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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monetary_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monetary_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Monetary policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monetary_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Financial stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services_to_the_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services_to_the_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Services to the economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services_to_the_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Key figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bank of France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="بنك فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنك فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa_M%C9%99rk%C9%99zi_Bank%C4%B1" title="Fransa Mərkəzi Bankı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransa Mərkəzi Bankı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_Francuske" title="Banka Francuske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Banka Francuske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Banc de França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banc de França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_Francie" title="Banka Francie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Banka Francie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Banque de France" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Banque de France" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Τράπεζα της Γαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τράπεζα της Γαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Francia" title="Banco de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banco de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banko_de_Francio" title="Banko de Francio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Banko de Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziako_Bankua" title="Frantziako Bankua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziako Bankua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="بانک فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانک فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banque de France" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89" title="프랑스 은행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스 은행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Ֆրանսիայի բանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիայի բանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Prancis" title="Bank Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bank Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_di_Francia" title="Banca di Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banca di Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzijos_bankas" title="Prancūzijos bankas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzijos bankas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Banque de France" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Банка на Франција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Банка на Франција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Францын Банк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Францын Банк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Banque de France" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="フランス銀行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス銀行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Banque de France" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Banque de France" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiya_banki" title="Fransiya banki – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransiya banki" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Francji" title="Bank Francji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bank Francji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Banco da França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banco da França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Banque de France" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Банк Франции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банк Франции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bank of France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Banque de France" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Banque de France" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="ธนาคารแห่งประเทศฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธนาคารแห่งประเทศฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa_Bankas%C4%B1" title="Fransa Bankası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransa Bankası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Банк Франції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банк Франції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="法蘭西銀行 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法蘭西銀行" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="法兰西银行 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法兰西银行" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q806950#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_of_France&params=48.864478_N_2.339289_E_region:FR_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bank of France<br />Banque de France</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Banque_de_France_2022_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Banque_de_France_2022_logo.svg/220px-Banque_de_France_2022_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Banque_de_France_2022_logo.svg/330px-Banque_de_France_2022_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Banque_de_France_2022_logo.svg/440px-Banque_de_France_2022_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_BdF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Paris_BdF.jpg/220px-Paris_BdF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Paris_BdF.jpg/330px-Paris_BdF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Paris_BdF.jpg/440px-Paris_BdF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2858" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="label"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1800<span class="noprint">; 225 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1800-01-18</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">100% owned by <a href="/wiki/French_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="French Government">French Government</a><sup id="cite_ref-dnbinfo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnbinfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_France" title="Governor of the Bank of France">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villeroy_de_Galhau" title="François Villeroy de Galhau">François Villeroy de Galhau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Central bank of</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banque-france.fr/en">banque-france.fr/en</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bank of France</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr"><b>Banque de France</b></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bɑ̃k<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>fʁɑ̃s]</a></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the French member bank of the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a>. The bank calls itself <i>Banque de France</i> in all its English communications and doesn't translate its name to English. It was established by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1800 as a private-sector corporation with unique public status. It was granted note-issuance monopoly in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1803 and in the entire country in 1848, issuing the <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a>. Long independent from direct political interference, it was brought under government control in 1936 and eventually nationalized in 1945. While other <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_issue" title="Bank of issue">banks of issue</a> were established in the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>, the Bank of France remained <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>'s sole <a href="/wiki/Monetary_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary authority">monetary authority</a> until end-1998, when France adopted the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as its currency. </p><p>The Bank of France long held high prestige as an anchor of financial stability, especially before the monetary turmoil that followed <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In 1907, Italian economist and statesman <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luzzatti" title="Luigi Luzzatti">Luigi Luzzatti</a> referred to the Bank of France as "the centre of the world's monetary power."<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p><p>The French framework for <a href="/wiki/Banking_supervision" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking supervision">banking supervision</a> was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Government">Vichy Government</a> in 1941 and entrusted from the start to a separate body under the aegis of the Bank of France, which in 2013 became the <a href="/wiki/French_Prudential_Supervision_and_Resolution_Authority" title="French Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority">French Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority</a> (French acronym ACPR). The ACPR lost its notional autonomy from the Bank of France in 2017. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_BanqueFrance_Prudentia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paris_BanqueFrance_Prudentia.jpg/220px-Paris_BanqueFrance_Prudentia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paris_BanqueFrance_Prudentia.jpg/330px-Paris_BanqueFrance_Prudentia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paris_BanqueFrance_Prudentia.jpg/440px-Paris_BanqueFrance_Prudentia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2861" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Allegory of <a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a> on the bank's main entrance façade on rue de la Vrillière</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>'s first experiment with a central bank was the <i>Banque Générale</i> (Banque Générale Privée or "General Private Bank"), set up by <a href="/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">John Law</a> at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a> after the death of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. Law received the bank's 20-year <a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered company">charter</a> in May 1716 and its <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stock</a> consisted of 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> valued at 5,000 <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a> apiece.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was meant to stimulate France's stagnant economy and pay down its staggering <a href="/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt">national debt</a> acquired from Louis XIV's wars, including the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a> in December 1718 at Law's request and formally renamed the <i>Banque Royale</i> a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It saw great initial success, increasing industry 60% in two years, but Law's mercantilist policies saw him seek to establish large monopolies, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi bubble</a>. The bubble ultimately burst in a <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">financial crisis</a> in 1720, and on 27 November of that year, the <i>Banque Royale</i> officially closed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collapse of the Mississippi Company and the Banque Royale tarnished the word <i>banque</i> ("bank") so much that France abandoned central banking for almost a century, possibly precipitating <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>'s economic crisis and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Successors such as the <a href="/wiki/Caisse_d%27Escompte" title="Caisse d'Escompte">Caisse d'Escompte</a> (from 1776 to 1793) and <i>Caisse d'escompte du commerce</i> (from 1797 to 1803) used the word "<i>caisse</i>" instead, until <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> retook the term with <i>la Banque de France</i> ("Bank of France") in 1800. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1803, financial power in France was in the hands of fifteen members of the Haute Banque, when the shareholders' meeting ratified the appointment of a “Council of Regency” composed of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Perregaux" title="Jean-Frédéric Perregaux">Jean-Frédéric Perregaux</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Mallet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume Mallet (page does not exist)">Guillaume Mallet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Mallet" class="extiw" title="fr:Guillaume Mallet">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Barth%C3%A9lemy_Le_Couteulx_de_Canteleu" title="Jean-Barthélemy Le Couteulx de Canteleu">Jean-Barthélemy Le Couteulx de Canteleu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Hugues-Lagarde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Hugues-Lagarde (page does not exist)">Joseph Hugues-Lagarde</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hugues-Lagarde" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Hugues-Lagarde">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Rose_R%C3%A9camier" title="Jacques-Rose Récamier">Jacques-Rose Récamier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Germain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Germain (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Germain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Germain" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Pierre Germain">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cari%C3%A9-B%C3%A9zard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carié-Bézard (page does not exist)">Carié-Bézard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%A9-B%C3%A9zard" class="extiw" title="fr:Carié-Bézard">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-L%C3%A9on_Basterr%C3%A8che&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Léon Basterrèche (page does not exist)">Pierre-Léon Basterrèche</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-L%C3%A9on_Basterr%C3%A8che" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Léon Basterrèche">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Auguste_S%C3%A9v%C3%A8ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Auguste Sévène (page does not exist)">Jean-Auguste Sévène</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Auguste_S%C3%A9v%C3%A8ne" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Auguste Sévène">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Barrillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre Barrillon (page does not exist)">Alexandre Barrillon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Barrillon" class="extiw" title="fr:Alexandre Barrillon">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Antoine_Ricard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges-Antoine Ricard (page does not exist)">Georges-Antoine Ricard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Antoine_Ricard" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges-Antoine Ricard">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Victor_Demautort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges-Victor Demautort (page does not exist)">Georges-Victor Demautort</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Victor_Demautort" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges-Victor Demautort">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perier" title="Claude Perier">Claude Perier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Nicolas_Perr%C3%A9e-Duhamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Nicolas Perrée-Duhamel (page does not exist)">Pierre-Nicolas Perrée-Duhamel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Nicolas_Perr%C3%A9e-Duhamel" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Nicolas Perrée-Duhamel">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques-Florent_Robillard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques-Florent Robillard (page does not exist)">Jacques-Florent Robillard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Florent_Robillard" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques-Florent Robillard">fr</a>]</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Conrad_Hottinguer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Conrad Hottinguer">Jean-Conrad Hottinguer</a>. These powerful bankers, representative of the financial elite that would become referred to in France as the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haute_banque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haute banque (page does not exist)">Haute banque</a></i>, were deeply involved in the agitations leading up to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When the revolutionary violence got out of hand, they orchestrated the rise of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, whom they regarded as the restorer of order. As a reward for their support, Napoleon, in 1800, gave the bankers a monopoly over French finance by giving them control of the new Bank of France (Banque de France).<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banker <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perier" title="Claude Perier">Claude Perier</a> drafted the first statutes and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Cr%C3%A9tet" title="Emmanuel Crétet">Emmanuel Crétet</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_France" title="Governor of the Bank of France">governor of the Bank</a>. </p><p>On 24 <a href="/wiki/Germinal_(month)" title="Germinal (month)">Germinal</a>, year XI (14 April 1803), the new Bank received its first official charter granting it the exclusive right to issue paper money in Paris for fifteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-BoFH1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoFH1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 April 1806, a new law replaced the Central Committee with a Governor and two Deputy Governors. All three were appointed by the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-BoFH1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoFH1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 January 1808, a decree set out the "Basic Statutes", which were to govern the Bank's operations until 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-BoFH1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoFH1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first fifteen years, the Bank of France was the sole issuer of <a href="/wiki/Bank_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank note">bank notes</a> in Paris, and this privilege was extended to other financially important cities and the rest of the country by 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bank was also instrumental in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union" title="Latin Monetary Union">Latin Monetary Union (LMU)</a> in 1865. The countries of France, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> established the LMU franc as a common bimetallic currency. </p><p>In World War I, the Bank sold short-term <a href="/wiki/Obligation_assimilable_du_Tr%C3%A9sor" title="Obligation assimilable du Trésor">Treasury bonds</a> abroad to help pay for wartime expenditures. France abandoned the gold standard shortly after the outbreak of war. Debts amounted to approximately 42 billion francs by 1919. Following the war, the Bank sought to re-establish the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and acquired capital from a number of American and British banking syndicates to defend the franc from exchange-rate fluctuations. The Bank also began to hoard gold reserves and, at its peak, held 28.3 percent of the world's gold stock (only behind the United States at 30.4 percent). Some scholars have asserted that this gold accumulation was a contributing factor to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Moreau_(banker)" title="Émile Moreau (banker)">Émile Moreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_France" title="Governor of the Bank of France">Governor</a> from 1926 to 1930, the Bank consolidated gold reserves created a stabilization insurance fund (<i>fonds de stabilisation</i>), and tested new monetary policies in the wake of a global depression. </p><p>In World War II, the Bank oversaw the transfer of gold reserves overseas, which mainly included <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_overseas_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="French overseas territories">French overseas territories</a>. In 1945, the Bank was nationalized by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and became a state-owned institution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing shareholders received bonds to replace their shares in the company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Bank's statute was reformed in 1973.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1993, the Bank of France was again reformed when it obtained independence from the state. It sought to establish credibility by promising to adhere to the single mandate of <a href="/wiki/Price_stability" title="Price stability">price stability</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_France" title="Governor of the Bank of France">Governor</a> from 1993 to 2003, was the final Governor of the Bank until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank (ECB)</a> in June 1998. Today, the ECB sets <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> and oversees <a href="/wiki/Price_stability" title="Price stability">price stability</a> for all countries in the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, including France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATM_Banque_de_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ATM_Banque_de_France.jpg/250px-ATM_Banque_de_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ATM_Banque_de_France.jpg/330px-ATM_Banque_de_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ATM_Banque_de_France.jpg/500px-ATM_Banque_de_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Automated_Teller_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated Teller Machine">ATM</a> of the Bank of France in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 June 1998, a new institution was created, the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB), charged with steering the single monetary policy for the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. The body formed by the ECB, and the national central banks (NCB) of all the member states of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, constitute the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). According to the <a href="/wiki/Maastrict_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maastrict Treaty">Maastrict Treaty</a>, the Bank would oversee the functioning of the payment system and conduct independent research on the French economy, while the newly established <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> conducted monetary policy for the entire <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a> was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> as a virtual currency on 1 January 1999, being replaced entirely with coins and banknotes on 1 March 2002. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, the Bank of France implemented <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_easing" title="Quantitative easing">quantitative easing</a> for the account of the ECB.<sup id="cite_ref-QE_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QE-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the French government's <a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_de_la_concurrence" title="Autorité de la concurrence">Autorité de la concurrence</a> (the department in charge of regulating competition) fined eleven banks, including Bank of France, the sum of €384,900,000 for <a href="/wiki/French_check_processing_fee_controversy_of_2010" title="French check processing fee controversy of 2010">colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing</a>, especially for extra fees charged during the transition from paper check transfer to "<a href="/wiki/Cheque_truncation" title="Cheque truncation">Exchanges Check-Image</a>" electronic transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-autocon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autocon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsjber_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjber-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bank recently established a "Lab", located on the Rue Réaumur in Paris, where start-ups and small businesses work on <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Bank is the first to set up a blockchain system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the onset of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and the ensuing economic crisis, the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> resolved to inject €3 trillion of liquidity into banks, allowing them in turn to support households and businesses, particularly with regard to urgent cash flow needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to membership in the Eurosystem, the Banque de France is in charge of credit mediation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This service, which has been in very high demand during the crisis, provides assistance to companies facing difficulties in their relations with financial institutions. The Banque de France manages procedures to resolve overindebtedness, and while its premises are no longer open to the public, requests continue to be processed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bank of France describes itself as responsible for three missions: monetary strategy, financial stability, and services to the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monetary_policy">Monetary policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monetary policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bank of France contributes to the design of the monetary policy of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, through macroeconomic research and forecast and by taking part in the deliberations on <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">ECB</a> decisions, and implements it in France. It prints <a href="/wiki/Euro_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro (currency)">euro</a> bank notes, in larger volumes than any of its <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> peers, and manages the circulation of bank notes and coins. It also participates in the fight against <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">counterfeit money</a>, by training bank employees, merchants, police, and other stakeholders. It manages part of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange reserves</a> of the ECB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_stability">Financial stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Financial stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bank of France participates in the prudential oversight of the French <a href="/wiki/Financial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial sector">financial sector</a> through the <a href="/wiki/French_Prudential_Supervision_and_Resolution_Authority" title="French Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority">Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority</a> (ACPR) which operates under its aegis. </p><p>The Banque de France also has special responsibilities with regard to <a href="/wiki/Payment_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Payment systems">payment systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_market_infrastructure" title="Financial market infrastructure">financial market infrastructures</a>. It has direct oversight responsibility over <a href="/wiki/LCH_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="LCH SA">LCH SA</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Central_counterparty" class="mw-redirect" title="Central counterparty">central counterparty</a> (CCP); <a href="/wiki/Euroclear_France" title="Euroclear France">Euroclear France</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=ID2S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ID2S (page does not exist)">ID2S</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Central_securities_depository" title="Central securities depository">central securities depositories</a>; and CORE(FR) and SEPA.EU, two retail payment systems operated by <a href="/wiki/STET-CORE" title="STET-CORE">STET SA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BdFbook_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BdFbook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 320">: 320 </span></sup> It is also involved in the cooperative oversight of ten infrastructures for which the lead oversight role belongs to another institution:<sup id="cite_ref-BdFbook_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BdFbook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 321">: 321 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Four infrastructures under the Eurosystem oversight framework led by the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>: <a href="/wiki/T2_(settlement_system)" title="T2 (settlement system)">T2</a>, <a href="/wiki/T2S" class="mw-redirect" title="T2S">T2S</a>, <a href="/wiki/EURO1" class="mw-redirect" title="EURO1">EURO1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/STEP2-T" class="mw-redirect" title="STEP2-T">STEP2-T</a>;</li> <li>Four EU-based CCPs with an <a href="/wiki/European_Market_Infrastructure_Regulation" title="European Market Infrastructure Regulation">EMIR</a> College: <a href="/wiki/LCH_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="LCH Ltd">LCH Ltd</a> (led by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eurex_Clearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurex Clearing">Eurex Clearing</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/BaFin" class="mw-redirect" title="BaFin">BaFin</a>), <a href="/wiki/CC%26G" class="mw-redirect" title="CC&G">CC&G</a> (led by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a>), and <a href="/wiki/EuroCCP" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroCCP">EuroCCP</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a>);</li> <li>Two global infrastructures with an international cooperative oversight framework, <a href="/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT">SWIFT</a> (led by the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a>) and <a href="/wiki/CLS_Group" title="CLS Group">CLS</a> (led by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">U.S. Federal Reserve</a>).</li></ul> <p>Like many other central banks, the Bank of France publishes a periodical Financial Stability Review (<i>Revue de la Stabilité Financière</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services_to_the_economy">Services to the economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Services to the economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bank of France provides services to households, businesses, and the French state: </p> <ul><li>It is in charge of offering services to households in severe financial difficulty. This includes the management of over-indebtedness (one of the major tasks of the local branches of the bank), and the guarantee to an access to basic banking services for everyone, such as the right to a basic <a href="/wiki/Bank_account" title="Bank account">bank account</a>. It is also in charge of financial and <a href="/wiki/Economic_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic education">economic education</a> of the general public, by developing an economic culture among specific populations (like youngsters and households in severe financial difficulty). This includes sensitizing high school students, providing online information and educational services, training <a href="/wiki/Social_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Social workers">social workers</a> and the launch of the French Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie (Citéco), a museum based in the 17th district of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, in 2019.</li> <li>It provides company ratings for non-listed companies, which can for instance be used by business leaders to obtain <a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">credit</a> from their bank. It also manages credit mediation (mediation between companies and their banks, their credit insurers, etc.) and proposes support to very small businesses (advice for their development and needs). The Bank of France publishes a number of economic surveys, national and regional statistics, destined to businesses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The governor of the Bank of France is appointed by the president and is, as of 2019, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villeroy_de_Galhau" title="François Villeroy de Galhau">François Villeroy de Galhau</a>, since 1 November 2015. He presides over the Bank's General Council, the body responsible for deliberating on all matters relating to non-Eurosystem activities. As of late 2023, the first deputy governor was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_Beau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis Beau (page does not exist)">Denis Beau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Beau" class="extiw" title="fr:Denis Beau">fr</a>]</span> and the second deputy governor was <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_B%C3%A9nassy-Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Agnès Bénassy-Quéré">Agnès Bénassy-Quéré</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_figures">Key figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Key figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, the main key figures of the Bank of France are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Number of full-time employees: 9,857</li> <li>Regional branches: 95</li> <li>Profit before tax : 6.5 billion euros</li> <li>Dividend distributed to the French state : 6.1 billion euros</li> <li>Gold reserves: 106.1 billion euros</li> <li>Gold stock in France: 2,436 tons</li></ul> <p>The Bank distributed dividends to the French state of 4.5 billion euros in 2016, 5.0 billion euros in 2017 and 6.1 billion euros in 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A decree on 6 March 1808 authorized the Bank to purchase the former mansion of the Count of Toulouse in the rue de la Vrillière in Paris for its headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-BoFH1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoFH1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bank's head office subsequently expanded from that original property, through the acquisition and remodeling of adjacent buildings and in the surrounding neighborhood. A major expansion occurred in 1924-1927 as part of an urban renewal project that entailed the demolition of several historical buildings and the creation of a new thoroughfare, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_du_Colonel-Driant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue du Colonel-Driant (page does not exist)">rue du Colonel-Driant</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/rue_du_Colonel-Driant" class="extiw" title="fr:rue du Colonel-Driant">fr</a>]</span>. It entailed the erection of a new complex for the bank above a large underground bunker known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Souterraine_(bunker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Souterraine (bunker) (page does not exist)">Souterraine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Souterraine_(salle)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Souterraine (salle)">fr</a>]</span>, designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Defrasse" title="Alphonse Defrasse">Alphonse Defrasse</a>. </p><p>The Bank of France commissioned the erection of branches in many French towns and cities, which are often prominent in the urban landscape. </p><p>In 2019, the bank opened its museum, the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_l%27%C3%A9conomie_et_de_la_monnaie" title="Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie">Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie</a>, in a former branch in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. This followed comparable initiatives in Europe such as the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="Museum of the National Bank of Belgium">Museum of the National Bank of Belgium</a> (opened 1982), the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England_Museum" title="Bank of England Museum">Bank of England Museum</a> (1988), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesbank_Money_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesbank Money Museum (page does not exist)">Bundesbank Money Museum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldmuseum_der_Deutschen_Bundesbank" class="extiw" title="de:Geldmuseum der Deutschen Bundesbank">de</a>]</span> (1999). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banque_de_France_1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bank of France's main building built in the 1920s on rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs in Paris"><img alt="The Bank of France's main building built in the 1920s on rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs in Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Banque_de_France_1920s.jpg/120px-Banque_de_France_1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Banque_de_France_1920s.jpg/180px-Banque_de_France_1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Banque_de_France_1920s.jpg/240px-Banque_de_France_1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Bank of France's main building built in the 1920s on <a href="/wiki/Rue_Croix-des-Petits-Champs" title="Rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs">rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs</a> in Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse,_Paris_1e,_West_View_140131_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Façade of the Hôtel de Toulouse on rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs"><img alt="Façade of the Hôtel de Toulouse on rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Paris_1e%2C_West_View_140131_1.jpg/95px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Paris_1e%2C_West_View_140131_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Paris_1e%2C_West_View_140131_1.jpg/143px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Paris_1e%2C_West_View_140131_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Paris_1e%2C_West_View_140131_1.jpg/190px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Paris_1e%2C_West_View_140131_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5984" data-file-height="7540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Façade of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Hôtel de Toulouse</i></span> on rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris,_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse,_Banque_de_France,_Galerie_Dor%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The galerie dorée, prestige room inside the Hôtel de Toulouse"><img alt="The galerie dorée, prestige room inside the Hôtel de Toulouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Banque_de_France%2C_Galerie_Dor%C3%A9e.jpg/120px-Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Banque_de_France%2C_Galerie_Dor%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Banque_de_France%2C_Galerie_Dor%C3%A9e.jpg/180px-Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Banque_de_France%2C_Galerie_Dor%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Banque_de_France%2C_Galerie_Dor%C3%A9e.jpg/240px-Paris%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse%2C_Banque_de_France%2C_Galerie_Dor%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>galerie dorée</i>, prestige room inside the <i>Hôtel de Toulouse</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_@_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse_@_Banque_de_France_@_Paris_(29142848023).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden of the Hôtel de Toulouse inside the Bank of France's main complex"><img alt="Garden of the Hôtel de Toulouse inside the Bank of France's main complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Garden_%40_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse_%40_Banque_de_France_%40_Paris_%2829142848023%29.jpg/120px-Garden_%40_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse_%40_Banque_de_France_%40_Paris_%2829142848023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Garden_%40_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse_%40_Banque_de_France_%40_Paris_%2829142848023%29.jpg/180px-Garden_%40_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse_%40_Banque_de_France_%40_Paris_%2829142848023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Garden_%40_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse_%40_Banque_de_France_%40_Paris_%2829142848023%29.jpg/240px-Garden_%40_H%C3%B4tel_de_Toulouse_%40_Banque_de_France_%40_Paris_%2829142848023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garden of the <i>Hôtel de Toulouse</i> inside the Bank of France's main complex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Portalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hôtel Portalis, a nearby property also owned by the Bank of France"><img alt="Hôtel Portalis, a nearby property also owned by the Bank of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hotel_Portalis.jpg/120px-Hotel_Portalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hotel_Portalis.jpg/180px-Hotel_Portalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hotel_Portalis.jpg/240px-Hotel_Portalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4687" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Hôtel Portalis</i></span>, a nearby property also owned by the Bank of France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immeuble_de_l%27ancienne_Salle_Ventadour_2021_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Salle Ventadour in Paris, used by the Bank of France since 1892"><img alt="Former Salle Ventadour in Paris, used by the Bank of France since 1892" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Immeuble_de_l%27ancienne_Salle_Ventadour_2021_4.jpg/120px-Immeuble_de_l%27ancienne_Salle_Ventadour_2021_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Immeuble_de_l%27ancienne_Salle_Ventadour_2021_4.jpg/250px-Immeuble_de_l%27ancienne_Salle_Ventadour_2021_4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former <a href="/wiki/Salle_Ventadour" title="Salle Ventadour">Salle Ventadour</a> in Paris, used by the Bank of France since 1892</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rue_du_Bac_%26_Rue_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9,_75007_Paris,_August_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bank of France building at the corner of Rue du Bac and Rue de l'Université in Paris"><img alt="Bank of France building at the corner of Rue du Bac and Rue de l'Université in Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rue_du_Bac_%26_Rue_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9%2C_75007_Paris%2C_August_2015.jpg/120px-Rue_du_Bac_%26_Rue_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9%2C_75007_Paris%2C_August_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rue_du_Bac_%26_Rue_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9%2C_75007_Paris%2C_August_2015.jpg/250px-Rue_du_Bac_%26_Rue_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9%2C_75007_Paris%2C_August_2015.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5260" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bank of France building at the corner of <a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Bac,_Paris" title="Rue du Bac, Paris">Rue du Bac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9,_Paris" title="Rue de l'Université, Paris">Rue de l'Université</a> in Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banque_de_France,_rue_de_S%C3%A8vres,_Boulevard_Raspail,_Paris_6e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bank of France building at the corner of Boulevard Raspail and Rue de Sèvres in Paris"><img alt="Bank of France building at the corner of Boulevard Raspail and Rue de Sèvres in Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Banque_de_France%2C_rue_de_S%C3%A8vres%2C_Boulevard_Raspail%2C_Paris_6e.jpg/91px-Banque_de_France%2C_rue_de_S%C3%A8vres%2C_Boulevard_Raspail%2C_Paris_6e.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Banque_de_France%2C_rue_de_S%C3%A8vres%2C_Boulevard_Raspail%2C_Paris_6e.jpg/137px-Banque_de_France%2C_rue_de_S%C3%A8vres%2C_Boulevard_Raspail%2C_Paris_6e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Banque_de_France%2C_rue_de_S%C3%A8vres%2C_Boulevard_Raspail%2C_Paris_6e.jpg/182px-Banque_de_France%2C_rue_de_S%C3%A8vres%2C_Boulevard_Raspail%2C_Paris_6e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3268" data-file-height="4300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bank of France building at the corner of <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Raspail" title="Boulevard Raspail">Boulevard Raspail</a> and Rue de Sèvres in Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_BdF_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bank of France building on Place de la Bastille, corner of rue Saint-Antoine in Paris"><img alt="Bank of France building on Place de la Bastille, corner of rue Saint-Antoine in Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Paris_BdF_Bastille.jpg/120px-Paris_BdF_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Paris_BdF_Bastille.jpg/180px-Paris_BdF_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Paris_BdF_Bastille.jpg/240px-Paris_BdF_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="2244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bank of France building on <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a>, corner of rue Saint-Antoine in Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Gaillard,_1_place_du_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-Catroux,_Paris_17e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hôtel Gaillard in Paris, lately the Bank of France's Museum"><img alt="Hôtel Gaillard in Paris, lately the Bank of France's Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/H%C3%B4tel_Gaillard%2C_1_place_du_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-Catroux%2C_Paris_17e.jpg/120px-H%C3%B4tel_Gaillard%2C_1_place_du_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-Catroux%2C_Paris_17e.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/H%C3%B4tel_Gaillard%2C_1_place_du_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-Catroux%2C_Paris_17e.jpg/250px-H%C3%B4tel_Gaillard%2C_1_place_du_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-Catroux%2C_Paris_17e.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4919" data-file-height="3155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Gaillard" title="Hôtel Gaillard">Hôtel Gaillard</a> in Paris, lately the Bank of France's Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A2timent_Banque_France_-_Amiens_(FR80)_-_2021-05-30_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Branch in Amiens"><img alt="Branch in Amiens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/B%C3%A2timent_Banque_France_-_Amiens_%28FR80%29_-_2021-05-30_-_1.jpg/120px-B%C3%A2timent_Banque_France_-_Amiens_%28FR80%29_-_2021-05-30_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/B%C3%A2timent_Banque_France_-_Amiens_%28FR80%29_-_2021-05-30_-_1.jpg/180px-B%C3%A2timent_Banque_France_-_Amiens_%28FR80%29_-_2021-05-30_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/B%C3%A2timent_Banque_France_-_Amiens_%28FR80%29_-_2021-05-30_-_1.jpg/240px-B%C3%A2timent_Banque_France_-_Amiens_%28FR80%29_-_2021-05-30_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8102" data-file-height="4153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Branch in <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banque_France_Bourg_Bresse_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Branch in Bourg-en-Bresse"><img alt="Branch in Bourg-en-Bresse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Banque_France_Bourg_Bresse_3.jpg/120px-Banque_France_Bourg_Bresse_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Banque_France_Bourg_Bresse_3.jpg/250px-Banque_France_Bourg_Bresse_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Branch in <a href="/wiki/Bourg-en-Bresse" title="Bourg-en-Bresse">Bourg-en-Bresse</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brest_-_banque_de_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Branch in Brest"><img alt="Branch in Brest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Brest_-_banque_de_France.jpg/120px-Brest_-_banque_de_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Brest_-_banque_de_France.jpg/180px-Brest_-_banque_de_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Brest_-_banque_de_France.jpg/240px-Brest_-_banque_de_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Branch in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banques_d%C3%A9partementales" title="Banques départementales">Banques départementales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Bank de France">Governor of the Bank de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-money_laundering_framework_for_financial_institutions_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-money laundering framework for financial institutions in France">Anti-money laundering framework for financial institutions in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dnbinfo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dnbinfo_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeidner2017" class="citation web cs1">Weidner, Jan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1138787981/34">"The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Katalog+der+Deutschen+Nationalbibliothek&rft.atitle=The+Organisation+and+Structure+of+Central+Banks&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Weidner&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F1138787981%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toniolo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGianni_Toniolo2005" class="citation book cs1">Gianni Toniolo (2005). <i>Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements, 1930-1973</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Bank+Cooperation+at+the+Bank+for+International+Settlements%2C+1930-1973&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Gianni+Toniolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGleeson2001" class="citation book cs1">Gleeson, Janet (2001). <i>Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684872957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684872957"><bdi>978-0684872957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millionaire%3A+The+Philanderer%2C+Gambler%2C+and+Duelist+Who+Invented+Modern+Finance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0684872957&rft.aulast=Gleeson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGleeson2001" class="citation book cs1">Gleeson, Janet (2001). <i>Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684872957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684872957"><bdi>978-0684872957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millionaire%3A+The+Philanderer%2C+Gambler%2C+and+Duelist+Who+Invented+Modern+Finance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0684872957&rft.aulast=Gleeson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGleeson2001" class="citation book cs1">Gleeson, Janet (2001). <i>Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684872957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684872957"><bdi>978-0684872957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millionaire%3A+The+Philanderer%2C+Gambler%2C+and+Duelist+Who+Invented+Modern+Finance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0684872957&rft.aulast=Gleeson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuigley1966" class="citation book cs1">Quigley, Carroll (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope"><i>Tragedy And Hope</i></a>. New York: Macmillan. p. 515. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945001-10-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-945001-10-X"><bdi>0-945001-10-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragedy+And+Hope&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=515&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-945001-10-X&rft.aulast=Quigley&rft.aufirst=Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQZxAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtragedy%2Band%2Bhope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoFH1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BoFH1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoFH1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoFH1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoFH1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banque-france.fr/en/banque-de-france/history/the-milestones/1800-creation-of-the-banque-de-france.html">"Page de recherche"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Page+de+recherche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banque-france.fr%2Fen%2Fbanque-de-france%2Fhistory%2Fthe-milestones%2F1800-creation-of-the-banque-de-france.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216213/Banque-de-France">Bank of France</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrwin" class="citation web cs1">Irwin, Douglas A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019103251/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/French%20Gold%20Sink.pdf">"The French Gold Sink and the Great Deflation of 1929–32"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dartmouth College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/French%20Gold%20Sink.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dartmouth+College&rft.atitle=The+French+Gold+Sink+and+the+Great+Deflation+of+1929%E2%80%9332&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~dirwin%2FFrench%2520Gold%2520Sink.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetzler" class="citation book cs1">Metzler, Mark. <i>Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lever+of+Empire%3A+The+International+Gold+Standard+and+the+Crisis+of+Liberalism+in+Prewar+Japan&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.aulast=Metzler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYee" class="citation web cs1">Yee, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/10/Bank-of-France-1-1.pdf">"The Bank of France and the Gold Dependency: Observations on the Bank's Weekly Balance Sheets and Reserves, 1898–1940"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Johns Hopkins University</i>. Studies in Applied Economics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.atitle=The+Bank+of+France+and+the+Gold+Dependency%3A+Observations+on+the+Bank%27s+Weekly+Balance+Sheets+and+Reserves%2C+1898%E2%80%931940&rft.aulast=Yee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.krieger.jhu.edu%2Fiae%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F10%2FBank-of-France-1-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banque-france.fr/en/banque-de-france/institution-rooted-history/founding-history-banque-de-france">"The history of the Banque de France | Banque de France"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Banque+de+France+%26%23124%3B+Banque+de+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.banque-france.fr%2Fen%2Fbanque-de-france%2Finstitution-rooted-history%2Ffounding-history-banque-de-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QE-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QE_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.banque-france.fr/sites/default/files/medias/documents/wp601.pdf">3rd Inspecting the Mechanism of Quantitative Easing in the Euro Area</a>, Ralph S.J. Koijen, François Koulischer, Benoît Nguyen & Motohiro Yogo, February 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autocon-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autocon_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/user/standard.php?id_rub=368&id_article=1472">Collusion in the banking sector</a>, Press Release of Autorité de la concurrence, République Française, 20 September 2010, retrv 20 September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsjber-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsjber_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100920-709855.html">3rd UPDATE: French Watchdog Fines 11 Banks For Fee Cartel </a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Elena Bertson, Dow Jones News Wires / Wall Street Journal online, retrieved 20 September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418014649/https://covid19-economie.banque-france.fr/comprendre/comment-la-banque-de-france-agit-elle-pour-soutenir-leconomie-face-a-la-crise-sanitaire-du-covid-19/">"Comment la Banque de France agit-elle pour soutenir l'économie face à la crise sanitaire du Covid-19 ?"</a>. <i>Covid-19 et économie, les clés pour comprendre – Banque de France</i> (in French). 6 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid19-economie.banque-france.fr/comprendre/comment-la-banque-de-france-agit-elle-pour-soutenir-leconomie-face-a-la-crise-sanitaire-du-covid-19/">the original</a> on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Covid-19+et+%C3%A9conomie%2C+les+cl%C3%A9s+pour+comprendre+%E2%80%93+Banque+de+France&rft.atitle=Comment+la+Banque+de+France+agit-elle+pour+soutenir+l%27%C3%A9conomie+face+%C3%A0+la+crise+sanitaire+du+Covid-19+%3F&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcovid19-economie.banque-france.fr%2Fcomprendre%2Fcomment-la-banque-de-france-agit-elle-pour-soutenir-leconomie-face-a-la-crise-sanitaire-du-covid-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418031022/https://covid19-economie.banque-france.fr/comprendre/quel-role-pour-la-mediation-du-credit/">"Quel rôle pour la Médiation du crédit ?"</a>. <i>Covid-19 et économie, les clés pour comprendre – Banque de France</i> (in French). 6 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid19-economie.banque-france.fr/comprendre/quel-role-pour-la-mediation-du-credit/">the original</a> on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Covid-19+et+%C3%A9conomie%2C+les+cl%C3%A9s+pour+comprendre+%E2%80%93+Banque+de+France&rft.atitle=Quel+r%C3%B4le+pour+la+M%C3%A9diation+du+cr%C3%A9dit+%3F&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcovid19-economie.banque-france.fr%2Fcomprendre%2Fquel-role-pour-la-mediation-du-credit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banque-france.fr/en/banque-de-france/about-banque-de-france/missions">"Missions"</a>. 8 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missions&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.banque-france.fr%2Fen%2Fbanque-de-france%2Fabout-banque-de-france%2Fmissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.banque-france.fr/sites/default/files/medias/documents/annual-report-2017-banque-de-france-20180622.pdf">"Annual report 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bank of France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+report+2017&rft.pub=Bank+of+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.banque-france.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedias%2Fdocuments%2Fannual-report-2017-banque-de-france-20180622.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BdFbook-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BdFbook_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BdFbook_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banque-france.fr/system/files/2023-04/payments_market.pdf"><i>Payments and market infrastructures in the digital era</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Banque de France, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Payments+and+market+infrastructures+in+the+digital+era&rft.pub=Banque+de+France&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.banque-france.fr%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F2023-04%2Fpayments_market.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.banque-france.fr/node/303794">"Annual Report 2019"</a>. <i>Banque de France</i> (in French). 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banque+de+France&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+2019&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.banque-france.fr%2Fnode%2F303794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Accominotti, Olivier. "The Sterling Trap: Foreign Reserves Management at the Bank of France, 1928-19". <i><a href="/wiki/European_Review_of_Economic_History" title="European Review of Economic History">European Review of Economic History</a></i> 13, No. 3 (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41378525">[1]</a></li> <li>Baubeau, Patrice. "The Bank of France's balance sheets database, 1840–1998: an introduction to 158 years of central banking." <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_History_Review" title="Financial History Review">Financial History Review</a></i> 25, No. 2 (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/financial-history-review/article/bank-of-frances-balance-sheets-database-18401998-an-introduction-to-158-years-of-central-banking/1C592E47C28B5292CD783210C4964383">[2]</a></li> <li>Bazot, Guillaume, Michael D. Bordo, and Eric Monnet. "The Price of Stability: The Balance Sheet Policy of the Banque de France and the Gold Standard (1880–1914)." NBER Working Papers. Number 20554. October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w20554.pdf">[3]</a></li> <li>Bignon, Vincent and Marc Flandreau. "The Other Way: A Narrative History of Banque de France." In <i>Sveriges Riksbank and the History of Central Banking</i>, eds. Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.</li> <li>Bordo, Michael D. and Pierre-Cyrille Hautcoeur. "Why Didn't France Follow the British Stabilisation after World War I?" <i>European Review of Economic History</i> 11, no. 1 (2007): 3–37.</li> <li>Bouvier, Jean. "The Banque de France and the State from 1850 to the Present Day." in Fausto Vicarelli, et al. eds., <i>Central banks' independence in historical perspective</i> (Walter de Gruyter, 1988) pp. 73–104.</li> <li>Du Camp, Maxime and Raphael-Georges Lévy. <i>La Banque de France et son Histoire</i>. Mono, 2017.</li> <li>Duchaussoy, Vincent. "Une Banque publique ? 1936 ou la mutation initiée de la Banque de France." <i>Revue historique</i> 681 (2017): 55–72.</li> <li>Flandreau, Marc. "Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: A Sceptical View." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review" title="The Economic History Review">The Economic History Review</a></i>, New Series, 50, no. 4 (1997): 735–63. [www.jstor.org/stable/2599884]</li> <li>Flandreau, Marc, 1996b, The French Crime of 1873: An Essay on the Emergence of the International Gold Standard,</li> <li>Flandreau, Marc. <i>The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism, and the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1848–1873</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.</li> <li>Flandreau, Marc. "Was the Latin Monetary Union a Franc Zone?." In <i>International Monetary Systems in Historical Perspective</i>, ed. J. Reis (1995).</li> <li>Gille, Bertrand. <i>La Banque en France au xixe siècle : recherches historiques</i>, Genève: Droz, 1970.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGleeson2001" class="citation book cs1">Gleeson, Janet (2001). <i>Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684872957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684872957"><bdi>978-0684872957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millionaire%3A+The+Philanderer%2C+Gambler%2C+and+Duelist+Who+Invented+Modern+Finance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0684872957&rft.aulast=Gleeson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Irwin, Douglas A. "The French Gold Sink and the Great Deflation of 1929–32." <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/French%20Gold%20Sink.pdf">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019103251/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/French%20Gold%20Sink.pdf">Archived</a> 19 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Leclercq, Yves. <i>La Banque supérieure : La Banque de France de 1800 à 1914</i>. Paris, Éditions Classique Garnier, 2010.</li> <li>Monnet, Éric. <i>Controlling Credit: Central Banking and the Planned Economy in Postwar France, 1948–1973</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2018.</li> <li>Mouré, Kenneth. <i>Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928–1936</i>. Cambridge University Press (1991).</li> <li>Nishimura, Shizuya. "The French Provincial Banks, the Banque De France, and Bill Finance, 1890–1913." <i>The Economic History Review</i>, New Series, 48, no. 3 (1995): 536–54</li> <li>Jacoud, Gilles. "Crises et Apprentissage: La Banque de France en 1848," <i>Entreprises et Histoire</i> (Dec. 2012) Issue 69, pp 27–37</li> <li>Plessis, Alain. "The history of banks in France." in Pohl, Manfred, and Sabine Freitag, eds. <i>Handbook on the history of European banks</i> (Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994) pp: 185–296. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euro.fbf.fr/en/files/888HK2/History_banks_france_EN.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Plessis, Alain. <i>Histoires de la Banque de France</i>. Paris: Albin Michel, 2015.</li> <li>Plessis, Alain. <i>La Banque de France et ses deux cents actionnaires sous le Second Empire</i>. Geneva: <a href="/wiki/Droz" title="Droz">Droz</a>, 1982.</li> <li>Servais, Édmond. La Banque de France. Son histoire, son organisation, ses opérations. Cours Servais, 1949.</li> <li>Sicsic, Pierre. "Was the franc poincare deliberately undervalued?," <i>Explorations in Economic History</i> 29(1) (1992): 69–92.* Szramkiewicz, Romuald. <i>Les Régents et censeurs de la Banque de France nommés sous le Consulat et l'Empire</i>. Genève: Droz, 1974.</li> <li>Yee, Robert. "The Bank of France and the Gold Dependency: Observations on the Bank's Weekly Balance Sheets and Reserves, 1898–1940." <i><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>: Studies in Applied Economics</i>. No. 128. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/10/Bank-of-France-1-1.pdf">[5]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French and English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banque-france.fr/en">Official site of Bank of France</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambaceres.fr/vie-poli/bque-france/1/bque-france.htm">Beginnings of Banque de France</a> The directors of Bank of France between 1800 and 1815.</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style 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2.339289</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925194236/http://www.minitel.fr/banque_de_france.html">Banque de France, Minitel Connection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/002499">Documents and clippings about Bank of France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_France" title="List of political scandals in France">Political scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_France" title="Rail transport in France">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_France" title="Censorship in France">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_France" title="Corruption in France">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks_by_country260" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks_by_country" title="Template:Central banks by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks_by_country" title="Template talk:Central banks by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_banks_by_country260" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central banks by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Central_African_States" title="Bank of Central African States">Central African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_West_African_States" title="Central Bank of West African States">West African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Algeria" title="Bank of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Angola" title="National Bank of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Botswana" title="Bank of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Burundi" title="Bank of the Republic of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Cape_Verde" title="Bank of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Comoros" title="Central Bank of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Congo" title="Central Bank of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Djibouti" title="Central Bank of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Egypt" title="Central Bank of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Eritrea" title="Bank of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Eswatini" title="Central Bank of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Ethiopia" title="National Bank of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_The_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ghana" title="Bank of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Guinea" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kenya" title="Central Bank of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Lesotho" title="Central Bank of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Liberia" title="Central Bank of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Libya" title="Central Bank of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Madagascar" title="Central Bank of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Malawi" title="Reserve Bank of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Mauritania" title="Central Bank of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mauritius" title="Bank of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Al-Maghrib" title="Bank Al-Maghrib">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mozambique" title="Bank of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Namibia" title="Bank of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Rwanda" title="National Bank of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Seychelles" title="Central Bank of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Bank of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia" title="Central Bank of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Somaliland" title="Bank of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Reserve_Bank" title="South African Reserve Bank">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_South_Sudan" title="Bank of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sudan" title="Central Bank of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Tanzania" title="Bank of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Tunisia" title="Central Bank of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Uganda" title="Bank of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Zambia" title="Bank of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Zimbabwe" title="Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da_Afghanistan_Bank" title="Da Afghanistan Bank">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bahrain" title="Central Bank of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank" title="Bangladesh Bank">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Monetary_Authority_of_Bhutan" title="Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Cambodia" title="National Bank of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority" title="Hong Kong Monetary Authority">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Israel" title="Bank of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Jordan" title="Central Bank of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Bank of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic" title="National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kuwait" title="Central Bank of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">Lebanon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Macao" title="Monetary Authority of Macao">Macao</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Negara_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Negara Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_Monetary_Authority" title="Maldives Monetary Authority">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mongolia" title="Bank of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Myanmar" title="Central Bank of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Rastra_Bank" title="Nepal Rastra Bank">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Oman" title="Central Bank of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Monetary_Authority" title="Palestine Monetary Authority">Palestine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Central_Bank" title="Qatar Central Bank">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Monetary_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Bank of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" title="Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Tajikistan" title="National Bank of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Central_de_Timor-Leste" title="Banco Central de Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Turkmenistan" title="Central Bank of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Uzbekistan" title="Central Bank of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Vietnam" title="State Bank of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Yemen" title="Central Bank of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Eurosystem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="National Bank of the Republic of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Albania" title="Bank of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank" title="Oesterreichische Nationalbank">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Nationalbank" title="Danmarks Nationalbank">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iceland" title="Central Bank of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kosovo" title="Central Bank of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Luxembourg" title="Central Bank of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Moldova" title="National Bank of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Montenegro" title="Central Bank of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_North_Macedonia" title="National Bank of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Soviet Union</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Serbia" title="National Bank of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Ukraine" title="National Bank of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Aruba" title="Central Bank of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Barbados" title="Central Bank of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Monetary_Authority" title="Bermuda Monetary Authority">Bermuda </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cuba" title="Central Bank of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Sint_Maarten" title="Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten">Curaçao and Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Central_Bank" title="Eastern Caribbean Central Bank">Eastern Caribbean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_Monetary_Authority" title="Cayman Islands Monetary Authority">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Central Bank of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Guatemala" title="Bank of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti" title="Bank of the Republic of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Honduras" title="Central Bank of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Jamaica" title="Bank of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nicaragua" title="Central Bank of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Fiji" title="Reserve Bank of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Bank of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Samoa" title="Central Bank of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Central Bank of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_Bank_of_Tonga" title="National Reserve Bank of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Vanuatu" title="Reserve Bank of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Chile" title="Central Bank of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ecuador" title="Central Bank of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Guyana" title="Bank of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Paraguay" title="Central Bank of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Suriname" title="Central Bank of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Uruguay" title="Central Bank of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Venezuela" title="Central Bank of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Names in <i>italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">non-sovereign</a> (dependent) territories, former countries, or <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks" title="Template talk:Central banks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_banks98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Board" title="Financial Stability Board">Financial Stability Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractionary monetary policy">Contractionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionary monetary policy">Expansionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">Capital control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market_operation" title="Open market operation">Open market operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">Sovereign wealth fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods<br />system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks and currencies of Africa">Central banks and currencies of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Asia-Pacific" title="Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific">Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean" title="Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean">Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe" title="Central banks and currencies of Europe">Central banks and currencies of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Central banks and currencies of the Americas">Central banks and currencies of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks_of_the_European_Union_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union552" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Central banks of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Central 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Within <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a><br /><small>(Members of the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of Cyprus">Central Bank of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Bank of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Bank of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Bank of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Luxembourg" title="Central Bank of Luxembourg">Central Bank of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Central Bank of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank" title="Oesterreichische Nationalbank">Oesterreichische Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Banco de Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">National Bank of Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Bank of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Eurozone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Nationalbank" title="Danmarks Nationalbank">Danmarks Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking-related<br /><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">EU institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/20px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/40px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks">Central banks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleon4602" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleon" title="Template:Napoleon"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleon" title="Template talk:Napoleon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleon"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleon4602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">Life and career</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon%27s_stay_in_Auxonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon's stay in Auxonne (page does not exist)">Stay in Auxonne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9jour_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_%C3%A0_Auxonne" class="extiw" title="fr:Séjour de Napoléon Bonaparte à Auxonne">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Assassination attempts on Napoleon Bonaparte">Assassination attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_souper_de_Beaucaire" title="Le souper de Beaucaire">Le souper de Beaucaire</a></li> <li>Constitutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_X" title="Constitution of the Year X">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII" title="Constitution of the Year XII">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">1815</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Sale of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_in_Holland" title="Napoleon in Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Looting of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_tactics" title="Napoleonic tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Weaponry and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">1st abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">1st exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Route Napoléon">Route Napoléon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">2nd abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I%27s_exile_to_St._Helena" title="Napoleon I's exile to St. Helena">2nd exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Napoleon">Death</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier" class="extiw" title="fr:Mort de Napoléon Ier">fr</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_mask_of_Napoleon" title="Death mask of Napoleon">mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/120px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/180px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/240px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon" title="Military career of Napoleon">Battles and wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Siege of Toulon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lodi" title="Battle of Lodi">Battle of Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French campaign in Egypt and Syria</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Siege of Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena">Battle of Jena</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Battle of Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Napoleon and the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara" title="Napoleon Tiara">Tiara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews" title="Napoleon and the Jews">Jewish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Sanhedrin" title="Grand Sanhedrin">Grand Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decree" title="Infamous Decree">Infamous Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_Protestants" title="Napoleon and Protestants">Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Articles" title="Organic Articles">Organic Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slavery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_20_May_1802" title="Law of 20 May 1802">Law of 20 May 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition" title="Saint-Domingue expedition">Saint-Domingue expedition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Homes and honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Column of the Grande Armée">Column of the Grande Armée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Napoleon_I_Monument" title="Emperor Napoleon I Monument">Emperor Napoleon I Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Napoleon" title="Equestrian statue of Napoleon">Equestrian statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Invalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel des Invalides">Hôtel des Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maison_Bonaparte" title="Maison Bonaparte">Maison Bonaparte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker">Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker_(Milan)" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker (Milan)">Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Victoire" title="Rue de la Victoire">Rue de la Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendôme Column">Vendôme Column</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Legacy and memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bank of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Conseil d'État">Conseil d'État</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Napoleon" title="Cultural depictions of Napoleon">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_is_a_sleeping_giant" title="China is a sleeping giant">"China is a sleeping giant" quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial of Saint Helena">Memorial of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_propaganda" title="Napoleonic propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_tomb" title="Napoleon's tomb">Tomb</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Retour_des_cendres" title="Retour des cendres">Retour des cendres</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_penis" title="Napoleon's penis">Penis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L%C3%A9on" title="Charles Léon">Charles Léon</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Walewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Walewski">Alexandre Walewski</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Buonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Maria Buonaparte">Carlo Maria Buonaparte</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letizia_Ramolino" class="mw-redirect" title="Letizia Ramolino">Letizia Ramolino</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte" title="Caroline Bonaparte">Caroline Bonaparte</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Bonaparte" title="Pauline Bonaparte">Pauline Bonaparte</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte" title="Elisa Bonaparte">Elisa Bonaparte</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Napoleon" title="Category:Napoleon">Category</a> / <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Napoleon_I_of_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category: Napoleon I of France">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806950#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2060" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806950#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2060" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406390193">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/156484028">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/8538-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80050394">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862338x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862338x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span 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