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id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Start_of_the_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_the_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Start of the modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_the_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France:_19th_to_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France:_19th_to_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 France: 19th to 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France:_19th_to_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain:_18th_to_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain:_18th_to_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Spain: 18th to 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain:_18th_to_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Present day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_relationship_with_other_Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_relationship_with_other_Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Classification and relationship with other Romance languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_relationship_with_other_Romance_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification and relationship with other Romance languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_relationship_with_other_Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Relationship with other Romance languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catalan-speaking_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalan-speaking_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Catalan-speaking territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalan-speaking_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Number of speakers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Level_of_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Level_of_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Level of knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Level_of_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Social use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Native language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonological_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonological_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Phonological evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonological_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociolinguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociolinguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sociolinguistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociolinguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sociolinguistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sociolinguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preferential_subjects_of_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preferential_subjects_of_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Preferential subjects of study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preferential_subjects_of_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Morphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_Valencian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_Valencian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Status of Valencian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_Valencian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_choices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_choices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Word choices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_choices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_and_Greek_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_and_Greek_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Latin and Greek loanwords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_and_Greek_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Word formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Writing system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_and_number_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_number_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Gender and number inflection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_number_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determiners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determiners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Determiners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determiners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Personal pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalan_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalan_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Catalan names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalan_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sample text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Catalan language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 177 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-177" aria-hidden="true" > 177 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalaans" title="Katalaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Katalaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanische_Sprache" title="Katalanische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Katalanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ካታላንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካታላንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कैटलन भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कैटलन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_spr%C7%A3c" title="Catalan sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Catalan sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الكتالونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الكتالونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n" title="Idioma catalán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma catalán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan" title="Catalan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Catalan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n" title="Idioma catalán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma catalán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalu%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Kataluñañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kataluñañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan_dili" title="Katalan dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Katalan dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کاتالان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاتالان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কাতালান ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাতালান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalunya-g%C3%AD" title="Catalunya-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Catalunya-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Каталан теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Каталан теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Каталанская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каталанская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Каталянская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каталянская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan" title="Katalan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Katalan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan" title="Katalan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Katalan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Каталонски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каталонски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanisch" title="Katalanisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Katalanisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalonski_jezik" title="Katalonski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Katalonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalaneg" title="Katalaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Katalaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catal%C3%A0" title="Català – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Català" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Katalan" title="Pinulongang Katalan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Katalan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Katalánština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katalánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_catal%C3%A1n" title="Lengua catalán – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Lengua catalán" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_catalana" title="Lingua catalana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua catalana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalaneg" title="Catalaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Catalaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalansk_(sprog)" title="Catalansk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Catalansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%A1nagiella" title="Katalánagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Katalánagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanische_Sprache" title="Katalanische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katalanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalaani_keel" title="Katalaani keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katalaani keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Καταλανική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καταλανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catal%C3%A0n" title="Catalàn – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Catalàn" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Каталанонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Каталанонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n" title="Idioma catalán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma catalán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataluna_lingvo" title="Kataluna lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kataluna lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_catalana" title="Lengua catalana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua catalana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan" title="Katalan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katalan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان کاتالان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کاتالان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_bhasa" title="Catalan bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Catalan bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Katalanskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Katalanskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan" title="Catalan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catalan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalaansk" title="Katalaansk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Katalaansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_catalane" title="Lenghe catalane – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe catalane" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chatal%C3%B3inis" title="An Chatalóinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chatalóinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataloanish" title="Cataloanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cataloanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalanais" title="Catalanais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Catalanais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_catal%C3%A1" title="Lingua catalá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua catalá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalunya-ng%C3%AE" title="Catalunya-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Catalunya-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A3%A8%EB%83%90%EC%96%B4" title="카탈루냐어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카탈루냐어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Կատալաներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատալաներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कातालान भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कातालान भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Katalanšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Katalanšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalonski_jezik" title="Katalonski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katalonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataluniana_linguo" title="Kataluniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kataluniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Katalan" title="Pagsasao a Katalan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Katalan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Katalan" title="Bahasa Katalan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Katalan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_catalan" title="Lingua catalan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua catalan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan" title="Catalan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Catalan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Каталайнаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Каталайнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiKatalani" title="IsiKatalani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiKatalani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%B3nska" title="Katalónska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Katalónska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_catalana" title="Lingua catalana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua catalana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קטלאנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטלאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Katala" title="Basa Katala – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Katala" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Katalan" title="Amanung Katalan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Katalan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Каталан тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Каталан тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კატალანური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კატალანური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalo%C5%84sczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Katalońsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Katalońsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Каталан тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каталан тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanek" title="Katalanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Katalanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igikatalani" title="Igikatalani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igikatalani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikatalunya" title="Kikatalunya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kikatalunya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Каталан кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Каталан кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_katalan" title="Lang katalan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang katalan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_ketelan%C3%AE" title="Zimanê ketelanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê ketelanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_katalana" title="Lingua katalana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua katalana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ພາສາກາຕາລັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາກາຕາລັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Catalana" title="Lingua Catalana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Catalana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C4%81%C5%86u_valoda" title="Katalāņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katalāņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalounesch" title="Katalounesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Katalounesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalon%C5%B3_kalba" title="Katalonų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Katalonų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_catalann-a" title="Lengua catalann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua catalann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalaans" title="Catalaans – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Catalaans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_(lingua)" title="Catalan (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Catalan (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_catalana" title="Lengua catalana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua catalana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%A1n_nyelv" title="Katalán nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katalán nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कातालान भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कातालान भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Каталонски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каталонски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_katal%C3%A0na" title="Fiteny katalàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny katalàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="കാറ്റലൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാറ്റലൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Katalana" title="Lingwa Katalana – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Katalana" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कातालान भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कातालान भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კატალანური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კატალანური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="كاتالانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتالانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاتالونیایی زوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاتالونیایی زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Catalonia" title="Bahasa Catalonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Catalonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯇꯂꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯇꯂꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Каталан хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Каталан хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalaans" title="Catalaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Catalaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattelaans" title="Kattelaans – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kattelaans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="कातालान भाय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कातालान भाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="カタルーニャ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタルーニャ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_catalana" title="Lengua catalana – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua catalana" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Каталанхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Каталанхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalaans_spriak" title="Katalaans spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Katalaans spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_laenghwij" title="Catalan laenghwij – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Catalan laenghwij" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalansk" title="Katalansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katalansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalansk" title="Katalansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Katalansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan" title="Catalan – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Catalan" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanum" title="Katalanum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Katalanum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan" title="Catalan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Catalan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Каталан йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Каталан йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan_tili" title="Katalan tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Katalan tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਤਾਲਾਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਤਾਲਾਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کیٹلونی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیٹلونی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan" title="Katalan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Katalan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کاتالونيايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاتالونيايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ភាសាកាតាឡាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាកាតាឡាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_catalan-a" title="Lenga catalan-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga catalan-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalaansche_Spraak" title="Katalaansche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Katalaansche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_katalo%C5%84ski" title="Język kataloński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kataloński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_catal%C3%A3" title="Língua catalã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua catalã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan_tili" title="Katalan tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Katalan tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan_tili" title="Katalan tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Katalan tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tatar%C5%ABnia" title="Reo Tatarūnia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Tatarūnia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_catalan%C4%83" title="Limba catalană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba catalană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_catalana" title="Lingua catalana – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua catalana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan_simi" title="Katalan simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Katalan simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Каталанский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каталанский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Каталан тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Каталан тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Katalan" title="Faʻa Katalan – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Katalan" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_cadelana" title="Limba cadelana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba cadelana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_leid" title="Catalan leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Catalan leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataloansk" title="Kataloansk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kataloansk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_katalane" title="Gjuha katalane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha katalane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_catalana" title="Lingua catalana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua catalana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Catalan language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%A1n%C4%8Dina" title="Katalánčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katalánčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalon%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Katalonščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katalonščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C5%8D%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Katalōńskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Katalōńskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی کەتەلۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی کەتەلۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Каталонски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каталонски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalonski_jezik" title="Katalonski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katalonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalaani" title="Katalaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katalaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanska" title="Katalanska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katalanska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Katalan" title="Wikang Katalan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Katalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="காட்டலான் மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காட்டலான் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatalant" title="Takatalant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Takatalant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Каталан теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каталан теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-katalaun" title="Lia-katalaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-katalaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษากาตาลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากาตาลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони котолонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони котолонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanca" title="Katalanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katalanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan_dili" title="Katalan dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Katalan dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Каталан кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Каталан кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Каталанська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каталанська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کتلونیائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتلونیائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="كاتالان تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاتالان تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a 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For the ship, see <a href="/wiki/SS_Catala" title="SS Catala">SS Catala</a>. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A1_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalá (disambiguation)">Catalá</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Catalan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Valencian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">català valencià</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[kətəˈla]</a> (<abbr title="Northern">N</abbr>, <abbr title="Central">C</abbr> & <abbr title="Balearic">B</abbr>) / <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[kataˈla]</a> (<abbr title="North-Western">NW</abbr> & <abbr title="Algherese">A</abbr>) <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[valensiˈa]</a> (<abbr title="Valencian">V</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 4.1 million (2012)<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 5.1 million Total: 9.2 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Catalan</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Catalan alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Catalan">Signed Catalan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left"><div>1 state, 3 communities and 1 city</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> communities of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>)</li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> city of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left"><div>3 sub-regions or areas</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> sub-region of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>), part of <a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> sub-regions of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>, part of the community of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Region of Murcia</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a> (IEC) <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a> (AVL)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ca">ca</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=75">cat</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cat" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cat">cat</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/stan1289">stan1289</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-e">51-AAA-e</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalan_language_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Domínio geolinguístico do catalão" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Catalan_language_in_Europe.png/320px-Catalan_language_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Catalan_language_in_Europe.png/480px-Catalan_language_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Catalan_language_in_Europe.png/640px-Catalan_language_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="441" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Territories where Catalan/Valencian is spoken and is official</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Territories where Catalan/Valencian is spoken but is not official</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Territories where Catalan/Valencian is not historically spoken but is official</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Standard Catalan is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Catalan (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">autonym</a>: català, for pronunciation see <a href="#Etymology_and_pronunciation">below</a> or infobox) is a <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance language</a>. It is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a> and an official language of three <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>, where it is called <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a> (valencià). It has semi-official status in the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> and it is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> department of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and in two further areas in eastern Spain: the <a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">eastern strip</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and the Carche area in the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Region of Murcia</a>. The Catalan-speaking territories are often called the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Països Catalans</a> or "Catalan Countries".<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> The language evolved from Vulgar Latin in the Middle Ages around the eastern <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>. Nineteenth-century Spain saw a <a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Catalan literary revival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190–191-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> culminating in the early 1900s. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_pronunciation">Etymology and pronunciation </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalonia#Etymology_and_pronunciation" title="Catalonia">Catalonia § Etymology and pronunciation</a></div> The word Catalan is derived from the territorial name of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that Catalunya (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia ('Land of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>'), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Gothia" class="mw-redirect" title="March of Gothia">March of Gothia</a>, whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Venero2006-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1900154-10">[9]</a> In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a>). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. The word Catalan can be pronounced in English as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkætələn, -æn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KAT-ə-lən, -⁠lan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌkætəˈlæn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KAT-ə-LAN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionary.reference.com-12">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[kətəˈla]</a> in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[kataˈla]</a> in the Western dialects. In the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a>, the term valencià <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[valensiˈa]</a> is frequently used instead. Thus, the name "Valencian", although often employed for referring to the varieties specific to the Valencian Community and Carche, is also used by Valencians as a name for the language as a whole,<a href="#cite_note-AVL-9_feb_2005-13">[12]</a> synonymous with "Catalan".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELledó2011334–337-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-AVL-9_feb_2005-13">[12]</a> Both uses of the term have their respective entries in the dictionaries by the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a> (AVL)<a href="#cite_note-DNV_AVL_1-15">[note 1]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a> (IEC).<a href="#cite_note-IEC-16">[note 2]</a> (See also <a href="#Status_of_Valencian">status of Valencian</a> below). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History of Catalan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonological history of Catalan</a></div> By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> on both sides of the eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, as well as the territories of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, bringing their language with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> in 988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> In the 11th century, documents written in <a href="/wiki/Macaronic_language" title="Macaronic language">macaronic Latin</a> begin to show Catalan elements,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38-17">[14]</a> with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38-17">[14]</a> Old Catalan shared many features with <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a>, diverging from <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> between the 11th and 14th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiquer1964-18">[15]</a> During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded southward to the <a href="/wiki/Ebro_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebro river">Ebro river</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> and in the 13th century they conquered the lands that would become the Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190-19">[16]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Low_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Middle Ages">Low Middle Ages</a>, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a> (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in <a href="/wiki/Ausi%C3%A0s_March" title="Ausiàs March">Ausiàs March</a> (1397–1459).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> By the 15th century, the city of <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> had become the sociocultural center of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, and Catalan was present all over the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190-19">[16]</a> During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joanot_Martorell" title="Joanot Martorell">Martorell</a>'s novel of chivalry <a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirant lo Blanc">Tirant lo Blanc</a> (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in <a href="/wiki/Bernat_Metge" title="Bernat Metge">Metge</a>'s work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> The first book produced with movable type in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> was printed in Catalan.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a> <div class="center"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Homilies d'Organyà (12th century)."><img alt="Homilies d'Organyà (12th century)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg/86px-Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg/130px-Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg/173px-Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="970" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Homilies_d%27Organy%C3%A0" title="Homilies d'Organyà">Homilies d'Organyà</a> (12th century).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greuges_de_Guitard_Isarn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of the Greuges de Guitard Isarn (c. 1080–1095), one of the earliest texts written almost completely in Catalan,[18][14] predating the famous Homilies d'Organyà by a century."><img alt="Fragment of the Greuges de Guitard Isarn (c. 1080–1095), one of the earliest texts written almost completely in Catalan,[18][14] predating the famous Homilies d'Organyà by a century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greuges_de_Guitard_Isarn.jpg/120px-Greuges_de_Guitard_Isarn.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greuges_de_Guitard_Isarn.jpg/180px-Greuges_de_Guitard_Isarn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greuges_de_Guitard_Isarn.jpg/240px-Greuges_de_Guitard_Isarn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="255" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greuges_de_Guitard_Isarn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greuges de Guitard Isarn (page does not exist)">Greuges de Guitard Isarn</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1080–1095), one of the earliest texts written almost completely in Catalan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeny19979–18-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38-17">[14]</a> predating the famous <a href="/wiki/Homilies_d%27Organy%C3%A0" title="Homilies d'Organyà">Homilies d'Organyà</a> by a century.</div> </li> </ul></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg/240px-Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg/360px-Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg/480px-Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Diachronic map of the Crown of Aragon. King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James the Conqueror</a> [1208–1276] dictated his autobiographical chronicles entirely in Catalan. Some of this territory nowadays makes up the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_of_the_modern_era">Start of the modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Start of the modern era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a,_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg/220px-Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg/330px-Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg/440px-Mapa_pol%C3%ADtico_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>School map of Spain from 1850 regarding the administrative structure. On it, the State is shown divided into four parts:- "Fully constitutional Spain", which includes Castile and Andalusia, but also the Galician-speaking territories. - "Annexed or assimilated Spain": the territories of the Crown of Aragon, the larger part of which, with the exception of Aragon proper, are Catalan-speaking-, "Foral Spain", which includes Basque-speaking territories-, and "Colonial Spain", with the last overseas colonial territories.</figcaption></figure> With the union of the crowns of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Castille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> in 1479, the Spanish kings ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and they had to swear by the <a href="/wiki/Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws">laws</a> of each territory before the respective <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliaments</a>. But after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, Spain became an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a>, which led to the assimilation of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a>, as a first step in the creation of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-state</a>; as in other contemporary European states, this meant the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant groups.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards national minorities have been a constant.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Recopilació_d'accions_genocides_con-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-galeusca2-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="One of the sources is titled "Recopilation of genocidal actions against the Catalan language". Seriously? Most of these sources are Catalan, foreign authors should be cited for controversial statements like these. (October 2023)">neutrality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Catalan_language" title="Talk:Catalan language">disputed</a>] The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed".<a href="#cite_note-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada2-29">[26]</a> From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish".<a href="#cite_note-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada2-29">[26]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> gradually became more prestigious<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190-19">[16]</a> and marked the start of the decline of Catalan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190–191-7">[6]</a> Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature came under the influence of Spanish, and the nobles, part of the urban and literary classes became <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190-19">[16]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">Language policy in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vergonha" title="Vergonha">Vergonha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg/140px-Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg/210px-Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg/280px-Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1374" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SpeakFrenchBeClean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/SpeakFrenchBeClean.jpg/200px-SpeakFrenchBeClean.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/SpeakFrenchBeClean.jpg/300px-SpeakFrenchBeClean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/SpeakFrenchBeClean.jpg/400px-SpeakFrenchBeClean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1072" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Official decree prohibiting the Catalan language in France. Right: "Speak French, be clean", school wall in <a href="/wiki/Ayguat%C3%A9bia-Talau" title="Ayguatébia-Talau">Ayguatébia-Talau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>), 2010</div></div></div></div> With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a> (1659), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> ceded the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">northern part of Catalonia</a> to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and soon thereafter the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">local Catalan varieties</a> came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789), the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the regional languages of France, such as Catalan, <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France:_19th_to_20th_century">France: 19th to 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France: 19th to 20th century">edit</a>]</div> After the French colony of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a> was established in 1830, many Catalan-speaking settlers moved there. People from the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Alicante" title="Province of Alicante">province of Alicante</a> settled around <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, while those from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">French Catalonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> migrated to <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>. By 1911, there were around 100,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> as their speech was called.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> After the Algerian declaration of independence in 1962, almost all the <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pied-Noir</a> Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia <a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> or Alicante.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarfany2002-34">[31]</a> The French government only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the then <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales">General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales</a> officially recognized Catalan as one of the départment's languages <a href="#cite_note-Charte_en_faveur_du_Catalan-35">[32]</a> and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain:_18th_to_20th_century">Spain: 18th to 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spain: 18th to 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_politics_in_Spain_under_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Language politics in Spain under Franco">Language politics in Spain under Franco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catalanism">Anti-Catalanism</a></div> In 1807, the Statistics Office of the French Ministry of the Interior asked the <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(France)" title="Prefect (France)">prefects</a> for an official survey on the limits of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>. The survey found that in <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, almost only Catalan was spoken, and since Napoleon wanted to incorporate Catalonia into France, as happened in 1812, the <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> was also asked. He declared that Catalan "is taught in schools, it is printed and spoken, not only among the lower class, but also among people of first quality, also in social gatherings, as in visits and congresses", indicating that it was spoken everywhere "with the exception of the royal courts". He also indicated that Catalan was spoken "in the Kingdom of Valencia, in the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Sardinia, Corsica and much of Sicily, in the Vall d "Aran and Cerdaña".<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> The defeat of the pro-Habsburg coalition in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Spanish_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Spanish Succession">War of Spanish Succession</a> (1714) initiated a series of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_planta_decrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva planta decrees">laws</a> which, among other centralizing measures, imposed the use of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> in legal documentation all over Spain. Because of this, use of the Catalan language declined into the 18th century. However, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (<a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a>), which has continued up to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a> This period starts with <a href="/wiki/Bonaventura_Carles_Aribau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonaventura Carles Aribau">Aribau</a>'s Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of <a href="/wiki/Jacint_Verdaguer" title="Jacint Verdaguer">Verdaguer</a> (poetry), <a href="/wiki/Narc%C3%ADs_Oller" title="Narcís Oller">Oller</a> (realist novel), and <a href="/wiki/%C3%80ngel_Guimer%C3%A0" title="Àngel Guimerà">Guimerà</a> (drama).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates200910–11-37">[34]</a> In the 19th century, the region of <a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Murcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Murcia">province of Murcia</a> was repopulated with Valencian speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">[35]</a> Catalan spelling was standardized in 1913 and the language became official during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> (1931–1939). The Second Spanish Republic saw a brief period of tolerance, with most restrictions against Catalan lifted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Generalitat" title="Generalitat">Generalitat</a> (the autonomous government of Catalonia, established during the Republic in 1931) made a normal use of Catalan in its administration and put efforts to promote it at the social level, including in schools and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a>. The Catalan language and culture were still vibrant during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939), but were crushed at an unprecedented level throughout the subsequent decades due to <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist dictatorship</a> (1939–1975), which abolished the official status of Catalan and imposed the use of Spanish in schools and in public administration in all of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, while banning the use of Catalan in them.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian1-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190–191-7">[6]</a> Between 1939 and 1943 newspapers and book printing in Catalan almost disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Francisco Franco's desire for a homogeneous Spanish population resonated with some Catalans in favor of his regime, primarily members of the upper class, who began to reject the use of Catalan. Despite all of these hardships, Catalan continued to be used privately within households, and it was able to survive Franco's dictatorship. At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, however, some of the harsh measures began to be lifted and, while Spanish language remained the sole promoted one, limited number of Catalan literature began to be tolerated. Several prominent Catalan authors resisted the suppression through literature.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Private initiative contests were created to reward works in Catalan, among them Joan Martorell prize (1947), Víctor Català prize (1953) Carles Riba award (1950), or the <a href="/wiki/Premi_d%27Honor_de_les_Lletres_Catalanes" title="Premi d'Honor de les Lletres Catalanes">Honor Award of Catalan Letters</a> (1969).<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> The first Catalan-language TV show was broadcast in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> At the same time, oppression of the Catalan language and identity was carried out in schools, through governmental bodies, and in religious centers.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> In addition to the loss of prestige for Catalan and its prohibition in schools, migration during the 1950s into <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Catalonia" title="Francoist Catalonia">Catalonia</a> from other parts of Spain also contributed to the diminished use of the language. These migrants were often unaware of the existence of Catalan, and thus felt no need to learn or use it. <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> was the economic powerhouse of Spain, so these migrations continued to occur from all corners of the country. Employment opportunities were reduced for those who were not <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Daily newspapers remained exclusively in Spanish until after Franco's death, when the first one in Catalan since the end of the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Avui" title="Avui">Avui</a>, began to be published in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Present day">edit</a>]</div> Since the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a> (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207-47">[44]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, there is an unparalleled large <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingual</a> European <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">non-state</a> linguistic community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207-47">[44]</a> The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a> but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations—if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or more recently arrived immigrant students.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a> More recently, several Spanish political forces have tried to increase the use of Spanish in the Catalan educational system.<a href="#cite_note-:52-49">[46]</a> As a result, in May 2022 the Spanish Supreme Court urged the Catalan regional government to enforce a measure by which 25% of all lessons must be taught in Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Statistical_Institute_of_Catalonia" title="Statistical Institute of Catalonia">Statistical Institute of Catalonia</a>, in 2013 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, as a native or self-defining language: 7% of the population self-identifies with both Catalan and Spanish equally, 36.4% with Catalan and 47.5% only Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-idescat.cat-51">[48]</a> In 2003 the same studies concluded no language preference for self-identification within the population above 15 years old: 5% self-identified with both languages, 44.3% with Catalan and 47.5% with Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> To promote use of Catalan, the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat de Catalunya</a> (Catalonia's official Autonomous government) spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories, with entities such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consorci_per_a_la_Normalitzaci%C3%B3_Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística (page does not exist)">Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consorci_per_a_la_Normalitzaci%C3%B3_Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" class="extiw" title="ca:Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consorcio_para_la_normalizaci%C3%B3n_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" class="extiw" title="es:Consorcio para la normalización lingüística">es</a>] (Consortium for Linguistic Normalization).<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, Catalan has always been the sole official language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a> Since the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Andorra" title="Constitution of Andorra">1993 constitution</a>, several policies favoring Catalan have been enforced, such as Catalan medium education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a> On the other hand, there are several <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> processes currently taking place. In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a> area of France, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a> Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a> The cultural association <a href="/wiki/La_Bressola" title="La Bressola">La Bressola</a> promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. In <a href="/wiki/Alicante_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante province">Alicante province</a>, Catalan is being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> by <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207-47">[44]</a> There is also well ingrained <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic islands">Balearic islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">[3]</a> During the 20th century many Catalans emigrated or went into exile to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and other South American countries. They formed a large number of Catalan colonies that today continue to maintain the Catalan language.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> They also founded many Catalan casals (associations).<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_relationship_with_other_Romance_languages">Classification and relationship with other Romance languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classification and relationship with other Romance languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance-lg-classification-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/300px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/450px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/600px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria, not on socio-functional ones. FP: Franco-Provençal, IR: Istro-Romanian.</figcaption></figure> One classification of Catalan is given by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bec" title="Pierre Bec">Pèire Bèc</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Iberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Iberian languages">Gallo-Iberian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance languages</a> <ul><li>Catalan language</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> However, the ascription of Catalan to the <a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pidal" title="Ramón Menéndez Pidal">Ramón Menéndez Pidal</a>. Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language#Differences_between_Occitan_and_Catalan" title="Occitan language">differences between Occitan and Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_other_Romance_languages">Relationship with other Romance languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relationship with other Romance languages">edit</a>]</div> Some include Catalan in Occitan, as the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">linguistic distance</a> between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the <a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon dialect</a>) is similar to the distance among different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> and still today remains its closest relative.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (Occitan, French, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> as well as Spanish and Portuguese among others).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">[35]</a> However, despite being spoken mostly on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, Catalan has marked differences with the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance</a> group (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>) in terms of <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a>, grammar, and especially vocabulary; it shows instead its closest affinity with languages native to France and northern Italy, particularly <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f-62">[59]</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romance">Gallo-Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Italian languages">Gallo-Italian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ross_2007-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJud1925-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColón199333–35-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoll200647-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f-62">[59]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese and Spanish; 76% with <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <caption>Lexical comparison of 24 words among Romance languages: 17 cognates with Gallo-Romance, 5 <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> with Iberian Romance, 3 isoglosses with Occitan, and 1 unique word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJud1925-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColón199333–35-65">[62]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>cousin</td> <td>cosí</td> <td>cosin</td> <td>fradili</td> <td>cugino</td> <td>cousin</td> <td>primo</td> <td>primo, coirmão</td> <td>văr </td></tr> <tr> <td>brother</td> <td>germà</td> <td>fraire</td> <td>fradi</td> <td>fratello</td> <td>frère</td> <td>hermano</td> <td>irmão</td> <td>frate </td></tr> <tr> <td>nephew</td> <td>nebot</td> <td>nebot</td> <td>nebodi</td> <td>nipote</td> <td>neveu</td> <td>sobrino</td> <td>sobrinho</td> <td>nepot </td></tr> <tr> <td>summer</td> <td>estiu</td> <td>estiu</td> <td>istadi</td> <td>estate</td> <td>été</td> <td>verano, estío<a href="#cite_note-estiagem-67">[64]</a></td> <td>verão, estio<a href="#cite_note-estiagem-67">[64]</a></td> <td>vară </td></tr> <tr> <td>evening</td> <td>vespre</td> <td>ser, vèspre</td> <td>seru</td> <td>sera</td> <td>soir</td> <td>tarde, noche<a href="#cite_note-vespera-68">[65]</a></td> <td>tarde, serão<a href="#cite_note-vespera-68">[65]</a></td> <td>seară </td></tr> <tr> <td>morning</td> <td>matí</td> <td>matin</td> <td>mangianu</td> <td>mattina</td> <td>matin</td> <td>mañana</td> <td>manhã, matina</td> <td>dimineață </td></tr> <tr> <td>frying pan</td> <td>paella</td> <td>padena</td> <td>paella</td> <td>padella</td> <td>poêle</td> <td>sartén</td> <td>frigideira, fritadeira</td> <td>tigaie </td></tr> <tr> <td>bed</td> <td>llit</td> <td>lièch (or lèit)</td> <td>letu</td> <td>letto</td> <td>lit</td> <td>cama, lecho</td> <td>cama, leito</td> <td>pat </td></tr> <tr> <td>bird</td> <td>ocell, au</td> <td>aucèl</td> <td>pilloni</td> <td>uccello</td> <td>oiseau</td> <td>ave, pájaro</td> <td>ave, pássaro</td> <td>pasăre </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog</td> <td>gos, ca</td> <td>gos, canh</td> <td>cani</td> <td>cane</td> <td>chien</td> <td>perro, can</td> <td>cão, cachorro</td> <td>câine </td></tr> <tr> <td>plum</td> <td>pruna</td> <td>pruna</td> <td>pruna</td> <td>prugna</td> <td>prune</td> <td>ciruela</td> <td>ameixa</td> <td>prună </td></tr> <tr> <td>butter</td> <td>mantega</td> <td>bodre</td> <td>burru (or butiru)</td> <td>burro</td> <td>beurre</td> <td>mantequilla (or manteca)</td> <td>manteiga</td> <td>unt </td></tr> <tr> <td>piece</td> <td>tros</td> <td>tròç, petaç</td> <td>arrogu</td> <td>pezzo</td> <td>morceau, pièce</td> <td>pedazo, trozo<a href="#cite_note-trozo-69">[66]</a></td> <td>pedaço, bocado</td> <td>bucată </td></tr> <tr> <td>gray</td> <td>gris</td> <td>gris</td> <td>canu</td> <td>grigio</td> <td>gris</td> <td>gris, pardo<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a></td> <td>cinzento, gris</td> <td>gri,<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> sur, cenușiu </td></tr> <tr> <td>hot</td> <td>calent</td> <td>caud</td> <td>callenti</td> <td>caldo</td> <td>chaud</td> <td>caliente</td> <td>quente</td> <td>cald </td></tr> <tr> <td>too much</td> <td>massa</td> <td>tròp</td> <td>tropu</td> <td>troppo</td> <td>trop</td> <td>demasiado</td> <td>demais, demasiado</td> <td>prea </td></tr> <tr> <td>to want</td> <td>voler</td> <td>vòler</td> <td>bolli(ri)</td> <td>volere</td> <td>vouloir</td> <td>querer</td> <td>querer</td> <td>a vrea </td></tr> <tr> <td>to take</td> <td>prendre</td> <td>prendre (or prene)</td> <td>pigai</td> <td>prendere</td> <td>prendre</td> <td>tomar, prender</td> <td>apanhar, levar</td> <td>a lua </td></tr> <tr> <td>to pray</td> <td>pregar, resar, orar</td> <td>pregar</td> <td>pregai</td> <td>pregare</td> <td>prier</td> <td>orar, rezar</td> <td>orar, rezar, pregar</td> <td>a se ruga </td></tr> <tr> <td>to ask</td> <td>demanar / preguntar</td> <td>demandar</td> <td>dimandai, preguntai</td> <td>domandare</td> <td>demander</td> <td>pedir, preguntar</td> <td>pedir, perguntar</td> <td>a cere, a întreba </td></tr> <tr> <td>to search</td> <td>cercar / buscar</td> <td>cercar</td> <td>circai</td> <td>cercare</td> <td>chercher</td> <td>buscar</td> <td>procurar, buscar</td> <td>a căuta </td></tr> <tr> <td>to arrive</td> <td>arribar</td> <td>arribar</td> <td>arribai</td> <td>arrivare</td> <td>arriver</td> <td>llegar, arribar</td> <td>chegar</td> <td>a ajunge </td></tr> <tr> <td>to speak</td> <td>parlar</td> <td>parlar</td> <td>chistionnai, fueddai</td> <td>parlare</td> <td>parler</td> <td>hablar, parlar</td> <td>falar, parlar</td> <td>a vorbi </td></tr> <tr> <td>to eat</td> <td>menjar</td> <td>manjar</td> <td>pappai</td> <td>mangiare</td> <td>manger</td> <td>comer (manyar in <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">lunfardo</a>; papear in slang)</td> <td>comer, manjar (papar in slang)</td> <td>a mânca </td></tr></tbody></table> During much of its history, and especially during the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist dictatorship</a> (1939–1975), the Catalan language was ridiculed as a mere dialect of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f-62">[59]</a> This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f-62">[59]</a> Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in features closer to <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> (and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f-62">[59]</a> There is evidence that, at least from the 2nd century AD, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman <a href="/wiki/Tarraconensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a> was different from the rest of Roman Hispania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> Differentiation arose generally because Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian and Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Spanish novillo, Asturian nuviellu vs. Catalan torell, Occitan taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColón199355-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;"> <caption>Catalan and Spanish cognates with different meanings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoll200647-66">[63]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th> <th>Catalan</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accostare#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:accostare">accostare</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acostar#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:acostar">acostar</a> "to bring closer"</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acostar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:acostar">acostar</a> "to put to bed" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/levare#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:levare">levare</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/llevar#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:llevar">llevar</a> "to remove; wake up"</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/llevar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:llevar">llevar</a> "to take" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trahere#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:trahere">trahere</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/traure#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:traure">traure</a> "to remove"</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/traer#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:traer">traer</a> "to bring" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circare#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:circare">circare</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cercar#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:cercar">cercar</a> "to search"</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cercar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:cercar">cercar</a> "to fence" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/collocare#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:collocare">collocare</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colgar#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:colgar">colgar</a> "to bury"</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colgar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:colgar">colgar</a> "to hang" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mulier#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:mulier">mulier</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/muller#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:muller">muller</a> "wife"</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mujer#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:mujer">mujer</a> "woman or wife" </td></tr></tbody></table> Like all Romance languages, Catalan has a handful of native words which are unique to it, or rare elsewhere. These include: <ul><li>verbs: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>cōnfīgere 'to fasten; transfix' > confegir 'to compose, write up', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">congemināre > conjuminar 'to combine, conjugate', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">de-ex-somnitare > deixondar/-ir 'to wake; awaken', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">dēnsāre 'to thicken; crowd together' > desar 'to save, keep', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">īgnōrāre > enyorar 'to miss, yearn, pine for', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">indāgāre 'to investigate, track' > Old Catalan enagar 'to incite, induce', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">odiāre > Old Catalan ujar 'to exhaust, fatigue', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">pācificāre > apaivagar 'to appease, mollify', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">repudiāre > rebutjar 'to reject, refuse';</li> <li>nouns: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">brīsa > brisa 'pomace', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">buda > boga 'reedmace', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">catarrhu > cadarn 'catarrh', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">congesta > congesta 'snowdrift', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">dēlīrium > deler 'ardor, passion', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">fretu > freu 'brake', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">lābem > (a)llau 'avalanche', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">ōra > vora 'edge, border', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">pistrīce 'sawfish' > pestriu > pestiu 'thresher shark, smooth hound; ray', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">prūna 'live coal' > espurna 'spark', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">tardātiōnem > tardaó > tardor 'autumn'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruguera20083046-73">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> superstrate produced different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fang#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:fang">fang</a> "mud" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rostir#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:rostir">rostir</a> "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lodo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:lodo">lodo</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/asar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:asar">asar</a>, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filosa#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:filosa">filosa</a> "spinning wheel" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/templa#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:templa">templa</a> "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rueca#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:rueca">rueca</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sien#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:sien">sien</a>, of Germanic origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> The same happens with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rajola#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:rajola">rajola</a> "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tinaja#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tinaja">tinaja</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teja#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:teja">teja</a>, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oli#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:oli">oli</a> "oil" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oliva#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:oliva">oliva</a> "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aceite#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:aceite">aceite</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aceituna#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:aceituna">aceituna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> However, the Arabic element is generally much more prevalent in Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Iberian Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enyorar#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:enyorar">enyorar</a> "to miss somebody", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apaivagar#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:apaivagar">apaivagar</a> "to calm somebody down", and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rebutjar#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:rebutjar">rebutjar</a> "reject".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalan-speaking_territories">Catalan-speaking territories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Catalan-speaking territories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></div> <table style="float: right;"> <caption>Traditionally Catalan-speaking territories in dark gray; non-Catalan-speaking territories belonging to traditionally Catalan-speaking regions in light gray </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 350px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paisos_catalans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paisos_catalans.svg/350px-Paisos_catalans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paisos_catalans.svg/525px-Paisos_catalans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paisos_catalans.svg/700px-Paisos_catalans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1164" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:211px; top:44.5px"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:151.5px; top:93.5px"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:291.5px; top:170.5px"><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:92px; top:90px"><a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:58.75px; top:230px"><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:18.5px; top:282.5px"><a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:291.5px; top:107.5px"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia (Italy)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:46.5px; top:114.5px"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Community_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Community of Aragon">Aragon (Spain)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:22px; top:303.5px"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Community_of_Murcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Community of Murcia">Murcia (Spain)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:162px; top:9.5px"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:144.5px; top:48px"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:181.25px; top:202px"><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Traditionally Catalan-speaking territories are sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%AFsos_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Països Catalans">Països Catalans</a> (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Territories where Catalan is spoken<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">[35]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State</th> <th>Territory</th> <th>Catalan name</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></td> <td>Andorra</td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> where Catalan is the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national</a> and the sole <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>. The Andorrans speak a Western Catalan variety.<a href="#cite_note-74">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a></td> <td>Catalunya Nord</td> <td>Roughly corresponding to the département of <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a>, with the exception of the traditionally <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">comarca</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fenouill%C3%A8des" title="Fenouillèdes">Fenouillèdes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></td> <td>Catalunya</td> <td>In the <a href="/wiki/Aran_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Aran Valley">Aran Valley</a> (northwest corner of Catalonia), in addition to <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, which is the local language, Catalan, Spanish and French are also spoken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Valencian Country)</td> <td>Comunitat Valenciana (País Valencià)</td> <td>Excepting some regions in the west and south which have been Aragonese/Spanish-speaking since at least the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">[35]</a> The Western Catalan variety spoken there is known as "<a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a></td> <td>La Franja</td> <td>A part of the <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Autonomous Community of Aragon</a>, specifically a strip bordering Western Catalonia. It comprises the <a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Aragon" title="Comarcas of Aragon">comarques</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ribagorza/Ribagor%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribagorza/Ribagorça">Ribagorça</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llitera" class="mw-redirect" title="Llitera">Llitera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baix_Cinca" class="mw-redirect" title="Baix Cinca">Baix Cinca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matarranya" class="mw-redirect" title="Matarranya">Matarranya</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></td> <td>Illes Balears</td> <td>Comprising the islands of <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formentera" title="Formentera">Formentera</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a></td> <td>El Carxe</td> <td>A small area of the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Autonomous Community of Murcia</a>, settled in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a></td> <td>L'Alguer</td> <td>A city in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Province of Sassari</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese dialect</a> is spoken. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_speakers">Number of speakers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Number of speakers">edit</a>]</div> The number of people known to be fluent in Catalan varies depending on the sources used. A 2004 study did not count the total number of speakers, but estimated a total of 9–9.5 million by matching the percentage of speakers to the population of each area where Catalan is spoken.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> The web site of the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat de Catalunya</a> estimated that as of 2004 there were 9,118,882 speakers of Catalan.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> These figures only reflect potential speakers; today it is the native language of only 35.6% of the Catalan population.<a href="#cite_note-habitual-77">[73]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, Catalan had 4.1 million <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native speakers</a> and 5.1 million <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second-language speakers</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llengua_catalana_al_m%C3%B3n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Llengua_catalana_al_m%C3%B3n.svg/250px-Llengua_catalana_al_m%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Llengua_catalana_al_m%C3%B3n.svg/375px-Llengua_catalana_al_m%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Llengua_catalana_al_m%C3%B3n.svg/500px-Llengua_catalana_al_m%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of Catalan language by official status</figcaption></figure> According to a 2011 study the total number of Catalan speakers was over 9.8 million, with 5.9 million residing in Catalonia. More than half of them spoke Catalan as a second language, with native speakers being about 4.4 million of those (more than 2.8 in Catalonia).<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> Very few Catalan <a href="/wiki/Monoglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoglot">monoglots</a> exist; virtually all of the Catalan speakers in Spain are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> speakers of Catalan and Spanish, with 99.7% of Catalan speakers in Catalonia able to speak Spanish and 99.9% able to understand it.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, only a minority of French Catalans speak Catalan nowadays, with French being the majority language for the inhabitants after a continued process of <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>. According to a 2019 survey by the Catalan government, 31.5% of the inhabitants of Catalonia predominantly spoke Catalan at home whereas 52.7% spoke Spanish, 2.8% both Catalan and Spanish and 10.8% other languages.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Language">Spanish</a> was the most spoken language in Barcelona (according to the linguistic census held by the Government of Catalonia in 2013) and it is understood almost universally. According to 2013 census, Catalan was also very commonly spoken in the city of 1,501,262: it was understood by 95% of the population, while 72.3% over the age of two could speak it (1,137,816), 79% could read it (1,246.555), and 53% could write it (835,080).<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> The share of Barcelona residents who could speak it (72.3%)<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> was lower than that of the overall Catalan population, of whom 81.2% over the age of 15 spoke the language. Knowledge of Catalan has increased significantly in recent decades thanks to a <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">language immersion</a> educational system. An important social characteristic of the Catalan language is that all the areas where it is spoken are bilingual in practice: together with French in Roussillon, with Italian in Alghero, with Spanish and French in Andorra, and with Spanish in the rest of the territories. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territory</th> <th>State</th> <th>Understand <a href="#endnote_a">1</a><a href="#cite_note-speakers-83">[79]</a> </th> <th>Can speak <a href="#endnote_b">2</a><a href="#cite_note-speakers-83">[79]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>Catalonia</td> <td>Spain</td> <td>6,502,880</td> <td>5,698,400 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>Valencian Community</td> <td>Spain</td> <td>3,448,780</td> <td>2,407,951 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>Balearic Islands</td> <td>Spain</td> <td>852,780</td> <td>706,065 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a></td> <td>France</td> <td>203,121</td> <td>125,621 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td>Andorra</td> <td>Andorra</td> <td>75,407</td> <td>61,975 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>)</td> <td>Spain</td> <td>47,250</td> <td>45,000 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</td> <td>Italy</td> <td>20,000</td> <td>17,625 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a> (<a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Murcia</a>)</td> <td>Spain</td> <td>~600</td> <td>600<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td colspan="2">Total <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan-speaking territories</a></td> <td>11,150,218</td> <td>9,062,637 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td colspan="2">Rest of World</td> <td>No data</td> <td>350,000 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td colspan="2">Total</td> <td>11,150,218</td> <td>9,412,637 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>1.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_a">^</a> The number of people who understand Catalan includes those who can speak it.</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_b">^</a> Figures relate to all self-declared capable speakers, not just native speakers.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Level_of_knowledge">Level of knowledge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Level of knowledge">edit</a>]</div> <table style="margin: 0 0 0.5me 1.4me; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; float: center;" border="1"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"> <th>Area </th> <th>Speak </th> <th>Understand </th> <th>Read </th> <th>Write </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Catalonia<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">81.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">94.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">85.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">65.3 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E4E4E4;"> <td>Valencian Community </td> <td style="text-align: right;">57.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">78.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">54.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">32.5 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Balearic Islands </td> <td style="text-align: right;">74.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">93.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">79.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">46.9 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E4E4E4;"> <td>Roussillon </td> <td style="text-align: right;">37.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">65.3 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">31.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">10.6 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Andorra </td> <td style="text-align: right;">78.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">96.0 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">89.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">61.1 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E4E4E4;"> <td>Franja Oriental of Aragón </td> <td style="text-align: right;">88.8 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">98.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">72.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">30.3 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Alghero </td> <td style="text-align: right;">67.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">89.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">50.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">28.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> (% of the population 15 years old and older). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_use">Social use</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social use">edit</a>]</div> <table style="margin: 0 0 0.5me 1.4me; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; float: center;" border="1"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"> <th>Area </th> <th>At home </th> <th>Outside home </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Catalonia </td> <td style="text-align: right;">45 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">51 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E4E4E4;"> <td>Valencian Community </td> <td style="text-align: right;">37 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">32 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Balearic Islands </td> <td style="text-align: right;">44 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">41 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E4E4E4;"> <td>Roussillon </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Andorra </td> <td style="text-align: right;">38 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">51 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E4E4E4;"> <td>Franja Oriental of Aragón </td> <td style="text-align: right;">70 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">61 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Alghero </td> <td style="text-align: right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">4 </td></tr></tbody></table> (% of the population 15 years old and older). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_language">Native language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Native language">edit</a>]</div> <table style="margin: 0 0 0.5me 1.4me; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; float: center;" border="1"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"> <th>Area </th> <th>People </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Catalonia </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,813,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">38.5% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E4E4E4;"> <td>Valencian Community </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,047,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">21.1% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Balearic Islands </td> <td style="text-align: right;">392,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">36.1% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E4E4E4;"> <td>Andorra </td> <td style="text-align: right;">26,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">33.8% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Franja Oriental of Aragon </td> <td style="text-align: right;">33,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">70.2% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E4E4E4;"> <td>Roussillon </td> <td style="text-align: right;">35,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">8.5% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>Alghero </td> <td style="text-align: right;">8,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">20% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: white;"> <td>TOTAL </td> <td style="text-align: right;">4,353,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">31.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan phonology</a></div> Catalan phonology varies by dialect. Notable features include:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> <ul><li>Marked contrast of the vowel pairs /ɛ, e/ and /ɔ, o/, as in other <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Romance">Western Romance</a> languages, other than <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a></li> <li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Diphthongization" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongization">diphthongization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> short ĕ, ŏ, as in <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, but unlike French, Spanish, or Italian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a></li> <li>Abundance of diphthongs containing /w/, as in Galician and Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a></li></ul> In contrast to other Romance languages, Catalan has many <a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosyllabic">monosyllabic</a> words, and these may end in a wide variety of consonants, including some <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> Additionally, Catalan has <a href="/wiki/Final_obstruent_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final obstruent devoicing">final obstruent devoicing</a>, which gives rise to an abundance of such couplets as amic ("male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a> pronunciation is considered to be standard for the language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a> The descriptions below are mostly representative of this variety.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> For the differences in pronunciation between the different dialects, see the section on <a href="#Dialect_pronunciation_section">pronunciation of dialects</a> in this article. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalan_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Catalan_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Catalan_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Catalan_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Catalan_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Catalan_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Catalan_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> of Standard Eastern Catalan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199962-92">[88]</a></figcaption></figure> Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, with seven stressed phonemes: /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/, a common feature in <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a> also has instances of stressed /ə/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200537,_53–54-93">[89]</a> Dialects differ in the different degrees of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200537-94">[90]</a> and the incidence of the pair /ɛ, e/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538-95">[91]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a>, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a, e, ɛ/ > [ə]; /o, ɔ, u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200554-96">[92]</a> The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section <a href="#Dialect_pronunciation_section">pronunciation of dialects</a> in this article). <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <caption>Examples of vowel reduction processes in Central Catalan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553–55-97">[93]</a> The root is stressed in the first word and unstressed in the second </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Front vowels</th> <th colspan="2">Back vowels </th></tr> <tr> <th>Word pair </th> <td>gel ("ice") gelat ("ice cream")</td> <td>pedra ("stone") pedrera ("quarry")</td> <td>banya ("he bathes") banyem/banyem ("we bathe")</td> <td>cosa ("thing") coseta ("little thing")</td> <td>tot ("everything") total ("total") </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA transcription </th> <td>[ˈʒɛl] [ʒəˈlat]</td> <td>[ˈpeðɾə] [pəˈðɾeɾə]</td> <td>[ˈbaɲə] [bəˈɲɛm]</td> <td>[ˈkɔzə] [kuˈzɛtə]</td> <td>[ˈtot] [tuˈtal] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Catalan consonants<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199961–65-98">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tʃ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʒ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The consonant system of Catalan is rather conservative. <ul><li>/l/ has a <a href="/wiki/Dark_l" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark l">velarized</a> allophone in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a> position in most dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa200520-99">[95]</a> However, /l/ is velarized irrespective of position in Eastern dialects such as Majorcan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20053-100">[96]</a> and standard Eastern Catalan.</li> <li>/v/ occurs in Balearic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-101">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language#Consonants" title="Valencian language">standard Valencian</a> and some areas in southern Catalonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeny200751-102">[98]</a> It has <a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">merged</a> with /b/ elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200513-103">[99]</a></li> <li>Voiced obstruents undergo <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a>: /b/ > [p], /d/ > [t], /ɡ/ > [k].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloret2004278-104">[100]</a></li> <li>Voiced stops become <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a> to approximants in syllable onsets, after continuants: /b/ > [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>], /d/ > [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>], /ɡ/ > [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200510-105">[101]</a> Exceptions include /d/ after <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral consonants</a>, and /b/ after /f/. In coda position, these sounds are realized as stops,<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> except in some Valencian dialects where they are lenited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051-107">[103]</a></li> <li>There is some confusion in the literature about the precise phonetic characteristics of /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/. Some sources<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-101">[97]</a> describe them as "postalveolar". Others<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensFontdevilaPallarès1995288-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa2007145-109">[105]</a> as "back alveolo-palatal", implying that the characters ⟨ɕ ʑ tɕ dʑ⟩ would be more accurate. However, in all literature only the characters for <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar</a> affricates and fricatives are used, even when the same sources use ⟨ɕ ʑ⟩ for other languages such as Polish and Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa2007145-109">[105]</a></li> <li>The distribution of the two rhotics /r/ and /ɾ/ closely parallels <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology#Alternations" title="Spanish phonology">that of Spanish</a>. Between vowels, the two contrast, but they are otherwise in complementary distribution: in the onset of the first syllable in a word, [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] appears unless preceded by a consonant. Dialects vary in regards to rhotics in the coda with Western Catalan generally featuring [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] and Central Catalan dialects featuring a weakly trilled [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] unless it precedes a vowel-initial word in the same <a href="/wiki/Prosodic_unit" title="Prosodic unit">prosodic unit</a>, in which case [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] appears.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2009432-112">[108]</a></li> <li>In careful speech, /n/, /m/, /l/ may be <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a>. Geminated /ʎ/ may also occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-101">[97]</a> Some analyze intervocalic [r] as the result of gemination of a single rhotic phoneme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler1979-113">[109]</a> This is similar to the common analysis of Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> rhotics.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_evolution">Phonological evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phonological evolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonological history of Catalan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/220px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/330px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/440px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of Southwestern Europe</figcaption></figure> Catalan shares features with neighboring Romance languages (<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">[35]</a> <ul><li>Marked contrast of the vowel pairs /ɛ/ ~ /e/ and /ɔ/ ~ /o/, as in other <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Romance">Western Romance</a> languages, except Spanish and Sardinian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630-115">[111]</a></li> <li>Lenition of voiced stops [b] → [β], [d] → [ð], [ɡ] → [ɣ] as in Galician and Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630-115">[111]</a></li> <li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Diphthongization" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongization">diphthongization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> short ĕ, ŏ, as in <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, Sardinian and Portuguese, and unlike French, Spanish and Italian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630-115">[111]</a></li> <li>Abundance of diphthongs containing /w/, as in Galician and Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630-115">[111]</a></li> <li>Abundance of /ʎ/ and /ɲ/ occurring at the end of words, as for instance <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moll#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:moll">moll</a> ("wet") and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/any#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:any">any</a> ("year"), unlike Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200119-116">[112]</a> Portuguese or Italian.</li></ul> In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many <a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosyllabic">monosyllabic</a> words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630-115">[111]</a> Also, Catalan has <a href="/wiki/Final_obstruent_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final obstruent devoicing">final obstruent devoicing</a>, thus featuring many couplets like amic ('male friend') vs. amiga ('female friend').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630-115">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="169" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ona_speaking_Catalan.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A speaker of Catalan (Majorcan dialect)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Artur_speaking_Catalan.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Artur_Mas" title="Artur Mas">Artur Mas</a>, former president of Catalonia, discussing individual identity, collective identity and language</figcaption></figure> Catalan <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a> studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyze the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preferential_subjects_of_study">Preferential subjects of study</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Preferential subjects of study">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialects</a> of Catalan</li> <li>Variations of Catalan by class, gender, profession, age and level of studies</li> <li>Process of <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">linguistic normalization</a></li> <li>Relations between Catalan and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li>Perception on the language of Catalan speakers and non-speakers</li> <li>Presence of Catalan in several fields: tagging, public function, media, professional sectors</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Catalan dialects</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalan_dialects-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Catalan_dialects-en.png/220px-Catalan_dialects-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Catalan_dialects-en.png/330px-Catalan_dialects-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Catalan_dialects-en.png/440px-Catalan_dialects-en.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Main dialects of Catalan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20106-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20052-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20094-119">[115]</a></figcaption></figure> The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoll200647-66">[63]</a> both in terms of <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana634–635-120">[116]</a> Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20095-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a> estimates ranging from 90% to 95%.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoll200647-66">[63]</a> Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern and Western.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana634–635-120">[116]</a> The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoll200647-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a> There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">[35]</a> Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">North-Western Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: <a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Roussillonese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a> Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. The terms "Catalan" and "<a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>" (respectively used in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>) refer to two varieties of the same language.<a href="#cite_note-Dictamen_de_l'Acadèmia-122">[118]</a> There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">Institute of Catalan Studies</a> in Catalonia and the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Valencian Academy of the Language</a> in the Valencian Community. Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the largest number of speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a> It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Province_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona Province (Spain)">Barcelona province</a>, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a> Catalan has an inflectional grammar. Nouns have two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (masculine, feminine), and two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> (singular, plural). Pronouns additionally can have a neuter gender, and some are also inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">politeness</a>, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Main dialectal divisions of Catalan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20052–3-123">[119]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Block </th> <td colspan="2">Western Catalan</td> <td colspan="4">Eastern Catalan </td></tr> <tr> <th>Variety </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">North-Western</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a> (Roussillonese)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Alguerese</a> (Algherese) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Area </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, Provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lleida" title="Province of Lleida">Lleida</a>, western half of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Tarragona" title="Province of Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a> (<a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Murcia</a>)</td> <td>Provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Barcelona" title="Province of Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, eastern half of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Tarragona" title="Province of Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Girona" title="Province of Girona">Girona</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>)</td> <td>City of <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, with seven stressed phonemes: /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/, a common feature in <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a>, except <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a> has also instances of stressed /ə/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200537,_53–54-93">[89]</a> Dialects differ in the different degrees of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200537-94">[90]</a> and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538-95">[91]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catalan">Eastern Catalan</a> (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a, e, ɛ/ > [ə]; /o, ɔ, u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200554-96">[92]</a> There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200554-96">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a> has lowered [ə] to [a]. In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a, e, ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o, ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553–54-124">[120]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Catalan">Western Catalan</a>, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e, ɛ/ > [e]; /o, ɔ/ > [o]; /a, u, i/ remain distinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199954–55-126">[122]</a> This reduction pattern, inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Romance">Proto-Romance</a>, is also found in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553-125">[121]</a> Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199675–76,_128–129-127">[123]</a> Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538-95">[91]</a> Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538-95">[91]</a> Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538-95">[91]</a> As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /ɛ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538-95">[91]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Different incidence of stressed /e/, /ə/, /ɛ/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538-95">[91]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Word</th> <th colspan="2">Western</th> <th colspan="3">Eastern </th></tr> <tr> <th>North-Western</th> <th>Valencian</th> <th>Majorcan</th> <th>Central</th> <th>Northern </th></tr> <tr> <td>set ("thirst") </td> <td colspan="2">/ˈset/</td> <td>/ˈsət/</td> <td>/ˈsɛt/</td> <td>/ˈset/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ven ("he sells") </td> <td colspan="2">/ˈven/</td> <td>/ˈvən/</td> <td>/ˈbɛn/</td> <td>/ˈven/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>General differences in the pronunciation of unstressed vowels in different dialects<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelchorBranchadell200271-128">[124]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Word</th> <th colspan="2">Western</th> <th colspan="4">Eastern </th></tr> <tr> <th>North-Western</th> <th>Valencian</th> <th>Majorcan</th> <th>Central</th> <th>Northern </th></tr> <tr> <td>mare ("mother")</td> <td colspan="2">/ˈmaɾe/</td> <td colspan="3">/ˈmaɾə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>cançó ("song")</td> <td colspan="2">/kanˈso/</td> <td colspan="2">/kənˈso/</td> <td>/kənˈsu/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>posar ("to put")</td> <td colspan="3">/poˈza(ɾ)/</td> <td colspan="2">/puˈza(ɾ)/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ferro ("iron")</td> <td colspan="3">/ˈfɛro/</td> <td colspan="2">/ˈfɛru/ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Detailed examples of vowel reduction processes in different dialects<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553–55-97">[93]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th rowspan="2">Word pairs: the first with stressed root, the second with unstressed root</th> <th rowspan="2">Western</th> <th colspan="3">Eastern </th></tr> <tr> <th>Majorcan</th> <th>Central</th> <th>Northern </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Front vowels </th> <td>gel ("ice") gelat ("ice cream") </td> <td style="background:#f2cee0;">[ˈdʒɛl] [dʒeˈlat]</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#cef2da;">[ˈʒɛl] [ʒəˈlat]</td> <td style="background:#fafad2;">[ˈʒel] [ʒəˈlat] </td></tr> <tr> <td>pera ("pear") perera ("pear tree") </td> <td style="background:#f2cee0;">[ˈpeɾa] [peˈɾeɾa]</td> <td style="background:#cef2da;">[ˈpəɾə] [pəˈɾeɾə]</td> <td style="background:#cef2da;">[ˈpɛɾə] [pəˈɾeɾə]</td> <td style="background:#fafad2;">[ˈpeɾə] [pəˈɾeɾə] </td></tr> <tr> <td>pedra ("stone") pedrera ("quarry") </td> <td style="background:#f2cee0;">[ˈpeðɾa] [peˈðɾeɾa]</td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#cef2da;">[ˈpeðɾə] [pəˈðɾeɾə] </td></tr> <tr> <td>banya ("he bathes") banyem/banyam ("we bathe") </td> <td style="background:#f2cee0;">[ˈbaɲa] [baˈɲem]</td> <td style="background:#cef2da;">[ˈbaɲə] [bəˈɲam]</td> <td style="background:#cef2da;">[ˈbaɲə] [bəˈɲɛm]</td> <td style="background:#fafad2;">[ˈbaɲə] [bəˈɲem] </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Back vowels </th> <td>cosa ("thing") coseta ("little thing") </td> <td style="background:#f2cee0;">[ˈkɔza] [koˈzeta]</td> <td style="background:#f2cee0;">[ˈkɔzə] [koˈzətə]</td> <td style="background:#cef2da;">[ˈkɔzə] [kuˈzɛtə]</td> <td style="background:#fafad2;">[ˈkozə] [kuˈzetə] </td></tr> <tr> <td>tot ("everything") total ("total") </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f2cee0;">[ˈtot] [toˈtal]</td> <td style="background:#cef2da;">[ˈtot] [tuˈtal]</td> <td style="background:#fafad2;">[ˈtut] [tuˈtal] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> Catalan dialects are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voicing_assimilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing assimilation">voicing assimilation</a>. Additionally, many dialects contrast two <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotics</a> (/r, ɾ/) and two <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">laterals</a> ((/l, ʎ/). Most Catalan dialects are also renowned by the usage of <a href="/wiki/Dark_l" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark l">dark l</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarization</a> of /l/ → [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>]), which is especially noticeable in syllable <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic coda">final</a> position, in comparison to neighbouring languages, such as Spanish, Italian and French (that lack this pronunciation). There is dialectal variation in regard to: <ul><li>The pronunciation and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> (with different results according to <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (phonetics)">voicing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">affrication</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">deaffrication</a>). <ul><li>While, arguably there are seven to eight sibilants in Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian, dialects like Central Valencian and Ribagorçan only have three or four.</li></ul></li> <li>The usage of the voiced labiodental fricative phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/.</li> <li>The pronunciation or not of <a href="/wiki/Yod_(sound)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod (sound)">yod</a> (/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/) in the digraph ⟨ix⟩.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> and pronunciation of final <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotics</a> (either /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Delateralization" title="Delateralization">delateralization</a> of the palatal lateral approximant (/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/).</li> <li>The alternation of <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">fortition</a> (such as /b/ in poble 'village, people' → [β] vs. [b] vs. [bː] vs. [p] vs. [pː]).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> Western Catalan: In verbs, the ending for 1st-person present indicative is -e in verbs of the 1st conjugation and -∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugations in most of the Valencian Community, or -o in all verb conjugations in the Northern Valencian Community and Western Catalonia. E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (North-Western Catalan). Eastern Catalan: In verbs, the ending for 1st-person present indicative is -o, -i, or -∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), and parli (Northern), all meaning ('I speak'). <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>1st-person singular present indicative forms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2">Conjugation</th> <th colspan="3">Eastern Catalan</th> <th colspan="2">Western Catalan</th> <th rowspan="2">Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <th>Central</th> <th>Northern</th> <th>Balearic</th> <th>Valencian</th> <th>North-Western </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">1st </th> <td>parlo</td> <td>parli</td> <td>parl</td> <td>parle</td> <td>parlo</td> <td>'I speak' </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">2nd </th> <td>temo</td> <td>temi</td> <td>tem</td> <td>tem</td> <td>temo</td> <td>'I fear' </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>pure </th> <td>sento</td> <td>senti</td> <td>sent</td> <td>sent</td> <td>sento</td> <td>'I feel', 'I hear' </td></tr> <tr> <th>inchoative </th> <td>poleixo</td> <td>poleixi</td> <td>poleix or polesc</td> <td>polisc or polesc</td> <td>pol(e)ixo</td> <td>'I polish' </td></tr></tbody></table> Western Catalan: In verbs, the inchoative endings are -isc/-esc, -ix, -ixen, -isca/-esca. Eastern Catalan: In verbs, the inchoative endings are -eixo, -eix, -eixen, -eixi. Western Catalan: In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in <a href="/wiki/Proparoxytone" title="Proparoxytone">proparoxytone</a> words. E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. Eastern Catalan: In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth' (Ibicencan, however, follows the model of Western Catalan in this case<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually <a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a> acts as an innovative element.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Selection of different words between Western and Eastern Catalan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th>"mirror"</th> <th>"boy"</th> <th>"broom"</th> <th>"navel"</th> <th>"to exit" </th></tr> <tr> <th>Eastern Catalan </th> <td>mirall</td> <td>noi</td> <td>escombra</td> <td>llombrígol</td> <td>sortir </td></tr> <tr> <th>Western Catalan </th> <td>espill</td> <td>xiquet</td> <td>granera</td> <td>melic</td> <td>eixir </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Standards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_de_Convalesc%C3%A8ncia_-_IEC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Casa_de_Convalesc%C3%A8ncia_-_IEC.JPG/220px-Casa_de_Convalesc%C3%A8ncia_-_IEC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Casa_de_Convalesc%C3%A8ncia_-_IEC.JPG/330px-Casa_de_Convalesc%C3%A8ncia_-_IEC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Casa_de_Convalesc%C3%A8ncia_-_IEC.JPG/440px-Casa_de_Convalesc%C3%A8ncia_-_IEC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="1899" /></a><figcaption>Casa de Convalescència, Headquarters of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Written varieties </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Catalan (IEC) </th> <th>Valencian (AVL) </th> <th>gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>anglès </td> <td>anglés </td> <td>English </td></tr> <tr> <td>conèixer </td> <td>conéixer </td> <td>to know </td></tr> <tr> <td>treure </td> <td>traure </td> <td>take out </td></tr> <tr> <td>néixer </td> <td>nàixer </td> <td>to be born </td></tr> <tr> <td>càntir </td> <td>cànter </td> <td>pitcher </td></tr> <tr> <td>rodó </td> <td>redó </td> <td>round </td></tr> <tr> <td>meva </td> <td>meua </td> <td>my, mine </td></tr> <tr> <td>ametlla </td> <td>ametla </td> <td>almond </td></tr> <tr> <td>estrella </td> <td>estrela </td> <td>star </td></tr> <tr> <td>cop </td> <td>colp </td> <td>hit </td></tr> <tr> <td>llagosta </td> <td>llangosta </td> <td>lobster </td></tr> <tr> <td>homes </td> <td>hòmens </td> <td>men </td></tr> <tr> <td>servei </td> <td>servici </td> <td>service </td></tr></tbody></table> Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207-47">[44]</a> is mostly based on Eastern Catalan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003170-130">[126]</a> which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of the Valencian Community and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003170-130">[126]</a> The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, while pronouncing it as /e/ rather than /ɛ/, in some words such as: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, such as subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy'). In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="University of the Balearic Islands">University of the Balearic Islands</a>'s philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing'), but the university says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be cantam in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep'). In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a> dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Algherese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Weak_pronouns_in_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronouns in Catalan">weak pronouns</a>. In 1999, Catalan (<a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese dialect</a>) was among the twelve minority languages officially recognized as Italy's "<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_linguistic_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">historical linguistic minorities</a>" by the Italian State under Law No. 482/1999.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> In 2011,<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a> government passed a decree approving the statutes of a new language regulator of Catalan in <a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a> (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon) as originally provided for by Law 10/2009.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> The new entity, designated as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Aragon%C3%A8s_del_Catal%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Aragonès del Català (page does not exist)">Institut Aragonès del Català</a>, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in <a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_Valencian">Status of Valencian </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Status of Valencian">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Catalan <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="ca" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ca:Dictamen_sobre_els_principis_i_criteris_per_a_la_defensa_de_la_denominaci%C3%B3_i_l%27entitat_del_valenci%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="s:ca:Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià">AVL: Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià</a> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Valencian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Valencian (disambiguation)">Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian language controversy">Valencian language controversy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaverism" title="Blaverism">Blaverism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catalanism">Anti-Catalanism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg/220px-Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg/330px-Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg/440px-Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Subdialects of Valencian</figcaption></figure> Valencian is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Western_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Catalan">Western</a> dialect, along with the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">North-Western</a> varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of <a href="/wiki/Lleida_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lleida province">Lleida</a> and the western half of <a href="/wiki/Tarragona_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarragona province">Tarragona</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20052–3-123">[119]</a> Central Catalan has 90% to 95% inherent intelligibility for speakers of Valencian.<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Valencian Academy of Language</a> (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.<a href="#cite_note-AVL-9_feb_2005-13">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:40%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [T]he historical patrimonial language of the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian people">Valencian people</a>, from a philological standpoint, is the same shared by the autonomous communities of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balearic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic islands">Balearic islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Andorra">Principality of Andorra</a>. Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> [...] The different varieties of these territories constitute a language, that is, a "linguistic system" [...] From this group of varieties, Valencian has the same hierarchy and dignity as any other dialectal modality of that linguistic system [...] </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Ruling of the Valencian Language Academy of 9 February 2005, extract of point 1.<a href="#cite_note-AVL-9_feb_2005-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a></cite> </div> The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (<a href="/wiki/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3" title="Normes de Castelló">Normes de Castelló</a>). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses an independent standard for Valencian. Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207-47">[44]</a> Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/European_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="European Constitution">European Constitution</a> in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> with translations of the text into <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_2">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_choices">Word choices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Word choices">edit</a>]</div> Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually <a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a> acts as an innovative element.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> However, from the 19th century onwards, there has been a tendency towards favoring words of Northern dialects to the detriment of others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_and_Greek_loanwords">Latin and Greek loanwords</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Latin and Greek loanwords">edit</a>]</div> Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of loanwords from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a>'s work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> In the 14th and 15th centuries Catalan had a far greater number of Greco-Latin loanwords than other Romance languages, as is attested for example in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C3%ADs_de_Corella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roís de Corella (page does not exist)">Roís de Corella</a>'s writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">[57]</a> The incorporation of learned, or "bookish" words from its own ancestor language, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, into Catalan is arguably another form of lexical borrowing through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">written language</a> and the liturgical language of the Church. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the early modern period, most literate Catalan speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Catalan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_formation">Word formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Word formation">edit</a>]</div> The process of <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">morphological derivation</a> in Catalan follows the same principles as the other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> where <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a> is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. <a href="/wiki/Prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefixes">Prefixes</a> are usually appended to verbs, as in preveure ("foresee").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> There is greater regularity in the process of <a href="/wiki/Word-compounding" class="mw-redirect" title="Word-compounding">word-compounding</a>, where one can find compounded words formed much like those in English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Common types of word compounds in Catalan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>two nouns, the second assimilated to the first</td> <td>paper moneda</td> <td>"banknote paper" </td></tr> <tr> <td>noun delimited by an adjective</td> <td>estat major</td> <td>"military staff" </td></tr> <tr> <td>noun delimited by another noun and a preposition</td> <td>màquina d'escriure</td> <td>"typewriter" </td></tr> <tr> <td>verb radical with a nominal object</td> <td>paracaigudes</td> <td>"parachute" </td></tr> <tr> <td>noun delimited by an adjective, with adjectival value</td> <td>pit-roig</td> <td>"robin" (bird) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan orthography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalan_geminated_L_in_a_dictionary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Catalan_geminated_L_in_a_dictionary.jpg/180px-Catalan_geminated_L_in_a_dictionary.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Catalan_geminated_L_in_a_dictionary.jpg/270px-Catalan_geminated_L_in_a_dictionary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Catalan_geminated_L_in_a_dictionary.jpg/360px-Catalan_geminated_L_in_a_dictionary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The word noveŀla ("novel") in a dictionary. The geminated L (ŀl) is a distinctive character used in Catalan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billboard_in_Barcelona_(detail).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Billboard_in_Barcelona_%28detail%29.png/180px-Billboard_in_Barcelona_%28detail%29.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Billboard_in_Barcelona_%28detail%29.png/270px-Billboard_in_Barcelona_%28detail%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Billboard_in_Barcelona_%28detail%29.png/360px-Billboard_in_Barcelona_%28detail%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Billboard in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> (detail), showing the word iŀlusió ("illusion")</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Main forms </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Modified forms </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">À</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a></td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">Ç</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a></td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">É</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">È</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">Í</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">í</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">Ï</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography#Punt_volat_(middot)" title="Catalan orthography">ĿL</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography#Punt_volat_(middot)" title="Catalan orthography">ŀl</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">Ó</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%92" title="Ò">Ò</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%92" title="Ò">ò</a></td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">Ú</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">ú</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a></td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Catalan uses the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, with some added symbols and digraphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20056-139">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan orthography</a> is systematic and largely phonologically based.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20056-139">[135]</a> Standardization of Catalan was among the topics discussed during the First International Congress of the Catalan Language, held in Barcelona October 1906. Subsequently, the Philological Section of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC, founded in 1911) published the Normes ortogràfiques in 1913 under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Maria_Alcover" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoni Maria Alcover">Antoni Maria Alcover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra" title="Pompeu Fabra">Pompeu Fabra</a>. In 1932, Valencian writers and intellectuals gathered in <a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%B3_de_la_Plana" class="mw-redirect" title="Castelló de la Plana">Castelló de la Plana</a> to make a formal adoption of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3" title="Normes de Castelló">Normes de Castelló</a>, a set of guidelines following Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronunciation of Catalan special characters and digraphs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20057-141">[137]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Pronunciation</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Examples<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20057-141">[137]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>ç </th> <td>/s/</td> <td>before a, o and u; or final position</td> <td>feliç ("happy") </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">gu </th> <td>/ɡ/ (phonetically [ɡ ~ ɣ])</td> <td>before i and e</td> <td>guerra ("war") </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɡw/</td> <td>elsewhere</td> <td>guant ("glove") </td></tr> <tr> <th>ig </th> <td>/t͡ʃ/</td> <td>in final position</td> <td>raig ("ray") </td></tr> <tr> <th>ix </th> <td>/ʃ/ ([jʃ] in most Western dialects)</td> <td>medially and finally</td> <td>caixa ("box") </td></tr> <tr> <th>ll </th> <td>/ʎ/</td> <td>in any position</td> <td>lloc ("place") </td></tr> <tr> <th>ŀl </th> <td>/lː/ (normatively, but usually /l/)</td> <td>between vowels</td> <td>noveŀla ("novel") </td></tr> <tr> <th>ny </th> <td>/ɲ/</td> <td>in any position</td> <td>Catalunya ("Catalonia") </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">qu </th> <td>/k/</td> <td>before i and e</td> <td>qui ("who") </td></tr> <tr> <td>/kw/</td> <td>before other vowels</td> <td>quatre ("four") </td></tr> <tr> <th>rr </th> <td>/r/</td> <td>between vowels intervocalic r is pronounced /ɾ/</td> <td>carrer ("street") mira ("he or she looks") </td></tr> <tr> <th>sc </th> <td rowspan="2">/s/</td> <td>between vowels, before i and e</td> <td>ascens ("rise") </td></tr> <tr> <th>ss </th> <td>between vowels intervocalic s is pronounced /z/</td> <td>grossa ("big, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">feminine") casa ("house") </td></tr> <tr> <th>tg </th> <td rowspan="2">/d͡ʒ/</td> <td>before i and e</td> <td>fetge ("liver") </td></tr> <tr> <th>tj </th> <td>elsewhere</td> <td>mitjó ("sock") </td></tr> <tr> <th>ts </th> <td>/t͡s/</td> <td>in any position</td> <td>potser ("maybe") </td></tr> <tr> <th>tx </th> <td>/t͡ʃ/</td> <td>in any position</td> <td>despatx ("office") </td></tr> <tr> <th>tz </th> <td>/d͡z/</td> <td>mainly word medially</td> <td>dotze ("twelve") </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px">  </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Pronunciation</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th>ch </th> <td>/k/</td> <td>in final position</td> <td>Llach ("Llach") </td></tr> <tr> <th>kh </th> <td>/x/</td> <td>in any position</td> <td>sikh ("sikh") </td></tr> <tr> <th>th </th> <td>/θ/</td> <td>in any position /t/ in native words</td> <td>theta ("theta") tothom ("everybody") </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Letters and digraphs with contextually conditioned pronunciations<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20057-141">[137]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Notes</th> <th>Examples<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20057-141">[137]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>c </th> <td>/s/ before i and e corresponds to ç in other contexts</td> <td>feliç ("happy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">masculine singular") vs. felices ("happy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">feminine plural") caço ("I hunt") vs. caces ("you hunt") </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">g </th> <td>/ʒ/ before e and i corresponds to j in other positions</td> <td>envejar ("to envy") vs. envegen ("they envy") </td></tr> <tr> <td>final g before i and final ig before other vowels are pronounced [tʃ] corresponds to j~g or tj~tg in other positions</td> <td>desig ("wish") vs. desitjar ("to wish") vs. desitgem ("we wish"), exception: càstig ("punishment"), pronounced with /k/ boig ("mad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">masculine") vs. boja ("mad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">feminine") vs. boges ("mad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">feminine plural") </td></tr> <tr> <th>gu </th> <td>/ɡ/ before e and i corresponds to g in other positions</td> <td>botiga ("shop") vs. botigues ("shops") </td></tr> <tr> <th>gü </th> <td>/ɡw/ before e and i corresponds to gu in other positions</td> <td>llengua ("language") vs. llengües ("languages") </td></tr> <tr> <th>qu </th> <td>/k/ before e and i corresponds to c in other positions</td> <td>vaca ("cow") vs. vaques ("cows") </td></tr> <tr> <th>qü </th> <td>/kw/ before e and i corresponds to qu in other positions</td> <td>obliqua ("oblique, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">feminine") vs. obliqües ("oblique, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">feminine plural") </td></tr> <tr> <th>x </th> <td>/ʃ/ (also [tʃ] dialectally) initially and in onsets after a consonant; [ʃ] after i /ks/ between vowels and syllable final (except after i in most cases) /ɡz/ between vowels and syllable final before voiced consonants</td> <td>xinxa ("bedbug"), guix ("chalk") taxi ("taxi"), fixar ("to fix"), extra ("extra") exacte ("exact"), exdirector ("ex-director") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan grammar</a></div> The grammar of Catalan is similar to other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. Features include:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-142">[138]</a> <ul><li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite articles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-142">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> are <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> (masculine and feminine), and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular and plural). There is no <a href="/wiki/Case_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (grammar)">case</a> inflexion, except in pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-142">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> are highly inflected for <a href="/wiki/Person_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Person (grammar)">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Number (grammar)">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tense_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense (grammar)">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspect_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspect (grammar)">aspect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mood_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood (grammar)">mood</a> (including a <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-142">[138]</a></li> <li>There are no <a href="/wiki/Modal_auxiliary" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal auxiliary">modal auxiliaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-142">[138]</a></li> <li>Word order is freer than in English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-142">[138]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_number_inflection">Gender and number inflection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Gender and number inflection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flexi%C3%B3_of_word_Gat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flexi%C3%B3_of_word_Gat.jpg/180px-Flexi%C3%B3_of_word_Gat.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="468" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flexi%C3%B3_of_word_Gat.jpg/270px-Flexi%C3%B3_of_word_Gat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flexi%C3%B3_of_word_Gat.jpg/360px-Flexi%C3%B3_of_word_Gat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Gender and number inflection of the word gat ("cat")</figcaption></figure> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Regular noun with definite article: el gat ("the cat") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td>el gat</td> <td>la gata </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>els gats</td> <td>les gates </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Adjective with 4 forms: verd ("green") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td>verd</td> <td>verda </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>verds</td> <td>verdes </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Adjective with 3 forms: feliç ("happy") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td colspan="2">feliç </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>feliços</td> <td>felices </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Adjective with 2 forms: indiferent ("indifferent") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td colspan="2">indiferent </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td colspan="2">indiferents </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Gender_inflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inflection">gender inflection</a>, the most notable feature is (compared to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>), the loss of the typical <a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">masculine</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by ø/-a.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> There are only a few exceptions, such as minso/minsa ("scarce").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> <ul><li>Affrication: boig/boja ("insane") vs. lleig/lletja ("ugly")</li> <li>Loss of n: pla/plana ("flat") vs. segon/segona ("second")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_obstruent_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final obstruent devoicing">Final obstruent devoicing</a>: sentit/sentida ("felt") vs. dit/dita ("said")</li></ul> Catalan has few <a href="/wiki/Suppletion" title="Suppletion">suppletive</a> couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favor of marked ones, something prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">[85]</a> The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630–631-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determiners">Determiners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Determiners">edit</a>]</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Definite article in Standard Catalan (elided forms in brackets)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra192629–30-144">[140]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td>el (l')</td> <td>la (l') </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>els</td> <td>les </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Contractions of the definite article </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">preposition </th></tr> <tr> <th>a</th> <th>de</th> <th>per </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">article</th> <th>el </th> <td>al (a l')</td> <td>del (de l')</td> <td>pel (per l') </td></tr> <tr> <th>els </th> <td>als</td> <td>dels</td> <td>pels </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Indefinite article </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td>un</td> <td>una </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>uns</td> <td>unes </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, such as dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favor of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Catalan stressed pronouns<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra192642-145">[141]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td>jo, mi</td> <td>nosaltres </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">2nd person</th> <th>informal </th> <td>tu</td> <td>vosaltres </td></tr> <tr> <th>formal </th> <td>vostè</td> <td>vostès </td></tr> <tr> <th>respectful </th> <td colspan="2">(vós)<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person</th> <th>masculine </th> <td>ell</td> <td>ells </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>ella</td> <td>elles </td></tr></tbody></table> The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, especially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> Catalan pronouns exhibit <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a>, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality. This flexibility allows Catalan to use <a href="/wiki/Extraposition" title="Extraposition">extraposition</a> extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topic</a>, without having to use so often the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> (as in French or <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>), or identifying the <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> (as in Spanish).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"> <caption>Simple forms of a regular verb of the first conjugation: portar ("to bring")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra192670–71-147">[143]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">Non-finite</th> <th colspan="6" style="background:#e0e0ff;">Form </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Infinitive</td> <td colspan="6">portar </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Gerund</td> <td colspan="6">portant </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Past participle</td> <td colspan="6">portat (portat, portada, portats, portades) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">Indicative</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">jo</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">tu</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">ell / ella [vostè]</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">nosaltres</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">vosaltres [vós]</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">ells / elles [vostès] </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Present</td> <td>porto</td> <td>portes</td> <td>porta</td> <td>portem</td> <td>porteu</td> <td>porten </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Imperfect</td> <td>portava</td> <td>portaves</td> <td>portava</td> <td>portàvem</td> <td>portàveu</td> <td>portaven </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Preterite (archaic)</td> <td>portí</td> <td>portares</td> <td>portà</td> <td>portàrem</td> <td>portàreu</td> <td>portaren </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Future</td> <td>portaré</td> <td>portaràs</td> <td>portarà</td> <td>portarem</td> <td>portareu</td> <td>portaran </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Conditional</td> <td>portaria</td> <td>portaries</td> <td>portaria</td> <td>portaríem</td> <td>portaríeu</td> <td>portarien </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">Subjunctive</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">jo</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">tu</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">ell / ella [vostè]</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">nosaltres</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">vosaltres [vós]</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">ells / elles [vostès] </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Present</td> <td>porti</td> <td>portis</td> <td>porti</td> <td>portem</td> <td>porteu</td> <td>portin </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Imperfect</td> <td>portés</td> <td>portéssis</td> <td>portés</td> <td>portéssim</td> <td>portéssiu</td> <td>portessin </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">Imperative</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">jo</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">tu</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">ell / ella [vostè]</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">nosaltres</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">vosaltres [vós]</th> <th style="background:#e0e0ff;">ells / elles [vostès] </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>porta</td> <td>porti</td> <td>portem</td> <td>porteu</td> <td>portin </td></tr></tbody></table> Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. <a href="/wiki/Suffixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixation">Suffixation</a> is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">[134]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">Catalan syntax</a></div> The grammar of Catalan follows the general pattern of Western Romance languages. The primary <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> However, word order is very flexible. Commonly, verb-subject constructions are used to achieve a semantic effect. The sentence "The train has arrived" could be translated as Ha arribat el tren or El tren ha arribat. Both sentences mean "the train has arrived", but the former puts a focus on the train, while the latter puts a focus on the arrival. This subtle distinction is described as "what you might say while waiting in the station" versus "what you might say on the train".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelerYatesDols1999-149">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catalan_names">Catalan names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Catalan names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan names">Catalan names</a></div> In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20058-150">[146]</a> The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20058-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sample text">edit</a>]</div> Selected text<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan2001112-152">[148]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Pedrolo" title="Manuel de Pedrolo">Manuel de Pedrolo</a>'s 1970 novel Un amor fora ciutat ("A love affair outside the city"). <table border="0" style="width:100%; text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Original</th> <th>Word-for-word translation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan2001112-152">[148]</a></th> <th>Free translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tenia prop de divuit anys quan vaig conèixer</td> <td>I was having close to eighteen years, when I go [past auxiliary] know (=I met)</td> <td>I was about eighteen years old when I met </td></tr> <tr> <td>en Raül, a l'estació de <a href="/wiki/Manresa" title="Manresa">Manresa</a>.</td> <td>the Raül, at the station of (=in) Manresa. </td> <td>Raül, at <a href="/wiki/Manresa" title="Manresa">Manresa</a> railway station. </td></tr> <tr> <td>El meu pare havia mort, inesperadament i encara jove,</td> <td>The my father had died, unexpectedly and still young,</td> <td>My father had died, unexpectedly and still young, </td></tr> <tr> <td>un parell d'anys abans, i d'aquells temps</td> <td>a couple of years before, and of those times </td> <td>a couple of years before; and from that time </td></tr> <tr> <td>conservo un record de punyent solitud.</td> <td>I keep a memory of acute loneliness </td> <td>I still harbor memories of great loneliness. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Les meves relacions amb la mare</td> <td>The my relations with the mother</td> <td>My relationship with my mother </td></tr> <tr> <td>no havien pas millorat, tot el contrari,</td> <td> not had at all improved, all the contrary, </td> <td>had not improved; quite the contrary, </td></tr> <tr> <td>potser fins i tot empitjoraven</td> <td>perhaps even they were worsening </td> <td>and arguably it was getting even worse </td></tr> <tr> <td>a mesura que em feia gran.</td> <td>at step that (=in proportion as) myself I was making big (=I was growing up).</td> <td>as I grew up. </td></tr> <tr> <td>No existia, no existí mai entre nosaltres,</td> <td> Not it was existing, not it existed never between us,</td> <td>There did not exist, at no point had there ever existed between us </td></tr> <tr> <td>una comunitat d'interessos, d'afeccions.</td> <td> a community of interests, of affections. </td> <td>shared interests or affection. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cal creure que cercava... una persona</td> <td>It is necessary to believe that I was seeking... a person </td> <td>I guess I was seeking... a person </td></tr> <tr> <td>en qui centrar la meva vida afectiva.</td> <td>in whom to center the my life affective.</td> <td>in whom I could center my emotional life. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/32px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/48px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/64px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Andorra" title="Portal:Andorra">Andorra portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <dl><dt>Organizations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a> (Catalan Studies Institute)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a> (Valencian Academy of the Language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%92mnium_Cultural" title="Òmnium Cultural">Òmnium Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plataforma_per_la_Llengua" title="Plataforma per la Llengua">Plataforma per la Llengua</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Abr%C3%A0mova" title="Marina Abràmova">Marina Abràmova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A0_Col%C3%B3n" title="Germà Colón">Germà Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Courcelles" title="Dominique de Courcelles">Dominique de Courcelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%AD_de_Riquer" class="mw-redirect" title="Martí de Riquer">Martí de Riquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Terry" title="Arthur Terry">Arthur Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Venuti" title="Lawrence Venuti">Lawrence Venuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Catalonia" title="Languages of Catalonia">Languages of Catalonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3" title="Normes de Castelló">Normes de Castelló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra" title="Pompeu Fabra">Pompeu Fabra</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DNV_AVL_1-15"><a href="#cite_ref-DNV_AVL_1_15-0">^</a> The Valencian Normative Dictionary of the Valencian Academy of the Language states that Valencian is a "Romance language spoken in the Valencian Community, as well as in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, the French department of the Pyrénées-Orientales, the Principality of Andorra, the eastern flank of Aragon and the Sardinian town of Alghero (unique in Italy), where it receives the name of 'Catalan'". </li> <li id="cite_note-IEC-16"><a href="#cite_ref-IEC_16-0">^</a> The Catalan Language Dictionary of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans states in the sixth definition of "Valencian" that, in the Valencian Community, it is equivalent to Catalan language. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Catalan is also classified as an <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance</a> language. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Although in business and daily life other languages are common, and due to immigration Catalan mother-tongue speakers are only 35.7% of the population. See <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Andorra" title="Languages of Andorra">Languages of Andorra</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/cat">Catalan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/standard-catalan">"World Atlas of Languages: Standard Catalan"</a>. en.wal.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204123215/https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/standard-catalan">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wal.unesco.org&rft.atitle=World+Atlas+of+Languages%3A+Standard+Catalan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Fstandard-catalan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010191_4-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2010">Wheeler 2010</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinder2016" class="citation news cs1">Minder, Raphael (21 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/world/europe/catalan-italy-alghero.html">"Italy's Last Bastion of Catalan Language Struggles to Keep It Alive"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/world/europe/catalan-italy-alghero.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+Last+Bastion+of+Catalan+Language+Struggles+to+Keep+It+Alive&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft.aulast=Minder&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F21%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcatalan-italy-alghero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/els-paisos-catalans">"els Països Catalans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">enciclopèdia.cat</a> (in Catalan). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230815020536/https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/els-paisos-catalans">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enciclop%C3%A8dia.cat&rft.atitle=els+Pa%C3%AFsos+Catalans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciclopedia.cat%2Fgran-enciclopedia-catalana%2Fels-paisos-catalans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190–191-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190–191_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190–191_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190–191_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2010">Wheeler 2010</a>, pp. 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_8-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosta_CarrerasYates2009">Costa Carreras & Yates 2009</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Venero2006-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Venero2006_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Venero2006">García Venero 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1900154-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke1900154_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurke1900">Burke 1900</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Catalan">"Definition of Catalan"</a>. 16 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510200230/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Catalan">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Catalan&rft.date=2023-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FCatalan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary.reference.com-12"><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary.reference.com_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/catalan">"Definition of Catalan | Dictionary.com"</a>. www.dictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828073000/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/catalan">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Catalan+%26%23124%3B+Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcatalan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AVL-9_feb_2005-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AVL-9_feb_2005_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVL-9_feb_2005_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVL-9_feb_2005_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVL-9_feb_2005_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcadèmia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (9 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181117/http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf">"Acord de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), adoptat en la reunió plenària del 9 de febrer del 2005, pel qual s'aprova el dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià"</a> (PDF) (in Valencian). p. 52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acord+de+l%27Acad%C3%A8mia+Valenciana+de+la+Llengua+%28AVL%29%2C+adoptat+en+la+reuni%C3%B3+plen%C3%A0ria+del+9+de+febrer+del+2005%2C+pel+qual+s%27aprova+el+dictamen+sobre+els+principis+i+criteris+per+a+la+defensa+de+la+denominaci%C3%B3+i+l%27entitat+del+valenci%C3%A0&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2005-02-09&rft.au=Acad%C3%A8mia+Valenciana+de+la+Llengua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avl.gva.es%2Fva%2Facords-AVL%2Fmain%2F03%2Fdocument%2FNOMENTITAT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELledó2011334–337-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELledó2011334–337_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLledó2011">Lledó 2011</a>, pp. 334–337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoran2004">Moran 2004</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiquer1964-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiquer1964_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiquer1964">Riquer 1964</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010190_19-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2010">Wheeler 2010</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Trobes en llaors de la Verge Maria ("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary") 1474. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeny19979–18-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeny19979–18_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeny1997">Veny 1997</a>, pp. 9–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSales_Vives2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sales Vives, Pere (22 September 2020). L'Espanyolització de Mallorca: 1808–1932 (in Catalan). El Gall editor. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788416416707" title="Special:BookSources/9788416416707"><bdi>9788416416707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Espanyolitzaci%C3%B3+de+Mallorca%3A+1808%E2%80%931932&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=El+Gall+editor&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft.isbn=9788416416707&rft.aulast=Sales+Vives&rft.aufirst=Pere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Antoni Simon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/34591">Els orígens històrics de l'anticatalanisme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605094401/https://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/34591">Archived</a> 5 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, páginas 45-46, L'Espill, nº 24, Universitat de València </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayans_Balcells2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mayans Balcells, Pere (2019). Cròniques Negres del Català A L'Escola (in Catalan) (del 1979 ed.). Edicions del 1979. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-947201-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-947201-4-7"><bdi>978-84-947201-4-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%B2niques+Negres+del+Catal%C3%A0+A+L%27Escola&rft.pages=230&rft.edition=del+1979&rft.pub=Edicions+del+1979&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-84-947201-4-7&rft.aulast=Mayans+Balcells&rft.aufirst=Pere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recopilació_d'accions_genocides_con-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Recopilació_d'accions_genocides_con_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLluís2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lluís, García Sevilla (2021). Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana (in Catalan). Base. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788418434983" title="Special:BookSources/9788418434983"><bdi>9788418434983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recopilaci%C3%B3+d%27accions+genocides+contra+la+naci%C3%B3+catalana&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Base&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9788418434983&rft.aulast=Llu%C3%ADs&rft.aufirst=Garc%C3%ADa+Sevilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-26"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBea_Seguí2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bea Seguí, Ignaci (2013). En cristiano! Policia i Guàrdia Civil contra la llengua catalana (in Catalan). Cossetània. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788490341339" title="Special:BookSources/9788490341339"><bdi>9788490341339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=En+cristiano%21+Policia+i+Gu%C3%A0rdia+Civil+contra+la+llengua+catalana&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Cosset%C3%A0nia&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788490341339&rft.aulast=Bea+Segu%C3%AD&rft.aufirst=Ignaci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-galeusca2-27"><a href="#cite_ref-galeusca2_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719071429/http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788">"Enllaç al Manifest Galeusca on en l'article 3 es denuncia l'asimetria entre el castellà i les altres llengües de l'Estat Espanyol, inclosa el català"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788">the original</a> on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enlla%C3%A7+al+Manifest+Galeusca+on+en+l%27article+3+es+denuncia+l%27asimetria+entre+el+castell%C3%A0+i+les+altres+lleng%C3%BCes+de+l%27Estat+Espanyol%2C+inclosa+el+catal%C3%A0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escriptors.cat%2Fpagina.php%3Fid_text%3D1788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadatz2020" class="citation web cs1">Radatz, Hans-Ingo (8 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344608600">"Spain in the 19th century: Spanish Nation Building and Catalonia's attempt at becoming an Iberian Prussia"</a>. ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Spain+in+the+19th+century%3A+Spanish+Nation+Building+and+Catalonia%27s+attempt+at+becoming+an+Iberian+Prussia&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.aulast=Radatz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F344608600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada2-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada2_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historia_general_de_España:_Llegada2_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Cierva1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de la Cierva, Ricardo (1981). Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones (in Catalan). Planeta. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8485753003" title="Special:BookSources/8485753003"><bdi>8485753003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+Llegada+y+apogeo+de+los+Borbones&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Planeta&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=8485753003&rft.aulast=de+la+Cierva&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214055235/http://crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf">"L'interdiction de la langue catalane en Roussillon par Louis XIV"</a> (PDF). "CRDP, Académie de Montpellier. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27interdiction+de+la+langue+catalane+en+Roussillon+par+Louis+XIV&rft.pub=%22CRDP%2C+Acad%C3%A9mie+de+Montpellier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crdp-montpellier.fr%2Fcd66%2Fartscult%2FfichesVauban%2Fcdvauban%2FPERIODES%2Fmoyenagetempsmodernes%2Fchateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÀngela-Rosa_Menages,_Joan-Lluís_Monjo" class="citation web cs1">Àngela-Rosa Menages, Joan-Lluís Monjo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upf.edu/diversia/_pdf/El_patuet_valencia.pdf">"El patuet valencià, un reflex lingüístic de la societat algeriana colonial (1830–1962)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054920/http://www.upf.edu/diversia/_pdf/El_patuet_valencia.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+patuet+valenci%C3%A0%2C+un+reflex+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic+de+la+societat+algeriana+colonial+%281830%E2%80%931962%29&rft.au=%C3%80ngela-Rosa+Menages%2C+Joan-Llu%C3%ADs+Monjo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upf.edu%2Fdiversia%2F_pdf%2FEl_patuet_valencia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlataforma_per_la_llengua" class="citation web cs1">Plataforma per la llengua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/the-catalan-language-en_294_11_2446.pdf">"The Catalan Language"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307203232/https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/the-catalan-language-en_294_11_2446.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Catalan+Language&rft.au=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Fthe-catalan-language-en_294_11_2446.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarfanySimó2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marfany, Marta; Simó, Marta Marfany (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dWGWMzJuXN8C">Els menorquins d'Algèria</a> (in Catalan). L'Abadia de Montserrat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8415-366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8415-366-5"><bdi>978-84-8415-366-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415045602/https://books.google.com/books?id=dWGWMzJuXN8C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Els+menorquins+d%27Alg%C3%A8ria&rft.pub=L%27Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-84-8415-366-5&rft.aulast=Marfany&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Sim%C3%B3%2C+Marta+Marfany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdWGWMzJuXN8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarfany2002-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarfany2002_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarfany2002">Marfany 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Charte_en_faveur_du_Catalan-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Charte_en_faveur_du_Catalan_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222154353/http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm">"Charte en faveur du Catalan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm">the original</a> on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charte+en+faveur+du+Catalan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cg66.fr%2F202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309142734/http://www.cg66.fr/199-la-catalanitat-a-catalunya-nord.htm">"La catalanitat a la Catalunya Nord"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cg66.fr/199-la-catalanitat-a-catalunya-nord.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+catalanitat+a+la+Catalunya+Nord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cg66.fr%2F199-la-catalanitat-a-catalunya-nord.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerle2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Merle, René (5 January 2010). Visions de "l'idiome natal" à travers l'enquête impériale sur les patois 1807–1812 (in French). Perpinyà: Editorial Trabucaire. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2849741078" title="Special:BookSources/978-2849741078"><bdi>978-2849741078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+de+%22l%27idiome+natal%22+%C3%A0+travers+l%27enqu%C3%AAte+imp%C3%A9riale+sur+les+patois+1807%E2%80%931812&rft.place=Perpiny%C3%A0&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Editorial+Trabucaire&rft.date=2010-01-05&rft.isbn=978-2849741078&rft.aulast=Merle&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates200910–11-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates200910–11_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosta_CarrerasYates2009">Costa Carreras & Yates 2009</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051_38-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051_38-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051_38-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20051_38-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian1-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian1_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgen2012" class="citation news cs1">Burgen, Stephen (22 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/22/catalan-language-survived">"Catalan: a language that has survived against the odds"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224061600/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/22/catalan-language-survived">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Catalan%3A+a+language+that+has+survived+against+the+odds&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft.aulast=Burgen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fnov%2F22%2Fcatalan-language-survived&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManentCrexell1988" class="citation book cs1">Manent, Albert; Crexell, Joan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l39t7WmeBG0C&pg=PA14">Bibliografia catalana dels anys més difícils (1939-1943)</a>. Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, S.A. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8472029379" title="Special:BookSources/8472029379"><bdi>8472029379</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131130959/https://books.google.com/books?id=l39t7WmeBG0C&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliografia+catalana+dels+anys+m%C3%A9s+dif%C3%ADcils+%281939-1943%29&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Publicacions+de+l%27Abadia+de+Montserrat%2C+S.A&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=8472029379&rft.aulast=Manent&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Crexell%2C+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl39t7WmeBG0C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCORNELLÀ-DETRELL2011" class="citation book cs1">CORNELLÀ-DETRELL, JORDI (2011). Literature as a Response to Cultural and Political Repression in Franco's Catalonia. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85566-201-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85566-201-8"><bdi>978-1-85566-201-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.cttn346z">10.7722/j.cttn346z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+as+a+Response+to+Cultural+and+Political+Repression+in+Franco%27s+Catalonia&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7722%2Fj.cttn346z%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-85566-201-8&rft.aulast=CORNELL%C3%80-DETRELL&rft.aufirst=JORDI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palavracomum.com/cas-obert-una-polemica-literaria-sota-el-franquisme-ii-por-xesus-gonzalez-gomez/">"Una polèmica literària sota el franquisme"</a>. Palavracomum (in Catalan). 20 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817040501/https://palavracomum.com/cas-obert-una-polemica-literaria-sota-el-franquisme-ii-por-xesus-gonzalez-gomez/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palavracomum&rft.atitle=Una+pol%C3%A8mica+liter%C3%A0ria+sota+el+franquisme&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpalavracomum.com%2Fcas-obert-una-polemica-literaria-sota-el-franquisme-ii-por-xesus-gonzalez-gomez%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtve.es/rtve/20180730/historia-tve-primera-emissio-dun-programa-catala/1772240.shtml">"Primera emisión de un programa en catalán"</a>. RTVE (in European Spanish). 30 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525000521/https://www.rtve.es/rtve/20180730/historia-tve-primera-emissio-dun-programa-catala/1772240.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTVE&rft.atitle=Primera+emisi%C3%B3n+de+un+programa+en+catal%C3%A1n&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtve.es%2Frtve%2F20180730%2Fhistoria-tve-primera-emissio-dun-programa-catala%2F1772240.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasademont2020" class="citation journal cs1">Casademont, Enric Pujol (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000292/00000098.pdf">"Culture, language and politics. The Catalan cultural resistance during the Franco regime (1939–1977)"</a> (PDF). Catalan Historical Review. 13: 69–84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000292/00000098.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalan+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+language+and+politics.+The+Catalan+cultural+resistance+during+the+Franco+regime+%281939%E2%80%931977%29&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=69-84&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Casademont&rft.aufirst=Enric+Pujol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicacions.iec.cat%2Frepository%2Fpdf%2F00000292%2F00000098.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rendon, Sílvio (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20730773">"The Catalan premium: language and employment in Catalonia"</a>. Journal of Population Economics. 20 (3): 669–686. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00148-005-0048-5">10.1007/s00148-005-0048-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10016%2F291">10016/291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0933-1433">0933-1433</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20730773">20730773</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29009762">29009762</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204184857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20730773">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Population+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Catalan+premium%3A+language+and+employment+in+Catalonia&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=669-686&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10016%2F291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20730773%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00148-005-0048-5&rft.issn=0933-1433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29009762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rendon&rft.aufirst=S%C3%ADlvio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20730773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatrin_Voltmer2006" class="citation book cs1">Katrin Voltmer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Snx9MYO1T7UC&pg=PA19">Mass Media and Political Communication in New Democracies</a>. Psychology Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33779-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33779-3"><bdi>978-0-415-33779-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205220526/https://books.google.com/books?id=Snx9MYO1T7UC&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Media+and+Political+Communication+in+New+Democracies&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33779-3&rft.au=Katrin+Voltmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnx9MYO1T7UC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207_47-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2003">Wheeler 2003</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmora2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Armora, Esther (9 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130909/abci-cataluna-ordena-incumplir-sentencias-201309081829.html">"Cataluña ordena incumplir las sentencias sobre el castellano en las escuelas"</a> [Catalonia orders violate the judgments on the Castilian in schools]. ABC (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911073217/http://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130909/abci-cataluna-ordena-incumplir-sentencias-201309081829.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/is-catalonia-using-schools-as-a-political-weapon/544898/">the original</a> on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Is+Catalonia+Using+Schools+as+a+Political+Weapon%3F&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Alia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F11%2Fis-catalonia-using-schools-as-a-political-weapon%2F544898%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122124224/https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2022/01/21/catalonia-supreme-court-25-of-lessons-must-be-in-spanish_e4e09d3e-ea85-4b59-b3c6-d0f2cdbfc0aa.html">"You are here: ANSAmed. Catalonia: Supreme Court, 25% of lessons must be in Spanish"</a>. 21 January 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2022/01/21/catalonia-supreme-court-25-of-lessons-must-be-in-spanish_e4e09d3e-ea85-4b59-b3c6-d0f2cdbfc0aa.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2022. 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Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072106/http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=da01&dt=2008&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. 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Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002849/http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=DA01&lang=en&dt=200300&x=12&y=8">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. 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Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística – CPNL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828073003/https://www.cpnl.cat/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2022. 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Palgrave Macmillan. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36179-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36179-9"><bdi>978-0-230-36179-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stateless+Nations%3A+Western+European+Regional+Nationalisms+and+the+Old+Nations&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-36179-9&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=Julius+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-SF4-ip95MoC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithBergin1984" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Nathaniel B.; Bergin, Thomas Goddard (1984). An Old Provençal Primer. New York: Garland. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-9030-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-9030-6"><bdi>0-8240-9030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Old+Proven%C3%A7al+Primer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8240-9030-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+B.&rft.au=Bergin%2C+Thomas+Goddard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana632_60-15">p</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnciclopèdia_Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>, p. 632. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20104_61-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldhausen2010">Feldhausen 2010</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlösser200560f_62-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlösser2005">Schlösser 2005</a>, p. 60f. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_2007-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2007_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2007" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Marc Howard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe4popSDfW0C">Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46307-2"><bdi>978-1-139-46307-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Contestation+in+Ethnic+Conflict&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46307-2&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Marc+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOe4popSDfW0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJud1925-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJud1925_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJud1925_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJud1925">Jud 1925</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColón199333–35-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColón199333–35_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColón199333–35_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColón1993">Colón 1993</a>, pp. 33–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoll200647-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoll200647_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoll200647_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoll200647_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoll200647_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoll200647_66-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoll2006">Moll 2006</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-estiagem-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-estiagem_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estiagem_67-1">b</a> Portuguese and Spanish have estiagem and estiaje, respectively, for drought, dry season or low water levels. </li> <li id="cite_note-vespera-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vespera_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vespera_68-1">b</a> Portuguese and Spanish have véspera and víspera, respectively, for eve, or the day before. </li> <li id="cite_note-trozo-69"><a href="#cite_ref-trozo_69-0">^</a> Spanish also has trozo, and it is actually a borrowing from Catalan tros. Colón 1993, p 39. Portuguese has troço, but aside from also being a loanword, it has a very different meaning: "thing", "gadget", "tool", "paraphernalia". </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Modern Spanish also has gris, but it is a modern borrowing from Occitan. The original word was pardo, which stands for "reddish, yellow-orange, medium-dark and of moderate to weak saturation. It also can mean ochre, pale ochre, dark ohre, brownish, tan, greyish, grey, desaturated, dirty, dark, or opaque." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallegoSanz2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2001). Diccionario Akal del color (in Spanish). Akal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-460-1083-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-460-1083-8"><bdi>978-84-460-1083-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Akal+del+color&rft.pub=Akal&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-84-460-1083-8&rft.aulast=Gallego&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft.au=Sanz%2C+Juan+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> A 20th century introduction from French. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColón199355-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColón199355_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColón1993">Colón 1993</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruguera20083046-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguera20083046_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruguera2008">Bruguera 2008</a>, p. 3046. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=11a1d4b73920b110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=11a1d4b73920b110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&newLang=en_GB">"Sociolinguistic situation in Catalan-speaking areas. Tables. Official data about the sociolinguistic situation in Catalan-speaking areas: Catalonia (2003), Andorra (2004), the Balearic Islands (2004), Aragonese Border (2004), Northern Catalonia (2004), Alghero (2004) and Valencian Community (2004)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalitat of Catalonia">Generalitat of Catalonia</a>. 7 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314032229/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=11a1d4b73920b110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=11a1d4b73920b110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&newLang=en_GB">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistic+situation+in+Catalan-speaking+areas.+Tables.+Official+data+about+the+sociolinguistic+situation+in+Catalan-speaking+areas%3A+Catalonia+%282003%29%2C+Andorra+%282004%29%2C+the+Balearic+Islands+%282004%29%2C+Aragonese+Border+%282004%29%2C+Northern+Catalonia+%282004%29%2C+Alghero+%282004%29+and+Valencian+Community+%282004%29&rft.pub=Generalitat+of+Catalonia&rft.date=2008-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww20.gencat.cat%2Fportal%2Fsite%2FLlengcat%2Fmenuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0%2F%3Fvgnextoid%3D11a1d4b73920b110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD%26vgnextchannel%3D11a1d4b73920b110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD%26vgnextfmt%3Ddefault%26newLang%3Den_GB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222153758/http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Llengcat/Documents/Publicacions/Catala%20llengua%20Europa/Arxius/cat_europa_angles_07.pdf">Catalan, language of Europe</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalitat of Catalonia">Generalitat of Catalonia</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Llengcat/Documents/Publicacions/Catala%20llengua%20Europa/Arxius/cat_europa_angles_07.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 December 2012, retrieved 13 March 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalan%2C+language+of+Europe&rft.pub=Generalitat+of+Catalonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww20.gencat.cat%2Fdocs%2FLlengcat%2FDocuments%2FPublicacions%2FCatala%2520llengua%2520Europa%2FArxius%2Fcat_europa_angles_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-habitual-77"><a href="#cite_ref-habitual_77-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=3&V1=3&V3=3325&V4=3326&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=25&CTX=B">Población según lengua habitual. Datos comparados 2003–2008. Cataluña. Año 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102013451/http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=3&V1=3&V3=3325&V4=3326&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=25&CTX=B">Archived</a> 2 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encuesta de Usos Lingüísticos de la población (2003 y 2008), Instituto de Estadística de Cataluña </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123162105/http://www.demolinguistica.cat/arxiu/web/informe/informe2011.pdf">Informe sobre la situació de la llengua catalana</a> [Report on the situation of the Catalan language] (PDF) (in Catalan), Xarxa CRUSCAT, 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demolinguistica.cat/arxiu/web/informe/informe2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 January 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Informe+sobre+la+situaci%C3%B3+de+la+llengua+catalana&rft.pub=Xarxa+CRUSCAT&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demolinguistica.cat%2Farxiu%2Fweb%2Finforme%2Finforme2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbáñez_Ferreté2020" class="citation conference cs1">Ibáñez Ferreté, Òscar-Adrià (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Seminari%20Internacional%20sobre%20les%20lleng%C3%BCes%20en%20l'%C3%A0mbit%20de%20la%20salut.pdf">"Can you understand me, doctor?" Dealing with linguistic rights in public health systems in Catalan-speaking areas of Spain</a> (PDF). Seminarium om social- och hälsovård för språkliga minoriteter [Seminar on social and health service for linguistic minorities]. <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a>, Finland: <a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi_University" title="Åbo Akademi University">Åbo Akademi University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=%22Can+you+understand+me%2C+doctor%3F%22+Dealing+with+linguistic+rights+in+public+health+systems+in+Catalan-speaking+areas+of+Spain&rft.place=Vaasa%2C+Finland&rft.pub=%C3%85bo+Akademi+University&rft.date=2020-11&rft.aulast=Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez+Ferret%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=%C3%92scar-Adri%C3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Farxius%2Fambits-treball%2FDrets%2520Ling%25C3%25BC%25C3%25ADstics%2FSeminari%2520Internacional%2520sobre%2520les%2520lleng%25C3%25BCes%2520en%2520l%27%25C3%25A0mbit%2520de%2520la%2520salut.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeli2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geli, Carles (8 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/ccaa/2019/07/08/catalunya/1562592970_754956.html">"El uso del catalán crece: lo entiende el 94,4% y lo habla el 81,2%"</a>. El País (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708163015/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2019/07/08/catalunya/1562592970_754956.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+uso+del+catal%C3%A1n+crece%3A+lo+entiende+el+94%2C4%25+y+lo+habla+el+81%2C2%25&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.aulast=Geli&rft.aufirst=Carles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fccaa%2F2019%2F07%2F08%2Fcatalunya%2F1562592970_754956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartament_d'Estadística._Ajuntament_de_Barcelona2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Departament d'Estadística. Ajuntament de Barcelona (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231210119/http://www.bcn.cat/estadistica/catala/dades/tpob/pad/evo/ev11.htm">"Coneixement del català: Evolució de les característiques de la població de Barcelona (Knowledge of Catalan in Barcelona)"</a>. Ajuntament de Barcelona (in Catalan). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcn.cat/estadistica/catala/dades/tpob/pad/evo/ev11.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ajuntament+de+Barcelona&rft.atitle=Coneixement+del+catal%C3%A0%3A+Evoluci%C3%B3+de+les+caracter%C3%ADstiques+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3+de+Barcelona+%28Knowledge+of+Catalan+in+Barcelona%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Departament+d%27Estad%C3%ADstica.+Ajuntament+de+Barcelona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcn.cat%2Festadistica%2Fcatala%2Fdades%2Ftpob%2Fpad%2Fevo%2Fev11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231210119/http://www.bcn.cat/estadistica/catala/dades/tpob/pad/evo/ev11.htm">"Coneixement del català: Evolució de les característiques de la població de Barcelona (Knowledge of Catalan in Barcelona)"</a>. Ajuntament de Barcelona (in Catalan). 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcn.cat/estadistica/catala/dades/tpob/pad/evo/ev11.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ajuntament+de+Barcelona&rft.atitle=Coneixement+del+catal%C3%A0%3A+Evoluci%C3%B3+de+les+caracter%C3%ADstiques+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3+de+Barcelona+%28Knowledge+of+Catalan+in+Barcelona%29&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcn.cat%2Festadistica%2Fcatala%2Fdades%2Ftpob%2Fpad%2Fevo%2Fev11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-speakers-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speakers_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-speakers_83-1">b</a> Sources: <ul><li>Catalonia: Statistic data of 2001 census, from Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.idescat.net/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=3&V1=3&V3=876&V4=17&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=1&CTX=B">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306011428/http://www.idescat.net/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=3&V1=3&V3=876&V4=17&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=1&CTX=B">Archived</a> 6 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Land of Valencia: Statistical data from 2001 census, from Institut Valencià d'Estadística, Generalitat Valenciana <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906084332/http://ive.infocentre.gva.es/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/IVE_PEGV/CONTENTS/cvcifras/2004/val/cvx2004_02.pdf">"Població"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ive.infocentre.gva.es/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/IVE_PEGV/CONTENTS/cvcifras/2004/val/cvx2004_02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 September 2005. Retrieved 23 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poblaci%C3%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Five.infocentre.gva.es%2Fpls%2Fportal%2Fdocs%2FPAGE%2FIVE_PEGV%2FCONTENTS%2Fcvcifras%2F2004%2Fval%2Fcvx2004_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Land of Valencia: Statistical data from 2001 census, from Institut Valencià d'Estadística, Generalitat Valenciana <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ive.es/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216011800/http://www.ive.es/">Archived</a> 16 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Balearic Islands: Statistical data from 2001 census, from Institut Balear d'Estadística, Govern de les Illes Balears <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.caib.es/ibae/demo/catala/t2.htm">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060101133851/http://www.caib.es/ibae/demo/catala/t2.htm">Archived</a> 1 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Northern Catalonia: Media Pluriel Survey commissioned by Prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedoc-Roussillon Region">Languedoc-Roussillon Region</a> done in October 1997 and published in January 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050414192723/http://linmiter.net/information_catalan.html">"Information_catalan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linmiter.net/information_catalan.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2005. Retrieved 23 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information_catalan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linmiter.net%2Finformation_catalan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Andorra: Sociolinguistic data from Andorran Government, 1999.</li> <li>Aragon: Sociolinguistic data from Euromosaic <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/e19/e19.html">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127151122/http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/e19/e19.html">Archived</a> 27 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Alguer: Sociolinguistic data from Euromosaic <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/homect/index2.html">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051112153819/http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/homect/index2.html">Archived</a> 12 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Rest of World: Estimate for 1999 by the Federació d'Entitats Catalanes outside the Catalan Countries.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez, D. (26 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/20111226/comunidad-valencia/abcp-isla-valenciana-murcia-20111226.html">"Una isla valenciana en Murcia"</a> [A Valencian island in Murcia]. ABC (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621063418/http://www.abc.es/20111226/comunidad-valencia/abcp-isla-valenciana-murcia-20111226.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Una+isla+valenciana+en+Murcia&rft.date=2011-11-26&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2F20111226%2Fcomunidad-valencia%2Fabcp-isla-valenciana-murcia-20111226.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idescat.cat/novetats/?id=3329">"Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població. 2018"</a> [Survey of the linguistic usage of the population. 2018]. IDESCAT/Generalitat de Catalunya (in Catalan). 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708210510/https://www.idescat.cat/novetats/?id=3329">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDESCAT%2FGeneralitat+de+Catalunya&rft.atitle=Enquesta+d%27usos+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3.+2018&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idescat.cat%2Fnovetats%2F%3Fid%3D3329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Red Cruscat del Instituto de Estudios Catalanes </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516115058/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjurosw5isu">"Tv3 – Telediario: La salud del catalán – YouTube"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjurosw5isu">the original</a> on 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Tv3+%E2%80%93+Telediario%3A+La+salud+del+catal%C3%A1n+%E2%80%93+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Drjurosw5isu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124091243/http://www.noticies.cat/pnoticies/notItem.jsp?item=noticia&idint=223737">"El català no avança en la incorporació de nous parlants"</a> [Catalan is not progressing in the incorporation of new speakers]. Telenotícies (in Catalan). 23 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noticies.cat/pnoticies/notitem.jsp?item=noticia&idint=223737">the original</a> on 24 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telenot%C3%ADcies&rft.atitle=El+catal%C3%A0+no+avan%C3%A7a+en+la+incorporaci%C3%B3+de+nous+parlants&rft.date=2007-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticies.cat%2Fpnoticies%2Fnotitem.jsp%3Fitem%3Dnoticia%26idint%3D223737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630_89-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnciclopèdia_Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>, p. 630. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105_90-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldhausen2010">Feldhausen 2010</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Wheeler 2005 takes the same approach </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199962-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199962_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1999">Carbonell & Llisterri 1999</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200537,_53–54-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200537,_53–54_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200537,_53–54_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, pp. 37, 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200537-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200537_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200537_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538_95-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538_95-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200538_95-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200554-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200554_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200554_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200554_96-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553–55-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553–55_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553–55_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, pp. 53–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199961–65-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199961–65_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1999">Carbonell & Llisterri 1999</a>, pp. 61–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa200520-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa200520_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2005">Recasens & Espinosa 2005</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20053-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20053_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2005">Recasens & Espinosa 2005</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253_101-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1992">Carbonell & Llisterri 1992</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeny200751-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeny200751_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeny2007">Veny 2007</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200513-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200513_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloret2004278-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloret2004278_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLloret2004">Lloret 2004</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200510-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200510_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualde1992" class="citation book cs1">Hualde, José (1992). Catalan. Routledge. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05498-0"><bdi>978-0-415-05498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalan&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05498-0&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa20051_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2005">Recasens & Espinosa 2005</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensFontdevilaPallarès1995288-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensFontdevilaPallarès1995288_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasensFontdevilaPallarès1995">Recasens, Fontdevila & Pallarès 1995</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa2007145-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa2007145_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensEspinosa2007145_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2007">Recasens & Espinosa 2007</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1993">Recasens 1993</a>. Here Recasens labels these Catalan sounds as "laminoalveolars palatalitzades". </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasensPallarès2001">Recasens & Pallarès 2001</a>. Here the authors label these Catalan sounds as "laminal postalveolar". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2009432-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgett2009432_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2009">Padgett 2009</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler1979-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler1979_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler1979">Wheeler 1979</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonetMascaró1997" class="citation book cs1">Bonet, Eulàlia; Mascaró, Joan (1997). "On the Representation of Contrasting Rhotics". In Martínez-Gil, Fernando; Morales-Front, Alfonso (eds.). Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-647-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-647-0"><bdi>978-0-87840-647-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Representation+of+Contrasting+Rhotics&rft.btitle=Issues+in+the+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+the+Major+Iberian+Languages&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-647-0&rft.aulast=Bonet&rft.aufirst=Eul%C3%A0lia&rft.au=Mascar%C3%B3%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> for more information. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630_115-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630_115-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrater_Soler1977630_115-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerrater_Soler1977">Ferrater Soler 1977</a>, p. 630. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFerrater_Soler1977 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200119-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200119_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2001">Hall 2001</a>, p. 19. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHall2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20106-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20106_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldhausen2010">Feldhausen 2010</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20052-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20052_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20094-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20094_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosta_CarrerasYates2009">Costa Carreras & Yates 2009</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana634–635-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana634–635_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana634–635_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnciclopèdia_Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>, pp. 634–635. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20095-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20095_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosta_CarrerasYates2009">Costa Carreras & Yates 2009</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictamen_de_l'Acadèmia-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Dictamen_de_l'Acadèmia_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181117/http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf">Dictamen de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià</a> [Resolution of the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua concerning the principles and criteria for protecting the name and identity of Valencian] (PDF) (in Valencian), <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a>, 2005, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictamen+de+l%27Acad%C3%A8mia+Valenciana+de+la+Llengua+sobre+els+principis+i+criteris+per+a+la+defensa+de+la+denominaci%C3%B3+i+l%27entitat+del+valenci%C3%A0&rft.pub=Acad%C3%A8mia+Valenciana+de+la+Llengua&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avl.gva.es%2Fva%2Facords-AVL%2Fmain%2F03%2Fdocument%2FNOMENTITAT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20052–3-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20052–3_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20052–3_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553–54-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553–54_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler200553_125-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199954–55-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199954–55_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1999">Carbonell & Llisterri 1999</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199675–76,_128–129-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199675–76,_128–129_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 75–76, 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelchorBranchadell200271-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelchorBranchadell200271_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelchorBranchadell2002">Melchor & Branchadell 2002</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoll,_Francesc_de_B.1968" class="citation book cs1">Moll, Francesc de B. (1968). Gramática catalana; referida especialment a les Illes Balears. Palma de Mallorca: Editorial Moll. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-273-0044-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-273-0044-1"><bdi>84-273-0044-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2108762">2108762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A1tica+catalana%3B+referida+especialment+a+les+Illes+Balears&rft.place=Palma+de+Mallorca&rft.pub=Editorial+Moll&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2108762&rft.isbn=84-273-0044-1&rft.au=Moll%2C+Francesc+de+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003170-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003170_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003170_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2003">Wheeler 2003</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Law No. 482 of 15 December 1999. "Rules on the protection of historical linguistic minorities". Article 2. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297. 20 December 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Decreto 89/2011, de 5 de abril, del Gobierno de Aragón, por el que se aprueban los Estatutos de la Academia Aragonesa del Catalán. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boa.aragon.es/cgi-bin/EBOA/BRSCGI?CMD=VEROBJ&MLKOB=592553980606">BOA núm. 77, de 18 de abril de 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145503/http://www.boa.aragon.es/cgi-bin/EBOA/BRSCGI?CMD=VEROBJ&MLKOB=592553980606">Archived</a> 12 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Ley 10/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragón <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2010-1711">BOE núm. 30, de 4 de febrero de 2010.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145822/https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2010-1711">Archived</a> 12 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Original full text of Dictamen 1: D'acord amb les aportacions més solvents de la romanística acumulades des del segle XIX fins a l'actualitat (estudis de gramàtica històrica, de dialectologia, de sintaxi, de lexicografia…), la llengua pròpia i històrica dels valencians, des del punt de vista de la filologia, és també la que compartixen les comunitats autònomes de Catalunya i de les Illes Balears i el Principat d'Andorra. Així mateix és la llengua històrica i pròpia d'altres territoris de l'antiga Corona d'Aragó (la franja oriental aragonesa, la ciutat sarda de l'Alguer i el departament francés dels Pirineus Orientals). Els diferents parlars de tots estos territoris constituïxen una llengua, és a dir, un mateix «sistema lingüístic», segons la terminologia del primer estructuralisme (annex 1) represa en el Dictamen del Consell Valencià de Cultura, que figura com a preàmbul de la Llei de Creació de l'AVL. Dins d'eixe conjunt de parlars, el valencià té la mateixa jerarquia i dignitat que qualsevol altra modalitat territorial del sistema lingüístic, i presenta unes característiques pròpies que l'AVL preservarà i potenciarà d'acord amb la tradició lexicogràfica i literària pròpia, la realitat lingüística valenciana i la normativització consolidada a partir de les Normes de Castelló. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20041209/51262801790/casi-el-65-de-los-valencianos-opina-que-su-lengua-es-distinta-al-catalan-segun-una-encuesta-del-ci.html">"Casi el 65% de los valencianos opina que su lengua es distinta al catalán, según una encuesta del CIS"</a> [Almost 65% of Valencians believe that their language is different from Catalan, according to a CIS survey]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Europa Press. 9 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727082617/https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20041209/51262801790/casi-el-65-de-los-valencianos-opina-que-su-lengua-es-distinta-al-catalan-segun-una-encuesta-del-ci.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=Casi+el+65%25+de+los+valencianos+opina+que+su+lengua+es+distinta+al+catal%C3%A1n%2C+seg%C3%BAn+una+encuesta+del+CIS&rft.date=2004-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Fcultura%2F20041209%2F51262801790%2Fcasi-el-65-de-los-valencianos-opina-que-su-lengua-es-distinta-al-catalan-segun-una-encuesta-del-ci.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161214031455/http://www.racv.es/vcia/vista-listado-academicos-numero">"Llistat dels Acadèmics de número"</a> [List of RACV academics]. Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana (in Valencian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racv.es/vcia/vista-listado-academicos-numero">the original</a> on 14 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+Acad%C3%A8mia+de+Cultura+Valenciana&rft.atitle=Llistat+dels+Acad%C3%A8mics+de+n%C3%BAmero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racv.es%2Fvcia%2Fvista-listado-academicos-numero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_i_Vilar2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Isabel i Vilar, Ferran (30 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/infozefir@listserv.rediris.es/msg00442.html">"Traducció única de la Constitució europea"</a> [Unique translation of the European Constitution]. I-Zefir (in Valencian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609224822/http://www.mail-archive.com/infozefir@listserv.rediris.es/msg00442.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=I-Zefir&rft.atitle=Traducci%C3%B3+%C3%BAnica+de+la+Constituci%C3%B3+europea&rft.date=2004-10-30&rft.aulast=Isabel+i+Vilar&rft.aufirst=Ferran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mail-archive.com%2Finfozefir%40listserv.rediris.es%2Fmsg00442.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana631_138-15">p</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnciclopèdia_Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>, p. 631. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20056-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20056_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20056_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarreras2009" class="citation book cs1">Carreras, Joan Costa, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUu_apMqBF0C">The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected writings</a>. Translated by Yates, Alan. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027289247" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027289247"><bdi>978-9027289247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architect+of+Modern+Catalan%3A+Selected+writings&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9027289247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcUu_apMqBF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20057-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20057_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20057_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20057_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20057_141-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_142-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_142-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_142-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan200197–98_142-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwan2001">Swan 2001</a>, pp. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630–631-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnciclopèdia_Catalana630–631_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnciclopèdia_Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>, pp. 630–631. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra192629–30-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra192629–30_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFabra1926">Fabra 1926</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra192642-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra192642_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFabra1926">Fabra 1926</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Archaic in most dialects. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabra192670–71-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabra192670–71_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFabra1926">Fabra 1926</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ctl">"Catalan"</a>. World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212065626/https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ctl">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+%28WALS%29+Online&rft.atitle=Catalan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Flanguoid%2Flect%2Fwals_code_ctl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelerYatesDols1999-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheelerYatesDols1999_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheelerYatesDols1999">Wheeler, Yates & Dols 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20058-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20058_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler20058_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler 2005</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> article 19.1 of Law 1/1998 stipulates that "the citizens of Catalonia have the right to use the proper regulation of their Catalan names and surnames and to introduce the conjunction between surnames" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan2001112-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan2001112_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwan2001112_152-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwan2001">Swan 2001</a>, p. 112. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcadèmia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictamen_sobre_els_principis_i_criteris_per_a_la_defensa_de_la_denominaci%C3%B3_i_l%27entitat_del_valenci%C3%A0#Dictamen">Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià</a> (in Catalan), Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, 9 February 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305161817/http://ca.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictamen_sobre_els_principis_i_criteris_per_a_la_defensa_de_la_denominaci%C3%B3_i_l%27entitat_del_valenci%C3%A0#Dictamen">archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2009, retrieved 21 September 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictamen+sobre+els+principis+i+criteris+per+a+la+defensa+de+la+denominaci%C3%B3+i+l%27entitat+del+valenci%C3%A0&rft.pub=Acad%C3%A8mia+Valenciana+de+la+Llengua&rft.date=2005-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDictamen_sobre_els_principis_i_criteris_per_a_la_defensa_de_la_denominaci%25C3%25B3_i_l%2527entitat_del_valenci%25C3%25A0%23Dictamen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonetMascaró1997" class="citation book cs1">Bonet, Eulàlia; Mascaró, Joan (1997). "On the Representation of Contrasting Rhotics". In Martínez-Gil, Fernando; Morales-Front, Alfonso (eds.). Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-647-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-647-0"><bdi>978-0-87840-647-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Representation+of+Contrasting+Rhotics&rft.btitle=Issues+in+the+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+the+Major+Iberian+Languages&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-647-0&rft.aulast=Bonet&rft.aufirst=Eul%C3%A0lia&rft.au=Mascar%C3%B3%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritton2011" class="citation book cs1">Britton, A. Scott (2011). Catalan Dictionary & Phrasebook. New York: Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1258-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1258-0"><bdi>978-0-7818-1258-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalan+Dictionary+%26+Phrasebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1258-0&rft.aulast=Britton&rft.aufirst=A.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruguera2008" class="citation book cs1">Bruguera, Jordi (2008). "Historia interna del catalán: léxico, formación de palabras y fraseología". In Ernst, Gerhard (ed.). Romanische Sprachgeschichte. Vol. 3. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 3045–3055.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historia+interna+del+catal%C3%A1n%3A+l%C3%A9xico%2C+formaci%C3%B3n+de+palabras+y+fraseolog%C3%ADa&rft.btitle=Romanische+Sprachgeschichte&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pages=3045-3055&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bruguera&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1900" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Ulrik Ralph (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryspainfr02burkgoog">A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic</a>. Longmans, Green, and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryspainfr02burkgoog/page/n187">154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Death+of+Ferdinand+the+Catholic&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Ulrik+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryspainfr02burkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1992" class="citation journal cs1">Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992). "Catalan". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 22 (1–2): 53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004618">10.1017/S0025100300004618</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249411809">249411809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Catalan&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004618&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249411809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carbonell&rft.aufirst=Joan+F.&rft.au=Llisterri%2C+Joaquim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1999" class="citation book cs1">Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1999). "Catalan". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63751-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63751-1"><bdi>0-521-63751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catalan&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+Guide+to+the+usage+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=61-65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-63751-1&rft.aulast=Carbonell&rft.aufirst=Joan+F.&rft.au=Llisterri%2C+Joaquim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins_English_Dictionary" class="citation book cs1">Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins Publishers. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-433286-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-433286-5"><bdi>0-00-433286-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-00-433286-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColón1993" class="citation book cs1">Colón, Germà (1993). El lèxic català dins la Romània. Biblioteca Lingüística Catalana. Valencia: Universitat de València. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-370-1327-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-370-1327-5"><bdi>84-370-1327-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+l%C3%A8xic+catal%C3%A0+dins+la+Rom%C3%A0nia.+Biblioteca+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Catalana&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pub=Universitat+de+Val%C3%A8ncia&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=84-370-1327-5&rft.aulast=Col%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Germ%C3%A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta_CarrerasYates2009" class="citation book cs1">Costa Carreras, Joan; Yates, Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKvQg1323YkC">The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected Writings/Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948)</a>. Instutut d'Estudis Catalans & Universitat Pompeu Fabra & Jonh Benjamins B.V. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3264-9"><bdi>978-90-272-3264-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architect+of+Modern+Catalan%3A+Selected+Writings%2FPompeu+Fabra+%281868%E2%80%931948%29&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Instutut+d%27Estudis+Catalans+%26+Universitat+Pompeu+Fabra+%26+Jonh+Benjamins+B.V.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3264-9&rft.aulast=Costa+Carreras&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Yates%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKvQg1323YkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabra1926" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fabra, Pompeu (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H2E2XM069egC">Gramàtica Catalana</a> (in Catalan) (4th ed.). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427085647/https://books.google.com/books?id=H2E2XM069egC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A0tica+Catalana&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Fabra&rft.aufirst=Pompeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH2E2XM069egC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldhausen2010" class="citation book cs1">Feldhausen, Ingo (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVQzAAAAQBAJ">Sentential Form and Prosodic Structure of Catalan</a>. John Benjamins B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5551-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5551-8"><bdi>978-90-272-5551-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427085512/https://books.google.com/books?id=oVQzAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sentential+Form+and+Prosodic+Structure+of+Catalan&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+B.V.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5551-8&rft.aulast=Feldhausen&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoVQzAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopèdia_Catalana" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrater; et al. (1973). "Català". Enciclopèdia Catalana Volum 4 (in Catalan) (1977, corrected ed.). Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana. pp. 628–639. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-85-194-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-85-194-04-7"><bdi>84-85-194-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catal%C3%A0&rft.btitle=Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana+Volum+4&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=628-639&rft.edition=1977%2C+corrected&rft.pub=Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=84-85-194-04-7&rft.au=Ferrater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallegoSanz2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2001). Diccionario Akal del color (in Spanish). Akal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-460-1083-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-460-1083-8"><bdi>978-84-460-1083-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Akal+del+color&rft.pub=Akal&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-84-460-1083-8&rft.aulast=Gallego&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft.au=Sanz%2C+Juan+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Venero2006" class="citation book cs1">García Venero, Maximiano (7 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUABAAAAMAAJ">Historia del nacionalismo catalán: 2a edición</a>. Ed. 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Els fundadors del Regne de València: replobament, antroponímia i llengua a la València medieval. Valencia: Tres i Quatre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8475025919" title="Special:BookSources/8475025919"><bdi>8475025919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Els+fundadors+del+Regne+de+Val%C3%A8ncia%3A+replobament%2C+antropon%C3%ADmia+i+llengua+a+la+Val%C3%A8ncia+medieval&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pub=Tres+i+Quatre&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=8475025919&rft.aulast=Guinot&rft.aufirst=Enric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualde1992" class="citation book cs1">Hualde, José (1992). Catalan. Routledge. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05498-0"><bdi>978-0-415-05498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalan&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05498-0&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJud1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jud, Jakob (1925). Problèmes de géographie linguistique romane (in French). 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Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Romance+languages&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Koryakov&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLledó2011" class="citation book cs1">Lledó, Miquel Àngel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&q=IEC+AVL+catalan&pg=PA337">"26. The Independent Standardization of Valencia: From Official Use to Underground Resistance"</a>. Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity : The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 336–348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539245-6"><bdi>978-0-19-539245-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427085540/https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&q=IEC+AVL+catalan&pg=PA337#v=snippet&q=IEC%20AVL%20catalan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=26.+The+Independent+Standardization+of+Valencia%3A+From+Official+Use+to+Underground+Resistance&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity+%3A+The+Success-Failure+Continuum+in+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity+Efforts+%28Volume+2%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=336-348&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539245-6&rft.aulast=Lled%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Miquel+%C3%80ngel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUydX_3rG0AC%26q%3DIEC%2BAVL%2Bcatalan%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloret2004" class="citation book cs1">Lloret, Maria-Rosa (2004). "The Phonological Role of Paradigms: The Case of Insular Catalan". In Auger, Julie; Clements, J. Clancy; Vance, Barbara (eds.). Contemporary Approaches to Romance Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 33rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Phonological+Role+of+Paradigms%3A+The+Case+of+Insular+Catalan&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Approaches+to+Romance+Linguistics%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+33rd+Linguistic+Symposium+on+Romance+Languages&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lloret&rft.aufirst=Maria-Rosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarfany2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marfany, Marta (2002). Els menorquins d'Algèria (in Catalan). Barcelona: Abadia de Montserrat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8415-366-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-8415-366-5"><bdi>84-8415-366-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Els+menorquins+d%27Alg%C3%A8ria&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=84-8415-366-5&rft.aulast=Marfany&rft.aufirst=Marta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchorBranchadell2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Melchor, Vicent de; Branchadell, Albert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpKVwFYoxGgC">El catalán: una lengua de Europa para compartir</a> (in Spanish). Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-490-2299-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-490-2299-1"><bdi>84-490-2299-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427085544/https://books.google.com/books?id=HpKVwFYoxGgC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. 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Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Monsterrat. pp. 55–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7826-568-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-7826-568-6"><bdi>84-7826-568-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427085649/https://books.google.com/books?id=RXqT88QcKjUC&q=greuges+guitard+isarn&pg=PA38#v=snippet&q=greuges%20guitard%20isarn&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. 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The Linguistic Review. 26 (4): 431–. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Ftlir.2009.016">10.1515/tlir.2009.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15197551">15197551</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727082601/https://jayepadgett.sites.ucsc.edu/systemic-contrast-and-catalan-rhotics/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. 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Enciclopèdia Catalana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fon%C3%A8tica+i+Fonologia&rft.btitle=Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasensFontdevilaPallarès1995" class="citation journal cs1">Recasens, Daniel; Fontdevila, Jordi; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (1995). "Velarization Degree and Coarticulatory Resistance for /l/ in Catalan and German". Journal of Phonetics. 23 (1): 288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0095-4470%2895%2980031-X">10.1016/S0095-4470(95)80031-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phonetics&rft.atitle=Velarization+Degree+and+Coarticulatory+Resistance+for+%2Fl%2F+in+Catalan+and+German&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=288&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0095-4470%2895%2980031-X&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Fontdevila%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Pallar%C3%A8s%2C+Maria+Dolors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasens1996" class="citation book cs1">Recasens, Daniel (1996). Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. pp. 75–76, 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788472833128" title="Special:BookSources/9788472833128"><bdi>9788472833128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fon%C3%A8tica+descriptiva+del+catal%C3%A0%3A+assaig+de+caracteritzaci%C3%B3+de+la+pron%C3%BAncia+del+vocalisme+i+el+consonantisme+catal%C3%A0+al+segle+XX&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=75-76%2C+128-129&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788472833128&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasensPallarès2001" class="citation book cs1">Recasens, Daniel; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (2001). De la fonètica a la fonologia: les consonants i assimilacions consonàntiques del català. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-344-2884-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-344-2884-3"><bdi>978-84-344-2884-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+fon%C3%A8tica+a+la+fonologia%3A+les+consonants+i+assimilacions+conson%C3%A0ntiques+del+catal%C3%A0&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Editorial+Ariel&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-84-344-2884-3&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Pallar%C3%A8s%2C+Maria+Dolors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2005" class="citation journal cs1">Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005). "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35 (1): 1, 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878">10.1017/S0025100305001878</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14140079">14140079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Articulatory%2C+positional+and+coarticulatory+characteristics+for+clear+%2Fl%2F+and+dark+%2Fl%2F%3A+evidence+from+two+Catalan+dialects&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%2C+20&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100305001878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14140079%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Espinosa%2C+Aina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2007" class="citation journal cs1">Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2007). 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Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 37 (2): 145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002829">10.1017/S0025100306002829</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14275190">14275190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=An+Electropalatographic+and+Acoustic+Study+of+Affricates+and+Fricatives+in+Two+Catalan+Dialects&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14275190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Espinosa%2C+Aina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiquer1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Riquer, Martí de (1964). "Vol.1". Història de la Literatura Catalana (in Catalan). Barcelona: Ariel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vol.1&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B2ria+de+la+Literatura+Catalana&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Ariel&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Riquer&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%AD+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell-Gebbett1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_S._N._Russell-Gebbett" title="Paul S. N. Russell-Gebbett">Russell-Gebbett, Paul</a>, ed. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4GMwEACAAJ">Mediaeval Catalan Linguistic Texts</a>. Dolphin Book Co. Ltd., Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427085542/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4GMwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Catalan+Linguistic+Texts&rft.pub=Dolphin+Book+Co.+Ltd.%2C+Oxford&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_4GMwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlösser2005" class="citation book cs1">Schlösser, Rainer (2005). Die romanischen Sprachen. Munich: C.H. Beck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+romanischen+Sprachen&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Schl%C3%B6sser&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2001" class="citation book cs1">Swan, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UIuWj9fQfQC">Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems, Volume 1</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77939-5"><bdi>978-0-521-77939-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learner+English%3A+A+Teacher%27s+Guide+to+Interference+and+Other+Problems%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77939-5&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UIuWj9fQfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1962" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Earl W. (1962). "The Resurgence of Catalan". Hispania. 45 (1): 43–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F337523">10.2307/337523</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/337523">337523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=The+Resurgence+of+Catalan&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-48&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F337523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F337523%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Earl+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1979" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Max W. (1979). Phonology of Catalan. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-11621-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-11621-9"><bdi>978-0-631-11621-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology+of+Catalan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-631-11621-9&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Max+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerYatesDols1999" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Max; Yates, Alan; Dols, Nicolau (1999). Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar. 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London: Routledge. pp. 170–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16417-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16417-6"><bdi>0-415-16417-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Catalan&rft.btitle=The+Romance+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170-208&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-16417-6&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlULWOT1o0SsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2005" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Max (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee">The Phonology of Catalan</a>. 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Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 188–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124913/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. 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Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 9–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7826-894-4" title="Special:BookSources/84-7826-894-4"><bdi>84-7826-894-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425121102/https://books.google.com/books?id=OMaXD1caTiEC&q=greuges+guitard+isarn&pg=PA17#v=snippet&q=greuges%20guitard%20isarn&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=greuges+de+Guitard+isarn%2C+Senyor+de+Caboet+%281080%E2%80%931095%29&rft.btitle=Homenatge+a+Arthur+Terry&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=9-18&rft.pub=Publicacions+de+l%27Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=84-7826-894-4&rft.aulast=Veny&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMaXD1caTiEC%26q%3Dgreuges%2Bguitard%2Bisarn%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeny2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Veny, Joan (2007). Petit Atles lingüístic del domini català. Vol. 1 & 2. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7283-942-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7283-942-7"><bdi>978-84-7283-942-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petit+Atles+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic+del+domini+catal%C3%A0&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-7283-942-7&rft.aulast=Veny&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> Institutions <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpnl.cat/">Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iec.cat/">Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avl.gva.es/">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL)</a></li></ul> About the Catalan/Valencian language <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529085634/http://www2.iec.cat/institucio/seccions/Filologica/gramatica/default.asp">Gramàtica de la Llengua Catalana</a> (Catalan grammar), from the Institut d'Estudis Catalans</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avl.gva.es/documents/31987/65233/GNV">Gramàtica Normativa Valenciana</a> (Valencian grammar). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101063611/http://www.avl.gva.es/documents/31987/65233/GNV">Archived</a> 1 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apuntsdellengua.es">Apunts de llengua</a>, learning program by À Punt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://llengua.gencat.cat/ca/inici">llengua.gencat.cat</a>, by the Government of Catalonia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verbs.cat/">verbs.cat</a> (Catalan verb conjugations with online trainers)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.edu/lexdialgram/">LEXDIALGRAM</a> (online portal of 19th-century dialectal lexicographical and grammatical works of Catalan hosted by the University of Barcelona)</li></ul> Monolingual dictionaries <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlc.iec.cat/">DIEC2</a>, from the Institut d'Estudis Catalans</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avl.gva.es/lexicval/">Diccionari Normatiu Valencià (DNV)</a>, from the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.grec.net/cgi-bin/AppDLC3.exe?APP=CERCADLC&GECART=">Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518140450/http://ec.grec.net/cgi-bin/AppDLC3.exe?APP=CERCADLC&GECART=">Archived</a> 18 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive, from Enciclopèdia Catalana</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcvb.iecat.net/">Diccionari Català-Valencià-Balear</a> d'Alcover i Moll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040826061207/http://dcvb.iecat.net/">Archived</a> 26 August 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the Institut d'Estudis Catalans</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dilc.org/">Diccionari Invers de la Llengua Catalana</a> (Dictionary of Catalan words spelled backwards)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trobat.com/servicis/dvo.php">trobat.com</a> (online Valencian dictionary)</li></ul> Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grec.cat/cgibin/mlt00.pgm">Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana Multilingüe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531071849/http://www.grec.cat/cgibin/mlt00.pgm">Archived</a> 31 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Catalan ↔ English, French, German and Spanish), from Enciclopèdia Catalana</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalandictionary.org/">DACCO</a> open source, collaborative dictionary (Catalan–English)</li></ul> Automated translation systems <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traductor.gencat.cat/text.do">Traductor</a> automated, online translations of text and web pages (Catalan ↔ English, French and Spanish), from gencat.cat by the Government of Catalonia</li></ul> Learning resources <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Catalan_Swadesh_list">Catalan Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a>, from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a></li></ul> Catalan-language online encyclopedia <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia.cat/">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Catalan language at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Catalan_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Catalan language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catalan_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Catalan language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Catalan" class="extiw" title="b:Catalan">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Catalan_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Catalan phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ca:">Catalan edition</a> of Wikipedia</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7026" class="extiw" title="d:Q7026">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Catalan_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Catalan_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Catalan language</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo- Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Neapolitan–Calabrese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero- Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Bold indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance languages and dialects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arverno-Mediterranean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a> and Waldensian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Occitan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a> (excepting <a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Southern Languedocien</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquitano-Pyrenean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catalan">Eastern Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Catalan">Western Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="North-Western Catalan">North-Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Southern Languedocien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Provençal">Old Provençal</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit language">Judaeo-Provençal</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Cal%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Caló">Catalan Caló</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catalan_/_Valencian" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalan_language" title="Template:Catalan language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catalan_language" title="Template talk:Catalan language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catalan_/_Valencian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Geo-political distribution (Països Catalans)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/50px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/75px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/100px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a> (Roussillonese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">North-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribagorçan dialect">Ribagorçan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Valencian" title="Northern Valencian">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valencian" title="Central Valencian">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Valencian" title="Southern Valencian">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Catalan">Insular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Alguerese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibizan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibizan dialect">Ibizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan dialect">Majorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorcan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorcan dialect">Minorcan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Catalan Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a> (AVL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a> (IEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geopolitical_use" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Geopolitical_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geopolitical use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Spain" title="Template:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official / national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">a.k.a. Castilian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional / minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Gomeran whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Estremeñu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darija" class="mw-redirect" title="Darija">Darija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquetas_Pidgin_Spanish" title="Roquetas Pidgin Spanish">Roquetas Pidgin Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Tarifit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li>Asturian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Basque" title="Standard Basque">Basque</a></li> <li>Catalan / Valencian</li> <li>Galician</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement" title="Andalusian language movement">Andalusian language movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_France" title="Template:Languages of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_France" title="Template talk:Languages of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Lapurdian_dialect" title="Navarro-Lapurdian dialect">Navarro-Lapurdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souletin_dialect" title="Souletin dialect">Souletin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9gorrois_Breton_dialect" title="Trégorrois Breton dialect">Trégorrois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchois_(dialect)" title="Marchois (dialect)">Marchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overseas languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guianese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Guianese Creole">Guianese Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaracuu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xaracuu language">Xaracuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Algerian Jewish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Manuš Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">Guillemet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">Language policy in France</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_language_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">Historical linguistic minorities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchigiano dialect">Marchigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_dialect" title="Marino dialect">Marinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Cosentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central-Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Italo-Dalmatian languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sardinian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellese (page does not exist)">Cellese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian–Romagnol linguistic group">Emilian–Romagnol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Gallo-Italic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[a]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venetian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhaeto-Romance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arbëresh_language" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy#Triestine_Serbs" title="Serbs in Italy">Triestine Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italiot_Greek" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other German dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist. </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Denmark" title="Languages of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liechtenstein" title="Languages of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Monaco" title="Languages of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_San_Marino" title="Languages of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_%C3%85land" title="Languages of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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