CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="hr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Horst Ludwig Störmer – Wikipedija</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )hrwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy hr","wgMonthNames":["","siječanj","veljača","ožujak","travanj","svibanj","lipanj","srpanj","kolovoz","rujan","listopad","studeni","prosinac"],"wgRequestId":"69e7ec6a-b111-43e7-8863-5b3b2395c6b0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Horst_Ludwig_Störmer","wgTitle":"Horst Ludwig Störmer","wgCurRevisionId":6247534,"wgRevisionId":6247534,"wgArticleId":658522,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Njemački fizičari","Američki fizičari","Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"hr","wgPageContentLanguage":"hr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Horst_Ludwig_Störmer","wgRelevantArticleId":658522,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"hr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"hr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q71015","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.5"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready", "site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.Web2Cit","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=hr&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=hr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=hr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/HessKol.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/HessKol.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HessKol.jpg/640px-HessKol.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Horst Ludwig Störmer – Wikipedija"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//hr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Uredi" href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedija (hr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//hr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedija Atom izvor" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Nedavne_promjene&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Horst_Ludwig_Störmer rootpage-Horst_Ludwig_Störmer skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Prijeđi na sadržaj</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Mrežno mjesto"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Glavni izbornik" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Glavni izbornik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Glavni izbornik</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orijentacija </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glavna_stranica" title="Posjeti glavnu stranicu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Glavna stranica</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Sadr%C5%BEaj"><span>Sadržaj</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Slu%C4%8Dajna_stranica" title="Učitavanje slučajne stranice [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Slučajna stranica</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Nedavne_promjene" title="Popis nedavnih promjena u wikiju [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Nedavne promjene</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Kafi%C4%87" title="O projektu, što možete učiniti, gdje se što nalazi"><span>Kafić</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Sadr%C5%BEaj" title="Mjesto gdje se može dobiti pomoć"><span>Pomoć</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Glavna_stranica" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-hr.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Slobodna enciklopedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-hr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Pretraži Wikipediju [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Traži</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Pretraži projekt Wikipedija" aria-label="Pretraži projekt Wikipedija" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Pretraži Wikipediju [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Posebno:Traži"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Traži</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osobni alati"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izgled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izgled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hr.wikipedia.org&uselang=hr" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Horst+Ludwig+St%C3%B6rmer" title="Predlažemo Vam da stvorite račun i prijavite se, iako to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Stvori račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Horst+Ludwig+St%C3%B6rmer" title="Predlažemo Vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijavi se</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Više mogućnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobni alati" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osobni alati</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Suradnički izbornik" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hr.wikipedia.org&uselang=hr"><span>Donacije</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Horst+Ludwig+St%C3%B6rmer" title="Predlažemo Vam da stvorite račun i prijavite se, iako to nije obavezno"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Stvori račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Horst+Ludwig+St%C3%B6rmer" title="Predlažemo Vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijavi se</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stranice za neprijavljene suradnike <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Uvod" aria-label="Vidi više o uređivanju"><span>saznajte više</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moji_doprinosi" title="Popis uređivanja učinjenih s ove IP adrese [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Doprinosi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moj_razgovor" title="Rasprava o uređivanjima s ove IP adrese [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Esakrij\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"hr\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Ctable class=\"plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system\" style=\"clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; width: 100%; background: #f9f9f9; border:1px solid #E3B100;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\t\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87\" title=\"Marko Marulić\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png/40px-Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png/60px-Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png/80px-Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"640\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"\"\u003E \u003Cb\u003EGodina \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87\" title=\"Marko Marulić\"\u003EMarka Marulića\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E – 500 godina od smrti oca hrvatske književnosti. \u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003Ctable class=\"plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system\" style=\"clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; width: 100%; background: #f9f9f9; border:1px solid #eaa;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\t\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Kriteriji_zna%C4%8Dajnosti_po_temama\" title=\"Wikipedija:Kriteriji značajnosti po temama\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Help-content.svg/22px-Help-content.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Help-content.svg/33px-Help-content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Help-content.svg/44px-Help-content.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"48\" data-file-height=\"48\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"\"\u003E \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Kriteriji_zna%C4%8Dajnosti_po_temama\" title=\"Wikipedija:Kriteriji značajnosti po temama\"\u003ERaspravite \u003Cb\u003Erazradu po temama kriterija\u003C/b\u003E o značajnosti!\u003C/a\u003E \u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Mrežno mjesto"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kozmičke_zrake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozmičke_zrake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kozmičke zrake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozmičke_zrake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hallov_učinak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hallov_učinak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hallov učinak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hallov_učinak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Hallov učinak</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hallov_učinak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hallov_pretvarač_ili_Hallov_generator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hallov_pretvarač_ili_Hallov_generator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hallov pretvarač ili Hallov generator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hallov_pretvarač_ili_Hallov_generator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvantni_Hallov_učinak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvantni_Hallov_učinak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kvantni Hallov učinak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvantni_Hallov_učinak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Horst Ludwig Störmer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 64 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هورست شتورمر – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هورست شتورمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هورست شتورمر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هورست شتورمر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هورست لودویگ اشتورمر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هورست لودویگ اشتورمر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хорст Штормер – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хорст Штормер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A9%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хорст Щьормер – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хорст Щьормер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_L._St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst L. Störmer – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Horst L. Störmer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_L._St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst L. Störmer – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horst L. Störmer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هورست لودویگ اشتورمر – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هورست لودویگ اشتورمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Störmer – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Horst Störmer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Störmer – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Horst Störmer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="הורסט שטורמר – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הורסט שטורמר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="हर्स्ट एल स्टोर्मर – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हर्स्ट एल स्टोर्मर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D5%87%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հորստ Շտորմեր – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հորստ Շտորմեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Störmer – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Horst Störmer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="ホルスト・ルートヴィヒ・シュテルマー – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホルスト・ルートヴィヒ・シュテルマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хорст Штермер – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хорст Штермер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A3%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%84%ED%9E%88_%EC%8A%88%ED%87%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A8%B8" title="호르스트 루트비히 슈퇴르머 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호르스트 루트비히 슈퇴르머" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хорст Лудвиг Штермер – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хорст Лудвиг Штермер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="हॉर्स्ट लुडविग श्ट्यॉर्मर – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॉर्स्ट लुडविग श्ट्यॉर्मर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هورست لودویگ اشتورمر – mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هورست لودویگ اشتورمر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="हर्स्ट एल स्टोर्मर – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हर्स्ट एल स्टोर्मर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Störmer – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Horst Störmer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%88_%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ہارسٹ لگوڈ سٹورمر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہارسٹ لگوڈ سٹورمر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Штёрмер, Хорст – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Штёрмер, Хорст" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="हर्स्ट एल स्टोर्मर – sanskrtski" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हर्स्ट एल स्टोर्मर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrtski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хорст Лудвиг Штермер – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хорст Лудвиг Штермер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_L._St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst L. Störmer – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Horst L. Störmer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Störmer – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Horst Störmer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Störmer – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Horst Störmer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Һорст Штөрмер – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һорст Штөрмер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Горст Штермер – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Горст Штермер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%88%D9%84%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ہورسٹ لوڈلگ سٹورمر – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہورسٹ لوڈلگ سٹورمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E9%BB%98" title="霍斯特·施特默 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霍斯特·施特默" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – jorupski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorupski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E9%BB%98" title="霍斯特·施特默 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霍斯特·施特默" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Horst Ludwig Störmer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71015#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Popis svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&oldid=6247534" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&id=6247534&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tome kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHorst_Ludwig_St%25C3%25B6rmer"><span>Skraćeni URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHorst_Ludwig_St%25C3%25B6rmer"><span>Preuzmi QR kôd</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ispis/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Zbirka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Horst+Ludwig+St%C3%B6rmer"><span>Stvori knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71015" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:25em; font-size:90%; text-align:left;" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:#e8e8ff; color:#000000;"><b>Horst Ludwig Störmer</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Horst_St%C3%B6rmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer.jpg/200px-Horst_St%C3%B6rmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer.jpg/300px-Horst_St%C3%B6rmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer.jpg/400px-Horst_St%C3%B6rmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="2026" /></a></span><br /></td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #DDDDDD;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rođenje </th> <td><a href="/wiki/6._travnja" title="6. travnja">6. travnja</a> <a href="/wiki/1949." title="1949.">1949.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka">Njemačka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Državljanstvo </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nijemci" title="Nijemci">Nijemac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerikanci" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerikanci">amerikanac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Polje </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">Fizika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Institucija </th> <td>Sveučilište Columbia u <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="New York">New Yorku</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bellov laboratorij u Murray Hillu (SAD)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alma mater </th> <td>Sveučilište u <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgartu</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_Johanna_Wolfganga_Goethea_u_Frankfurtu" title="Sveučilište Johanna Wolfganga Goethea u Frankfurtu">Sveučilište u Frankfurtu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Poznat po </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">Kvantni</a> <a href="/wiki/Hallov_u%C4%8Dinak" title="Hallov učinak">Hallov učinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Istaknute nagrade </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelova nagrada za fiziku</a> (<a href="/wiki/1998." title="1998.">1998.</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8ff; padding-top:3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%C5%BDivotopis" title="Portal:Životopis">Portal o životopisima</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:HessKol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HessKol.jpg/300px-HessKol.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HessKol.jpg/450px-HessKol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HessKol.jpg/600px-HessKol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">Kozmičke zrake</a>: povećanje <a href="/wiki/Ionizacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionizacija">ionizacije</a> s <a href="/wiki/Nadmorska_visina" title="Nadmorska visina">nadmorskom visinom</a> koju je mjerio V. F. Hess 1912. i Kolhörster 1913. i 1914.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:HafelekarSteinkeApperatus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HafelekarSteinkeApperatus.JPG/300px-HafelekarSteinkeApperatus.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HafelekarSteinkeApperatus.JPG/450px-HafelekarSteinkeApperatus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HafelekarSteinkeApperatus.JPG/600px-HafelekarSteinkeApperatus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Originalna aparatura (<a href="/wiki/Ionizacijska_komora" title="Ionizacijska komora">ionizacijska komora</a>) koju je <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">V. F. Hess</a> koristio za otkrivanje <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">kozmičkih zraka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg/300px-Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg/450px-Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg/600px-Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maglena_komora" title="Maglena komora">Maglena komora</a> s vidljivim linijama <a href="/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ionizirajuće zračenje">ionizirajućeg zračenja</a> (kratke, debele: <a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-čestice</a>; duge, tanke: <a href="/wiki/Beta-%C4%8Destica" title="Beta-čestica">beta-čestice</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:AirShower.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/AirShower.svg/300px-AirShower.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/AirShower.svg/450px-AirShower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/AirShower.svg/600px-AirShower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Nakon što uđu u <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">Zemljinu atmosferu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_%C4%8Destice" class="mw-redirect" title="Kozmičke čestice">kozmičke čestice</a> se sudaraju s <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulama</a>, uglavnom <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušikom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisikom</a>, stvarajući slapove manjih čestica, koje zovemo još pljusak <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" title="Elementarna čestica">elementarnih čestica</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:PositronDiscovery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PositronDiscovery.jpg/300px-PositronDiscovery.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PositronDiscovery.jpg/450px-PositronDiscovery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PositronDiscovery.jpg/600px-PositronDiscovery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2374" /></a><figcaption>Prva ikad napravljena slika <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitrona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hall_effect.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hall_effect.png/300px-Hall_effect.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hall_effect.png/450px-Hall_effect.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hall_effect.png/600px-Hall_effect.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>Pojašnjenje Hallovog učinka: Na crtežu <i>A'</i> Hallova sonda na gornjoj strani ima negativan <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a> (simboliziran plavom bojom) i pozitivan naboj na dnu (crvena boja). Na crtežima <b>B</b> i <b>C</b> <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električno</a> i <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetsko polje</a> su obrnuto, tako da je <a href="/wiki/Polarizacija" class="mw-disambig" title="Polarizacija">polarizacija</a> naboja obrnuta. Na crtežu <b>D</b> oba su polja obrnuta, tako da je opet ista polarizacija kao u crtežu <b>A</b>. Legenda: 1. <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a>, 2. Hallova sonda, 3. <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>, 4. <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetsko polje</a>, 5. <a href="/wiki/Izvor_elektri%C4%8Dne_struje" class="mw-redirect" title="Izvor električne struje">izvor električne struje</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Halleffekt_und_Stromlinien.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halleffekt_und_Stromlinien.svg/300px-Halleffekt_und_Stromlinien.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halleffekt_und_Stromlinien.svg/450px-Halleffekt_und_Stromlinien.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halleffekt_und_Stromlinien.svg/600px-Halleffekt_und_Stromlinien.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hallov_u%C4%8Dinak" title="Hallov učinak">Hallov učinak</a> i <a href="/wiki/Silnice" title="Silnice">silnice</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električne struje</a> kod tankog <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">električnog vodiča</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Horst Ludwig Stormer</b> (<a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, 6. travnja 1949.), američki <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar">fizičar</a> njemačkoga podrijetla. <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">Diplomirao</a> (1970.) na <a href="/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_Johanna_Wolfganga_Goethea_u_Frankfurtu" title="Sveučilište Johanna Wolfganga Goethea u Frankfurtu">Sveučilištu u Frankfurtu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doktor" title="Doktor">doktorirao</a> (1977.) na Sveučilištu u <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgartu</a>. U <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bellovim laboratorijima u Murray Hillu (SAD)</a> proučavao <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantni</a> <a href="/wiki/Hallov_u%C4%8Dinak" title="Hallov učinak">Hallov učinak</a>. Za otkriće frakcijskoga Hallova učinka, odnosno za otkriće novoga oblika kvantnog <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluida</a> s djelomično nabijenim probuđenjima s <a href="/wiki/Robert_Laughlin" title="Robert Laughlin">R. Laughlinom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">D. C. Tsuijem</a> dobio je <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku</a> (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kozmičke_zrake"><span id="Kozmi.C4.8Dke_zrake"></span>Kozmičke zrake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Kozmičke zrake" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kozmičke zrake"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">Kozmičke zrake</a></div></i></div> <p>Godine 1900. opazio je <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. T. R. Wilson</a> da i u najbolje <a href="/wiki/Izolacija" class="mw-disambig" title="Izolacija">izoliranim</a> posudama <a href="/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak">zrak</a> postaje <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">električnim vodičem</a>. Stavi li se u posudu <a href="/wiki/Elektroskop" title="Elektroskop">elektroskop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni napon">električni napon</a> između listića elektroskopa pomalo opada. <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">Električna struja</a>, koja teče zrakom, vezana je s neprestanom proizvodnjom <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni nabijenih</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">iona</a>. Ta pojava bila je tumačena tako da <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivne tvari</a> u zraku i zemlji šalju prodorne zrake, koje cijepaju <a href="/wiki/Molekule" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekule">molekule</a> zraka na ione i čine ga vodičem. Godine 1907. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">E. Rutherford</a> i Cook doista su u zraku našli radioaktivnih tvari, što je išlo u prilog hipoteze o zemaljskom porijeklu zraka, koje ioniziraju zrak. Samo količine radioaktivnih tvari u zraku bile su premalene da bi objasnile svu jakost <a href="/wiki/Ionizacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionizacija">ionizacije</a>, pa se stoga moralo pretpostaviti da prodorne zrake imaju glavni izvor u zemlji. </p><p>Međutim, neke su druge činjenice govorile protiv hipoteze o zemaljskom porijeklu novih zraka. Tako je <a href="/wiki/Jakost_zra%C4%8Denja" title="Jakost zračenja">jakost (intenzitet) zraka</a> isti nad morskom površinom i kopnom, iako voda sadrži neznatnu količinu radioaktivnih tvari. Nov poticaj za ispitivanje novih zraka dao je Gockelov nalaz iz 1910. da se na visini od 4 000 nad morem još uvijek opažaju zrake, koje snažno ioniziraju. Godine 1912. i 1913. puštao je <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">V. F. Hess</a> <a href="/wiki/Balon" title="Balon">balone</a> s aparatima za mjerenje ionizacije na visini 5 000 m nad morem i jasno utvrdio da ionizacija doduše opada u prvih nekoliko stotina metara, ali iza toga jakost zraka raste kad se dižemo u visinu. Hessov nalaz potvrdila su vrlo sistematska ispitivanja Kohlhörstera od 1914. do 1919. On je izmjerio da je <a href="/wiki/Ionizacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionizacija">ionizacija</a> na visini od 9 000 m nad morem 10 puta veća negoli nad površinom zemlje. U zatvorenoj posudi zrake proizvode na visini od 9 000 m 100 para <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">iona</a> po cm<sup>3</sup> i s, dok nad morskom površinom svega 10 para iona po cm<sup>3</sup>. Od toga je pri morskoj površini 8 ionskih parova proizvedeno radioaktivnim tvarima, i taj udio otpada kad se dignemo uvis. Porijeklo zraka, koje izazivaju ionizaciju, ne može biti <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlja</a>. Te zrake, kako je tvrdio Hess, dolaze iz svemira. Otada su nazvane visinskim ili kozmičkim zrakama. </p><p>O prirodi kozmičkih zraka nastale su odmah različite <a href="/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza">hipoteze</a>. Mnogi su ih smatrali <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetskim valovima</a> izuzetno malih <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valnih duljina</a>. Preokret je nastupio kad je 1927. Skobeljcin otkrio u kozmičkim zrakama <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilsonova_komora" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilsonova komora">Wilsonova komora</a> se može opkoliti tako debelim pločama <a href="/wiki/Olovo_(element)" title="Olovo (element)">olova</a> da kroz njih mogu prodrijeti samo kozmičke zrake. U Wilsonovoj komori opažaju se elektroni koji jure s golemim <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzinama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">Energije</a> elektrona u kozmičkim zrakama mnogo puta su veće od energije brzih elektrona <a href="/wiki/Beta-%C4%8Destica" title="Beta-čestica">beta-zraka</a>. Njihove brzine sasvim se približavaju <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzini svjetlosti</a>. Broj <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestica" class="mw-redirect" title="Čestica">čestica</a> u kozmičkim zrakama svakako nije vrlo velik. U jednoj minuti prosječno padne jedna čestica na 1 cm<sup>2</sup> morske površine. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Impuls_sile" title="Impuls sile">Impuls sile</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električno nabijene</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestica" class="mw-redirect" title="Čestica">čestice</a> može se mjeriti tako da se njena staza u <a href="/wiki/Wilsonova_komora" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilsonova komora">Wilsonovoj komori</a> svine jakim <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetom</a>. Između impulsa čestice <i>p</i>, <a href="/wiki/Polumjer" class="mw-redirect" title="Polumjer">polumjera</a> njene staze <i>r</i> i <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetskog polja</a> <i>H</i> postoji odnos: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p={\frac {e}{c}}\cdot r\cdot H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>e</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p={\frac {e}{c}}\cdot r\cdot H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/695f7d6ca03518eca06484328b9edafe458e1251" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:12.747ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p={\frac {e}{c}}\cdot r\cdot H}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Za tako brze čestice možemo zanemariti energiju sadržanu u masi mirovanja, pa između energije i impulsa imamo jednostavan linearni odnos: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=c\cdot {\sqrt {m^{2}\cdot c^{2}+p^{2}}}\approx c\cdot p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=c\cdot {\sqrt {m^{2}\cdot c^{2}+p^{2}}}\approx c\cdot p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/673dad1626ccf702627761b4b2a7f1d28fb91e42" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:28.736ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=c\cdot {\sqrt {m^{2}\cdot c^{2}+p^{2}}}\approx c\cdot p}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Mjerenjem polumjera staze čestice daje nam direktno impuls, a po tom odnosu i energiju. Skobeljcin je opazio čestice s energijom preko 15 000 000 <a href="/wiki/EV" class="mw-redirect" title="EV">eV</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">P. Blackett</a> je izmjerio energije preko 20 000 MeV. Prosječna vrijednost impulsa čestica na morskoj površini iznosi 3 000 MeV/c. </p><p>Ispitivanje kozmičkih zraka dovelo je i do otkrića <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitrona</a>. U kozmičkim zrakama ima jednako mnogo pozitrona kao i elektrona. Ta simetrija pozitivnog i negativnog naboja sasvim je nepoznata u našim normalnim zemaljskim prilikama. Doduše, kasnije su pozitroni opaženi i kod umjetno proizvedenih <a href="/wiki/Beta_raspad" title="Beta raspad">beta-radioaktivnih pretvorbi</a>, ali oni ne dolaze kao građevni materijal naše zemaljske materije. U kozmičkim zrakama pozitronima pripada isto značenje kao i elektronima; štoviše, oni nešto malo pretežu nad brojem elektrona. </p><p>Pored elektrona i pozitrona opažaju se u kozmičkim zrakama i <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetski_valovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetski valovi">elektromagnetski valovi</a> vrlo kratke <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valne duljine</a>. Te valne duljine mogu biti tisuće puta manje od valnih duljina <a href="/wiki/Gama-%C4%8Destica" title="Gama-čestica">gama-zraka</a> <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnih tvari</a>. </p><p>Kad brzi <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitroni</a> prolaze kroz <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferu</a>, oni djeluju na atome atmosfere svojim <a href="/wiki/Coulombov_zakon" title="Coulombov zakon">električnim silama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">Atomske jezgre</a> su tako teške da praktično ostaju na miru. Naprotiv, laki elektroni u atomima dobivaju velika <a href="/wiki/Ubrzanje" title="Ubrzanje">ubrzanja</a> i otrgnu se od svojih atomskih jezgri. Uzduž svojih staza električno nabijene čestice velike energije ostavljaju golemo mnoštvo iona. Prosječno brzi elektron gubi energiju oko 32 eV da bi proizveo jedan ion. Brza nabijena čestica proizvede u zraku na <a href="/wiki/Standardni_tlak_i_temperatura" title="Standardni tlak i temperatura">normalnoj temperaturi i tlaku</a> na putu od 1 cm oko 80 ionskih parova. Gubitak energije brzog elektrona iznosi na putu od 1 cm: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 80\cdot 32\,\,{\mbox{eV}}=2560\,\,{\mbox{eV}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>80</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>32</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>eV</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2560</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>eV</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 80\cdot 32\,\,{\mbox{eV}}=2560\,\,{\mbox{eV}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bffbe4d5992d9de505c3dc219356a74efb4b6d73" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:21.177ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 80\cdot 32\,\,{\mbox{eV}}=2560\,\,{\mbox{eV}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Kad bi <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a> imala konstantnu <a href="/wiki/Gusto%C4%87a" title="Gustoća">gustoću</a> kao uz površinu Zemlje, ona bi dala sloj visok 8 km. Brzi elektron, koji prođe kroz čitavu atmosferu, izgubi zbog ionizacije energiju: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\,560\cdot 800\,000\,\,{\mbox{eV}}=2\cdot 10^{9}\,\,{\mbox{eV}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>560</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>800</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>000</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>eV</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>9</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>eV</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\,560\cdot 800\,000\,\,{\mbox{eV}}=2\cdot 10^{9}\,\,{\mbox{eV}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/653ff41090e5a165353dfaf59d7bada387340bc9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:30.496ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\,560\cdot 800\,000\,\,{\mbox{eV}}=2\cdot 10^{9}\,\,{\mbox{eV}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Elektron koji prođe čitavu atmosferu, morao bi imati najmanje energiju oko 2 000 MeV. Stvarno se ta donja granica mora uzeti još i veća, jer elektron gubi energiju i drugim procesima. </p><p>Kad brzi elektron kozmičkih zraka dođe sasvim blizu nekom elektronu molekule zraka, on ga snažno odbacuje naprijed. Uz prvobitni elektron imat ćemo i sekundarne. Sekundarni elektron opet će dalje ionizirati. Totalna ionizacija zraka uzrokovana je dakle primarnim, sekundarnim, tercijarnim elektronima. Prije dani broj od 80 iona na 1 cm<sup>2</sup> odnosi se na totalnu ionizaciju. </p><p>Ionizacija znači trajni i postepeni gubitak energije kozmičkih zraka. Ona izaziva postepenu apsorpciju kozmičkih zraka. Kad bi ionizacija bila jedini čimbenik, jakost (intenzitet) kozmičkih zraka neprekidno bi rastao dizanjem na visinu. Međutim, pokusima se opaža, da kozmičke zrake dosežu najveću jakost na 17 km. Na toj visini jakost kozmičkih zraka je otprilike 40 puta veća negoli nad morskom površinom. Dalje na visini jakost kozmičkih zraka opada, dok na najvećim visinama ne ostane na konstantnoj svemirskoj vrijednosti. </p><p>U kozmičkim zrakama nalazimo uvijek priličan broj brzih <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a>. Njihov broj raste kad se dižemo u visinu, kao što raste i broj elektrona i pozitrona. Broj neutrona znatno prevladava nad brojem protona. To je jasno kad pomislimo da neutroni nemaju <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električnog naboja</a>, pa ih atmosfera slabo upija (apsorbira). Neutroni kao i glavni dio protona, koje opažamo u nižim slojevima atmosfere, nisu primarne čestice kozmičkih zraka. Kozmičke zrake u prolazu kroz atmosferu razbijaju atomske jezgre i pri tom povuku sa sobom sve njihove čestice. Takvo razbijanje atomske jezgre kozmičkom česticom može se vidjeti u Wilsonovoj komori. Od mjesta gdje je čestica kozmičkih zraka udarila o jezgru izlaze staze, od kojih neke sigurno pripadaju protonima. </p><p>Vrlo važnu metodu za opažanje kozmičkih zraka i nuklearnih razbijanja predstavlja <a href="/wiki/Fotografska_emulzija" title="Fotografska emulzija">fotografska emulzija</a>, u kojoj brzi ioni ili nabijene čestice ostavljaju tragove. Ploča s takvom posebnom fotografskom emulzijom izloži se djelovanju kozmičkih zraka. Blau i Wambacher našli su na fotografskoj ploči, koju su dugo držali izloženu kozmičkim zrakama, mnoštvo "zvijezda". Svaka zvijezda sastoji se od više staza čestica koje su izbačene pri razbijanju atomske jezgre. Među njima jasno se mogu raspoznati protoni, <a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-čestice</a> i teže jezgre. Čestica kozmičkih zraka, koja izaziva eksplozivan raspad, mora imati energiju oko 1 000 MeV. Prema dosadašnjem ispitivanju vrlo je vjerojatno da zvijezde pretežno izazivlju neutralne čestice. Broj zvijezda raste kad se penjemo uvis. Ovaj rast je paralelan s rastom broja neutrona i to potvrđuje pretpostavku da neutroni kozmičkih zraka glavni uzrok pojavi zvijezda. </p><p>U kozmičkih zrakama opažamo vrlo složene pojave. Te pojave od golemog su značaja za fiziku, jer se ti procesi odvijaju s golemim promjenama energije i time čine osnove pokusa za <a href="/wiki/Teorija_relativnosti" title="Teorija relativnosti">relativističku teoriju</a>. Neke od osnovnih pojava kozmičkih zraka potpuno su objašnjene, za neke je teorija još nesigurna. To, što opažamo na Zemlji pomoću naših <a href="/wiki/Aparat" class="mw-disambig" title="Aparat">aparata</a>, nisu primarne kozmičke zrake, nego rezultat niza pretvorbi kroz koje su kozmičke zrake prošle na putu kroz atmosferu. Postepeno ispitivanje kozmičkih zraka u sve većim visinama i moguće prenošenje na vrh atmosfere objasnit će prirodu ovog zagonetnog zračenja koje vjekovima, bez prestanka, proniče svemirski prostor. </p><p>Za pitanje o prirodi primarnih kozmičkih zraka važan je Clayev nalaz iz 1930. da jakost kozmičkih zraka zavisi od <a href="/wiki/Zemljopisna_%C5%A1irina" title="Zemljopisna širina">zemljopisne širine</a>. Kozmičke zrake su snažnije na polovima nego na <a href="/wiki/Ekvator" title="Ekvator">ekvatoru</a>. Mijenjanje jakosti osobito je znatno od ekvatora do 50° zemljopisne širine. Dalje prema polu ostaje kozmičko zračenje gotovo konstantno. Ovaj širinski učinak postaje mnogo znatniji kad kozmičke zrake mjerimo u većim visinama. Relativna razlika u jakosti kozmičkih zraka na ekvatoru i polu iznosi na morskoj površini 1/10, a na visini 4 000 m nad morem 1/3, a na još većim visinama i do 8/10. Već prije je H. L. Störmer da bi protumačio <a href="/wiki/Polarna_svjetlost" title="Polarna svjetlost">polarnu svjetlost</a>, točno proračunao što se događa, kad homogene zrake elektrona padaju iz svemira na Zemlju. Zemlja je magnet i ona svija staze električno nabijenih čestica. Zbog toga elektroni pretežno padaju na pojas oko polova. Störmerov račun daje za zavisnost jakosti elektronskih zraka od zemljopisne širine istu sliku kakva se opaža kod kozmičkih zraka. Taj rezultat vrlo uvjerljivo govori u prilog tezi da su primarne kozmičke zrake, koje dolaze iz svemirskih dubina, sastavljene od električno nabijenih čestica. Naravno, na osnovu ovog zemljopisnog učinka kozmičkih zraka ne može se odlučiti da li se kozmičke zrake primarno sastoje od elektrona, pozitrona ili protona. <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetska_oluja" title="Geomagnetska oluja">Geomagnetski učinak</a> i mjerenja na velikim visinama pokazuju da su energije primarnih kozmičkih čestica raspoređene po <a href="/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika">statističkom zakonu</a>. Broj prvobitnih čestica s energijom između <i>E</i> i <i>E</i> + d<i>E</i> dan je jednostavnom funkcijom: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{d}}n={\frac {A}{E\cdot y+1}}\cdot {\mbox{d}}E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{d}}n={\frac {A}{E\cdot y+1}}\cdot {\mbox{d}}E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddadeaee14e87c95ab050357662f3901c0adc56b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.982ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{d}}n={\frac {A}{E\cdot y+1}}\cdot {\mbox{d}}E}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>A</i> - konstanta, <i>γ</i> - je otprilike 1,5. Prema svemu čini se da ovaj spektar vrijedi neograničeno prema najvećim energijama, prema Blackettu čak za energiju preko 10<sup>9</sup> MeV, dok ima donju granicu kod <i>E<sub>min</sub></i> = 2 000 MeV. Na osnovu gornjeg spektra dobiva se za prosječnu energiju kozmičkih zraka vrijednost 6 000 MeV, što se dobro slaže s drugim opažanjima. </p><p>Kozmičke zrake padaju sa svih strana na Zemlju. Raspored jakosti po smjerovima možemo zgodno ispitivati pomoću 2 ili 3 brojača, koji su poredani na jednom pravcu, a reagiraju samo onda ako čestica prođe kroz sve njih. Jakost kozmičkih zraka, naravno, najveća je u okomitom smjeru, jer to daje najkraći put kroz atmosferu. Uzmimo od smjera okomice jednaki kut prema zapadu ili istoku. B. Rossi je 1931. opazio da jakost kozmičkih zraka sa zapada preteže nad jakosti kozmičkih zraka s istoka. Ovaj "zapadni vjetar" ukazuje na to da primarne čestice kozmičkih zraka moraju biti pozitivno nabijene ili barem mora biti više pozitivnih od negativnih. </p><p>U skladu s danas poznatim činjenicama i teorijskim predodžbama stoji hipoteza da se primarne kozmičke zrake sastoje pretežno od <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> s energijom 6 000 M<a href="/wiki/EV" class="mw-redirect" title="EV">eV</a>. Mjerenja izvršena 1948. na vrlo velikim visinama pokazala su da u primarnim zrakama ima još lakih i teških atomskih jezgri. Moguće je također da se nalazi još primarno mali postotak elektrona i pozitrona.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hallov_učinak"><span id="Hallov_u.C4.8Dinak"></span>Hallov učinak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Hallov učinak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Hallov učinak"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Hallov_u%C4%8Dinak" title="Hallov učinak">Hallov učinak</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Hallov učinak</b> ili <b>Hallov efekt</b> (po <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Herbert_Hall" title="Edwin Herbert Hall">E. H. Hallu</a> koji ga je uočio 1879.) je pojava u tankoj <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metalnoj</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Poluvodi%C4%8D" title="Poluvodič">poluvodičkoj</a> pločici kojom teče <a href="/wiki/Gusto%C4%87a_elektri%C4%8Dne_struje" title="Gustoća električne struje">električna struja gustoće</a> <i>J<sub>x</sub></i>, pod djelovanjem okomitoga <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetskoga polja</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetska_indukcija" title="Magnetska indukcija">indukcije</a> <i>B<sub>z</sub></i>, stvaranja <a href="/wiki/Transverzalni_val" title="Transverzalni val">transverzalnoga</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električnoga polja</a> jakosti: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E_{y}} =R_{H}\cdot \mathbf {J_{x}} \cdot \mathbf {B_{z}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E_{y}} =R_{H}\cdot \mathbf {J_{x}} \cdot \mathbf {B_{z}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5f7cd18b64b049fc223938014cdef76bc86bda2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.483ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E_{y}} =R_{H}\cdot \mathbf {J_{x}} \cdot \mathbf {B_{z}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>(<i>R<sub>H</sub></i> je Hallova konstanta ili Hallov otpor) i poprečnoga <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni napon">električnoga napona</a>. Električna struja, magnetsko polje i električno polje međusobno su okomiti i, ako tvore desni <a href="/wiki/Koordinatni_sustav" title="Koordinatni sustav">koordinatni sustav</a>, Hallov učinak je normalan (konstanta <i>R<sub>H</sub></i> je negativna). U obratnom slučaju (konstanta <i>R<sub>H</sub></i> je pozitivna) učinak je anomalan. Hallov je učinak jači za <a href="/wiki/Poluvodi%C4%8D" title="Poluvodič">poluvodiče</a>, a slabiji za <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">električne vodiče</a>. Objašnjenje anomalnoga Hallova učinka bila je jedna od najvećih teškoća klasične <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnet" title="Elektromagnet">elektromagnetske</a> teorije. Protumačila ga je tek <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_teorija" title="Kvantna teorija">kvantna teorija</a> čvrstih tijela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hallov_pretvarač_ili_Hallov_generator"><span id="Hallov_pretvara.C4.8D_ili_Hallov_generator"></span>Hallov pretvarač ili Hallov generator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Hallov pretvarač ili Hallov generator" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Hallov pretvarač ili Hallov generator"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Hallov pretvarač</b> ili <b>Hallov generator</b> izveden je na temelju Hallova učinka, a primjenjuje se u mjernoj i računalnoj tehnici: za mjerenje jakosti magnetskoga polja reda 10<sup>–5</sup> A/m do reda 10<sup>5</sup> A/m, za pretvorbu neelektričnih veličina u električne, analizu spektra električnih i magnetskih signala, mjerenje razlike faza, istraživanje magnetskih tokova, pretvorbu signala i slično. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kvantni_Hallov_učinak"><span id="Kvantni_Hallov_u.C4.8Dinak"></span>Kvantni Hallov učinak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Kvantni Hallov učinak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kvantni Hallov učinak"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Kvantni Hallov učinak</b> ili <b>kvantni Hallov efekt</b> je odstupanje Hallova otpora od linearne ovisnosti o jakosti magnetskoga polja pri Hallovu učinku u ekstremnim uvjetima. Uočio ga je <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">K. von Klitzing</a> 1980. Pojavljuje se pri <a href="/wiki/Magnetska_indukcija" title="Magnetska indukcija">magnetskoj indukciji</a> većoj od 10 <a href="/wiki/Tesla" title="Tesla">T</a>, temperaturi manjoj od 1 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> i ograničenosti gibanja elektronskoga plina na dvije dimenzije, to jest onemogućenosti gibanja elektrona u smjeru magnetskoga polja. Za mjerenje kvantnoga Hallova učinka nužni su poluvodiči koji omogućuju smještanje slobodnih elektrona u vrlo tank sloj paralelan s površinom uzorka. Diskretne vrijednosti Hallova otpora (Hallovi platoi) koje se opažaju u tim uvjetima ne ovise o materijalu uzorka i mogu se izraziti preko temeljnih prirodnih konstanti: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{H}={\frac {q\cdot h}{e^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{H}={\frac {q\cdot h}{e^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3faa4e0fb34628b9f01b2cd9acb707eba73ed209" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.478ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{H}={\frac {q\cdot h}{e^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>q</i> - <a href="/wiki/Racionalni_broj" title="Racionalni broj">racionalni broj</a>, <i>h</i> - <a href="/wiki/Planckova_konstanta" title="Planckova konstanta">Planckova konstanta</a>, <i>e</i> - <a href="/wiki/Elementarni_elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementarni električni naboj">elementarni električni naboj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>Stormer, Horst Ludwig</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=58277">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2019. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Supek" title="Ivan Supek">Ivan Supek</a>: "Nova fizika", Školska knjiga Zagreb, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>Hallov efekt</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=58277">[2]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2019. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#d3d3d3;" colspan="2" class="navbox-naslov"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-variant:small-caps; ;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Predložak:Nobelova nagrada za fiziku"><span title="Vidi ovaj predložak." style=";background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;">v</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_predlo%C5%A1ku:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Razgovor o predlošku:Nobelova nagrada za fiziku"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;" title="Razgovor o ovom predlošku.">r</span></a> • <a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;" title="Možete urediti ovaj predložak. Prije spremanja provjerite kako će izgledati.">u</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Dobitnici_Nobelove_nagrade_za_fiziku" title="Kategorija:Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku">Dobitnici</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelove nagrade za fiziku</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1900-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1900-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1901. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a>  <b>·</b> 1902. <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a>  <b>·</b> 1903. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Antoine Henri Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> i <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie">Marie Curie</a>  <b>·</b> 1904. <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt Rayleigh">John William Strutt Rayleigh</a>  <b>·</b> 1905. <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>  <b>·</b> 1906. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a>  <b>·</b> 1907. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a>  <b>·</b> 1908. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a>  <b>·</b> 1909. <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Ferdinand Braun">Carl Ferdinand Braun</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1910-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1910-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1910. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a>  <b>·</b> 1911. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a>  <b>·</b> 1912. <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Nils Gustaf Dalén</a>  <b>·</b> 1913. <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a>  <b>·</b> 1914. <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a>  <b>·</b> 1915. <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a>  <b>·</b> 1917. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a>  <b>·</b> 1918. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>  <b>·</b> 1919. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1920-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1920-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1920. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edouard_Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edouard Guillaume">Charles Edouard Guillaume</a>  <b>·</b> 1921. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>  <b>·</b> 1922. <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>  <b>·</b> 1923. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a>  <b>·</b> 1924. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Manne_Georg_Siegbahn" title="Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn">Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn</a>  <b>·</b> 1925. <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Gustav Ludwig Hertz</a>  <b>·</b> 1926. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a>  <b>·</b> 1927. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a> i <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a>  <b>·</b> 1928. <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a>  <b>·</b> 1929. <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1930-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1930-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1930. <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Candrasekara_Venkata_Raman" title="Čandrasekara Venkata Raman">Čandrasekara Venkata Raman</a>  <b>·</b> 1932. <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>  <b>·</b> 1933. <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> i <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac</a>  <b>·</b> 1935. <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a>  <b>·</b> 1936. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Victor Franz Hess</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a>  <b>·</b> 1937. <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson" title="Clinton Joseph Davisson">Clinton Joseph Davisson</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a>  <b>·</b> 1938. <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>  <b>·</b> 1939. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence">Ernest Orlando Lawrence</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1940-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1940-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1943. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a>  <b>·</b> 1944. <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a>  <b>·</b> 1945. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>  <b>·</b> 1946. <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a>  <b>·</b> 1947. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a>  <b>·</b> 1948. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</a>  <b>·</b> 1949. <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Jukava" title="Hideki Jukava">Hideki Jukava</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1950-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1950-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1950. <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Cecil Frank Powell</a>  <b>·</b> 1951. <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Douglas Cockcroft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton</a>  <b>·</b> 1952. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> i <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a>  <b>·</b> 1953. <a href="/wiki/Frits_(Frederik)_Zernike" class="mw-redirect" title="Frits (Frederik) Zernike">Frits (Frederik) Zernike</a>  <b>·</b> 1954. <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> i <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a>  <b>·</b> 1955. <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Willis Eugene Lamb</a>  <b>·</b> 1956. <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">William Bradford Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a>  <b>·</b> 1957. <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cen_Ning_Jang" class="mw-redirect" title="Čen Ning Jang">Čen Ning Jang</a> i <a href="/wiki/Cung-Dao_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Cung-Dao Li">Cung-Dao Li</a>  <b>·</b> 1958. <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Aleksejevi%C4%8D_%C4%8Cerenkov" title="Pavel Aleksejevič Čerenkov">Pavel Aleksejevič Čerenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Mihajlovi%C4%8D_Frank" title="Ilja Mihajlovič Frank">Ilja Mihajlovič Frank</a> i <a href="/wiki/Igor_Jevgenijevi%C4%8D_Tamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Jevgenijevič Tamm">Igor Jevgenijevič Tamm</a>  <b>·</b> 1959. <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Gino Segre</a> i <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1960-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1960-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1960. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Donald Arthur Glaser</a>  <b>·</b> 1961. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ludwig_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer">Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer</a>  <b>·</b> 1962. <a href="/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau">Lev Davidovič Landau</a>  <b>·</b> 1963. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a> i <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. Jensen</a>  <b>·</b> 1964. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Genadijevi%C4%8D_Basov" title="Nikolaj Genadijevič Basov">Nikolaj Genadijevič Basov</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Prohorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandar Prohorov">Aleksandar Prohorov</a>  <b>·</b> 1965. <a href="/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Sin-Itiro Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> i <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman"> Richard P. Feynman</a>  <b>·</b> 1966. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a>  <b>·</b> 1967. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Albrecht_Bethe" title="Hans Albrecht Bethe">Hans Albrecht Bethe</a>  <b>·</b> 1968. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a>  <b>·</b> 1969. <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1970-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1970-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1970. <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Olof_G%C3%B6sta_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén">Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén</a> i <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eugene_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugene Félix Néel">Louis Eugene Félix Néel</a>  <b>·</b> 1971. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a>  <b>·</b> 1972. <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Leon Neil Cooper</a> i <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Robert Schrieffer</a>  <b>·</b> 1973. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Ivar Giaever</a> i <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a>  <b>·</b> 1974. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> i <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a>  <b>·</b> 1975. <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">Aage Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Ben Roy Mottelson</a> i <a href="/wiki/Leo_James_Rainwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo James Rainwater">Leo James Rainwater</a>  <b>·</b> 1976. <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> i <a href="/wiki/Samuel_%C4%8Cao_%C4%8Cung_Ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Čao Čung Ting">Samuel Čao Čung Ting</a>  <b>·</b> 1977. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> i <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hasbrouck van Vleck">John Hasbrouck van Vleck</a>  <b>·</b> 1978. <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Leonidovi%C4%8D_Kapica" title="Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica">Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno Penzias">Arno Penzias</a> i <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a>  <b>·</b> 1979. <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> i <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1980-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1980-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1980. <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watson Cronin">James Watson Cronin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a>  <b>·</b> 1981. <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kai_Manne_Siegbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Manne Siegbahn">Kai Manne Siegbahn</a>  <b>·</b> 1982. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a>  <b>·</b> 1983. <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanjan Čandrasehar</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_A._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Fowler">William A. Fowler</a>  <b>·</b> 1984. <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a>  <b>·</b> 1985. <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a>  <b>·</b> 1986. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> i <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a>  <b>·</b> 1987. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Johannes Georg Bednorz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Karl Alexander Müller</a>  <b>·</b> 1988. <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a>  <b>·</b> 1989. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Foster Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Hans Georg Dehmelt</a> i <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1990-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1990-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1990. <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a> i <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">Richard Edward Taylor</a>  <b>·</b> 1991. <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a>  <b>·</b> 1992. <a href="/wiki/Georgij_Harpak" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgij Harpak">Georgij Harpak</a>  <b>·</b> 1993. <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Alan Hulse</a> i <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.</a>  <b>·</b> 1994. <a href="/wiki/Bertram_N._Brockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertram N. Brockhouse">Bertram N. Brockhouse</a> i <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Shull</a>  <b>·</b> 1995. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a>  <b>·</b> 1996. <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">David Morris Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Douglas Dean Osheroff</a> i <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert Coleman Richardson</a>  <b>·</b> 1997. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a>  <b>·</b> 1998. <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Robert B. Laughlin</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horst Ludwig Störmer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Daniel_%C4%8Ci_Cui" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Či Cui">Daniel Či Cui</a>  <b>·</b> 1999. <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J.G._Veltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus J.G. Veltman">Martinus J.G. Veltman</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2000-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2000-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2000. <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alfjorov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov">Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jack_S._Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack S. Kilby">Jack S. Kilby</a>  <b>·</b> 2001. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Edwin Wieman</a>  <b>·</b> 2002. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masato%C5%A1i_Ko%C5%A1iba" class="mw-redirect" title="Masatoši Košiba">Masatoši Košiba</a> i <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a>  <b>·</b> 2003. <a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Aleksejevi%C4%8D_Abrikosov" title="Aleksej Aleksejevič Abrikosov">Aleksej Aleksejevič Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitalij_Lazarevi%C4%8D_Ginzburg" title="Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg">Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg</a> i <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony James Leggett</a>  <b>·</b> 2004. <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" class="mw-redirect" title="David Gross">David J. Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">H. David Politzer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a>  <b>·</b> 2005. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Hänsch">Theodor Hänsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Hall">John Hall</a> i <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Glauber">Roy Glauber</a>  <b>·</b> 2006. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_F._Smoot" class="mw-redirect" title="George F. Smoot">George F. Smoot</a>  <b>·</b> 2007. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> i <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Andreas Grünberg">Peter A. Grünberg</a>  <b>·</b> 2008. <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Makoto Kobayashi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Toshihide Maskawa</a>  <b>·</b> 2009. <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2010-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2010-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2010. <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a>  <b>·</b> 2011. <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> i <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian Schmidt</a>  <b>·</b> 2012. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a> i <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a>  <b>·</b> 2013. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> i <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>  <b>·</b> 2014. <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Hiroshi Amano</a> i <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a>  <b>·</b> 2015. <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Takaaki Kajita</a> i <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald_(znanstvenik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur B. McDonald (znanstvenik)">Arthur B. McDonald</a>  <b>·</b> 2016. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Duncan Haldane</a> i <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">J. Michael Kosterlitz</a>  <b>·</b> 2017. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> i <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a>  <b>·</b> 2018. <a href="/wiki/Artur_Ashkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Artur Ashkin">Artur Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a> i <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a>  <b>·</b> 2019. <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">James Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> i <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2020-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2020-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2020. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Penrose (stranica ne postoji)">Roger Penrose</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Genzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Genzel (stranica ne postoji)">Reinhard Genzel</a> i <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a>  <b>·</b> 2021. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syukuro_Manabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syukuro Manabe (stranica ne postoji)">Syukuro Manabe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hasselmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Hasselmann (stranica ne postoji)">Klaus Hasselmann</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Parisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Parisi (stranica ne postoji)">Giorgio Parisi</a>  <b>·</b> 2022. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Aspect (stranica ne postoji)">Alain Aspect</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clauser (stranica ne postoji)">John Clauser</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Zeilinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Zeilinger (stranica ne postoji)">Anton Zeilinger</a>  <b>·</b> 2023. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Agostini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Agostini (stranica ne postoji)">Pierre Agostini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Krausz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferenc Krausz (stranica ne postoji)">Ferenc Krausz</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_L%27Huillier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne L'Huillier (stranica ne postoji)">Anne L'Huillier</a>  • 2024. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hopfield (stranica ne postoji)">John Hopfield</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Hinton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Hinton (stranica ne postoji)">Geoffrey Hinton</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_Störmer&oldid=6247534">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_Störmer&oldid=6247534</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Njema%C4%8Dki_fizi%C4%8Dari" title="Kategorija:Njemački fizičari">Njemački fizičari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Ameri%C4%8Dki_fizi%C4%8Dari" title="Kategorija:Američki fizičari">Američki fizičari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Dobitnici_Nobelove_nagrade_za_fiziku" title="Kategorija:Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku">Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 1. siječnja 2022. u 13:26.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. Pogledajte <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Uvjete upotrebe</a> za detalje.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Zaštita privatnosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Impresum">Impresum</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Op%C4%87e_odricanje_od_odgovornosti">Odricanje od odgovornosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kodeks ponašanja</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Razvojni programeri</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/hr.wikipedia.org">Statistika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Izjava o kolačićima</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//hr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Prikaz za mobilne uređaje</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-btb59","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.179","walltime":"0.560","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1107,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":49765,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20724,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":3409,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 106.685 1 -total"," 39.48% 42.114 2 Predložak:Glavni"," 33.09% 35.297 1 Predložak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku"," 29.17% 31.119 1 Predložak:Navigacija"," 11.84% 12.635 1 Predložak:Izvori"," 11.03% 11.762 1 Predložak:Znanstvenik"," 8.69% 9.275 1 Predložak:Tnavbar"," 4.85% 5.179 104 Predložak:·"," 3.78% 4.036 2 Predložak:Bull"," 0.03% 0.027 1 Predložak:•"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.019","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":644258,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84d8f4b96-9strf","timestamp":"20241117112144","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Horst Ludwig St\u00f6rmer","url":"https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q71015","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q71015","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Doprinositelji projektima Wikimedije"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-12-04T16:22:16Z","dateModified":"2022-01-01T12:26:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/11\/HessKol.jpg","headline":"njema\u010dki fizi\u010dar"}</script> </body> </html>