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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Cave (disambiguation)">Cave (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Cavern" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cavern_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Cavern (disambiguation)">Cavern (disambiguation)</a>. </div> Caves or caverns are natural voids under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary_surface?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetary surface">surface</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Caves often form by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weathering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of rock and often extend deep underground. Exogene caves are smaller openings that extend a relatively short distance underground (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rock_shelter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rock shelter">rock shelters</a>). Caves which extend further underground than the opening is wide are called endogene caves.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg/220px-Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg/330px-Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg/440px-Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="5308"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lechuguilla_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lechuguilla Cave">Lechuguilla Cave</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, United States </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speleology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speleology">Speleology</a> is the science of exploration and study of all aspects of caves and the cave environment. Visiting or exploring caves for recreation may be called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caving?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caving">caving, potholing, or spelunking</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Formation_types">1 Formation types</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Solutional">1.1 Solutional</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Primary">1.2 Primary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sea_or_littoral">1.3 Sea or littoral</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Erosional">1.4 Erosional</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Glacier">1.5 Glacier</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fracture">1.6 Fracture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Talus">1.7 Talus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anchialine">1.8 Anchialine</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Physical_patterns">2 Physical patterns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geographic_distribution">3 Geographic distribution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Records_and_superlatives">4 Records and superlatives</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Five_longest_surveyed">4.1 Five longest surveyed</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ecology">5 Ecology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Archaeological_and_cultural_importance">6 Archaeological and cultural importance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caves_and_acoustics">7 Caves and acoustics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">10 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Formation_types">Formation types</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Formation types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The formation and development of caves is known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speleogenesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speleogenesis">speleogenesis</a>; it can occur over the course of millions of years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Caves can range widely in size, and are formed by various geological processes. These may involve a combination of chemical processes, erosion by water, tectonic forces, microorganisms, pressure, and atmospheric influences. Isotopic dating techniques can be applied to cave sediments, to determine the timescale of the geological events which formed and shaped present-day caves.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> It is estimated that a cave cannot be more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) vertically beneath the surface due to the pressure of overlying rocks. This does not, however, impose a maximum depth for a cave which is measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point, as the amount of rock above the lowest point is dependent on the topography of the landscape above it. For <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karst">karst</a> caves the maximum depth is determined on the basis of the lower limit of karst forming processes, coinciding with the base of the soluble carbonate rocks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Most caves are formed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limestone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limestone">limestone</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solvation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solvation">dissolution</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Caves can be classified in various other ways as well, including a contrast between active and relict: active caves have water flowing through them; relict caves do not, though water may be retained in them. Types of active caves include inflow caves ("into which a stream sinks"), outflow caves ("from which a stream emerges"), and through caves ("traversed by a stream").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg/220px-HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="776"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 285px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg/220px-HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg/330px-HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg/440px-HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speleothem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speleothem">Speleothems</a> in Hall of the Mountain King of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ogof_Craig_a_Ffynnon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ogof Craig a Ffynnon">Ogof Craig a Ffynnon</a>, a solutional cave in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Solutional">Solutional</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Solutional" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solutional_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solutional cave">Solutional cave</a> </div> Solutional caves or karst caves are the most frequently occurring caves. Such caves form in rock that is soluble; most occur in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limestone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, but they can also form in other rocks including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chalk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marble">marble</a>, salt, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gypsum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>. Except for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salt_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salt cave">salt caves</a>, solutional caves result when rock is dissolved by natural acid in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groundwater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> that seeps through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bedding_planes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedding planes">bedding planes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fault_(geology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>, joints, and comparable features. Over time cracks enlarge to become caves and cave systems. The largest and most abundant solutional caves are located in limestone. Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater charged with H2CO3 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbonic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>) and naturally occurring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a>. The dissolution process produces a distinctive landform known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karst">karst</a>, characterized by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinkhole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinkhole">sinkholes</a> and underground drainage. Limestone caves are often adorned with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcium_carbonate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> formations produced through slow <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a>. These include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flowstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flowstone">flowstones</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalactite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stalactite">stalactites</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalagmite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stalagmite">stalagmites</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helictite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helictite">helictites</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soda_straw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soda straw">soda straws</a> and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speleothem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speleothem">speleothems</a>. The portions of a solutional cave that are below the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_table?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water table">water table</a> or the local level of the groundwater will be flooded.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lechuguilla_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lechuguilla Cave">Lechuguilla Cave</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlsbad_Cavern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlsbad Cavern">Carlsbad Cavern</a> are now believed to be examples of another type of solutional cave. They were formed by H2S (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>) gas rising from below, where reservoirs of oil give off sulfurous fumes. This gas mixes with groundwater and forms H2SO4 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfuric_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>). The acid then dissolves the limestone from below, rather than from above, by acidic water percolating from the surface. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Primary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg/220px-Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="860"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg/220px-Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg/330px-Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg/440px-Hawaiian_lava_tube.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Exploring a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lava_tube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lava tube">lava tube</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hawaii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Caves formed at the same time as the surrounding rock are called primary caves. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lava_tube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lava tube">Lava tubes</a> are formed through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> activity and are the most common primary caves. As <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lava">lava</a> flows downhill, its surface cools and solidifies. Hot liquid lava continues to flow under that crust, and if most of it flows out, a hollow tube remains. Such caves can be found in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canary_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeju_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeju Province">Jeju-do</a>, the basaltic plains of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Idaho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Idaho">Eastern Idaho</a>, and in other places. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazumura_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazumura Cave">Kazumura Cave</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilo">Hilo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hawaii_(island)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii</a> is a remarkably long and deep lava tube; it is 65.6 km long (40.8 mi). Lava caves include but are not limited to lava tubes. Other caves formed through volcanic activity include rifts, lava molds, open vertical conduits, inflationary, blisters, among others.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ENCYCLO-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sea_or_littoral">Sea or littoral</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sea or littoral" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sea_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Painted_cave.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Painted_cave.jpg/220px-Painted_cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Painted_cave.jpg/220px-Painted_cave.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Painted_cave.jpg/330px-Painted_cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Painted_cave.jpg/440px-Painted_cave.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Painted Cave, a large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sea_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sea cave">sea cave</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Cruz Island">Santa Cruz Island</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a> </figcaption> </figure> Sea caves are found along coasts around the world. A special case is littoral caves, which are formed by wave action in zones of weakness in sea cliffs. Often these weaknesses are faults, but they may also be dykes or bedding-plane contacts. Some wave-cut caves are now above sea level because of later uplift. Elsewhere, in places such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thailand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phang_Nga_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phang Nga Bay">Phang Nga Bay</a>, solutional caves have been flooded by the sea and are now subject to littoral erosion. Sea caves are generally around 5 to 50 metres (16 to 164 ft) in length, but may exceed 300 metres (980 ft). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Erosional">Erosional</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Erosional" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG/220px-Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2370"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG/220px-Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG/330px-Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG/440px-Sodom_Salt_Cave_031712.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halite">Salt</a> cave in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Sodom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mount Sodom">Mount Sodom</a> </figcaption> </figure> Erosional caves are those that form entirely by erosion by flowing streams carrying rocks and other sediments. These can form in any type of rock, including hard rocks such as granite. Generally there must be some zone of weakness to guide the water, such as a fault or joint. A subtype of the erosional cave is the wind or aeolian cave, carved by wind-born sediments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ENCYCLO-9">[9]</a> Many caves formed initially by solutional processes often undergo a subsequent phase of erosional or vadose enlargement where active streams or rivers pass through them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Glacier">Glacier</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Glacier" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glacier_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg/220px-Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="486"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg/220px-Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg/330px-Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg/440px-Big_Four_Glacier_Ice_cave.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glacier_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a> in Big Four Glacier, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Big_Four_Mountain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Big Four Mountain">Big Four Mountain</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920 </figcaption> </figure> Glacier caves are formed by melting ice and flowing water within and under glaciers. The cavities are influenced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creep_(deformation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creep (deformation)">very slow flow</a> of the ice, which tends to collapse the caves again. Glacier caves are sometimes misidentified as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ice_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ice cave">ice caves</a>", though this latter term is properly reserved for bedrock caves that contain year-round ice formations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fracture">Fracture</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fracture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Fracture caves are formed when layers of more soluble minerals, such as gypsum, dissolve out from between layers of less soluble rock. These rocks fracture and collapse in blocks of stone.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Talus">Talus</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Talus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talus_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Talus cave">Talus cave</a> </div> Talus caves are formed by the openings among large boulders that have fallen down into a random heap, often at the bases of cliffs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> These unstable deposits are called talus or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scree">scree</a>, and may be subject to frequent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rockfall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rockfall">rockfalls</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landslide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landslide">landslides</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Anchialine">Anchialine</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Anchialine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anchialine_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchialine cave">Anchialine cave</a> </div> Anchialine caves are caves, usually coastal, containing a mixture of freshwater and saline water (usually sea water). They occur in many parts of the world, and often contain highly specialized and endemic fauna.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Physical_patterns">Physical patterns</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Physical patterns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg/220px-Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1588"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 282px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg/220px-Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg/330px-Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg/440px-Grotte_Castellana_03apr06_04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castellana_Caves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castellana Caves">Castellana Caves</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>Branchwork caves resemble surface dendritic stream patterns; they are made up of passages that join downstream as tributaries. Branchwork caves are the most common of cave patterns and are formed near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinkhole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinkhole">sinkholes</a> where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groundwater_recharge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a> occurs. Each passage or branch is fed by a separate recharge source and converges into other higher order branches downstream.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Easterbrook-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Angular network caves form from intersecting fissures of carbonate rock that have had fractures widened by chemical erosion. These fractures form high, narrow, straight passages that persist in widespread closed loops.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Easterbrook-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Anastomotic caves largely resemble surface braided streams with their passages separating and then meeting further down drainage. They usually form along one bed or structure, and only rarely cross into upper or lower beds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Easterbrook-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Spongework caves are formed when solution cavities are joined by mixing of chemically diverse water. The cavities form a pattern that is three-dimensional and random, resembling a sponge.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Easterbrook-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Ramiform caves form as irregular large rooms, galleries, and passages. These randomized three-dimensional rooms form from a rising water table that erodes the carbonate rock with hydrogen-sulfide enriched water.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Easterbrook-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pit_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pit cave">Pit caves</a> (vertical caves, potholes, or simply "pits") consist of a vertical shaft rather than a horizontal cave passage. They may or may not be associated with one of the above structural patterns.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Domica_Cave_22.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Domica_Cave_22.jpg/220px-Domica_Cave_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Domica_Cave_22.jpg/220px-Domica_Cave_22.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Domica_Cave_22.jpg/330px-Domica_Cave_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Domica_Cave_22.jpg/440px-Domica_Cave_22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Domica">Domica Cave</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovak_Karst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovak Karst">Slovak Karst</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg/220px-Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg/220px-Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg/330px-Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg/440px-Torhola_cave_entrance_Aug2008.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An entrance of the Torhola Cave in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lohja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lohja">Lohja</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Finland">Finland</a>) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Genga04.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Genga04.jpg/220px-Genga04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Genga04.jpg/220px-Genga04.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Genga04.jpg/330px-Genga04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Genga04.jpg/440px-Genga04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frasassi_Caves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frasassi Caves">Frasassi Caves</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a> </figcaption> </figure> Caves are found throughout the world, although the distribution of documented cave system is heavily skewed towards those countries where caving has been popular for many years (such as France, Italy, Australia, the UK, the United States, etc.). As a result, explored caves are found widely in Europe, Asia, North America and Oceania, but are sparse in South America, Africa, and Antarctica. This is a rough generalization, as large expanses of North America and Asia contain no documented caves, whereas areas such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madagascar_dry_deciduous_forests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madagascar dry deciduous forests">Madagascar dry deciduous forests</a> and parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> contain many documented caves. As the world's expanses of soluble bedrock are researched by cavers, the distribution of documented caves is likely to shift. For example, China, despite containing around half the world's exposed limestone—more than 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi)—has relatively few documented caves. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Records_and_superlatives">Records and superlatives</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Records and superlatives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li>The cave system with the greatest total length of surveyed passage is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mammoth_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammoth Cave">Mammoth Cave</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kentucky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, US, at 675.9 km (420.0 mi).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-15">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li>The longest surveyed underwater cave, and second longest overall, is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistema_Ox_Bel_Ha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistema Ox Bel Ha">Sistema Ox Bel Ha</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán</a>, Mexico at 436 km (271 mi).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CINDAQ-17">[17]</a></li> <li>The deepest known cave—measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point—is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veryovkina_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veryovkina Cave">Veryovkina Cave</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abkhazia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_(country)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, with a depth of 2,204 m (7,231 ft).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wdeep-18">[18]</a> This was the first cave to be explored to a depth of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft). (The first cave to be descended below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouffre_Berger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouffre Berger">Gouffre Berger</a> in France.) The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sarma,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sarma, Georgia (page does not exist)">Sarma</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya (page does not exist)">Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya</a> caves in Georgia, (1,830 m or 6,000 ft, and 1,753 m or 5,751 ft respectively) are the current second- and third-deepest caves.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wdeep-18">[18]</a> The deepest outside Georgia is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lamprechtsofen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lamprechtsofen">Lamprechtsofen Vogelschacht Weg Schacht</a> in Austria, which is 1,623 m (5,325 ft) deep.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wdeep-18">[18]</a></li> <li>The deepest vertical shaft in a cave is 603 m (1,978 ft) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrtoglavica_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrtoglavica Cave">Vrtoglavica Cave</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. The second deepest is Ghar-e-Ghala at 562 m (1,844 ft) in the Parau massif near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kermanshah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li>The deepest reached by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely operated underwater vehicle</a> in an underwater cave is 450 metres (1,480 ft), in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hranice_Abyss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hranice Abyss">Hranice Abyss</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miao_Room?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miao Room">Miao Room</a> is the world's largest known room by volume, with a measured volume of 10,780,000 m3 (381,000,000 cu ft).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NatGeoNews-21">[21]</a> The largest known room by surface is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarawak_Chamber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarawak Chamber">Sarawak Chamber</a>, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gunung_Mulu_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gunung Mulu National Park">Gunung Mulu National Park</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miri">Miri</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarawak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borneo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaysia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>), a sloping, boulder strewn chamber with an area of 154,500 m2 (1,663,000 sq ft).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NatGeoNews-21">[21]</a> The largest room in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Show_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Show cave">show cave</a> is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Verna_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Verna cave">Salle de la Verna</a> in the French <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyrenees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>.</li> <li>The largest passage ever discovered is in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Son_Doong_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Doong Cave">Son Doong Cave</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phong_Nha-K%E1%BA%BB_B%C3%A0ng_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park">Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_B%C3%ACnh_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Bình Province">Quảng Bình Province</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. It is 4.6 km (2.9 mi) in length, 80 m (260 ft) high and wide over most of its length, but over 140 m (460 ft) high and wide for part of its length.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Five_longest_surveyed">Five longest surveyed</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Five longest surveyed" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For more, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_longest_caves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of longest caves">List of longest caves</a>. </div> <ol> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mammoth_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammoth Cave">Mammoth Cave</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kentucky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, US<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistema_Ox_Bel_Ha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistema Ox Bel Ha">Sistema Ox Bel Ha</a>, Mexico<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistema_Sac_Actun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistema Sac Actun">Sistema Sac Actun</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistema_Dos_Ojos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistema Dos Ojos">Sistema Dos Ojos</a>, Mexico<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jewel_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewel Cave">Jewel Cave</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Dakota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, US<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shuanghedong_Cave_Network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shuanghedong Cave Network">Shuanghedong Cave Network</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSS-GEO2-15">[15]</a></li> </ol> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ecology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biospeleology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biospeleology">Biospeleology</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg/220px-Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1023"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg/220px-Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg/330px-Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg/440px-Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Townsend%27s_big-eared_bat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Townsend's big-eared bat">Townsend's big-eared bats</a> in a cave in California </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg/220px-Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 92px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg/220px-Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="92" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg/330px-Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg/440px-Proteus_anguinus_Postojnska_Jama_Slovenija.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olm">Olms</a> in a Slovenian cave </figcaption> </figure> Cave-inhabiting animals are often categorized as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Troglobite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglobite">troglobites</a> (cave-limited species), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Troglophile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglophile">troglophiles</a> (species that can live their entire lives in caves, but also occur in other environments), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trogloxene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trogloxene">trogloxenes</a> (species that use caves, but cannot complete their life cycle fully in caves) and accidentals (animals not in one of the previous categories). Some authors use separate terminology for aquatic forms (for example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stygobite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stygobite">stygobites</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stygophile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stygophile">stygophiles</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stygoxene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stygoxene">stygoxenes</a>). Of these animals, the troglobites are perhaps the most unusual organisms. Troglobitic species often show a number of characteristics, termed troglomorphic, associated with their adaptation to subterranean life. These characteristics may include a loss of pigment (often resulting in a pale or white coloration), a loss of eyes (or at least of optical functionality), an elongation of appendages, and an enhancement of other senses (such as the ability to sense vibrations in water). Aquatic troglobites (or stygobites), such as the endangered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alabama_cave_shrimp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alabama cave shrimp">Alabama cave shrimp</a>, live in bodies of water found in caves and get nutrients from detritus washed into their caves and from the feces of bats and other cave inhabitants. Other aquatic troglobites include cave fish, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave_salamander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cave salamander">cave salamanders</a> such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olm">olm</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Texas_blind_salamander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Texas blind salamander">Texas blind salamander</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave_insects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave insects">Cave insects</a> such as Oligaphorura (formerly Archaphorura) schoetti are troglophiles, reaching 1.7 millimetres (0.067 in) in length. They have extensive distribution and have been studied fairly widely. Most specimens are female, but a male specimen was collected from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Cuthberts_Swallet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St Cuthberts Swallet">St Cuthberts Swallet</a> in 1969. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bat">Bats</a>, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gray_bat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gray bat">gray bat</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bat</a>, are trogloxenes and are often found in caves; they forage outside of the caves. Some species of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave_cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave cricket">cave crickets</a> are classified as trogloxenes, because they roost in caves by day and forage above ground at night. Because of the fragility of cave ecosystems, and the fact that cave regions tend to be isolated from one another, caves harbor a number of endangered species, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tooth_cave_spider?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth cave spider">Tooth cave spider</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liphistiidae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liphistiidae">liphistius trapdoor spider</a>, and the gray bat. Caves are visited by many surface-living animals, including humans. These are usually relatively short-lived incursions, due to the lack of light and sustenance. Cave entrances often have typical florae. For instance, in the eastern temperate United States, cave entrances are most frequently (and often densely) populated by the bulblet fern, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cystopteris_bulbifera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cystopteris bulbifera">Cystopteris bulbifera</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Archaeological_and_cultural_importance">Archaeological and cultural importance</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Archaeological and cultural importance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/220px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/220px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/330px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/440px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cueva_de_las_Manos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cueva de las Manos">Cueva de las Manos</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perito_Moreno,_Santa_Cruz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perito Moreno, Santa Cruz">Perito Moreno</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. The art in the cave is dated between 7,300 BC and 700 AD;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UNESCO-25">[a]</a> stenciled, mostly left hands are shown.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:92-27">[26]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg/220px-Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1016"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 221px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg/220px-Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg/330px-Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg/440px-Taino_petroglyph_in_cave.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petroglyph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> in a cave in Puerto Rico </figcaption> </figure> People have made use of caves throughout history. The earliest human <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fossil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fossil">fossils</a> found in caves come from a series of caves near Krugersdorp and Mokopane in South Africa. The cave sites of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sterkfontein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swartkrans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swartkrans">Swartkrans</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kromdraai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kromdraai">Kromdraai</a> B, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drimolen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drimolen">Drimolen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malapa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapa">Malapa</a>, Cooper's D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded a range of early human species dating back to between three and one million years ago, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paranthropus robustus">Paranthropus robustus</a>. However, it is not generally thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed them. The first early hominid ever found in Africa, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taung_Child?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taung Child">Taung Child</a> in 1924, was also thought for many years to come from a cave, where it had been deposited after being predated on by an eagle. However, this is now debated (Hopley et al., 2013; Am. J. Phys. Anthrop.). Caves do form in the dolomite of the Ghaap Plateau, including the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wonderwerk_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wonderwerk Cave">Wonderwerk Cave</a>; however, the caves that form along the escarpment's edge, like that hypothesised for the Taung Child, are formed within a secondary limestone deposit called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tufa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tufa">tufa</a>. There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_erectus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> in China at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhoukoudian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo rhodesiensis">Homo rhodesiensis</a> in South Africa at the Cave of Hearths (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Makapansgat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Makapansgat">Makapansgat</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a> in Europe at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Atapuerca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Atapuerca">Archaeological Site of Atapuerca</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_floresiensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a> in Indonesia, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denisovans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisovans">Denisovans</a> in southern Siberia. In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The oldest known site is PP13B at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinnacle_Point?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinnacle Point">Pinnacle Point</a>. This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giant%27s_Castle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giant's Castle">Giant's Castle</a>. Among the known sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[28]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacred_caves_of_Crete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacred caves of Crete">sacred caves of Crete</a>. Paleolithic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave_paintings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a> have been found throughout the world dating from 64,800 years old for non-figurative art<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hoffmann2018-30">[29]</a> and 43,900 years old for figurative art.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[30]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Caves_and_acoustics">Caves and acoustics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Caves and acoustics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Grotta_azzurra.capri.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grotta_azzurra.capri.JPG/220px-Grotta_azzurra.capri.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3814" data-file-height="2504"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grotta_azzurra.capri.JPG/220px-Grotta_azzurra.capri.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grotta_azzurra.capri.JPG/330px-Grotta_azzurra.capri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grotta_azzurra.capri.JPG/440px-Grotta_azzurra.capri.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue_Grotto_(Capri)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blue Grotto (Capri)">Blue Grotto</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capri">Capri</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a> </figcaption> </figure> The importance of sound in caves predates a modern understanding of acoustics. Archaeologists have uncovered relationships between paintings of dots and lines, in specific areas of resonance, within the caves of Spain and France, as well as instruments depicting paleolithic motifs,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[31]</a> indicators of musical events and rituals. Clusters of paintings were often found in areas with notable acoustics, sometimes even replicating the sounds of the animals depicted on the walls. The human voice was also theorized to be used as an echolocation device to navigate darker areas of the caves where torches were less useful.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Dots of red ochre are often found in spaces with the highest resonance, where the production of paintings was too difficult.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Caves continue to provide usage for modern-day explorers of acoustics. Today <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumberland_Caverns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumberland Caverns">Cumberland Caverns</a> provides one of the best examples for modern musical usages of caves. Not only are the caves utilized for reverberation, but for the dampening qualities of their abnormal faces as well. The irregularities in the walls of the Cumberland Caverns diffuse sounds bouncing off the walls and give the space an almost recording studio-like quality.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[34]</a> During the 20th century musicians began to explore the possibility of using caves as locations as clubs and concert halls, including the likes of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinah_Shore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinah Shore">Dinah Shore</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roy_Acuff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benny_Goodman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unlike today, these early performances were typically held in the mouths of the caves, as the lack of technology made depths of the interior inaccessible with musical equipment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luray_Caverns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luray Caverns">Luray Caverns</a>, Virginia, a functioning <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organ_(music)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> has been developed that generates sound by mallets striking stalactites, each with a different pitch.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[36]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave_gate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cave gate">Cave gate</a> – Cave entrance barricade</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subterranean_waterfall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subterranean waterfall">Subterranean waterfall</a> – Waterfall located underground</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caving?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caving">Caving</a> – Recreational pastime of exploring cave systems</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caving_organizations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caving organizations">Caving organizations</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cenote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cenote">Cenote</a> – Natural pit or sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grotto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grotto">Grotto</a> – Natural or artificial cave associated with use by humans</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_caves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of caves">List of caves</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outline_of_caves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Outline of caves">Outline of caves</a> – Outline of naturally formed caves</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pit_cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pit cave">Pit cave</a> – Cave with significant vertical passages</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speleology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speleology">Speleology</a> – Science of cave and karst systems</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speleothem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speleothem">Speleothem</a> – Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subterranean_river?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a> – River that runs wholly or partly beneath the ground surface</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_lake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground lake">Underground lake</a> – Lake under the Earth's surfacePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UNESCO_25-0">^</a> The UNESCO dates the art to 13,000–9,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Before_Present?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-cave" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/8886318356">"cave"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252FOED%252F8886318356">10.1093/OED/8886318356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cave&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F8886318356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F8886318356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin%23withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoratto2014" class="citation book cs1">Moratto, Michael J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjUm0BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA304">California Archaeology</a>. Academic Press. p. 304. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483277356?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781483277356"><bdi>9781483277356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Archaeology&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781483277356&rft.aulast=Moratto&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUm0BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, J. John; Walker, Michael J. C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOEODBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142">Reconstructing Quaternary Environments</a>. 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Geomorphology. 273: 63–77. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Geomo.273...63L">2016Geomo.273...63L</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.geomorph.2016.08.009">10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.08.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=Two+million+years+of+river+and+cave+aggradation+in+NE+Brazil%3A+Implications+for+speleogenesis+and+landscape+evolution&rft.volume=273&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2016.08.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Geomo.273...63L&rft.aulast=Laureano&rft.aufirst=Fernando+V.&rft.au=Karmann%2C+Ivo&rft.au=Granger%2C+Darryl+E.&rft.au=Auler%2C+Augusto+S.&rft.au=Almeida%2C+Renato+P.&rft.au=Cruz%2C+Francisco+W.&rft.au=Str%C3%ADcks%2C+Nicol%C3%A1s+M.&rft.au=Novello%2C+Valdir+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.rgo-speleo.ru/books/termin/termin1.htm%23a9">Комиссия спелеологии и карстоведения. 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Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Longest+Caves+List+from+The+National+Speleological+Society&rft.date=2022-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caverbob.com%2Fwlong.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service2022" class="citation web cs1">National Park Service (8 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nps.gov/maca/learn/news/mammoth-cave-just-got-a-little-more-mammoth.htm">"Mammoth Cave Just Got A Little More "Mammoth" - Mammoth Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. www.nps.gov. Retrieved 6 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Mammoth+Cave+Just+Got+A+Little+More+%22Mammoth%22+-+Mammoth+Cave+National+Park+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft.au=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmaca%2Flearn%2Fnews%2Fmammoth-cave-just-got-a-little-more-mammoth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CINDAQ-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CINDAQ_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cindaq.org/2022EN">"CINDAQ 2022 Annual report"</a>. CINDAQ. El Centro Investigador del Sistema Acuífero de Quintana Roo A.C.(CINDAQ). 26 January 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CINDAQ&rft.atitle=CINDAQ+2022+Annual+report&rft.date=2023-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cindaq.org%2F2022EN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-wdeep-18">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wdeep_18-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wdeep_18-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wdeep_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028083708/http://www.caverbob.com/wdeep.htm">"World's Deepest Caves List from The National Speleological Society"</a>. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Deepest+Caves+List+from+The+National+Speleological+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caverbob.com%2Fwdeep.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrocklebank" class="citation web cs1">Brocklebank, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://darknessbelow.co.uk/iranian-cavers-discover-one-of-the-worlds-deepest-shafts/">"Iranian cavers discover one of the world's deepest shafts"</a>. Darkness Below UK. Retrieved 1 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darkness+Below+UK&rft.atitle=Iranian+cavers+discover+one+of+the+world%27s+deepest+shafts&rft.aulast=Brocklebank&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarknessbelow.co.uk%2Firanian-cavers-discover-one-of-the-worlds-deepest-shafts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.novinky.cz/veda-skoly/clanek/speleologove-namerili-novy-svetovy-rekord-hranicke-propasti-40404594%23dop_ab_variant%3D0%26dop_source_zone_name%3Dnovinky.sznhp.box%26dop_req_id%3D2dXxsk6iCrC-202208011702%26dop_id%3D40404594%26source%3Dhp%26seq_no%3D2">"Hranice Abyss is believed to be 1200 m. deep (in Czech)"</a>. August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hranice+Abyss+is+believed+to+be+1200+m.+deep+%28in+Czech%29&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinky.cz%2Fveda-skoly%2Fclanek%2Fspeleologove-namerili-novy-svetovy-rekord-hranicke-propasti-40404594%23dop_ab_variant%3D0%26dop_source_zone_name%3Dnovinky.sznhp.box%26dop_req_id%3D2dXxsk6iCrC-202208011702%26dop_id%3D40404594%26source%3Dhp%26seq_no%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeoNews-21">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NatGeoNews_21-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NatGeoNews_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergano2014" class="citation news cs1">Vergano, Dan (28 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131062902/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140927-largest-cave-china-exploration-science">"China's "Supercave" Takes Title as World's Most Enormous Cavern"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic News">National Geographic News</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140927-largest-cave-china-exploration-science/">the original</a> on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+%22Supercave%22+Takes+Title+as+World%27s+Most+Enormous+Cavern&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft.aulast=Vergano&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F09%2F140927-largest-cave-china-exploration-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2009" class="citation web cs1">Owen, James (4 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727132344/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090724-biggest-cave-vietnam.html">"World's Biggest Cave Found in Vietnam"</a>. National Geographic News. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090724-biggest-cave-vietnam.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+Biggest+Cave+Found+in+Vietnam&rft.date=2009-07-04&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F07%2F090724-biggest-cave-vietnam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">World Heritage Sites: a Complete Guide to 1007 UNESCO World Heritage Sites (6th ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Publishing">UNESCO Publishing</a>. 2014. p. 607. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77085-640-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77085-640-0"><bdi>978-1-77085-640-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910986576">910986576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Heritage+Sites%3A+a+Complete+Guide+to+1007+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Sites&rft.pages=607&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910986576&rft.isbn=978-1-77085-640-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936/">"Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414171517/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Cueva+de+las+Manos%2C+R%C3%ADo+Pinturas&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F936%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenshaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Renshaw, Amanda, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865298990">Art & Place: Site-Specific Art of the Americas</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phaidon_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon Press</a>. pp. 354–355. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-6551-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-6551-5"><bdi>978-0-7148-6551-5</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865298990">865298990</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029010905/https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/org.oclc.lac.ui.ajax.ServiceServlet?serviceCommand%3DgetAllItemReviews%26source%3DgoodReads%26maxrecords%3D3%26startrecord%3D1%26isbn%3D9780714865515%2525200714865516%26oclcNum%3D865298990">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+%26+Place%3A+Site-Specific+Art+of+the+Americas.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865298990&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-6551-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F865298990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:92-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:92_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodestáRaffinoPauneroRolandi2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podestá, María Mercedes; Raffino, Rodolfo A.; Paunero, Rafael Sebastián; Rolandi, Diana S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNuG-pvgnd6IC%26dq%3D%2522Cueva%2Bde%2Blas%2BManos%2522%2Bleft%2Bhand%26pg%3DPA11">El arte rupestre de Argentina indígena: Patagonia</a> (in Spanish). Grupo Abierto Communicaciones. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-987-1121-16-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-987-1121-16-8"><bdi>978-987-1121-16-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029010950/https://www.google.co.uk/gen_204?s%3Dweb%26t%3Daft%26atyp%3Dcsi%26ei%3D10l7Ye-DE4K60PEP6uey8A8%26rt%3Dwsrt.491,aft.4960,prt.2585%26imn%3D26%26ima%3D10%26imad%3D9%26aftp%3D18869%26bl%3DTGeo">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+arte+rupestre+de+Argentina+ind%C3%ADgena%3A+Patagonia&rft.pub=Grupo+Abierto+Communicaciones&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-987-1121-16-8&rft.aulast=Podest%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Mercedes&rft.au=Raffino%2C+Rodolfo+A.&rft.au=Paunero%2C+Rafael+Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft.au=Rolandi%2C+Diana+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuG-pvgnd6IC%26dq%3D%2522Cueva%2Bde%2Blas%2BManos%2522%2Bleft%2Bhand%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMareanBar-MatthewsBernatchezFisher2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I. R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15550/files/PAL_E2962.pdf">"Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nature_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 449 (7164): 905–908. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.449..905M">2007Natur.449..905M</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fnature06204">10.1038/nature06204</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943129">17943129</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4387442">4387442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Early+human+use+of+marine+resources+and+pigment+in+South+Africa+during+the+Middle+Pleistocene&rft.volume=449&rft.issue=7164&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E905-%3C%2Fspan%3E908&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4387442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17943129&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.449..905M&rft.aulast=Marean&rft.aufirst=Curtis+W.&rft.au=Bar-Matthews%2C+Miryam&rft.au=Bernatchez%2C+Jocelyn&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Erich&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Paul&rft.au=Herries%2C+Andy+I.+R.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Zenobia&rft.au=Jerardino%2C+Antonieta&rft.au=Karkanas%2C+Panagiotis&rft.au=Minichillo%2C+Tom&rft.au=Nilssen%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Erin&rft.au=Watts%2C+Ian&rft.au=Williams%2C+Hope+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F15550%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E2962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2004" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Brad (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7FS40w2nrqQC%26q%3Dsacred%2520caves%26pg%3DPA16">Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations</a>. CCC Publishing. p. 16. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781888729160?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781888729160"><bdi>9781888729160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Places+Around+the+World%3A+108+Destinations&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=CCC+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781888729160&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FS40w2nrqQC%26q%3Dsacred%2520caves%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffmann2018-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hoffmann2018_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._L._HoffmannC._D._StandishM._García-DiezP._B._Pettitt2018" class="citation journal cs1">D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; M. García-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. Zilhão; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de Balbín; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. G. Pike (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.aap7778">"U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art"</a>. Science. 359 (6378): 912–915. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...359..912H">2018Sci...359..912H</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.aap7778">10.1126/science.aap7778</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/10498%252F21578">10498/21578</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29472483">29472483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=U-Th+dating+of+carbonate+crusts+reveals+Neandertal+origin+of+Iberian+cave+art&rft.volume=359&rft.issue=6378&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E912-%3C%2Fspan%3E915&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10498%2F21578&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29472483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aap7778&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...359..912H&rft.au=D.+L.+Hoffmann&rft.au=C.+D.+Standish&rft.au=M.+Garc%C3%ADa-Diez&rft.au=P.+B.+Pettitt&rft.au=J.+A.+Milton&rft.au=J.+Zilh%C3%A3o&rft.au=J.+J.+Alcolea-Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.au=P.+Cantalejo-Duarte&rft.au=H.+Collado&rft.au=R.+de+Balb%C3%ADn&rft.au=M.+Lorblanchet&rft.au=J.+Ramos-Mu%C3%B1oz&rft.au=G.-Ch.+Weniger&rft.au=A.+W.+G.+Pike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aap7778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"> "we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave_of_Maltravieso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cave of Maltravieso">Maltravieso (Extremadura)</a>, and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship."</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubert2019" class="citation journal cs1">Aubert, M.; et al. (11 December 2019). "Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art". Nature. 576 (7787): 442–445. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.576..442A">2019Natur.576..442A</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41586-019-1806-y">10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31827284">31827284</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209311825">209311825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Earliest+hunting+scene+in+prehistoric+art.&rft.volume=576&rft.issue=7787&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E442-%3C%2Fspan%3E445&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1806-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209311825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31827284&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.576..442A&rft.aulast=Aubert&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazenda2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fazenda, Bruno (11 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1121%252F1.4998721">"Cave acoustics in prehistory: Exploring the association of Palaeolithic visual motifs and acoustic response"</a>. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 142 (1332): 1332–1349. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ASAJ..142.1332F">2017ASAJ..142.1332F</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1121%252F1.4998721">10.1121/1.4998721</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28964077">28964077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Cave+acoustics+in+prehistory%3A+Exploring+the+association+of+Palaeolithic+visual+motifs+and+acoustic+response&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=1332&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1332-%3C%2Fspan%3E1349&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28964077&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.4998721&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ASAJ..142.1332F&rft.aulast=Fazenda&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1121%252F1.4998721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhipps2008" class="citation news cs1">Whipps, Heather (3 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522022117/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25516181/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/turns-out-cavemen-loved-sing%23.XpOWOi-ZN-U">"Turns out, cavemen loved to sing"</a>. 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class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cave&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 11:07 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grot" title="Grot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B6hle" title="Höhle – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Höhle" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258B%258B%25E1%2588%25BB" title="ዋሻ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዋሻ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D9%2587%25D9%2581" title="كهف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كهف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espluga" title="Espluga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Espluga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%25C8%2599tireau%25C3%25A2" title="Piștireauâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Piștireauâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva" title="Cueva – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cueva" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itakua" title="Itakua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itakua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyi" title="Tiyi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tiyi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%25C4%259Fara" title="Mağara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mağara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aungan" title="Aungan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aungan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="গুহা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুহা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guha" title="Guha – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Guha" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B9%25D3%2599" title="Мәмерйә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәмерйә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%258F%25D1%2587%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Пячора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пячора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongag" title="Bongag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bongag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B5%25D1%2589%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Пещера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пещера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25C4%2587ina" title="Pećina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pećina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cova" title="Cova – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cova" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587%25C4%2595%25D1%2580_%25D1%2585%25C4%2583%25D0%25B2%25C4%2583%25D0%25BB%25C4%2595" title="Çĕр хăвăлĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕр хăвăлĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeskyn%25C4%259B" title="Jeskyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jeskyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bako" title="Bako – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bako" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogof" title="Ogof – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ogof" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hule" title="Hule – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hule" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B6hle" title="Höhle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Höhle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koobas" title="Koobas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koobas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A3%25CF%2580%25CE%25AE%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF" title="Σπήλαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπήλαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva" title="Cueva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cueva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaverno" title="Kaverno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaverno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitzulo" title="Haitzulo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haitzulo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1" title="غار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helli" title="Helli – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Helli" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte" title="Grotte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grotte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grot" title="Grot – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grot" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluais" title="Pluais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pluais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooig" title="Ooig – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ooig" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uamh" title="Uamh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uamh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cova" title="Cova – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cova" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%2597%25E0%25AB%2581%25E0%25AA%25AB%25E0%25AA%25BE" title="ગુફા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુફા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258F%2599%25EA%25B5%25B4" title="동굴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동굴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2594%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B1%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BE" title="Քարանձավ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարանձավ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A4%25BC%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="गुफ़ा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुफ़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0pilja" title="Špilja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Špilja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaverno" title="Kaverno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaverno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gua" title="Gua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caverna" title="Caverna – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Caverna" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2590%2583%25E1%2593%2597" title="ᐃᓗ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᓗ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellir" title="Hellir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hellir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotta" title="Grotta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grotta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2594" title="מערה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwa" title="Guwa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Guwa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B3%2581%25E0%25B2%25B9%25E0%25B3%2586" title="ಗುಹೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಹೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%25A6%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2594" title="მღვიმე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მღვიმე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25DB%2584%25D9%25BE%25DA%25BE" title="گۄپھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گۄپھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25AE%25D2%25A3%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596%25D1%2580" title="Үңгір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үңгір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pango_(jiolojia)" title="Pango (jiolojia) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pango (jiolojia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gw%25C3%25B2t" title="Gwòt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gwòt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25AE%25D2%25A3%25D0%25BA%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580" title="Үңкүр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Үңкүр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specus" title="Specus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Specus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala" title="Ala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urvas" title="Urvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grot" title="Grot – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grot" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlang" title="Barlang – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barlang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B5%25D1%2588%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Пештера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пештера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2597%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25B9" title="ഗുഹ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുഹ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="गुहा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुहा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2590" title="ფოქვა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფოქვა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587" title="مغاره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مغاره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gua" title="Gua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25B0" title="ဂူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaravatu" title="Qaravatu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Qaravatu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grot" title="Grot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="गुफा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुफा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B4%259E%25E7%25AA%259F" title="洞窟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="洞窟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte" title="Grotte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grotte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte" title="Grotte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grotte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balma" title="Balma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Balma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D1%2588" title="Курыкпомыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Курыкпомыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25CA%25BBor" title="Gʻor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2597%25E0%25A9%2581%25E0%25A8%25AB%25E0%25A8%25BE" title="ਗੁਫਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਫਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihif" title="Dihif – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Dihif" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1" title="غار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="غار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaskinia" title="Jaskinia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jaskinia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caverna" title="Caverna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caverna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25C8%2599ter%25C4%2583" title="Peșteră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peșteră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%2527ay" title="Mach'ay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mach'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B5%25D1%2589%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Пещера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пещера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave" title="Cave – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cave" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shpella" title="Shpella – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shpella" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caverna" title="Caverna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caverna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave" title="Cave – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cave" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasky%25C5%2588a" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guha" title="Guha – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Guha" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luola" title="Luola – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotta" title="Grotta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grotta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yungib" title="Yungib – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yungib" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2588" title="குகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D3%2599" title="Мәгарә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәгарә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2597%25E0%25B1%2581%25E0%25B0%25B9%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B1%2581" title="గుహలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గుహలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2596%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B3" title="ถ้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถ้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%2592%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Ғор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A4%25E1%258F%258D%25E1%258F%2593%25E1%258E%25A6%25E1%258E%25B8" title="ᎤᏍᏓᎦᎸ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏍᏓᎦᎸ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%25C4%259Fara" title="Mağara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mağara" 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