a> hõimudega <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suurbritannia_saar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suurbritannia saar">Suurbritannia saare</a> põhjasosas.</p> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britannia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></i>, <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Caractacus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Caractacus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Caractacus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Medway_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Medway lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Medway lahing</a></i>, <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Caeri_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Caeri lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Caeri lahing</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/51?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="51">51</a>)</i>, <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cartimandua&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cartimandua (pole veel kirjutatud)">Cartimandua</a></i>, <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Britannica_provints&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Britannica provints (pole veel kirjutatud)">Britannica provints</a></i> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Flaviuste_dünastia"><span id="Flaviuste_d.C3.BCnastia"></span>Flaviuste dünastia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Flaviuste dünastia"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Flaviuste_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Flaviuste dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Flaviuste dünastia</a></i>, <i>69–96 pKr, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nelja_keisri_aasta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nelja keisri aasta">Nelja keisri aasta</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vespasianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vespasianus">Vespasianus</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titus">Titus</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domitianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domitianus">Domitianus</a></i> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Antoniuste_dünastia"><span id="Antoniuste_d.C3.BCnastia"></span>Antoniuste dünastia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Antoniuste dünastia"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Antoniuste_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Antoniuste dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Antoniuste dünastia</a></i>, <i>96–192 pKr, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoninus_Pius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nerva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traianus">Traianus</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commodus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Verus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></i> </dd> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Adoptiivkeisrite_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Adoptiivkeisrite dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Adoptiivkeisrite dünastia</a></i> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Traianuse_valitsusaeg">Keiser Traianuse valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Traianuse valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Trajan-Xanten.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Trajan-Xanten.JPG/220px-Trajan-Xanten.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Trajan-Xanten.JPG/330px-Trajan-Xanten.JPG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Trajan-Xanten.JPG 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480"></a> <figcaption> Keiser (98–117) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traianus">Traianus</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traianus">Traianuse</a> valitsusajal (98–117) vallutas Rooma <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armeenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armeenia">Armeenia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotaamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotaamia">Mesopotaamia</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daakia">Daakia</a> (praeguse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rumeenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rumeenia">Rumeenia</a>) ning impeerium saavutas oma maksimaalsed piirid.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Daakia_sõjad"><span id="Daakia_s.C3.B5jad"></span>Daakia sõjad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Daakia sõjad"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum,_Macedonia,_Dacia,_Moesia,_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%2C_Macedonia%2C_Dacia%2C_Moesia%2C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg/220px-Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%2C_Macedonia%2C_Dacia%2C_Moesia%2C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%252C_Macedonia%252C_Dacia%252C_Moesia%252C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg/330px-Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%252C_Macedonia%252C_Dacia%252C_Moesia%252C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%252C_Macedonia%252C_Dacia%252C_Moesia%252C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg/440px-Roman_provinces_of_Illyricum%252C_Macedonia%252C_Dacia%252C_Moesia%252C_Pannonia_and_Thracia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2817" data-file-height="2284"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_provintsid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma provintsid">Rooma provintsid</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkani_poolsaar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkani poolsaar">Balkani poolsaarel</a>: <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noricum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pannonia_(Rooma_provints)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pannonia (Rooma provints) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Pannoonia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dalmaatsia_(Rooma_provints)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dalmaatsia (Rooma provints) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Dalmaatsia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%B6%C3%B6sia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Möösia">Möösia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daakia_(Rooma_provints)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daakia (Rooma provints)">Daakia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Makedoonia_(Rooma_provints)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Makedoonia (Rooma provints)">Makedoonia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traakia_(Rooma_provints)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traakia (Rooma provints)">Traakia</a> </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Daakia_s%C3%B5jad&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Daakia sõjad (pole veel kirjutatud)">Daakia sõjad</a></i> <i>(101–102, 105–106)</i> </dd> </dl> <p>Daakia oli tekitanud Roomale peavalu juba üle kümne aasta, keiser (81–96) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domitianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domitianus">Domitianus</a> oli Daakia vastu sõdinud alates aastast 86 kuni 87, kuid ta ei suutnud edu saavutada.</p> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Doonau_s%C3%B5jad&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Doonau sõjad (pole veel kirjutatud)">Doonau sõjad</a></i> <i>(85–89)</i> </dd> </dl> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/101?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="101">101</a>. aastal alustas Traianus sõjakäiku <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Daakia_kuningriik&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Daakia kuningriik (pole veel kirjutatud)">Daakia kuningriigi</a> ja selle kuninga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Decebalus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Decebalus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Decebaluse</a> vastu. Traianusel õnnestus Daakia armee <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tapae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tapae (pole veel kirjutatud)">Tapae</a> lähedal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/102?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="102">102</a>. aastal purustada ja Daakia vallutati täielikult aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/106?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="106">106</a>.</p> <p>Esimeses Daakia sõjas (u märts–mai 101) liikus Traianus üle enda ehitatud kivisilla Doonau jõe põhjakaldale ja ründas seejärel nelja leegioniga Daakia kuningriiki. Roomlased purustasid edukalt Daakia armee Tapae mäekuru lähedal, mille järel sõjakäik ajutiselt peatati. Järgneva talve kestel tegi kuningas Decebalus vastusõjakäigu, kuid ta löödi taganema. Traianuse armee liikus aina sügavamale Daakia territooriumile ja aasta hiljem, kui imperaator vallutas Daakia pealinna ja kindluse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sarmizegethusa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sarmizegethusa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sarmizegethusa</a>, sunniti kuningas Decebalus alistuma, kuid Decebalus jäeti oma riiki edasi valitsema. 105. aastal tungis Decebalus Rooma territooriumile, üritades mitmeid Doonau jõest põhja pool elavaid hõime Rooma vastu üles ässitada. 106. aastal vallutati Daakia täielikult, Sarmizegethusa hävitati ja Decebalus sooritas enesetapu. Tema pea raiuti maha ja see viidi Rooma. Daakia sõdadega võeti üle vallutatud territooriumil asuvad <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kullakaevandus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kullakaevandus (pole veel kirjutatud)">kullakaevandused</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/220px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/330px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/440px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="491"></a> <figcaption> 116. aastal, Rooma impeerium ja Magna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germaania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germaania">Germania</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Il%C3%BC%C3%BCria&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ilüüria (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ilüüria</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sarmaatia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sarmaatia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sarmaatia</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Nabatea_vallutamine">Nabatea vallutamine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Nabatea vallutamine"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/107?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="107">107</a>. aastal tungis Traianus kaugemale itta. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nabatea&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nabatea (pole veel kirjutatud)">Nabatea</a> Rooma klientkuninga Rabbel II Soteri surma järel annekteeris Traianus Nabatea. Aastaks 107 paiknesid Rooma leegionid juba <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petra">Petra</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bostra&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bostra (pole veel kirjutatud)">Bostra</a> piirkonnas. Rooma sai <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabia_Petraea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a> provintsi omanikuks (tänapäevane Lõuna-<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jordaania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jordaania">Jordaania</a> ja loodepoolne <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saudi_Araabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saudi Araabia">Saudi Araabia</a>).</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Roman_Empire_Map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Roman_Empire_Map.png/220px-Roman_Empire_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Roman_Empire_Map.png/330px-Roman_Empire_Map.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Roman_Empire_Map.png/440px-Roman_Empire_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548"></a> <figcaption> Rooma keisririigi provintsid, keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traianus">Traianuse</a> valitsusaja (98–117) lõpul </figcaption> </figure> <p>Vallutustele järgnenud aastatel ehitas Traianus uusi hooneid, monumente ja teid Itaaliasse ja Hispaaniasse. Rooma rajati võrratu kompleks, mis tähistas Traianuse võite Daakias. See koosnes foorumist, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Traianuse_sammas&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Traianuse sammas (pole veel kirjutatud)">Traianuse sambast</a> ja marketist, mis on Roomas tänini alles. Samuti ehitas Traianus palju <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%B5idukaar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Võidukaar">võidukaari</a> ja Traianus ehitas uuesti välja ka mitmed teed (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Via_Traiana&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Via Traiana (pole veel kirjutatud)">Via Traiana</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Via_Traiana_Nova&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Via Traiana Nova (pole veel kirjutatud)">Via Traiana Nova</a>).</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/113?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="113">113</a>. aastal asus Traianus sõjakäigule <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partia">Partia</a> vastu, põhjuseks oli see, et Partia soovis panna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma-aegne_Armeenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma-aegne Armeenia">Armeenia</a> troonile Roomale vastuvõetamatu kuninga. Traianus marssis esmalt Armeeniasse ja kõrvaldas troonilt uue kuninga, seejärel liitis ta Armeenia Rooma impeeriumiga.</p> <p>Traianus pöördus seejärel lõunas asuva Partia vastu, vallutades <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bab%C3%BClon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Babülon">Babüloni</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seleukiidide_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seleukiidide riik">Seleukiidide linnad</a> ning viimaks alistas ta pealinna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ktesiphon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ktesiphon">Ktesiphoni</a> aastal 116. Traianus jätkas teed lõunas paikneva Pärsia lahe suunas, kus ta kuulutas Mesopotaamia uueks Rooma impeeriumi provintsiks. 116. aastal vallutas ta suure <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Susa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Susa">Susa</a> linna, kõrvaldas troonilt Partia kuninga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Osroes_I&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Osroes I (pole veel kirjutatud)">Osroes I</a> ja pani tema asemel troonile endale meelepärase <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nukuvalitseja&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nukuvalitseja (pole veel kirjutatud)">nukuvalitseja</a> Parthamaspatese. Traianuse surma järel, uus keiser (117–138) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a> tagastas Mesopotaamia Partiale. Roomlased ja partlased võitlesid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ass%C3%BC%C3%BCria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assüüria">Assüüria</a> ja ülejäänud Mesopotaamia pärast kuni <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/226?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="226">226</a>. aastani, mil ülemvõimu saavutas hoopis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassaniidide_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sassaniidide riik">Sassaniidide riik</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Hadrianuse_valitsusaeg">Keiser Hadrianuse valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Hadrianuse valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:D-BW-KN-Eigeltingen_-_Villa_rustica_-_Lage_in_Germania_Superior.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/D-BW-KN-Eigeltingen_-_Villa_rustica_-_Lage_in_Germania_Superior.png/220px-D-BW-KN-Eigeltingen_-_Villa_rustica_-_Lage_in_Germania_Superior.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/D-BW-KN-Eigeltingen_-_Villa_rustica_-_Lage_in_Germania_Superior.png/330px-D-BW-KN-Eigeltingen_-_Villa_rustica_-_Lage_in_Germania_Superior.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/D-BW-KN-Eigeltingen_-_Villa_rustica_-_Lage_in_Germania_Superior.png/440px-D-BW-KN-Eigeltingen_-_Villa_rustica_-_Lage_in_Germania_Superior.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1125"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magna_Germania&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magna Germania (pole veel kirjutatud)">Magna Germania</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reetia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reetia">Reetia</a> vaheline piirivöönd </figcaption> </figure> <p>Keiser (117–138) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a> ei jätkanud Traianuse vallutuspoliitikat, ta lõpetas sõja Partiaga, loobus <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armeenia_ajalugu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Suur-Armeenia" title="Armeenia ajalugu">Armeeniast</a> ja Mesopotaamiast ning asus kindlustama riigipiiri. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/122?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="122">122</a> alustati Britannias <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Solway_laht&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Solway laht (pole veel kirjutatud)">Solway lahest</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tyne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tyne (pole veel kirjutatud)">Tyne</a>'i suudmeni kulgeva 17 kindluse ja 80 väravaga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hadrianuse_vall&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hadrianuse vall (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hadrianuse valli</a> ehitamist. Tugevdati <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magna_Germania&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magna Germania (pole veel kirjutatud)">Magna Germania</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reetia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reetia">Reetia</a> vahelist piirivööndit ning kindlustati <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doonau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doonau">Doonau</a> piiri.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Antoninus_Piuse_valitsusaeg">Keiser Antoninus Piuse valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Antoninus Piuse valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Keiser (138–161) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoninus_Pius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Piuse</a> valitsemisajal säilitas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma riik">Rooma riik</a> oma piirid. Ta laskis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0otimaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šotimaa">Šotimaale</a> rajada <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Antoninuse_vall&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Antoninuse vall (pole veel kirjutatud)">Antoninuse valli</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>'ist <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firth_of_Forth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forthini</a> ning valmis ehitada piirivalli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germaania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germaania">Germaanias</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reetia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reetia">Reetias</a>.</p> <p>Impeeriumi nõrgenemise esimesed tunnused ilmnesid keiser (161–180) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aureliuse</a> ajal sõdades läänegermaani hõimu <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Markomannid&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Markomannid (pole veel kirjutatud)">markomannidega</a>, kes elasid 1. sajandist eKr <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Main">Maini</a> jõgikonnas.</p> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Markomanni_s%C3%B5da&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Markomanni sõda (pole veel kirjutatud)">Markomanni sõda</a></i>, <i>(<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/166?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="166">166</a>–180)</i> </dd> </dl> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2. sajand">2. sajandi</a> lõpus oli vallutuste lakkamise tõttu Rooma <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orjandus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orjandus">orjandusele</a> tuginev majandus (sõdades saadi orje) sattunud kriisi, valitud ametnikud oli asendunud väljaõppe saanutega. Ametid olid muutunud müüdavaks. Teedel ja meredel olid võimust võtmas teeröövlid ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piraat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Piraat">piraadid</a> ning püüdlused kriisi lahendada viisid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominaat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominaat">dominaadi</a> tekkeni.</p> <p>Pärast keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commodus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commodus">Commoduse</a> mõrvamist aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/192?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="192">192</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Viie_keisri_aasta&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Viie keisri aasta (pole veel kirjutatud)">Viie keisri aastat</a> ja sellele järgnenud kodusõda (193–196 pKr), keisrite <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pertinax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pertinax">Pertinaxi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Didius_Julianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianuse</a> tapmist aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/193?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="193">193</a> võitlesid omavahel väejuhid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septimius_Severus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pescennius_Niger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clodius_Albinus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a>. Võidukaks osutus Severus, kes pani sellega aluse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Severuste_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Severuste dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Severuste dünastiale</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Severuste_dünastia"><span id="Severuste_d.C3.BCnastia"></span>Severuste dünastia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Severuste dünastia"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Severuste_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Severuste dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Severuste dünastia</a></i> <i>(193–235 pKr), <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septimius_Severus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caracalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macrinus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severus_Alexander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i> </dd> </dl> <p>193 sai võimule provintsist pärinev <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Severuste_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Severuste dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Severuste dünastia</a>, mis kärpis tuntavalt <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senat">senati</a> võimu. Tänu neile said kõik Rooma riigi elanikud, kaasa arvatud provintsiaalid, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caracalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> ediktiga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/212?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="212">212</a>. aastal kodanikeks. Erilise soosingu osaliseks said idapoolsed provintsid.</p> <p>193. algas mitteroomlaste armeesse võtmine. Läänepoolse Rooma hilisantiigi jooksul hakkasid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbar">barbarid</a> üha enam Roomas mõjule pääsema. Barbarite armeesse võtmisele järgnesid sõdurkeisritega seotud anarhiaperioodid. Järgnevalt omandasid barbarid riigi piirialadel <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6deraat&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Föderaat (pole veel kirjutatud)">föderaatide</a> õigused, sealt edasi tungisid nad Rooma aladele ning said seal föderaatideks. Edasi hakkasid barbarite riigid välja kuulutama omariiklusi, mis viis keisrivõimu lõpetamisele, Rooma haldusest loobumiseni ja senise hariduse andmise hääbumisele ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia">Itaalias</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png/220px-Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png/330px-Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png/440px-Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1414"></a> <figcaption> Rooma riik ja Rooma provintsid aastal 210 </figcaption> </figure> <p>2. sajandi lõpuks sai monarhistlik <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piiskop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piiskop">piiskopiamet</a> kiriku põhiametiks ja umbes aastast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/200?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="200">200</a> pärineb vanim <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uus_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uus Testament">Uue Testamendi</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaanon_(religioon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaanon (religioon)">kaanon</a>. Sellest perioodist saab rääkida ladinakeelse kristliku kirjanduse tekkest ja paavstikirikule alusepanekust. 192 kuulutas Rooma piiskop <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor I">Victor I</a> end kogu kiriku juhiks. Sellega algas kristluse tõus arvestatavaks poliitiliseks jõuks.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/300px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/450px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/600px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1382"></a> <figcaption> Invasioonid Rooma riiki 1.–5. sajandini </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sõdurkeisrite_ajajärk"><span id="S.C3.B5durkeisrite_ajaj.C3.A4rk"></span>Sõdurkeisrite ajajärk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Sõdurkeisrite ajajärk"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilisantiikaeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hilisantiikaeg">Hilisantiikajal</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Severuste_d%C3%BCnastia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Severuste dünastia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Severuste dünastiale</a>: <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septimius_Severus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caracalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geta">Geta</a> (193–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/217?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="217">217</a>) järgnes nn sõdurkeisrite ajajärk. Kodusõjaga kaasnesid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbarid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbarid">barbarite</a> sissetungid ning mitmete <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_provintsid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma provintsid">provintside</a> lahkulöömine.</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macrinus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macrinus">Macrinuse</a> valitsusajal (217–218) peeti ebaedukat sõda <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partia">Partiaga</a> ja Armeeniaga.</p> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma-Partia_s%C3%B5jad&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rooma-Partia sõjad (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rooma-Partia sõjad</a></i> </dd> </dl> <p>Keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severus_Alexander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> valitsusajal (222–235), algas 231. aastal sõda <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassaniidid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sassaniidid">Sassaniididega</a>, Ardašir I vallutas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3. sajand">3. sajandi</a> alguses kodusõjast ning <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma-Partia_s%C3%B5jad&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rooma-Partia sõjad (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rooma-Partia sõdades</a> nõrgenenud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Artabanos_V&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Artabanos V (pole veel kirjutatud)">Artabanos V</a> valitsetud Partia ning oli laiendanud umbes 222. aastaks oma valdusi kuni <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_vabariik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma vabariik">Rooma vabariigi</a> valdusteni <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4his-Ida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lähis-Ida">Lähis-Idas</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A4ike-Aasia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Väike-Aasia">Väike-Aasias</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nabatea_vallutamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma impeerium">Roomlased</a> ja partlased olid võidelnud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ass%C3%BC%C3%BCria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assüüria">Assüüria</a> ja ülejäänud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotaamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotaamia">Mesopotaamia</a> pärast kuni 226. aastani, mil ülemvõimu saavutas hoopis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassaniidide_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sassaniidide riik">Sassaniidide riik</a>. Sassaniidide riik hõlmas tänapäeva <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraak">Iraagi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraan">Iraani</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afganistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afganistan">Afganistani</a>, Ida-<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Süüria">Süüria</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaukaasia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaukaasia">Kaukaasia</a> maa-alad ning piirkondi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%BCrgi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Türgi">Türgis</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araabia_poolsaar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Araabia poolsaar">Araabia poolsaarel</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Goodid">Goodid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Goodid"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goodid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goodid">Goodid</a></i> </dd> </dl> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/251?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="251">251</a>. aastal toimus gootide 2. sõjakäik nende juhi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kniva&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kniva (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kniva</a>/<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cniva&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cniva (pole veel kirjutatud)">Cniva</a> juhtimisel Rooma keisririigi aladele, üle Doonau jõe <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%B6%C3%B6sia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Möösia">Möösia</a> and <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traakia">Traakia</a>, goodid piirasid Doonaul asuvat <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nikopolis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nikopolis (pole veel kirjutatud)">Nikopolist</a>, kuid tõrjuti eemale Rooma keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Decius">Deciuse</a> poolt. Goodid taganesid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkanile</a>, kuid tegid siis tagasipöördemanöövri ning ründasid Rooma vägesid Beroë (tänapäeva <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stara_Zagora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgaaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgaaria">Bulgaarias</a>) juures ning siis ründasid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Philippopolis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Philippopolis (pole veel kirjutatud)">Philippopolist</a> (tänapäeva <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plovdiv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> Bulgaarias) ja vallutasid selle. Plovdivi kaitse ülem <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titus_Julius_Priscus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Titus Julius Priscus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Titus Julius Priscus</a> kuulutas end gootide kaitse all oleva piirkonna keisriks. Kaotusterikas piiramine aga kahandas gootide sõjalist võimsust ning nad pakkusid rooma väepealikule Deciusele võetud sõjasaagile ja vangidele loovutamise eest vastutasuks taganemisvõimalust, kuid Decius püüdis neid hävitada <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Abrittuse_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Abrittuse lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Abrittuse lahingus</a>. Goodid purustati lõplikult <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aemilianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianuse</a>, Möösia ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pannoonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pannoonia">Pannoonia</a> Rooma asevalitseja poolt.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Goottienhy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ykset267-269jaa.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Goottienhy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ykset267-269jaa.png/220px-Goottienhy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ykset267-269jaa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Goottienhy%25C3%25B6kk%25C3%25A4ykset267-269jaa.png/330px-Goottienhy%25C3%25B6kk%25C3%25A4ykset267-269jaa.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Goottienhy%25C3%25B6kk%25C3%25A4ykset267-269jaa.png/440px-Goottienhy%25C3%25B6kk%25C3%25A4ykset267-269jaa.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1074"></a> <figcaption> Gootide sõjakäigud 267–269 </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/270?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="270">270</a>. aastal langes gootide juht Cannabaudes lahingus Rooma keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aurelianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurelianus">Aurelianusega</a> ning seni ühise juhtimise alla ühendatud gootide jagunemisega hõimudeks tekkis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5imuvaakum&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Võimuvaakum (pole veel kirjutatud)">võimuvaakum</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ida-Euroop&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ida-Euroop (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ida-Euroopas</a>. Hajutatud gootide elualadele tungisid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germaanlased?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germaanlased">germaanlased</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gepiidid&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gepiidid (pole veel kirjutatud)">gepiidid</a> ja gootide Thervingi hõimud, milles juhtpositsioonil olid Balti ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4negoodid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Läänegoodid">läänegoodid</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alarich_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alarich I">Alarich I</a>) liikusid edasi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dnestr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dnestr">Dnestri</a> jõest läände; greuthungi hõimud, milles juhtpositsioonil olid amaligoodid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aasovi_meri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aasovi meri">Aasovi merest</a> idas.</p> <p>3. sajandi keskpaigas tekkis Roomal konflikt areneva ja laieneva <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassaniidid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sassaniidid">Sassaniidide</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassaniidide_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sassaniidide riik">riigiga</a>, mille valitseja (240–270) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Shapur_I&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Shapur I (pole veel kirjutatud)">Shapur I</a> tungis Rooma Mesopotaamiasse (243), laastas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiookia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiookia">Antiookia</a> (254) ja tungis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatoolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatoolia">Anatooliasse</a> (260). Valitseja (293–302) Narsehi ajal tungisid sassaniidide väed Rooma <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armeenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armeenia">Armeeniasse</a>, kuid võideti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/298?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="298">298</a>. aastal hilisema keisri <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galerius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galerius">Galeriuse</a> vägede poolt ning loovutasid rahulepingu alusel nende kontrolli all olnud viis provintsi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tigris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tigris">Tigrisest</a> lääne pool.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="3._sajandi_kriis">3. sajandi kriis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "3. sajandi kriis"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_kodus%C3%B5jad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma kodusõjad">Rooma kodusõdade</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3._sajandi_kriis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3. sajandi kriis">3. sajandi kriisi</a> (235–284) vältel võitlesid väejuhid omavahel keisriks saamise nimel ja keisrid võitlesid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Usurpaator&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Usurpaator (pole veel kirjutatud)">usurpaatorite</a> vastu. Seega oli sellel ajajärgul Rooma riigis käimas püsiv kodusõda.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png/220px-Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png/330px-Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png/440px-Barbarian_invasions_from_3rd_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="920"></a> <figcaption> Barbarite invasioonid Rooma riiki 3. sajandil </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/259?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="259">259</a>. aastal lõi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia">Gallia</a> Rooma impeeriumist lahku (260–274). Tekkinud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gallia_impeerium&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gallia impeerium (pole veel kirjutatud)">Gallia impeeriumi</a> (<i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Belgica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germania_inferior&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Germania inferior (pole veel kirjutatud)">Germania inferior</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germania_superior&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Germania superior (pole veel kirjutatud)">Germania superior</a></i>) valitses (260–269) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postumus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> ja selle pealinn oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trier</a>. Pärast Postumuse surma hävitasid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frangid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frangid">frangid</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemannid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemannid">alemannid</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/275?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="275">275</a> linna, kuid see taastati peagi.</p> <p>Aastateks (270–273) eraldus ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Palmyra_impeerium&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Palmyra impeerium (pole veel kirjutatud)">Palmyra impeerium</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_provintsid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma provintsid">Rooma provintsidega</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syria_Palaestina&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Syria Palaestina (pole veel kirjutatud)">Syria Palaestina</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabia_Petraea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egiptus_(Rooma_provints)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egiptus (Rooma provints)">Egiptus</a> ja suur osa <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatoolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatoolia">Asia Minorist</a>).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Alemannid">Alemannid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Alemannid"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Alemanni_expansion.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alemanni_expansion.png/220px-Alemanni_expansion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alemanni_expansion.png/330px-Alemanni_expansion.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alemanni_expansion.png/440px-Alemanni_expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="499"></a> <figcaption> Alemannide asualad ja Rooma-alemanni lahingute kohad, 3.–6. sajand </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemannid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemannid">Alemannid</a></i> </dd> </dl> <p>3. ja 4. sajandil olid alemannid jätkuvalt hõivatud konfliktidega <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma riik">Rooma riigiga</a>. Nad käivitasid aastal 268 suure sissetungi Galliasse ja Põhja-<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia">Itaaliasse</a>, kui roomlased olid sunnitud saatma enamuse oma Germaania piiri vägedest vastu suurele <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goodid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goodid">gootide</a> sissetungile idast. Nende retked läbi Gallia kolme osa olid traumaatilised: <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valerianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valerianus">Valerianuse</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallienus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallienus">Gallienuse</a> ajal (253–260), koondusid alemannid oma "kuninga" <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chrocus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Chrocus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Chrocuse</a> alla rüüsteretkedeks. 268. aasta varasuvel peatas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vana-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vana-Rooma keiser">keiser</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallienus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> nende edenemise Itaaliasse, kuid pidi siis tegelema gootidega. Kui Gooti kampaania lõppes septembris <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Naissuse_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Naissuse lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Naissuse lahingus</a> roomlaste võiduga, pöördus Gallienuse järglane <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudius_II_Gothicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudius II Gothicus">Claudius II Gothicus</a> põhja tegelema alemannidega, kes olid hõivanud kogu Itaalia <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Po?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Po">Po</a> jõest põhja pool.</p> <p>Pärast rahumeelse taandumise jõupingutuste nurjumist sundis Claudius alemannid novembris <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benacuse_j%C3%A4rve_lahing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benacuse järve lahing">Benacuse järve lahingusse</a>. Alemannid aeti põgenema, sunniti tagasi Saksamaale ja ei ohustanud Rooma territooriumi palju aastaid pärast seda.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Aurelianuse_valitsusaeg">Keiser Aurelianuse valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Aurelianuse valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Map_of_Ancient_Rome_271_AD.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_Ancient_Rome_271_AD.svg/220px-Map_of_Ancient_Rome_271_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_Ancient_Rome_271_AD.svg/330px-Map_of_Ancient_Rome_271_AD.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_Ancient_Rome_271_AD.svg/440px-Map_of_Ancient_Rome_271_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="1213"></a> <figcaption> Rooma impeerium killustatuna 271. aastal. <i>Imperium Galliarum</i> (260–274), Rooma ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palmyra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> riigid </figcaption> </figure> <p>Keiser (270–275) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aurelianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurelianus">Aurelianusel</a> õnnestus riigi ühtsus taastada. Võitudega <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BC%C3%BCdid&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jüüdid (pole veel kirjutatud)">jüütide</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarmaadid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarmaadid">sarmaatide</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vandaalid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vandaalid">vandaalide</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goodid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goodid">gootide</a> üle taastas ta Rooma piiri <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doonau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doonau">Doonaul</a>, kuid pidi teisel pool jõge oleva <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daakia">Daakia</a> 271 gootidele loovutama. Keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aurelianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurelianus">Aurelianus</a> oli sunnitud Rooma väed ja võimud tagasi tõmbama Doonaust lõuna poole. Tagasitõmbumisega Doonau taha lõhuti ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traianuse_sild?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traianuse sild">Traianuse sild</a>, mis oli olnud antiikmaailma pikim sild. 271. aastal peatas ta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> lähedal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alamannid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamannid">alamannide</a> sissetungi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia">Itaaliasse</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/272?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="272">272</a>. aastal võitis ta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palmyra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> valitsejanna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zenobia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zenobia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Zenobia</a> ja tõi ta vangina Rooma. 274 võitis ta Gallia usurpaatori <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tetricus_I&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tetricus I (pole veel kirjutatud)">Tetricus I</a> ja liidendas seega kõik sajandi keskel tekkinud separaatriigid, taastades <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma riik">Rooma riigi</a> ühtsuse.</p> <p>Keiser (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/276?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="276">276</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/282?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="282">282</a>) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Probus">Marcus Aurelius Probuse</a> valitsusajal taastati keisririigi kontroll <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ill%C3%BC%C3%BCria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illüüria">Illüüria</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traakia">Traakia</a> ja Väike-Aasia üle. Ta saavutas lühiajalist edu võitluses <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frangid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frangid">frankide</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alamannid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamannid">alamannide</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vandaalid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vandaalid">vandaalide</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A4rslased?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pärslased">pärslaste</a> vastu.</p> <p>Keiser (282–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/283?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="283">283</a>) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carus">Carus</a> tungis 283. aastal 260. aastast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassaniidide_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sassaniidide riik">Sassaniidide</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A4rsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pärsia">Pärsia</a> võimu all olnud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotaamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotaamia">Mesopotaamiasse</a>. Rooma armee jõudis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ktesiphon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ktesiphon">Ktesiphoni</a> linnani ning vallutas selle. Pärast Caruse surma hakkasid Rooma väed vallutatud aladelt taanduma.</p> <p>3. sajandil elas Rooma riik üle sügava kriisi. Algas linnade langus, kaubalis-rahalised suhted nõrgenesid, põllumajanduses sai valitsevaks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latifundium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latifundium">latifundium</a>. Impeeriumis hakkas levima <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristlus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristlus">kristlus</a>, mille tõkestamiseks hakati kristlasi taga kiusama.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hiline_keisririik">Hiline keisririik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Hiline keisririik"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vana-Rooma_keisrite_loend_kuni_riigi_lahknemiseni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vana-Rooma keisrite loend kuni riigi lahknemiseni">Vana-Rooma keisrite loend kuni riigi lahknemiseni</a></i> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Diocletianuse_valitsusaeg">Keiser Diocletianuse valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Diocletianuse valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Hilise keisririigi ajajärku on nimetatud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominaat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominaat">dominaadiks</a>, mis algas keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diocletianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diocletianus">Diocletianuse</a> valitsemisajaga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/284?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="284">284</a>. aastal ning lõppes <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/476?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="476">476</a>. aastal, kui kukutati viimane <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lääne-Rooma keiser">Lääne-Rooma keiser</a>. Hilise keisririigi perioodi algust arvestatakse Diocletianuse valitsemisajast, sest ta suutis lõpetada aastakümneid kestnud segadused, millega kaasnesid põhjalikud ümberkorraldused riigi valitsemises ja halduses. Keiser (284–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/305?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="305">305</a>) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diocletianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diocletianus">Diocletianus</a> viis riigi päästmiseks läbi põhjalikud reformid.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Tetrarchy_map3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tetrarchy_map3.jpg/220px-Tetrarchy_map3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tetrarchy_map3.jpg/330px-Tetrarchy_map3.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tetrarchy_map3.jpg/440px-Tetrarchy_map3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="751"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tetrarhia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tetrarhia">Tetrarhia</a> valitsusalad </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/297?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="297">297</a> loodi ametnike riik: sõjalis-bürokraatlik <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absoluutne_monarhia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Absoluutne monarhia">absoluutne monarhia</a> – dominaat. Vabad maaharijad muudeti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kolonaat&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kolonaat (pole veel kirjutatud)">kolonaatideks</a>, kes rentisid maavaldajatelt maad. Maksureformi käigus seoti talupojad nende poolt haritava maa külge. Sõdureid kohustati keisrile ohverdama. Dominaat sai oma täieliku kuju <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinus">Constantinuse</a> ajal, kes võttis vastu kristluse.</p> <p>Diocletianuse valitsusajal kehtestati ka keisrite nelikvõim ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tetrarhia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tetrarhia">tetrarhia</a>, kuid sellest süsteemist loobuti. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diocletianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diocletianus">Diocletianuse</a> asutatud ja aastail <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/293?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="293">293</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/313?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="313">313</a> kehtinud riigikorraldusega, valitses kumbagi riigiosa (Ida ja Läänt) valitses ülemkeiser (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus_(lisanimi)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustus (lisanimi)">augustus</a>) ja temale alluv alamkeiser (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Caesar_(tiitel)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Caesar (tiitel) (pole veel kirjutatud)"><i>caesar</i></a>), keda on nimetatud ka abikeisriteks. Samas säilis tava jagada keisririik kahe valitseja vahel, kus üks valitses ida- ja teine lääneprovintsides. Impeerium jäi ametlikult ühtseks ning õigusakte anti välja iga nelja keisri nimel. Tegelikult kehtestas kogu impeeriumis kehtivaid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edikt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edikt">edikte</a> Diocletianus.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Constantinus_Suure_valitsusaeg">Keiser Constantinus Suure valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Constantinus Suure valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/220px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/330px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/440px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="858"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinus_Suur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinus Suur">Constantinus Suur</a>, Vana-Rooma keiser 306–337 </figcaption> </figure> <p>Keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinus_Suur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinus Suur">Constantinus Suure</a> ajal (306–337) algas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germaania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germaania">Germaaniast</a> lähtuvate rünnakute surve tõttu laiaulatuslik sõjaväe reformi. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leegion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leegion">Leegionite</a> isikkoosseisu suurust vähendati, kuid samas suurendati leegionite arvu. Impeeriumi kaitse parandamiseks suurendati sõjaväe suurust hinnanguliselt kuni kaks korda. Hilise keisririigi ajal sai alguse sõjaväe jaotamine piirivägedeks (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limitanei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limitanei">Limitanei</a>) ja mobiilseks väliarmeeks (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comitatenses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comitatenses">Comitatenses</a>). Keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallienus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallienus">Gallienuse</a> ajal sai alguse koos keisriga liikuv väliarmee, mille nimetuseks oli <i>comitatus</i>. Samuti tehti muudatusi sõjaväe juhtimises. Piiriäärsete piirkonnad jaotati tsoonideks, milles paiknenud piirivägesid juhtis ohvitser, kes kandis tiitlit <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dux&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dux (pole veel kirjutatud)">dux</a></i> (mitmus <i>duces</i>). Väliarmeesid juhtis ohvitser, kelle tiitliks oli <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Comes&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Comes (pole veel kirjutatud)">comes</a></i> (mitmus <i>comites</i>).</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Roman_empire_395.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Roman_empire_395.jpg/300px-Roman_empire_395.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Roman_empire_395.jpg/450px-Roman_empire_395.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Roman_empire_395.jpg/600px-Roman_empire_395.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="1861"></a> <figcaption> Rooma keisririik 395. aastal </figcaption> </figure> <p>Constantinus Suure ajal võeti pretoriaani prefektidelt sõjaline võim ning prefektuurides paiknevaid üksusi hakkasid juhtima uued sõjalised juhid (<i>magistri militum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pärast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mulviuse_silla_lahing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mulviuse silla lahing">Mulviuse silla lahingut</a> saadeti laiali pretoriaani kaardivägi, kuid vajadus keisri ihukaitseväe järele säilis, mille tulemusena võis Constantinus moodustada <i>scholae palatinae</i>, mis tegutsesid keisri otsealluvuses, et välistada sellise üksuse juhi võimalik võimuhaaramise katse.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Roman-empire-395AD.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Roman-empire-395AD.svg/220px-Roman-empire-395AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Roman-empire-395AD.svg/330px-Roman-empire-395AD.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Roman-empire-395AD.svg/440px-Roman-empire-395AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="481"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_Constantinus_Suure_valitsusaeg_2">Keiser Constantinus Suure valitsusaeg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser Constantinus Suure valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Diocletianuse ja Constantinus Suure valitsemisajal tugevnes riigi keskvõim ja bürokraatia. Constantinus legaliseeris 313. aastal ristiusu, mis muutus kiiresti valitsevaks usundiks. Temale järgnenud keisrid (v.a. üks) olid kristlased.</p> <p>Pärast Constantinust valitsesid riigi ida- ja lääneosa keisrid: lääneosa keisri residents oli Mediolanum (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milano">Milano</a>) ja hiljem <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravenna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. Pärast keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodosius_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> surma (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/395?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="395">395</a>) jagunes impeerium lõplikult <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%BCtsants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bütsants">Ida-Rooma riigiks</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lääne-Rooma riik">Lääne-Rooma riigiks</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma riik">Rooma riik</a></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_keisririik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lääne-Rooma keisririik">Lääne-Rooma keisririik</a></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ida-Rooma_keisririik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida-Rooma keisririik">Ida-Rooma keisririik</a></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma keiser">Rooma keiser</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rooma_keisririik&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert, Jean-Noël. Rooma. 2010, lk 25.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Samas, lk 26.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Treadgold, Warren, lk 22.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" 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<div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Keeled</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%25C3%25ABn_Romawi" title="Keurajeuën Romawi – atšehi" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Romawi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atšehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D_%25D0%2598%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258D" title="Ромэ Империэ – kabardi-tšerkessi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ромэ Империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardi-tšerkessi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Romeinse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258B%25A8%25E1%2588%25AE%25E1%2588%259B_%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%258B%259B%25E1%2589%25B5" title="የሮማ ግዛት – amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሮማ ግዛት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisc_Rice" title="Romanisc Rice – vanainglise" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Romanisc Rice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="vanainglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="الإمبراطورية الرومانية – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25BC%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A7%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D4%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25BD%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25AB%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Հռոմէական Կայսրութիւն – läänearmeenia" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հռոմէական Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="läänearmeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF" title="ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য – assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_romanu" title="Imperiu romanu – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu romanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%25C3%25B3ma_Mburuvi" title="Rróma Mburuvi – guaranii" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rróma Mburuvi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Румалъул империя – avaari" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Румалъул империя" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_imperiyas%25C4%25B1" title="Roma imperiyası – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25BA%25D9%2588" title="روم ایمپیراتورلوغو – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روم ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Rom" title="Empayar Rom – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF" title="রোমান সাম্রাজ্য – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমান সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B4-m%25C3%25A1_T%25C3%25A8-kok" title="Lô-má Tè-kok – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-má Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D2%25BB%25D1%258B" title="Рим империяһы – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рим империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Рымская імперыя – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рымская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Рымская імпэрыя – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рымская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano – keskbikoli" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="keskbikoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_roman" title="Impalaeriezh roman – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Римска империя – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D0%25B9_%25D1%258D%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%258D_%25D0%25B3%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Римэй эзэнтэ гүрэн – burjaadi" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Римэй эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Rom%25C3%25A0" title="Imperi Romà – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano – sebu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2598%25C3%25ADmsk%25C3%25A1_%25C5%2599%25C3%25AD%25C5%25A1e" title="Římská říše – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufumu_wa_Roma" title="Ufumu wa Roma – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ufumu wa Roma" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Rumanu" title="Imperu Rumanu – korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Imperu Rumanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerske_Kejserrige" title="Romerske Kejserrige – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romerske Kejserrige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="لإمبراطورية الرومانية – Maroko araabia" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإمبراطورية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Maroko araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25B6misch_Imperium" title="Römisch Imperium – Pennsylvania saksa" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Römisch Imperium" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25B6mische_Kaiserzeit" title="Römische Kaiserzeit – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römische Kaiserzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romski_imperium" title="Romski imperium – alamsorbi" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Romski imperium" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="alamsorbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A1%25CF%2589%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CF%258A%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%2591%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_romano" title="Imperio romano – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio romano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romia_Imperio" title="Romia Imperio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romia Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_romanu" title="Imperiu romanu – estremenju" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Imperiu romanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremenju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="امپراتوری روم – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Samrajya" title="Roman Samrajya – Fidži hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Roman Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidži hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25B3mverjar%25C3%25ADki%25C3%25B0" title="Rómverjaríkið – fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rómverjaríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_romain" title="Empire romain – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire romain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinske_Ryk" title="Romeinske Ryk – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Romeinske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireacht_na_R%25C3%25B3imhe" title="Impireacht na Róimhe – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Impireacht na Róimhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emepaea_o_Roma" title="Emepaea o Roma – samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Emepaea o Roma" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireachd_na_R%25C3%25B2imhe" title="Impireachd na Ròimhe – gaeli" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Impireachd na Ròimhe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaeli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Рума импери – inguši" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Рума импери" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B" title="羅馬帝國 – kani" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="kani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258D%2582%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258C%25BC%25F0%2590%258D%2589%25F0%2590%258C%25BD%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258D%2583%25F0%2590%258C%25BA_%25F0%2590%258D%2582%25F0%2590%258C%25B4%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25BA%25F0%2590%258C%25B9" title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 – gooti" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gooti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B2-m%25C3%25A2_Ti-koet" title="Lò-mâ Ti-koet – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lò-mâ Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25A7%2588_%25EC%25A0%259C%25EA%25B5%25AD" title="로마 제국 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25BC%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A5%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25BD%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Հռոմեական կայսրություն – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռոմեական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romske_m%25C3%25B3cnarstwo" title="Romske mócnarstwo – ülemsorbi" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Romske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ülemsorbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romana_Imperio" title="Romana Imperio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Romana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_a_Romano" title="Imperio a Romano – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio a Romano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Roman" title="Imperio Roman – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio Roman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Ромы импери – osseedi" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ромы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseedi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25B3mverska_keisarad%25C3%25A6mi%25C3%25B0" title="Rómverska keisaradæmið – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómverska keisaradæmið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_romano" title="Impero romano – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero romano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2594_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="האימפריה הרומית – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הרומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaharajan_Rum" title="Kamaharajan Rum – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kamaharajan Rum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258B%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF" title="ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="რომის იმპერია – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="Рим империясы – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рим империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Romanek" title="Emperoureth Romanek – korni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Romanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola_la_Roma" title="Dola la Roma – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola la Roma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsi_ya_Roma" title="Nsi ya Roma – kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nsi ya Roma" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romafo_gindaxo" title="Romafo gindaxo – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Romafo gindaxo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Women" title="Anpi Women – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Women" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_romen" title="Ampir romen – Guajaana kreoolkeel" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir romen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guajaana kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Emperatoriya_Rom%25C3%25AA" title="Împeratoriya Romê – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Romê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano – ladiino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladiino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%2588%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%2582%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2599" title="ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Romanum" title="Imperium Romanum – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Romanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_imp%25C4%2593rija" title="Romas impērija – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romas impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9imescht_R%25C3%25A4ich" title="Réimescht Räich – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Réimescht Räich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Рим империя – lesgi" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рим империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romos_imperija" title="Romos imperija – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%25C3%25AAo_Roman" title="Impêo Roman – liguuri" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Impêo Roman" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeins_Riek" title="Romeins Riek – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Romeins Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Roman" title="Impero Roman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Roman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/latmo_sosygugje%2527a" title="latmo sosygugje'a – ložban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="latmo sosygugje'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ložban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Roman" title="Imper Roman – lombardi" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Roman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25B3mai_Birodalom" title="Római Birodalom – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Római Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Римско Царство – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_R%25C3%25B4mana" title="Empira Rômana – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Rômana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BE_%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2582" title="റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യം – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Ruman" title="Imperu Ruman – malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imperu Ruman" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emepaea_R%25C5%258Dmana" title="Emepaea Rōmana – maoori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Emepaea Rōmana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maoori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A8_%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="რომიშ იმპერია – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რომიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2587" title="الامبراطوريه الرومانيه – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامبراطوريه الرومانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="روم امپراتوری – mazandaraani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روم امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi" title="Kakaisaran Romawi – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B2%25CC%25A4-m%25C4%2581_D%25C3%25A1%25CC%25A4-gu%25C3%25B3k" title="Lò̤-mā Dá̤-guók – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lò̤-mā Dá̤-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%25C3%25A9rio_Romano" title="Ampério Romano – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Romano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD_%25D1%258D%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582_%25D0%25B3%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Ромын эзэнт гүрэн – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ромын эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25AB%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC" title="ရောမအင်ပါယာ – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောမအင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Matanitu_ki_Roma" title="Na Matanitu ki Roma – fidži" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Na Matanitu ki Roma" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidži" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Keizerrijk" title="Romeinse Keizerrijk – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romeinse Keizerrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Riek" title="Romeinse Riek – Hollandi alamsaksa" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Romeinse Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Hollandi alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%259E%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259B%25BD" title="ローマ帝国 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Rumano" title="Impero Rumano – napoli" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Impero Rumano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Руман импери – tšetšeeni" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Руман импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tšetšeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25B6%25C3%25B6msk_Keisertidj" title="Röömsk Keisertidj – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Röömsk Keisertidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_romerske_keiserriket" title="Det romerske keiserriket – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det romerske keiserriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romarriket" title="Romarriket – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Roman" title="Empire Roman – Normandia" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Empire Roman" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Normandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%25C3%25A8ri_roman" title="Empèri roman – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri roman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258B%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AD%2580%25E0%25AD%259F_%25E0%25AC%25B8%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%259C%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AD%259F" title="ରୋମୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ – oria" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୋମୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperiyasi" title="Rim imperiyasi – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rim imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25A8_%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%259C" title="ਰੋਮਨ ਸਮਰਾਜ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਨ ਸਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA" title="رومی سلطنت – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_romano" title="Imperio romano – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio romano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%258A" title="روم سترواکي – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روم سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoman_Empaya" title="Ruoman Empaya – Jamaica kreoolkeel" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruoman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaica kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2585%25E1%259E%2580%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%2597%25E1%259E%2596%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%25BC%25E1%259E%2598" title="ចក្រភពរ៉ូម – khmeeri" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពរ៉ូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_Romain" title="Impire Romain – pikardi" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Impire Romain" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Roman" title="Imperi Roman – piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Imperi Roman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25B6%25C3%25B6msch_Kaiserriek" title="Röömsch Kaiserriek – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Röömsch Kaiserriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Rzymskie" title="Cesarstwo Rzymskie – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Rzymskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%25C3%25A9rio_Romano" title="Império Romano – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Romano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperiyas%25C4%25B1" title="Rim imperiyası – karakalpaki" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rim imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_%25C4%25B0mperiyas%25C4%25B1" title="Roma İmperiyası – krimmitatari" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Roma İmperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimmitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Roman" title="Imperiul Roman – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_roman_(sursilvan)" title="Imperi roman (sursilvan) – romanši" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Imperi roman (sursilvan)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanu_qhapaq_suyu" title="Rumanu qhapaq suyu – ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumanu qhapaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Римска империя – russiini" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Римска империя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="russiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Римская империя – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Римская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0" title="Рим империята – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рим империята" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%25C3%25A8riu_romanu" title="Impèriu romanu – sardi" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu romanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomske_Riek" title="Roomske Riek – saterfriisi" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Roomske Riek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Romake" title="Perandoria Romake – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%25C3%25A8riu_rumanu" title="Mpèriu rumanu – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpèriu rumanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%259D%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2594_%25E0%25B6%2585%25E0%25B6%25B0%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA" title="رومي سلطنت – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رومي سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25ADmske_cis%25C3%25A1rstvo" title="Rímske cisárstvo – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rímske cisárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_cesarstvo" title="Rimsko cesarstvo – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25DA%2595%25DB%2586%25D9%2585%25DB%258C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Римско царство – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi" title="Kakaisaran Romawi – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooman_keisarikunta" title="Rooman keisarikunta – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooman keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_kejsard%25C3%25B6met" title="Romerska kejsardömet – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska kejsardömet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnkda_Ta%25E1%25B9%259Bumanit" title="Tamnkda Taṛumanit – šilha" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamnkda Taṛumanit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="šilha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2589%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2587%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581" title="உரோமைப் பேரரசு – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமைப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnekda_Tarumanit" title="Tamnekda Tarumanit – kabiili" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamnekda Tarumanit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5" title="Рим империясе – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рим империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258B%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B1%258D_%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%2582" title="రోమన్ సామ్రాజ్యం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోమన్ సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599" title="จักรวรรดิโรมัน – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิโรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BA%25BF_qu%25E1%25BB%2591c_La_M%25C3%25A3" title="Đế quốc La Mã – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2588%25AE%25E1%2588%259C_%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%258B%259D%25E1%258A%25A3%25E1%2589%25B5" title="ሮሜ ግዝኣት – tigrinja" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሮሜ ግዝኣት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_%25C4%25B0mparatorlu%25C4%259Fu" title="Roma İmparatorluğu – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperi%25C3%25BDasy" title="Rim imperiýasy – türkmeeni" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rim imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="türkmeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%25CC%25B1byintyokshan_Rom" title="A̱byintyokshan Rom – tjapi" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byintyokshan Rom" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tjapi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Римська імперія – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Римська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA" title="رومی سلطنت – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A6%25D9%2589%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25DB%2590%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25D9%2589%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589" title="رىم ئىمپېرىيىسى – uiguuri" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىم ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoz_Lozmaj" title="Digoz Lozmaj – tšuangi" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Digoz Lozmaj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="tšuangi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_Roman" title="Inpero Roman – veneti" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero Roman" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimalaine_imperii" title="Rimalaine imperii – vepsa" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rimalaine imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_romin" title="Impire romin – vallooni" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Impire romin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeins_Ryk" title="Romeins Ryk – lääneflaami" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Romeins Ryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="lääneflaami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Romano" title="Imperyo Romano – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Romano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BD%2597%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259B%25BD" title="罗马帝国 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A2_%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2" title="רוימישע אימפעריע – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוימישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2580_%25E1%25BB%258Cbal%25C3%25BAay%25C3%25A9_R%25C3%25B3m%25C3%25B9" title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B" title="羅馬帝國 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0mperatoriya_Roma" title="İmperatoriya Roma – dõmli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Roma" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dõmli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruomas_imper%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Ruomas imperėjė – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruomas imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B" title="羅馬帝國 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-et.svg" alt="Vikipeedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 22:18, 23. november 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Sisu on kasutatav litsentsi <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> tingimustel, kui pole öeldud teisiti.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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