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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albany_regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albany_regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Albany regency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albany_regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry_into_national_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_into_national_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Entry into national politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_into_national_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1828_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1828_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1828 elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1828_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jackson_administration_(1829–1837)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jackson_administration_(1829–1837)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jackson administration (1829–1837)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jackson_administration_(1829–1837)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jackson administration (1829–1837) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jackson_administration_(1829–1837)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Secretary of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambassador_to_Britain_and_vice_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambassador_to_Britain_and_vice_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ambassador to Britain and vice presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambassador_to_Britain_and_vice_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1836" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1836"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Presidential election of 1836</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1836-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1837–1841)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1837–1841)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidency (1837–1841)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1837–1841)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1837–1841) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1837–1841)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panic_of_1837" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic_of_1837"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Panic of 1837</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic_of_1837-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Indian removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_violence_with_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_violence_with_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Border violence with Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_violence_with_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caroline_episode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caroline_episode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Caroline episode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caroline_episode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriot_War_of_1837–1838" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriot_War_of_1837–1838"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Patriot War of 1837–1838</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriot_War_of_1837–1838-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Maine:_the_Aroostook_"War"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Maine:_the_Aroostook_"War""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Northern Maine: the Aroostook "War"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Maine:_the_Aroostook_"War"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amistad_case:_victory_for_the_ex-slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amistad_case:_victory_for_the_ex-slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span><i>Amistad</i> case: victory for the ex-slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amistad_case:_victory_for_the_ex-slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Judicial appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_House_hostess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_House_hostess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>White House hostess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_House_hostess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1840" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1840"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Presidential election of 1840</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1840-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1841–1862)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1841–1862)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-presidency (1841–1862)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1841–1862)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency (1841–1862) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1841–1862)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_of_1844" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1844"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Election of 1844</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1844-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Election of 1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historical reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comic_strips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comic_strips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Comic strips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comic_strips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_TV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_TV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Film and TV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_TV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_by_Van_Buren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_by_Van_Buren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Books by Van Buren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_by_Van_Buren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Van Buren</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A1%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95" title="ማርቲን ቫንቡረን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማርቲን ቫንቡረን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مارتن فان بيورين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن فان بيورين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="मार्टिन भान बरेन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मार्टिन भान बरेन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="مارتین ون بورن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین ون بورن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="মার্টিন ভ্যান বিউরেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্টিন ভ্যান বিউরেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Марцін Ван Бюрэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марцін Ван Бюрэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Мартын Ван Бюрэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мартын Ван Бюрэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Мартин Ван Бюрън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мартин Ван Бюрън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мартин Ван Бюрен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мартин Ван Бюрен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مارتن ڤان بيورين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مارتن ڤان بيورين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0" title="މާޓިން ވެން ބިޔުރެން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މާޓިން ވެން ބިޔުރެން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Μάρτιν Βαν Μπιούρεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρτιν Βαν Μπιούρεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="مارتین ون بیورن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین ون بیورن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EB%B0%B4_%EB%B7%B0%EB%9F%B0" title="마틴 밴 뷰런 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마틴 밴 뷰런" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Մարտին Վան Բյուրեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտին Վան Բյուրեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="मार्टिन वान ब्यूरेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्टिन वान ब्यूरेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="מרטין ואן ביורן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין ואן ביורן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მარტინ ვან ბურენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარტინ ვან ბურენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мартин Ван Бюрен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мартин Ван Бюрен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Van_Buren" title="Martinus Van Buren – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martinus Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martins_Van_Burens" title="Martins Van Burens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Martins Van Burens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB" title="മാർട്ടിൻ വാൻ ബ്യൂറൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർട്ടിൻ വാൻ ബ്യൂറൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8" title="मार्टिन वान ब्यूरन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्टिन वान ब्यूरन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მარტინ ვან ბურენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარტინ ვან ბურენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مارتين فان بورين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتين فان بورين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="مارتین ون بورن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارتین ون بورن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%97%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%97%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မာတင် ဗန် ဗျူရင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာတင် ဗန် ဗျူရင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="मार्टिन भान बरेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मार्टिन भान बरेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="マーティン・ヴァン・ビューレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーティン・ヴァン・ビューレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਵੈਨ ਬੁਰੇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਵੈਨ ਬੁਰੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="مارٹن وان بورن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارٹن وان بورن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%86" title="مارټین وان بورېن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارټین وان بورېن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ван Бюрен, Мартин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ван Бюрен, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%95%D8%AA%D9%86_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماڕتن ڤان بیورین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماڕتن ڤان بیورین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мартин ван Бјурен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мартин ван Бјурен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்ட்டின் வான் பியூரன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்ட்டின் வான் பியூரன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мартин Ван Бүрен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мартин Ван Бүрен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="มาร์ติน แวน บิวเรน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์ติน แวน บิวเรน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%98%E1%8F%82_%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%82_%E1%8F%8A%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%82" title="ᎹᏘᏂ ᏩᏂ ᏊᎴᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎹᏘᏂ ᏩᏂ ᏊᎴᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wan_B%C3%BDuren" title="Martin Wan Býuren – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Martin Wan Býuren" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мартін ван Бюрен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартін ван Бюрен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مارٹن وان بورین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارٹن وان بورین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6" title="马丁·范布伦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马丁·范布伦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="מארטין וואן ביורען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מארטין וואן ביורען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Martin Van Buren" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%94%B0%E8%8C%83%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB" title="馬田范布倫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬田范布倫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_van_Buren" title="Martin van Buren – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Martin van Buren" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6" title="马丁·范布伦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马丁·范布伦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11820#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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/></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1837 to 1841</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Van Buren" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Van Buren (disambiguation)">Van Buren (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Van Buren</i>, not <i> Buren</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Martin Van Buren</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58.jpg/220px-Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58.jpg/330px-Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58.jpg/440px-Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="3742" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Van Buren, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1855–1858</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Andrew Jackson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Mentor Johnson</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">United States Minister to <span class="nowrap">the United Kingdom</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 8, 1831 – April 4, 1832</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Andrew Jackson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Aaron Vail</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 28, 1829 – May 23, 1831</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Andrew Jackson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1829 – March 12, 1829</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Enos T. Throop</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Nathaniel Pitcher</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Enos T. Throop</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from New York</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1821 – December 20, 1828</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Dudley" title="Charles E. Dudley">Charles E. Dudley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York" title="Attorney General of New York">Attorney General of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 17, 1815 – July 8, 1819</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">John Tayler</a> (acting)</li><li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Vechten" title="Abraham Van Vechten">Abraham Van Vechten</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Oakley" title="Thomas J. Oakley">Thomas J. Oakley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Senate">New York Senate</a></span><br />from the Middle district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 1, 1813 – June 30, 1820<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <i>various</i> (multimember district)</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Philip_Livingston" title="Edward Philip Livingston">Edward Philip Livingston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Bouck" title="William C. Bouck">William C. Bouck</a></li><li>John I. Miller</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tilly_Lynde" title="Tilly Lynde">Tilly Lynde</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Surrogate%27s_Court" title="New York Surrogate's Court">Surrogate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York" title="Columbia County, New York">Columbia County, New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1808–1813</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_I._Van_Alen" title="James I. Van Alen">James I. Van Alen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James Vanderpoel</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Maarten van Buren</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1782-12-05</span>)</span>December 5, 1782<br /><a href="/wiki/Kinderhook,_New_York" title="Kinderhook, New York">Kinderhook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 24, 1862<span style="display:none">(1862-07-24)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kinderhook,_New_York" title="Kinderhook, New York">Kinderhook</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Dutch_Church_(Kinderhook,_New_York)" title="Reformed Dutch Church (Kinderhook, New York)">Kinderhook Reformed Church Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> (1799–1825)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (1825–1848, from 1852)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a> (1848–1852)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)<sup id="cite_ref-martinvanb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinvanb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Van_Buren" title="Hannah Van Buren">Hannah Hoes</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="February 21, 1807">1807</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="February 5, 1819">1819</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Buren_II" title="Abraham Van Buren II">Abraham II</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Buren" title="John Van Buren">John</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Buren" title="Abraham Van Buren">Abraham Van Buren</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Buren family">Van Buren family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren_Signature2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martin Van Buren's signature"><img alt="Print signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Martin_Van_Buren_Signature2.svg/128px-Martin_Van_Buren_Signature2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Martin_Van_Buren_Signature2.svg/192px-Martin_Van_Buren_Signature2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Martin_Van_Buren_Signature2.svg/256px-Martin_Van_Buren_Signature2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="55" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Little Van</li><li>Old Kinderhook</li><li>The Little Magician</li><li>The Red Fox of Kinderhook<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Martin van Ruin<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_Center_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_Center_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>The Mistletoe Politician<sup id="cite_ref-Hatfield_1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatfield_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martin Van Buren</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/jʊər/: 'ure' in 'cure'">jʊər</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">van <span style="font-size:90%">BURE</span>-ən</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Maarten van Buren</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈmaːrtə(ɱ)<span class="wrap"> </span>vɑm<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbyːrə(n)]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/76\/Maarten_van_Buren.ogg\/Maarten_van_Buren.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Maarten van Buren.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Maarten_van_Buren.ogg/Maarten_van_Buren.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Maarten_van_Buren.ogg" title="File:Maarten van Buren.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1837 to 1841. A primary founder of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, he served as <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York" title="Attorney General of New York">New York's attorney general</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. senator</a>, then briefly as the ninth <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governor of New York</a> before joining <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s administration as the tenth <a href="/wiki/United_States_secretary_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="United States secretary of state">United States secretary of state</a>, minister to <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Great Britain</a>, and ultimately the eighth <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president</a> from 1833 to 1837, after being elected on Jackson's ticket in <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>. Van Buren won the presidency in <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a> against divided Whig opponents. Van Buren lost re-election in <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>, and failed to win the Democratic nomination in <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>. Later in his life, Van Buren emerged as an elder statesman and an <a href="/wiki/Anti-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-slavery">anti-slavery</a> leader who led the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a> ticket in the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 presidential election</a>. </p><p>Van Buren was born in <a href="/wiki/Kinderhook,_New_York" title="Kinderhook, New York">Kinderhook, New York</a>, where most residents were of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> descent and spoke <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> as their primary language; he is the only president to have spoken English as a second language. He entered politics as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, won a seat in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a>, and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in 1821. As the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bucktails" title="Bucktails">Bucktails</a> faction of the party, Van Buren established the political machine known as the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Regency" title="Albany Regency">Albany Regency</a>. He ran successfully for governor of New York to support Andrew Jackson's candidacy in the <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 presidential election</a> but resigned shortly after Jackson was inaugurated so he could accept appointment as Jackson's secretary of state. In the cabinet, Van Buren was a key Jackson advisor and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party. He ultimately resigned to help resolve the <a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a> and briefly served as ambassador to Great Britain. At Jackson's behest, the <a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 Democratic National Convention</a> nominated Van Buren for vice president, and he took office after the Democratic ticket won the 1832 presidential election. </p><p>With Jackson's strong support and the organizational strength of the Democratic Party, Van Buren successfully ran for president in the 1836 presidential election. However, his popularity soon eroded because of his response to the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>, which centered on his <a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury</a> system, a plan under which the federal government of the United States would store its funds in vaults rather than in banks; more conservative Democrats and Whigs in Congress ultimately delayed his plan from being implemented until 1840. <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">His presidency</a> was further marred by the costly <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a> and his refusal to admit <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Texas</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">slave state</a>. In 1840, Van Buren lost his <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">re-election bid</a> to <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>. While Van Buren is praised for anti-slavery stances, in historical rankings, historians and political scientists often <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank Van Buren as an average or below-average U.S. president</a>, due to his handling of the Panic of 1837. </p><p>Van Buren was initially the leading candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination again in 1844, but his continued opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexation of Texas</a> angered Southern Democrats, leading to the nomination of <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>. Growing opposed to slavery, Van Buren was the newly formed Free Soil Party's presidential nominee in 1848, and his candidacy helped Whig nominee <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> defeat Democrat <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a>. Worried about sectional tensions, Van Buren returned to the Democratic Party after 1848 but was disappointed with the pro-southern presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Van Buren was a <a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrat</a> who supported the policies of President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>. He died of asthma at his home in Kinderhook in 1862, aged 79. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Family of Martin Van Buren">Family of Martin Van Buren</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_Birthplace_of_President_Martin_Van_Buren_in_Kinderhook,_New_York%22,_by_J.W._Barber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%22The_Birthplace_of_President_Martin_Van_Buren_in_Kinderhook%2C_New_York%22%2C_by_J.W._Barber.jpg/220px-%22The_Birthplace_of_President_Martin_Van_Buren_in_Kinderhook%2C_New_York%22%2C_by_J.W._Barber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%22The_Birthplace_of_President_Martin_Van_Buren_in_Kinderhook%2C_New_York%22%2C_by_J.W._Barber.jpg/330px-%22The_Birthplace_of_President_Martin_Van_Buren_in_Kinderhook%2C_New_York%22%2C_by_J.W._Barber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/%22The_Birthplace_of_President_Martin_Van_Buren_in_Kinderhook%2C_New_York%22%2C_by_J.W._Barber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Van Buren's birthplace by <a href="/wiki/John_Warner_Barber" title="John Warner Barber">John Warner Barber</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren_Baptism_record.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Martin_Van_Buren_Baptism_record.jpg/220px-Martin_Van_Buren_Baptism_record.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Martin_Van_Buren_Baptism_record.jpg/330px-Martin_Van_Buren_Baptism_record.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Martin_Van_Buren_Baptism_record.jpg/440px-Martin_Van_Buren_Baptism_record.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Baptismal record with the Dutch spelling of Van Buren's first name, "Maarten"</figcaption></figure> <p>Martin Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782, in <a href="/wiki/Kinderhook,_New_York" title="Kinderhook, New York">Kinderhook, New York</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 20 miles (32 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson River Valley</a>. </p><p>His father, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Buren" title="Abraham Van Buren">Abraham Van Buren</a>, was a descendant of Cornelis Maessen, a native of <a href="/wiki/Buurmalsen" title="Buurmalsen">Buurmalsen, Netherlands</a> who had emigrated to <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> in 1631 and purchased a plot of land on <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Island">Manhattan Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole19843,_9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19843,_9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005153–165_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005153–165-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with being the first U.S. president who was not born a British subject, Van Buren was also the first U.S. president not of British ancestry; he was of entirely Dutch descent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham Van Buren had been a <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he later joined the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He owned an inn and tavern in Kinderhook and served as Kinderhook's town clerk for several years. In 1776, he married Maria Hoes (or Goes) Van Alen (1746–1818) in the <a href="/wiki/Kinderhook,_New_York" title="Kinderhook, New York">town of Kinderhook</a>, also of Dutch extraction and the widow of Johannes Van Alen (1744-c. 1773). She had three children from her first marriage, including future U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/James_I._Van_Alen" title="James I. Van Alen">James I. Van Alen</a>. Her second marriage produced five children, of which Martin was the third.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19835–6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19835–6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren received a basic education at the village schoolhouse, and briefly studied <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kinderhook_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinderhook Academy">Kinderhook Academy</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Claverack_College" title="Claverack College">Washington Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Claverack,_New_York" title="Claverack, New York">Claverack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole198414_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole198414-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren was raised speaking primarily Dutch and learned English while attending school;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is the only president of the United States whose first language was not English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidmer20056–7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmer20056–7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also during his childhood, Van Buren learned at his father's inn how to interact with people from varied ethnic, income, and societal groups, which he used to his advantage as a political organizer.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His formal education ended in 1796, when he began <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">reading law</a> at the office of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Silvester_(1734%E2%80%931808)" title="Peter Silvester (1734–1808)">Peter Silvester</a> and his son Francis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010230_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010230-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren, at 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) tall, was small in stature, and affectionately nicknamed "Little Van".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. He was also called the "Red Fox" due to his "bushy reddish sideburns, striking forehead and prominent nose."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he began his legal studies he wore rough, homespun clothing,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing the Silvesters to admonish him to pay greater heed to his clothing and personal appearance as an aspiring lawyer. He accepted their advice, and subsequently emulated the Silvesters' clothing, appearance, bearing, and conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lessons he learned from the Silvesters were reflected in his career as a lawyer and politician, in which Van Buren was known for his amiability and fastidious appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Kinderhook's strong affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, of which the Silvesters were also strong supporters, Van Buren adopted his father's Democratic-Republican leanings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19838–9_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19838–9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Silvesters and Democratic-Republican political figure <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Van_Ness" title="John Peter Van Ness">John Peter Van Ness</a> suggested that Van Buren's political leanings constrained him to complete his education with a Democratic-Republican attorney, so he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of John Van Ness's brother <a href="/wiki/William_P._Van_Ness" title="William P. Van Ness">William P. Van Ness</a>, a political lieutenant of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198310–11_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198310–11-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Ness introduced Van Buren to the intricacies of New York state politics, and Van Buren observed Burr's battles for control of the state Democratic-Republican party against <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert R. Livingston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198314–15_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198314–15-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Kinderhook in 1803, after his <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admission to the New York bar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198315–17_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198315–17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannah_van_buren_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hannah_van_buren_2.jpg/180px-Hannah_van_buren_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hannah_van_buren_2.jpg/270px-Hannah_van_buren_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hannah_van_buren_2.jpg/360px-Hannah_van_buren_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Van_Buren" title="Hannah Van Buren">Hannah Van Buren</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Van Buren married <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Van_Buren" title="Hannah Van Buren">Hannah Hoes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catskill,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Catskill, New York">Catskill, New York</a>, on February 21, 1807, when he was 24 years old and she was 23. She was his childhood sweetheart and a daughter of his maternal first cousin, Johannes Dircksen Hoes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She grew up in <a href="/wiki/Valatie,_New_York" title="Valatie, New York">Valatie</a>, and like Van Buren her home life was primarily Dutch; she spoke Dutch as her first language, and spoke English with a marked accent.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had six children, four of whom lived to adulthood: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Buren_II" title="Abraham Van Buren II">Abraham</a> (1807–1873), unnamed daughter (stillborn around 1809), <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Buren" title="John Van Buren">John</a> (1810–1866), Martin Jr. (1812–1855), Winfield Scott (born and died in 1814), and Smith Thompson (1817–1876).<sup id="cite_ref-MVLiB_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVLiB-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hannah contracted <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, and died in Kinderhook on February 5, 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey200227_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey200227-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin Van Buren never remarried.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Martin_Van_Buren_1.png/180px-Martin_Van_Buren_1.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Martin_Van_Buren_1.png/270px-Martin_Van_Buren_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Martin_Van_Buren_1.png/360px-Martin_Van_Buren_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Van Buren by Daniel Dickinson, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820s</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon returning to Kinderhook in 1803, Van Buren formed a law partnership with his half-brother, James Van Alen, and became financially secure enough to increase his focus on politics.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren had been active in politics from age 18, if not before. In 1801, he attended a <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> convention in <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy, New York</a>, where he worked successfully to secure for John Peter Van Ness the party nomination in a special election for the <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="New York's 6th congressional district">6th Congressional District</a> seat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010283_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010283-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon returning to Kinderhook, Van Buren broke with the Burr faction, becoming an ally of both <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a>. After the faction led by Clinton and Tompkins dominated the 1807 elections, Van Buren was appointed <a href="/wiki/Probate_court" title="Probate court">Surrogate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York" title="Columbia County, New York">Columbia County, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198318–22_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198318–22-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking a better base for his political and legal career, Van Buren and his family moved to the town of <a href="/wiki/Hudson,_New_York" title="Hudson, New York">Hudson</a>, the seat of Columbia County, in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198323–24_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198323–24-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren's legal practice continued to flourish, and he traveled all over the state to represent various clients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198325–26_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198325–26-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1812, Van Buren won his party's nomination for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a>. Though several Democratic-Republicans, including John Peter Van Ness, joined with the Federalists to oppose his candidacy, Van Buren won election to the state senate in mid-1812.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198329–32_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198329–32-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the year, the United States entered the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> against Great Britain, while Clinton launched an unsuccessful bid to defeat President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812 presidential election</a>. After the election, Van Buren became suspicious that Clinton was working with the Federalist Party, and he broke from his former political ally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198333–39_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198333–39-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the War of 1812, Van Buren worked with Clinton, Governor Tompkins, and <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Spencer" title="Ambrose Spencer">Ambrose Spencer</a> to support the Madison administration's prosecution of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198341–42_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198341–42-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he was a special judge advocate appointed to serve as a prosecutor of <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a> during Hull's court-martial following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">surrender</a> of Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anticipating another military campaign, he collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> on ways to reorganize the New York Militia in the winter of 1814–1815, but the end of the war halted their work in early 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren was so favorably impressed by Scott that he named his fourth son after him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198343_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198343-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren's strong support for the war boosted his standing, and in 1815, he was elected to the position of <a href="/wiki/New_York_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Attorney General">New York Attorney General</a>. Van Buren moved from Hudson to the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, where he established a legal partnership with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Benjamin Butler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198348–50_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198348–50-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shared a house with political ally <a href="/wiki/Roger_Skinner" title="Roger Skinner">Roger Skinner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816, Van Buren won re-election to the state senate, and he would continue to simultaneously serve as both state senator and as the state's attorney general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198351–52_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198351–52-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1819, he played an active part in prosecuting the accused murderers of Richard Jennings, the first murder-for-hire case in the state of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albany_regency">Albany regency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Albany regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Tompkins was elected as vice president in the <a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816 presidential election</a>, Clinton defeated Van Buren's preferred candidate, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">Peter Buell Porter</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_gubernatorial_election,_1817" class="mw-redirect" title="New York gubernatorial election, 1817">1817 New York gubernatorial election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198358–59_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198358–59-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton threw his influence behind the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a>, an ambitious project designed to connect <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> to the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198361–62_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198361–62-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though many of Van Buren's allies urged him to block Clinton's Erie Canal bill, Van Buren believed that the canal would benefit the state. His support for the bill helped it win approval from the New York legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198363–64_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198363–64-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his support for the Erie Canal, Van Buren became the leader of an anti-Clintonian faction in New York known as the "<a href="/wiki/Bucktails" title="Bucktails">Bucktails</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198362_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198362-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bucktails succeeded in emphasizing party loyalty and used it to capture and control many patronage posts throughout New York. Through his use of patronage, loyal newspapers, and connections with local party officials and leaders, Van Buren established what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Albany_Regency" title="Albany Regency">Albany Regency</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a> that emerged as an important factor in New York politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198364–65_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198364–65-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regency relied on a coalition of small farmers, but also enjoyed support from the <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> machine in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983110_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983110-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this era, Van Buren largely determined Tammany Hall's political policy for New York's Democratic-Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazo30_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazo30-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A New York state referendum that expanded state voting rights to all white men in 1821, and which further increased the power of Tammany Hall, was guided by Van Buren.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Governor Clinton remained in office until late 1822, Van Buren emerged as the leader of the state's Democratic-Republicans after the 1820 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198381–82_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198381–82-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren was a member of the 1820 state <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a>, where he favored expanded voting rights, but opposed universal suffrage and tried to maintain property requirements for voting.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_into_national_politics">Entry into national politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entry into national politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1821, the state legislature <a href="/wiki/1821_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1821 United States Senate election in New York">elected</a> Van Buren to represent New York in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198392–93_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198392–93-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren arrived in Washington during the "<a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>", a period in which partisan distinctions at the national level had faded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198426–27_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198426–27-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren quickly became a prominent figure in Washington, D.C., befriending Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983117_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983117-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not an exceptional orator, Van Buren frequently spoke on the Senate floor, usually after extensively researching the subject at hand. Despite his commitments as a father and state party leader, Van Buren remained closely engaged in his legislative duties, and during his time in the Senate he served as the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983176_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983176-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he gained renown, Van Buren earned monikers like "Little Magician" and "Sly Fox".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984432_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984432-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren chose to back Crawford over <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1824</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983126–127_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983126–127-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crawford shared Van Buren's affinity for <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a> principles of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and limited government, and Van Buren believed that Crawford was the ideal figure to lead a coalition of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia's "<a href="/wiki/Richmond_Junto" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Junto">Richmond Junto</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983129–130_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983129–130-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren's support for Crawford aroused strong opposition in New York in the form of the People's party, which drew support from Clintonians, Federalists, and others opposed to Van Buren.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983139–140_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983139–140-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Van Buren helped Crawford win the Democratic-Republican party's presidential nomination at the February 1824 <a href="/wiki/Congressional_nominating_caucus" title="Congressional nominating caucus">congressional nominating caucus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983143–144_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983143–144-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other Democratic-Republican candidates in the race refused to accept the poorly attended caucus's decision, and as the Federalist Party had all but ceased to function as a national party, the 1824 campaign became a competition among four candidates of the same party. Though Crawford suffered a severe stroke that left him in poor health, Van Buren continued to support his chosen candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983145–146_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983145–146-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1824, Van Buren met with 81-year-old former President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in an attempt to bolster Crawford's candidacy, and though he was unsuccessful in gaining a public endorsement for Crawford, he nonetheless cherished the chance to meet with his political hero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983146–148_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983146–148-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1824 elections dealt a severe blow to the Albany Regency, as Clinton returned to the governorship with the support of the People's party. By the time the state legislature convened to choose the state's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">presidential electors</a>, results from other states had made it clear that no individual would win a majority of the electoral vote, necessitating a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983151–152_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983151–152-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Adams and Jackson finished in the top three and were eligible for selection in the contingent election, New York's electors would help determine whether Clay or Crawford would finish third.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983152–153_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983152–153-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though most of the state's electoral votes went to Adams, Crawford won one more electoral vote than Clay in the state, and Clay's defeat in Louisiana left Crawford in third place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983156–157_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983156–157-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Crawford still in the running, Van Buren lobbied members of the House to support him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983157–158_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983157–158-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hoped to engineer a Crawford victory on the second ballot of the contingent election, but Adams won on the first ballot with the help of Clay and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">Stephen Van Rensselaer</a>, a Congressman from New York. Despite his close ties with Van Buren, Van Rensselaer cast his vote for Adams, thus giving Adams a narrow majority of New York's delegation and a victory in the contingent election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983158,_160–161_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983158,_160–161-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the House contest, Van Buren shrewdly kept out of the controversy which followed, and began looking forward to 1828. Jackson was angered to see the presidency go to Adams despite Jackson having won more popular votes than Adams had, and he eagerly looked forward to a rematch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey200244_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey200244-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson's supporters accused Adams and Clay of having made a "<a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">corrupt bargain</a>" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for Clay's appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983164–165_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983164–165-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren was always courteous in his treatment of opponents and showed no bitterness toward either Adams or Clay, and he voted to confirm Clay's nomination to the cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Van Buren opposed the Adams-Clay plans for <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> like roads and canals and declined to support U.S. participation in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Panama" title="Congress of Panama">Congress of Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984111_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984111-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren considered Adams's proposals to represent a return to the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamiltonian</a> economic model favored by Federalists, which he strongly opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983163–164_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983163–164-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his opposition to Adams's public policies, Van Buren easily secured re-election in his divided home state in 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983177–178_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983177–178-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1828_elections">1828 elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1828 elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Van Buren's overarching goal at the national level was to restore a two-party system with party cleavages based on philosophical differences, and he viewed the old divide between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans as beneficial to the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198427–28_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198427–28-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren believed that these national parties helped ensure that elections were decided on national, rather than sectional or local, issues; as he put it, "party attachment in former times furnished a complete antidote for sectional prejudices". After the 1824 election, Van Buren was initially somewhat skeptical of Jackson, who had not taken strong positions on most policy issues. Nonetheless, he settled on Jackson as the one candidate who could beat Adams in the <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 presidential election</a>, and he worked to bring Crawford's former backers into line behind Jackson. </p><p>He also forged alliances with other members of Congress opposed to Adams, including Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>, and Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983178–181_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983178–181-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to solidify his standing in New York and bolster Jackson's campaign, Van Buren helped arrange the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a>, which opponents labeled as the "Tariff of Abominations". The tariff was intended to protect northern and western agricultural products from foreign competition, but the resulting tax on imports cut into the profits of New England businessmen, who imported raw materials including iron to make into finished goods for subsequent resale, as well as finished goods including clothing for distribution and resale throughout the United States. The tariff also raised the cost of living in the South, because Southern states had little manufacturing capacity, which required them to export raw materials including cotton or sell them to Northern manufacturers, then import higher-priced finished goods or purchase them from the North. The tariff thus satisfied many who sought <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protection</a> from foreign competition, but angered Southern cotton interests and New England importers and manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983196–199_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983196–199-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Van Buren believed the South would never support Adams, and New England would never support Jackson, he was willing to alienate both regions through passage of the tariff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983201_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983201-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Clinton's death from a heart attack in 1828 dramatically shook up the politics of Van Buren's home state, while the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a> emerged as an increasingly important factor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983194–196_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983194–196-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some initial reluctance, Van Buren chose to run for Governor of New York in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_gubernatorial_election,_1828" class="mw-redirect" title="New York gubernatorial election, 1828">1828 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983202–203,_209_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983202–203,_209-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoping that a Jackson victory would lead to his elevation to Secretary of State or Secretary of the Treasury, Van Buren chose <a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Enos T. Throop</a> as his running mate and preferred successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983209_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983209-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren's candidacy was aided by the split between supporters of Adams, who had adopted the label of <a href="/wiki/National_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republicans">National Republicans</a>, and the Anti-Masonic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983206–208_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983206–208-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting his public association with Jackson, Van Buren accepted the gubernatorial nomination on a ticket that called itself "Jacksonian-Democrat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983211_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983211-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He campaigned on local as well as national issues, emphasizing his opposition to the policies of the Adams administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983211–212_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983211–212-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren ran ahead of Jackson, winning the state by 30,000 votes compared to a margin of 5,000 for Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983214–215_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983214–215-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationally, Jackson defeated Adams by a wide margin, winning nearly every state outside of New England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson19849_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19849-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the election, Van Buren resigned from the Senate to start his term as governor, which began on January 1, 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his term as governor was short, he did manage to pass the Bank Safety Fund Law, an early form of deposit insurance, through the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also appointed several key supporters, including <a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Silas Wright</a>, to important state positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983218–219_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983218–219-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jackson_administration_(1829–1837)"><span id="Jackson_administration_.281829.E2.80.931837.29"></span>Jackson administration (1829–1837)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jackson administration (1829–1837)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency of Andrew Jackson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floride_Calhoun_nee_Colhoun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Floride_Calhoun_nee_Colhoun.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Floride_Calhoun" title="Floride Calhoun">Floride Calhoun</a>, a leader of the "petticoats"</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1829, Jackson wrote to Van Buren to ask him to become Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983228_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983228-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren quickly agreed, and he resigned as governor the following month; his tenure of forty-three days is the shortest of any Governor of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983229–231_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983229–231-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No serious diplomatic crises arose during Van Buren's tenure as Secretary of State, but he achieved several notable successes, such as settling long-standing claims against France and winning reparations for property that had been seized during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. He reached an agreement with the British to open trade with the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> colonies and concluded a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> that gained American merchants access to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Items on which he did not achieve success included settling the <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>-<a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> boundary dispute with Great Britain, gaining settlement of the U.S. claim to the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>, concluding a commercial treaty with Russia, and persuading Mexico to sell <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984203_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984203-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MVB_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVB-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his foreign policy duties, Van Buren quickly emerged as an important advisor to Jackson on major domestic issues like the tariff and internal improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983250–252_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983250–252-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Secretary of State was instrumental in convincing Jackson to issue the <a href="/wiki/Maysville_Road_veto" title="Maysville Road veto">Maysville Road veto</a>, which both reaffirmed limited government principles and also helped prevent the construction of infrastructure projects that could potentially compete with New York's Erie Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983261–262_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983261–262-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became involved in a power struggle with Calhoun over appointments and other issues, including the <a href="/wiki/Petticoat_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Petticoat Affair">Petticoat Affair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983245–247_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983245–247-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Petticoat Affair arose because <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Eaton" title="Peggy Eaton">Peggy Eaton</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/John_H._Eaton" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Eaton">John H. Eaton</a>, was ostracized by the other cabinet wives due to the circumstances of her marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Led by <a href="/wiki/Floride_Calhoun" title="Floride Calhoun">Floride Calhoun</a>, wife of Vice President John Calhoun, the other cabinet wives refused to pay courtesy calls to the Eatons, receive them as visitors, or invite them to social events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduqB3ehA7M0oCpgPA232_232]_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduqB3ehA7M0oCpgPA232_232]-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a widower, Van Buren was unaffected by the position of the cabinet wives.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren initially sought to mend the divide in the cabinet, but most of the leading citizens in Washington continued to snub the Eatons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983249–253_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983249–253-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson was close to Eaton, and he came to the conclusion that the allegations against Eaton arose from a plot against his administration led by Henry Clay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983249,_253_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983249,_253-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Petticoat Affair, combined with a contentious debate over the tariff and Calhoun's decade-old criticisms of Jackson's actions in the <a href="/wiki/First_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Seminole War">First Seminole War</a>, contributed to a split between Jackson and Calhoun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson19849–10_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19849–10-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the debate over the tariff and the proposed ability of South Carolina to <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullify</a> federal law consumed Washington, Van Buren, not Calhoun, increasingly emerged as Jackson's likely successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983266_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983266-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Petticoat affair was finally resolved when Van Buren offered to resign. In April 1831, Jackson accepted and reorganized his cabinet by asking for the resignations of the anti-Eaton cabinet members.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/William_T._Barry" title="William T. Barry">William T. Barry</a>, who had sided with the Eatons in the Petticoat Affair, was the lone cabinet member to remain in office.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cabinet reorganization removed Calhoun's allies from the Jackson administration, and Van Buren had a major role in shaping the new cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983266,_269–270_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983266,_269–270-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving office, Van Buren continued to play a part in the <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet" title="Kitchen Cabinet">Kitchen Cabinet</a>, Jackson's informal circle of advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduqB3ehA7M0oCpgPA246_246]_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduqB3ehA7M0oCpgPA246_246]-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambassador_to_Britain_and_vice_presidency">Ambassador to Britain and vice presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ambassador to Britain and vice presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Alexander_-_Martin_Van_Buren_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Francis_Alexander_-_Martin_Van_Buren_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Francis_Alexander_-_Martin_Van_Buren_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Francis_Alexander_-_Martin_Van_Buren_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Francis_Alexander_-_Martin_Van_Buren_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Francis_Alexander_-_Martin_Van_Buren_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Francis_Alexander_-_Martin_Van_Buren_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3733" data-file-height="4706" /></a><figcaption>A painting of Van Buren by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Alexander_(painter)" title="Francis Alexander (painter)">Francis Alexander</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1831, Jackson gave Van Buren a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a> as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">ambassador to Britain</a>, and Van Buren arrived in London in September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepard1899224,_248_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepard1899224,_248-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was cordially received, but in February 1832, shortly after his 49th birthday, he learned that the Senate had rejected his nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rejection of Van Buren was essentially the work of Calhoun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984124_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984124-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the vote on Van Buren's nomination was taken, enough pro-Calhoun Jacksonians refrained from voting to produce a tie, which allowed Calhoun to cast the deciding vote against Van Buren.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calhoun was elated, convinced that he had ended Van Buren's career. "It will kill him dead, sir, kill him dead. He will never kick, sir, never kick", Calhoun exclaimed to a friend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007378_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007378-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calhoun's move backfired; by making Van Buren appear the victim of petty politics, Calhoun raised Van Buren in both Jackson's regard and the esteem of others in the Democratic Party. Far from ending Van Buren's career, Calhoun's action gave greater impetus to Van Buren's candidacy for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeking to ensure that Van Buren would replace Calhoun as his running mate, Jackson had arranged for a national convention of his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198410–11_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198410–11-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The May <a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 Democratic National Convention</a> subsequently nominated Van Buren to serve as the party's vice presidential nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey200281–82_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey200281–82-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren won the nomination over <a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a> (Calhoun's favored candidate) and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</a> due to the support of Jackson and the strength of the Albany Regency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983300–301_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983300–301-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon Van Buren's return from Europe in July 1832, he became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a>, a struggle over the renewal of the charter of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983301–303_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983301–303-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren had long been distrustful of banks, and he viewed the bank as an extension of the Hamiltonian economic program, so he supported Jackson's veto of the bank's re-charter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983303,_306–307_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983303,_306–307-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Clay, the presidential nominee of the National Republicans, made the struggle over the bank the key issue of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1832">presidential election of 1832</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983307–308_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983307–308-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jackson–Van Buren ticket won the 1832 election by a landslide,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Van Buren took office as the eighth Vice President of the United States on March 4, 1833, at the age of 50.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a>, Van Buren counseled Jackson to pursue a policy of conciliation with South Carolina leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983321–322_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983321–322-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played little direct role in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">Tariff of 1833</a>, but he quietly hoped that the tariff would help bring an end to the Nullification Crisis, which it did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983328_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983328-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As vice president, Van Buren continued to be one of Jackson's primary advisors and confidants, and accompanied Jackson on his tour of the northeastern United States in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson's struggle with the Second Bank of the United States continued, as the president sought to remove federal funds from the bank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983330–332_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983330–332-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though initially apprehensive of the removal due to congressional support for the bank, Van Buren eventually came to support Jackson's policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983330–334_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983330–334-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also helped undermine a fledgling alliance between Jackson and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, a senator from Massachusetts who could have potentially threatened Van Buren's project to create two parties separated by policy differences rather than personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983355–358_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983355–358-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Jackson's second term, the president's supporters began to refer to themselves as members of the Democratic Party. Meanwhile, those opposed to Jackson, including Clay's National Republicans, followers of Calhoun and Webster, and many members of the Anti-Masonic Party, coalesced into the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198414–15_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198414–15-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1836">Presidential election of 1836</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1836"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> declined to seek another term in the <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 presidential election</a>, but he remained influential within the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> as his second term came to an end. Jackson was determined to help elect Van Buren in 1836 so that the latter could continue the Jackson administration's policies. The two men—the charismatic "Old Hickory" and the efficient "Sly Fox"—had entirely different personalities but had become an effective team in eight years in office together.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Jackson's support, Van Buren won the presidential nomination of the <a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 Democratic National Convention</a> without opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-JRIrelan_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRIrelan-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two names were put forward for the vice-presidential nomination: Representative <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> of Kentucky, and former Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a> of Virginia. Southern Democrats, and Van Buren himself, strongly preferred Rives. Jackson, on the other hand, strongly preferred Johnson. Again, Jackson's considerable influence prevailed, and Johnson received the required two-thirds vote after New York Senator <a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Silas Wright</a> prevailed upon non-delegate Edward Rucker to cast the 15 votes of the absent Tennessee delegation in Johnson's favor.<sup id="cite_ref-RMJ9th_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMJ9th-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JRIrelan_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRIrelan-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1836.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ElectoralCollege1836.svg/250px-ElectoralCollege1836.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ElectoralCollege1836.svg/375px-ElectoralCollege1836.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ElectoralCollege1836.svg/500px-ElectoralCollege1836.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1836 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>Van Buren's competitors in the <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">election of 1836</a> were three members of the Whig Party, which remained a loose coalition bound by mutual opposition to Jackson's anti-bank policies. Lacking the party unity or organizational strength to field a single ticket or define a single platform,<sup id="cite_ref-RMJ9th_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMJ9th-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Whigs ran several regional candidates in hopes of sending the election to the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three candidates were <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> of Tennessee, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> of Indiana. Besides endorsing <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> and a national bank, the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a> and sectional tension, and attacked Jackson for "acts of aggression and usurpation of power".<sup id="cite_ref-preselections_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preselections-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern voters represented the biggest potential impediment to Van Buren's quest for the presidency, as many were apprehensive at the prospect of a Northern president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198417–18_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198417–18-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren moved to obtain their support by assuring them that he opposed abolitionism and supported maintaining slavery in states where it already existed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007508–509_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007508–509-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To demonstrate consistency regarding his opinions on slavery, Van Buren cast the tie-breaking Senate vote for a bill to subject abolitionist mail to state laws, thus ensuring that its circulation would be prohibited in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren considered slavery to be immoral but sanctioned by the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes, 50.9% of the total, and 170 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a>. Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes, White receiving 26, and Webster 14.<sup id="cite_ref-preselections_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preselections-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Willie_Person_Mangum" class="mw-redirect" title="Willie Person Mangum">Willie Person Mangum</a> received South Carolina's 11 electoral votes, which were awarded by the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007487_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007487-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren's victory resulted from a combination of his attractive political and personal qualities, Jackson's popularity and endorsement, the organizational power of the Democratic Party, and the inability of the Whig Party to muster an effective candidate and campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-MVelections_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVelections-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their lack of organization, the Whigs came close to their goal of forcing the election into the House of Representatives, with Van Buren winning the decisive state of Pennsylvania by a little over 4,000 voters, indicating the fragility of the voting coalition that Van Buren had inherited from Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-MVelections_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVelections-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginia's presidential electors voted for Van Buren for president, but voted for <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">William Smith</a> for vice president, leaving Johnson one electoral vote short of election.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>, the Senate elected Johnson vice president in a contingent vote.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election of 1836 marked an important turning point in American political history because it saw the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a>. In the early 1830s, the political party structure was still changing rapidly, and factional and personal leaders continued to play a major role in politics. By the end of the campaign of 1836, the new <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a> was almost complete, as nearly every faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984279_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984279-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1837–1841)"><span id="Presidency_.281837.E2.80.931841.29"></span>Presidency (1837–1841)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presidency (1837–1841)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Presidency of Martin Van Buren</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren#Cabinet" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Presidency of Martin Van Buren § Cabinet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren_MET_ap93.19.2_(cropped_3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Martin_Van_Buren_MET_ap93.19.2_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/220px-Martin_Van_Buren_MET_ap93.19.2_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Martin_Van_Buren_MET_ap93.19.2_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/330px-Martin_Van_Buren_MET_ap93.19.2_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Martin_Van_Buren_MET_ap93.19.2_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/440px-Martin_Van_Buren_MET_ap93.19.2_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Van Buren as painted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Inman_(painter)" title="Henry Inman (painter)">Henry Inman</a> during his presidency, c. 1837-38</figcaption></figure> <p>Martin Van Buren was sworn in as the eighth President of the United States on March 4, 1837. He retained much of Jackson's cabinet and lower-level appointees, as he hoped that the retention of Jackson's appointees would stop Whig momentum in the South and restore confidence in the Democrats as a party of sectional unity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowlan2012320_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowlan2012320-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cabinet holdovers represented the different regions of the country: Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> came from New England, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Benjamin Franklin Butler</a> and Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Mahlon Dickerson</a> hailed from New York and New Jersey, respectively, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Forsyth (Georgia)">John Forsyth</a> of Georgia represented the South, and Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a> of Kentucky represented the West. </p><p>For the lone open position of Secretary of War, Van Buren first approached William Cabell Rives, who had sought the vice presidency in 1836. After Rives declined to join the cabinet, Van Buren appointed <a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Joel Roberts Poinsett</a>, a South Carolinian who had opposed secession during the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a>. Van Buren's cabinet choices were criticized by Pennsylvanians such as <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, who argued that their state deserved a cabinet position as well as some Democrats who argued that Van Buren should have used his patronage powers to augment his power. However, Van Buren saw value in avoiding contentious patronage battles, and his decision to retain Jackson's cabinet made it clear that he intended to continue the policies of his predecessor. Additionally, Van Buren had helped select Jackson's cabinet appointees and enjoyed strong working relationships with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198437–40_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198437–40-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren held regular formal cabinet meetings and discontinued the informal gatherings of advisors that had attracted so much attention during Jackson's presidency. He solicited advice from department heads, tolerated open and even frank exchanges between cabinet members, perceiving himself as "a mediator, and to some extent an umpire between the conflicting opinions" of his counselors. Such detachment allowed the president to reserve judgment and protect his prerogative for making final decisions. These open discussions gave cabinet members a sense of participation and made them feel part of a functioning entity, rather than isolated executive agents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowlan2012321_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowlan2012321-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren was closely involved in foreign affairs and matters pertaining to the Treasury Department; but the Post Office, War Department, and Navy Department had significant autonomy under their respective cabinet secretaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984171_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984171-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic_of_1837">Panic of 1837</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Panic of 1837"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackson_and_Van_Buren,_1837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jackson_and_Van_Buren%2C_1837.jpg/220px-Jackson_and_Van_Buren%2C_1837.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jackson_and_Van_Buren%2C_1837.jpg/330px-Jackson_and_Van_Buren%2C_1837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jackson_and_Van_Buren%2C_1837.jpg/440px-Jackson_and_Van_Buren%2C_1837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption><i>The Modern <a href="/wiki/Balaam#Hebrew_Bible" title="Balaam">Balaam and His Ass</a></i>, an 1837 caricature placing the blame for the Panic of 1837 and the perilous state of the banking system on outgoing President Andrew Jackson, shown riding a donkey, while President Martin Van Buren comments approvingly</figcaption></figure> <p>When Van Buren entered office, the nation's economic health had taken a turn for the worse and the prosperity of the early 1830s was over. Two months into his presidency, on May 10, 1837, some important state banks in New York, running out of hard currency reserves, refused to convert paper money into gold or silver, and other financial institutions throughout the nation quickly followed suit. This <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">financial crisis</a> would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MBdomestic_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBdomestic-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panic was followed by a five-year <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">depression</a> in which banks failed and unemployment reached record highs.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren blamed the economic collapse on greedy American and foreign business and financial institutions, as well as the over-extension of credit by U.S. banks. Whig leaders in Congress blamed the Democrats, along with Andrew Jackson's economic policies,<sup id="cite_ref-MBdomestic_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBdomestic-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically his 1836 <a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a>. Cries of "rescind the circular!" went up and former president Jackson sent word to Van Buren asking him not to rescind the order, believing that it had to be given enough time to work. Others, like <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Biddle_(banker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Biddle (banker)">Nicholas Biddle</a>, believed that Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Bank_War#Jackson's_dismantling_of_the_BUS" title="Bank War">dismantling of the Bank of the United States</a> was directly responsible for the irresponsible creation of paper money by the state banks which had precipitated this panic.<sup id="cite_ref-Seigenthaler_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panic of 1837 loomed large over the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1838" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1838">1838 election cycle</a>, as the carryover effects of the economic downturn led to Whig gains in both the U.S. House and Senate. The state elections in 1837 and 1838 were also disastrous for the Democrats,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the partial economic recovery in 1838 was offset by a second commercial crisis later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To address the crisis, the Whigs proposed rechartering the <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">national bank</a>. The president countered by proposing the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">independent U.S. treasury</a>, which he contended would take the politics out of the nation's money supply. Under the plan, the government would hold its money in <a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">gold or silver</a>, and would be restricted from printing <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">paper money</a> at will; both measures were designed to prevent inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan would permanently separate the government from private banks by storing government funds in government vaults rather than in private banks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198458–62_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198458–62-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren announced his proposal in September 1837,<sup id="cite_ref-MBdomestic_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBdomestic-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but an alliance of conservative Democrats and Whigs prevented it from becoming law until 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison456_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison456-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the debate continued, conservative Democrats like Rives defected to the Whig Party, which itself grew more unified in its opposition to Van Buren.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198461–62_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198461–62-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs would abolish the Independent Treasury system in 1841, but it was revived in 1846, and remained in place until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984210_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984210-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More important for Van Buren's immediate future, the depression would be a major issue in his upcoming re-election campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-MBdomestic_157-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBdomestic-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_removal">Indian removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indian removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federal policy under Jackson had sought to move Indian tribes to lands west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act_of_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal Act of 1830">Indian Removal Act of 1830</a>, and the federal government negotiated 19 treaties with Indian tribes during Van Buren's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-MVforcebehind_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVforcebehind-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1835 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a> signed by government officials and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> tribe had established terms under which the Cherokees ceded their territory in the southeast and agreed to move west to <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. In 1838, Van Buren directed General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> to forcibly move all those who had not yet complied with the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cherokees were herded violently into <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camps</a> where they were kept for the summer of 1838. The actual transportation west was delayed by intense heat and drought, but in the fall, the Cherokee reluctantly agreed to transport themselves west.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 20,000 people were relocated against their will during the Cherokee removal, part of the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newnetherland_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newnetherland-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, who would go on to become America's foremost man of letters, wrote Van Buren <a href="/wiki/Emerson%27s_letter_to_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren">a letter</a> protesting his treatment of the Cherokee.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated 4,000 Cherokee died during the Trail of Tears. Entire Indian nations were relocated, with some losing as much as half their populations. Van Buren claimed that America was "perhaps in the beginning unjustifiable aggressors” toward the Indians, but later became the "guardians". He told Congress that a "mixed occupancy of the same territory by the white and red man is incompatible with the safety or happiness of either", and also claimed the Cherokee had not protested their removal.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seminole_War_in_Everglades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Seminole_War_in_Everglades.jpg/220px-Seminole_War_in_Everglades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Seminole_War_in_Everglades.jpg/330px-Seminole_War_in_Everglades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Seminole_War_in_Everglades.jpg/440px-Seminole_War_in_Everglades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1915" /></a><figcaption>A United States Marine Corps boat expedition searching the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a> during the Second Seminole War</figcaption></figure> <p>President Jackson used the army to force <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> Indians in Florida to move to the west. Many did surrender but they then escaped from detention camps. In December 1837, in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a> the army launched a massive offensive, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Okeechobee" title="Battle of Lake Okeechobee">Battle of Lake Okeechobee</a> and a new phase of attrition. Realizing it was almost impossible to remove the remaining Seminoles from Florida, the administration negotiated a compromise allowing them to remain in southwest Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas">Texas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just before leaving office in March 1837, Andrew Jackson extended diplomatic recognition to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, which had won independence from Mexico in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>. By suggesting the prospect of quick <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a>, Jackson raised the danger of war with Mexico and heightened sectional tensions at home. New England abolitionists charged that there was a "<a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">slaveholding conspiracy</a> to acquire Texas", and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> eloquently denounced annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenretta2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3djEYV3R7oICpgPA109_109]_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenretta2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3djEYV3R7oICpgPA109_109]-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Southern leaders, meanwhile, strongly desired the expansion of slave-holding territory in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984151–152_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984151–152-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boldly reversing Jackson's policies, Van Buren sought peace abroad and harmony at home. He proposed a diplomatic solution to a long-standing financial dispute between American citizens and the Mexican government, rejecting Jackson's threat to settle it by force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenretta2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3djEYV3R7oICpgPA109_109]_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenretta2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3djEYV3R7oICpgPA109_109]-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, when the Texas minister at Washington, D.C., proposed annexation to the administration in August 1837, he was told that the proposition could not be entertained. Constitutional scruples and fear of war with Mexico were the reasons given for the rejection,<sup id="cite_ref-TexAnnex3638_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexAnnex3638-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but concern that it would precipitate a clash over the extension of slavery undoubtedly influenced Van Buren and continued to be the chief obstacle to annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern and Southern Democrats followed an unspoken rule: Northerners helped quash anti-slavery proposals and Southerners refrained from agitating for the annexation of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984151–152_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984151–152-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas withdrew the annexation offer in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-TexAnnex3638_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexAnnex3638-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_violence_with_Canada">Border violence with Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Border violence with Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DENT(1881)_1.213_DESTRUCTION_OF_THE_CAROLINE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DENT%281881%29_1.213_DESTRUCTION_OF_THE_CAROLINE.jpg/300px-DENT%281881%29_1.213_DESTRUCTION_OF_THE_CAROLINE.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DENT%281881%29_1.213_DESTRUCTION_OF_THE_CAROLINE.jpg/450px-DENT%281881%29_1.213_DESTRUCTION_OF_THE_CAROLINE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DENT%281881%29_1.213_DESTRUCTION_OF_THE_CAROLINE.jpg/600px-DENT%281881%29_1.213_DESTRUCTION_OF_THE_CAROLINE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2169" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>"Destruction of the <i>Caroline</i>", illustration by John Charles Dent (1881)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caroline_episode">Caroline episode</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Caroline episode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caroline_affair" title="Caroline affair">Caroline affair</a></div> <p>British subjects in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> (now Quebec) and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> (now Ontario) rose in rebellion in 1837 and 1838, protesting their lack of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>. While the initial insurrection in Upper Canada ended quickly (following the December 1837 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgomery%27s_Tavern" title="Battle of Montgomery's Tavern">Battle of Montgomery's Tavern</a>), many of the rebels fled across the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> into New York, and Upper Canadian rebel leader <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a> began recruiting volunteers in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AoD_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AoD-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackenzie declared the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Canada" title="Republic of Canada">Republic of Canada</a> and put into motion a plan whereby volunteers would invade Upper Canada from <a href="/wiki/Navy_Island" title="Navy Island">Navy Island</a> on the Canadian side of the Niagara River. Several hundred volunteers traveled to Navy Island in the weeks that followed. They procured the steamboat <i><a href="/wiki/Caroline_affair" title="Caroline affair">Caroline</a></i> to deliver supplies to Navy Island from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Schlosser" title="Fort Schlosser">Fort Schlosser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AoD_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AoD-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to deter an imminent invasion, British forces crossed to the American bank of the river in late December 1837, and they burned and sank the <i>Caroline</i>. In the melee, one American was killed and others were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-companion_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companion-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considerable sentiment arose within the United States to declare war, and a British ship was burned in revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-MVforeign_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVforeign-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren, looking to avoid a war with Great Britain, sent General Winfield Scott to the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a> with large discretionary powers for its protection and its peace.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott impressed upon American citizens the need for a peaceful resolution to the crisis, and made it clear that the U.S. government would not support adventuresome Americans attacking the British. In early January 1838, the president proclaimed neutrality in the Canadian independence issue,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowlan2012329_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowlan2012329-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a declaration which Congress endorsed by passing a neutrality law designed to discourage the participation of American citizens in foreign conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-MVforeign_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVforeign-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patriot_War_of_1837–1838"><span id="Patriot_War_of_1837.E2.80.931838"></span>Patriot War of 1837–1838</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Patriot War of 1837–1838"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a></div> <p>During the Canadian rebellions, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncombe_(Upper_Canada_Rebellion)" title="Charles Duncombe (Upper Canada Rebellion)">Charles Duncombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nelson_(insurrectionist)" title="Robert Nelson (insurrectionist)">Robert Nelson</a> created an armed secret society in Vermont, the <a href="/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges" title="Hunters' Lodges">Hunters' Lodge</a>. It carried out several small attacks in Upper Canada between December 1837 and December 1838, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a>. Washington responded using the Neutrality Act. It prosecuted the leaders and actively deterred Americans from subversive activities abroad. In the long term, Van Buren's opposition to the Patriot War contributed to the construction of healthy <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Anglo-American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a>;. It also led, more immediately, to a backlash among citizens regarding the seeming overreach of federal authority,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which hurt congressional Democrats in the 1838 midterm elections. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg/220px-Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg/330px-Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg/440px-Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3813" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Rival claims in yellow. The diplomats split the difference along the dotted line.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Maine:_the_Aroostook_"War""><span id="Northern_Maine:_the_Aroostook_.22War.22"></span>Northern Maine: the Aroostook "War"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Northern Maine: the Aroostook "War""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new crisis surfaced in late 1838, in the disputed territory on the thinly settled <a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> frontier. Americans were settling on long-disputed land claimed by the United States and the United Kingdom. The British considered possession of the area vital to the defense of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984164–166_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984164–166-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both American and New Brunswick lumberjack cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838–1839. On December 29, New Brunswick lumbermen were spotted cutting down trees on an American estate near the <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_River" title="Aroostook River">Aroostook River</a>. When American woodcutters rushed to stand guard, a shouting match, known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caribou" title="Battle of Caribou">Battle of Caribou</a>, ensued. Tensions escalated with officials from both Maine and New Brunswick arresting each other's citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British troops began to gather along the <a href="/wiki/St._John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John River</a>. Maine Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">John Fairfield</a> mobilized the state militia. </p><p>The American press clamored for war; "Maine and her soil, or BLOOD!" screamed one editorial. "Let the sword be drawn and the scabbard thrown away!"<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, Congress authorized 50,000 troops and a $10 million budget<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the event foreign military troops crossed into United States territory. </p><p>Van Buren wanted peace and met with the British minister to the United States. The two men agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey2002128_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey2002128-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren sent General Scott to the scene to lower the tensions. Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration. The border dispute was put to rest a few years later, with the signing of the 1842 <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MVforeign_181-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVforeign-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowlan2012329_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowlan2012329-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amistad_case:_victory_for_the_ex-slaves"><i>Amistad</i> case: victory for the ex-slaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Amistad case: victory for the ex-slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">United States v. The Amistad</a></div> <p>The Amistad case was a freedom suit that involved international issues and was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. It resulted from the successful rebellion of African slaves on board the Spanish schooner <i><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">La Amistad</a></i> in 1839. The ship ended up in American waters and was seized by the predecessor agency of the Coast Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren viewed abolitionism as the greatest threat to the nation's unity, and he resisted the slightest interference with slavery in the states where it existed.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His administration supported the Spanish government's demand that the ship and its cargo (including the Africans) be turned over to Spain. However, abolitionist lawyers intervened. A federal district court judge ruled that the Africans were legally free and should be transported home, but Van Buren's administration appealed the case to the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Supreme Court in February, 1840, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> argued passionately for the Africans' right to freedom. Van Buren's Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Gilpin" title="Henry D. Gilpin">Henry D. Gilpin</a> presented the government's case. In March 1841, the Supreme Court issued its final verdict: the <i>Amistad</i> Africans were free people and should be allowed to return home.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unique nature of the case heightened public interest in the saga, including the participation of former president Adams, Africans testifying in federal court, and their representation by prominent lawyers. Van Buren's administration lost its case and the ex-slaves won. The episode case drew attention to the personal tragedies of slavery and attracted new support for the growing abolition movement in the North. It also transformed the courts into the principal forum for a national debate on the legal foundations of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Judicial appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren_judicial_appointments" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Van Buren judicial appointments">Martin Van Buren judicial appointments</a></div> <p>Van Buren appointed two Associate Justices to the Supreme Court:<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">John McKinley</a>, confirmed September 25, 1837, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vivian_Daniel" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Vivian Daniel">Peter Vivian Daniel</a>, confirmed March 2, 1841. He also appointed eight other federal judges, all to <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_House_hostess">White House hostess</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: White House hostess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the first half of his presidency, Van Buren, who had been a widower for many years, did not have a specific person to act as White House hostess at administration social events, but tried to assume such duties himself. When his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Buren_II" title="Abraham Van Buren II">Abraham Van Buren</a> married <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Singleton_Van_Buren" title="Angelica Singleton Van Buren">Angelica Singleton</a> in 1838, he quickly acted to install his daughter-in-law as his hostess. She solicited the advice of her distant relative, <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CaroliFirstLadies_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaroliFirstLadies-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had moved back to Washington after her <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">husband's</a> death,<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soon the president's parties livened up. After the 1839 New Year's Eve reception, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Post" title="The Boston Post">The Boston Post</a></i> raved: "[Angelica Van Buren is a] lady of rare accomplishments, very modest yet perfectly easy and graceful in her manners and free and vivacious in her conversation ... universally admired."<sup id="cite_ref-CaroliFirstLadies_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaroliFirstLadies-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the nation endured a deep <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a>, Angelica Van Buren's receiving style at receptions was influenced by her heavy reading about European court life (and her naive delight in being received as the <i>Queen of the United States</i> when she visited the royal courts of England and France after her marriage). Newspaper coverage of this, and the claim that she intended to re-landscape the <a href="/wiki/South_Lawn_(White_House)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lawn (White House)">White House grounds</a> to resemble the royal gardens of Europe, was used in a political attack on her father-in-law by a Pennsylvania Whig Congressman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ogle_(politician)" title="Charles Ogle (politician)">Charles Ogle</a>. He referred obliquely to her as part of the presidential "household" in his famous <a href="/wiki/Gold_Spoon_Oration" title="Gold Spoon Oration">Gold Spoon Oration</a>. The attack was delivered in Congress and the depiction of the president as living a royal lifestyle was a primary factor in his defeat for re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1840">Presidential election of 1840</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1840"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ElectoralCollege1840.svg/250px-ElectoralCollege1840.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ElectoralCollege1840.svg/375px-ElectoralCollege1840.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ElectoralCollege1840.svg/500px-ElectoralCollege1840.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1840 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>Van Buren easily won renomination for a second term at the <a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, but he and his party faced a difficult <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">election in 1840</a>. Van Buren's presidency had been a difficult affair, with the U.S. economy mired in a severe downturn, and other divisive issues, such as slavery, western expansion, and tensions with the United Kingdom, providing opportunities for Van Buren's political opponents—including some of his fellow Democrats—to criticize his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-MVelections_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVelections-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Van Buren's renomination was never in doubt, Democratic strategists began to question the wisdom of keeping Johnson on the ticket. Even former president Jackson conceded that Johnson was a liability and insisted on former House Speaker <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> of Tennessee as Van Buren's new running mate. Van Buren was reluctant to drop Johnson, who was popular with workers and radicals in the North<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984358_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984358-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and added military experience to the ticket, which might prove important against likely Whig nominee <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RMJ9th_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMJ9th-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than re-nominating Johnson, the Democratic convention decided to allow state Democratic Party leaders to select the vice-presidential candidates for their states.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren hoped that the Whigs would nominate Clay for president, which would allow Van Buren to cast the 1840 campaign as a clash between Van Buren's Independent Treasury system and Clay's support for a national bank. However, rather than nominating longtime party spokesmen like Clay and Daniel Webster, the <a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 Whig National Convention</a> nominated Harrison, who had served in various governmental positions during his career and had earned fame for his military leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Whig leaders like <a href="/wiki/William_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="William Seward">William Seward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a> believed that Harrison's war record would effectively counter the popular appeals of the Democratic Party. For vice president, the Whigs nominated former Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> of Virginia. Clay was deeply disappointed by his defeat at the convention, but he nonetheless threw his support behind Harrison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984191–195_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984191–195-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whigs presented Harrison as the antithesis of the president, whom they derided as ineffective, corrupt, and effete.<sup id="cite_ref-MVelections_149-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVelections-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whigs also depicted Van Buren as an aristocrat living in high style in the White House, while they used images of Harrison in a log cabin sipping cider to convince voters that he was a man of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-NPSsetting_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPSsetting-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They threw such jabs as "Van, Van, is a used-up man" and "Martin Van Ruin" and ridiculed him in newspapers and cartoons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduqB3ehA7M0oCpgPA278_278]_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduqB3ehA7M0oCpgPA278_278]-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Issues of policy were not absent from the campaign; the Whigs derided the alleged executive overreaches of Jackson and Van Buren, while also calling for a national bank and higher tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984199–200_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984199–200-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats attempted to campaign on the Independent Treasury system, but the onset of <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a> undercut these arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984203–204_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984203–204-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enthusiasm for "<a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too" title="Tippecanoe and Tyler Too">Tippecanoe and Tyler Too</a>", coupled with the country's severe economic crisis, made it impossible for Van Buren to win a second term.<sup id="cite_ref-NPSsetting_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPSsetting-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033, and an electoral vote margin of 234 to 60.<sup id="cite_ref-preselections_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preselections-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An astonishing 80% of eligible voters went to the polls on election day.<sup id="cite_ref-MVelections_149-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVelections-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren actually won more votes than he had in 1836, but the Whig success in attracting new voters more than canceled out Democratic gains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984206–207_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984206–207-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Whigs won majorities for the first time in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-RMJ9th_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMJ9th-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1841–1862)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281841.E2.80.931862.29"></span>Post-presidency (1841–1862)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Post-presidency (1841–1862)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1844">Election of 1844</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Election of 1844"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the expiration of his term, Van Buren returned to his estate of <a href="/wiki/Lindenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindenwald">Lindenwald</a> in Kinderhook.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983478–479_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983478–479-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to closely watch political developments, including the battle between the Whig alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Triumvirate" title="Great Triumvirate">Great Triumvirate</a> and President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, who took office after Harrison's death in April 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983487–488_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983487–488-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though undecided on another presidential run, Van Buren made several moves calculated to maintain his support, including a trip to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> during which he met with Jackson, former Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983488–494_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983488–494-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Tyler, <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a>, and others loomed as potential challengers for the 1844 Democratic nomination, but it was Calhoun who posed the most formidable obstacle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983501_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983501-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren remained silent on major public issues like the debate over the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1842" title="Tariff of 1842">Tariff of 1842</a>, hoping to arrange for the appearance of a draft movement for his presidential candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983504–505_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983504–505-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler made the annexation of Texas his chief foreign policy goal, and many Democrats, particularly in the South, were anxious to quickly complete it.<sup id="cite_ref-rlambert1_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rlambert1-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an explosion on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_(1843)" title="USS Princeton (1843)">USS <i>Princeton</i></a> killed Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> in February 1844, Tyler brought Calhoun into his cabinet to direct foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983516–520_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983516–520-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Tyler, Calhoun pursued the annexation of Texas to upend the presidential race and to extend slavery into new territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983518–520_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983518–520-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after taking office, Calhoun negotiated an annexation treaty between the United States and Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983520_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983520-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren had hoped he would not have to take a public stand on annexation, but as the Texas question came to dominate U.S. politics, he decided to make his views on the issue public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983520–521,_525_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983520–521,_525-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he believed that his public acceptance of annexation would likely help him win the 1844 Democratic nomination, Van Buren thought that annexation would inevitably lead to an unjust war with Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983525–527_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983525–527-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a public letter published shortly after Henry Clay also announced his opposition to the annexation treaty, Van Buren articulated his views on the Texas question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983528–529_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983528–529-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren's opposition to immediate annexation cost him the support of many pro-slavery Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the weeks before the <a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 Democratic National Convention</a>, Van Buren's supporters anticipated that he would win a majority of the delegates on the first presidential ballot, but would not be able to win the support of the required two-thirds of delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983533–534_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983533–534-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren's supporters attempted to prevent the adoption of the two-thirds rule, but several Northern delegates joined with Southern delegates in implementing the two-thirds rule for the 1844 convention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983535–538_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983535–538-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren won 146 of the 266 votes on the first presidential ballot, with only 12 of his votes coming from Southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-rlambert1_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rlambert1-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> won much of the remaining vote, and he gradually picked up support on subsequent ballots until the convention adjourned for the day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983538_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983538-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the convention reconvened and held another ballot, James K. Polk, who shared many of Van Buren's views but favored immediate annexation, won 44 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983539_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983539-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the ninth ballot, Van Buren's supporters withdrew his name from consideration, and Polk won the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983539–540_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983539–540-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although angered that his opponents had denied him the nomination, Van Buren endorsed Polk in the interest of party unity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983541–542_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983541–542-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also convinced <a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Silas Wright</a> to run for Governor of New York so that the popular Wright could help boost Polk in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983547–548_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983547–548-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wright narrowly defeated Whig nominee <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state election, 1844">1844 gubernatorial election</a>, and Wright's victory in the state helped Polk narrowly defeat Henry Clay in the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983548_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983548-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After taking office, Polk used <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a> as an intermediary to offer Van Buren the ambassadorship to London. Van Buren declined, partly because he was upset with Polk over the treatment the Van Buren delegates had received at the 1844 convention, and partly because he was content in his retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984405_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984405-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk also consulted Van Buren in the formation of his cabinet, but offended Van Buren by offering to appoint a New Yorker only to the lesser post of Secretary of War, rather than as Secretary of State or Secretary of the Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983550–556_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983550–556-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other patronage decisions also angered Van Buren and Wright, and they became permanently alienated from the Polk administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983564–565_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983564–565-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1848">Election of 1848</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Election of 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype_by_Mathew_Brady_circa_1849_-_edit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length photographic portrait of an elderly, balding man dressed in a dark coat, vest and cravat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype_by_Mathew_Brady_circa_1849_-_edit_1.jpg/180px-Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype_by_Mathew_Brady_circa_1849_-_edit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype_by_Mathew_Brady_circa_1849_-_edit_1.jpg/270px-Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype_by_Mathew_Brady_circa_1849_-_edit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype_by_Mathew_Brady_circa_1849_-_edit_1.jpg/360px-Martin_Van_Buren_daguerreotype_by_Mathew_Brady_circa_1849_-_edit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> of Van Buren by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1849–1850</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Though he had previously helped maintain a balance between the <a href="/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers" title="Barnburners and Hunkers">Barnburners and Hunkers</a>, the two factions of the New York Democratic Party, Van Buren moved closer to the Barnburners after the 1844 Democratic National Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983543–544_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983543–544-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The split in the state party worsened during Polk's presidency, as his administration lavished patronage on the Hunkers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983570–571_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983570–571-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his retirement, Van Buren also grew increasingly opposed to slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> brought the debate over slavery in the territories to the forefront of American politics, Van Buren published an anti-slavery manifesto. In it, he refuted the notion that Congress did not have the power to regulate slavery in the territories, and argued the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Fathers">Founding Fathers</a> had favored the eventual <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a> of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983567–570_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983567–570-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document, which became known as the "Barnburner Manifesto", was edited at Van Buren's request by John Van Buren and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Tilden">Samuel Tilden</a>, both of whom were leaders of the Barnburner faction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey2002193–194_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey2002193–194-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the publication of the Barnburner Manifesto, many Barnburners urged the former president to seek his old office in the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983575–576_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983575–576-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 Democratic National Convention</a> seated competing Barnburner and Hunker delegations from New York, but the Barnburners walked out of the convention when Lewis Cass, who opposed congressional regulation of slavery in the territories, was nominated on the fourth ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983580_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983580-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the nomination of Cass, the Barnburners began to organize as a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a>. At a convention held in June 1848, in <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica, New York</a>, the Barnburners nominated 65-year-old Van Buren for president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983581–585_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983581–585-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though reluctant to bolt from the Democratic Party, Van Buren accepted the nomination to show the power of the anti-slavery movement, help defeat Cass, and weaken the Hunkers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983585–586_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983585–586-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a convention held in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a> in August 1848, a group of anti-slavery Democrats, Whigs, and members of the abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a> met in the first national convention of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983587–589_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983587–589-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convention unanimously nominated Van Buren, and chose <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams</a>, son of late former President <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and grandson of late former President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, as Van Buren's running mate. In a public message accepting the nomination, Van Buren gave his full support for the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, a proposed law that would ban slavery in all territories acquired from Mexico in the Mexican–American War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983587–589_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983587–589-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-slavery Whig orator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, in his "Marshfield Speech", expressed skepticism, in terms that may have influenced Whig voters, about the sincerity of Van Buren's espousal of the anti-slavery cause: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Mr. Van Buren's anti-slavery professions, Mr. Webster had no confidence. He said pleasantly, but significantly, that "if he and Mr. Van Buren should meet under the Free-soil flag, the latter with his accustomed good-nature would laugh." He added, with a touch of characteristic humor, "that the leader of the Free-spoil party suddenly becoming the leader of the Free-soil party is a joke to shake his sides and mine."<sup id="cite_ref-Blaine_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaine-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Van Buren won no electoral votes, but finished second to Whig nominee <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> in New York, taking enough votes from Cass to give the state—and perhaps the election—to Taylor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyM7E2G0tAiwCpgPA271_271]_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyM7E2G0tAiwCpgPA271_271]-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationwide, Van Buren won 10.1% of the popular vote, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_third_party_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third party performances in United States presidential elections">strongest showing by a third-party presidential nominee</a> up to that point in U.S. history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58-(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length photographic portrait of an elderly, balding man dressed in a dark coat, vest and cravat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58-%284%29.jpg/180px-Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58-%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58-%284%29.jpg/270px-Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58-%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58-%284%29.jpg/360px-Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58-%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Van Buren by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, circa 1855-1858</figcaption></figure> <p>Van Buren never sought public office again after the 1848 election, but he continued to closely follow national politics. He was deeply troubled by the stirrings of secessionism in the South and welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> as a necessary conciliatory measure despite his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983592_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983592-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren also worked on a history of American political parties and embarked on a tour of Europe, becoming the first former U.S. president to visit Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983598–602_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983598–602-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though still concerned about slavery, Van Buren and his followers returned to the Democratic fold, partly out of the fear that a continuing Democratic split would help the Whig Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey2002203_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey2002203-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also attempted to reconcile the Barnburners and the Hunkers, with mixed results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey2002204_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey2002204-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren supported <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> for president in <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983596_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983596-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Buchanan in <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983605_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983605-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> in <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983610_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983610-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Buren viewed the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> movement with contempt and felt that the anti-slavery <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> exacerbated sectional tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983604–605_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983604–605-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considered Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_Taney" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Taney">Roger Taney</a>'s ruling in the 1857 case of <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> to be a "grievous mistake" since it overturned the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983605–606_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983605–606-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He assessed that the Buchanan administration handled the issue of <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> poorly, and saw the <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a> as a sop to Southern extremists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983607_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983607-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mvanburen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A three-quarters length painted portrait of a balding man with gray hair, standing with his right hand grasping a bundle of papers lying on a table" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mvanburen.jpeg/180px-Mvanburen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mvanburen.jpeg/270px-Mvanburen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mvanburen.jpeg/360px-Mvanburen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>1858 portrait by <a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">GPA Healy</a>, on display at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the election of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and the secession of several Southern states in 1860, Van Buren unsuccessfully sought to call a constitutional convention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983610_250-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983610-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1861, former president Pierce wrote to the other living former presidents and asked them to consider meeting to use their stature and influence to propose a negotiated end to the war. Pierce asked the 78-year-old Van Buren to use his role as the senior living ex-president to issue a formal call. Van Buren's reply suggested that Buchanan should be the one to call the meeting, since he was the former president who had served most recently, or that Pierce should issue the call himself if he strongly believed in the merit of his proposal. Neither Buchanan nor Pierce was willing to make Pierce's proposal public, and nothing more resulted from it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984425_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984425-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> began, Van Buren made public his support for the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005164_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005164-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_van_Buren%27s_grave_at_the_Reformed_Dutch_Cemetery_in_Kinderhook._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Martin_van_Buren%27s_grave_at_the_Reformed_Dutch_Cemetery_in_Kinderhook._-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Martin_van_Buren%27s_grave_at_the_Reformed_Dutch_Cemetery_in_Kinderhook._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Martin_van_Buren%27s_grave_at_the_Reformed_Dutch_Cemetery_in_Kinderhook._-_panoramio.jpg/270px-Martin_van_Buren%27s_grave_at_the_Reformed_Dutch_Cemetery_in_Kinderhook._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Martin_van_Buren%27s_grave_at_the_Reformed_Dutch_Cemetery_in_Kinderhook._-_panoramio.jpg/360px-Martin_van_Buren%27s_grave_at_the_Reformed_Dutch_Cemetery_in_Kinderhook._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Van Buren's grave in Kinderhook</figcaption></figure> <p>Van Buren's health began to fail later in 1861, and he was bedridden with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> during the fall and winter of 1861–1862.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died of bronchial <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate at 2:00 a.m. on Thursday, July 24, 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Dutch_Church_(Kinderhook,_New_York)" title="Reformed Dutch Church (Kinderhook, New York)">Kinderhook Reformed Dutch Church</a> Cemetery, as are his wife Hannah, his parents, and his son Martin Van Buren Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Buren outlived all four of his immediate successors: Harrison, Tyler, Polk, and Taylor.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he saw more successors ascend to the presidency than anyone else (eight), living to see Abraham Lincoln elected as the 16th President before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Historical reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Van Buren's most lasting achievement was as a political organizer who built the Democratic Party and guided it to dominance in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole198416_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole198416-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and historians have come to regard Van Buren as integral to the development of the American political system.<sup id="cite_ref-MVLiB_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVLiB-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Robert V. Remini</a>, "Van Buren's creative contribution to the political development of the nation was enormous, and as such he earned his way to the presidency… Heretofore parties were regarded as evils to be tolerated; Van Buren argued that the party system was the most sensible and intelligent way the affairs of the nation could be democratically conducted, a viewpoint that eventually won national approval".<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MVanBuren.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MVanBuren.png/180px-MVanBuren.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MVanBuren.png/270px-MVanBuren.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MVanBuren.png/360px-MVanBuren.png 2x" data-file-width="2405" data-file-height="3029" /></a><figcaption>Gubernatorial <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portrait</a> of Martin Van Buren by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Huntington_(artist)" title="Daniel Huntington (artist)">Daniel Huntington</a> in The Civil War</figcaption></figure> <p>His presidency is <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">considered to be average</a>, at best, by historians. He was blamed for the Panic of 1837 and defeated for reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-MVLiB_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVLiB-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tenure was dominated by the economic conditions caused by the panic, and historians have split on the adequacy of the Independent Treasury as a response.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians disagree with these negative assessments. For example, libertarian writer <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Eland" title="Ivan Eland">Ivan Eland</a>, in his 2009 book <i><a href="/wiki/Recarving_Rushmore" title="Recarving Rushmore">Recarving Rushmore</a></i>, ranked Van Buren as the third greatest president.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that Van Buren handled the Panic of 1837 well, and praised Van Buren for reducing <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balancing the budget</a>, and avoiding potential wars with Canada and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_264-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_265-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Jeffrey Rogers Hummel states that Van Buren was America's greatest president, arguing that "historians have grossly underrated his many remarkable accomplishments in the face of heavy odds".<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several writers have portrayed Van Buren as among the nation's most obscure presidents. As noted in a 2014 <i>Time</i> magazine article on the "Top 10 Forgettable Presidents": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Making himself nearly disappear completely from the history books was probably not the trick the "Little Magician" Martin Van Buren had in mind, but his was the first truly forgettable American presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Martin_Van_Buren" title="List of memorials to Martin Van Buren">List of memorials to Martin Van Buren</a></div> <p>Van Buren's home in Kinderhook, New York, which he called Lindenwald, is now the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren_National_Historic_Site" title="Martin Van Buren National Historic Site">Martin Van Buren National Historic Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counties are named for Van Buren in <a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Michigan" title="Van Buren County, Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Iowa" title="Van Buren County, Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Arkansas" title="Van Buren County, Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Tennessee" title="Van Buren County, Tennessee">Tennessee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Van_Buren" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Van Buren">Mount Van Buren</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Van_Buren_(1839)" title="USS Van Buren (1839)">USS <i>Van Buren</i></a>, three state parks and numerous towns were named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>'s 1973 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Burr_(novel)" title="Burr (novel)">Burr</a></i>, a major plot theme is an attempt to prevent Van Buren's election as president by proving he is the illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comic_strips">Comic strips</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Comic strips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 presidential campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> graduate and member of the <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> secret society, became the first incumbent vice president to win election to the presidency since Van Buren. In the comic strip <i><a href="/wiki/Doonesbury" title="Doonesbury">Doonesbury</a></i>, artist <a href="/wiki/Garry_Trudeau" title="Garry Trudeau">Garry Trudeau</a> depicted members of Skull and Bones as stealing Van Buren's skull as a congratulatory gift to the new president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005170_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005170-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Currency">Currency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martin Van Buren appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_dollar_coins" title="Presidential dollar coins">Presidential dollar coins</a> series in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Mint also issued commemorative silver medals for Van Buren, released for sale in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film_and_TV">Film and TV</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Film and TV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Van Buren is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Hawthorne" title="Nigel Hawthorne">Nigel Hawthorne</a> in the 1997 film <a href="/wiki/Amistad_(film)" title="Amistad (film)"><i>Amistad</i></a>. The film depicts the legal battle surrounding the status of slaves who in 1839 rebelled against their transporters on <i><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">La Amistad</a></i> slave ship.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i>, the 1997 episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Van_Buren_Boys" title="The Van Buren Boys">The Van Buren Boys</a>" is about a fictional <a href="/wiki/Street_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Street gang">street gang</a> that admires Van Buren and bases its rituals and symbols on him, including the hand sign of eight fingers pointing up to signify Van Buren, the eighth president.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Dupuy" title="Charlotte Dupuy">Charlotte Dupuy</a>, a slave who worked for Van Buren at <a href="/wiki/Decatur_House" title="Decatur House">Decatur House</a>, while her suit for freedom against <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> proceeded</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "mistletoe" nickname was inspired by the fact that mistletoe is a <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">parasitic plant</a> which attaches itself to a host tree to survive. Comparing Van Buren to mistletoe implied that he advanced politically only through his connection to the "Old Hickory" tree, which represented Andrew Jackson. This idea was common in Whig propaganda pieces, and also seen in political comics such as The Rejected Minister, where Van Buren is shown being carried into office by Jackson and Parscal.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-martinvanb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martinvanb_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Widmer, Ted and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Edward L. Widmer, <i>Martin Van Buren</i>, Times Books, 2005, p. 2. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6922-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6922-4">0-8050-6922-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress_2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/dec11/fox.html">"The Wise Guide: The Red Fox of Kinderhook"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204040834/https://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/dec11/fox.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Wise+Guide%3A+The+Red+Fox+of+Kinderhook&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fwiseguide%2Fdec11%2Ffox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_Center_2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_Center_2016_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey2016" class="citation web cs1">Silbey, Joel (September 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen">"Martin Van Buren"</a>. <i>Miller Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032404/https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center&rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft.aulast=Silbey&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fvanburen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatfield_1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hatfield_1997_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatfield1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_O._Hatfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark O. Hatfield">Hatfield, Mark O.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/martin_vanburen.pdf">"Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-104sdoc26/pdf/CDOC-104sdoc26.pdf"><i>Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Senate Historical Office. Washington: US Government Printing Office. pp. 105–118. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606133503">606133503</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306084741/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-104sdoc26/pdf/CDOC-104sdoc26.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren+%281833%E2%80%931837%29&rft.btitle=Vice+Presidents+of+the+United+States%2C+1789%E2%80%931993&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=105-118&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F606133503&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Mark+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2Fmartin_vanburen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/buren-martin-van/">"Martin van Buren [1782–1862]"</a>. <i>New Netherland Institute.org</i>. Albany, NY: New Netherland Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914221702/https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/buren-martin-van/">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Netherland+Institute.org&rft.atitle=Martin+van+Buren+%5B1782%E2%80%931862%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newnetherlandinstitute.org%2Fhistory-and-heritage%2Fdutch_americans%2Fburen-martin-van%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19843,_9-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole19843,_9_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1984">Cole 1984</a>, pp. 3, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005153–165-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005153–165_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2005">Widmer 2005</a>, pp. 153–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey2016" class="citation web cs1">Silbey, Joel (October 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-before-the-presidency">"Martin Van Buren: Life Before the Presidency"</a>. <i>Miller Center</i>. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center&rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+Life+Before+the+Presidency&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Silbey&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fvanburen%2Flife-before-the-presidency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/our-non-anglo-saxon-presidents/1933301/#:~:text=Here's%20a%20list%20of%20presidents,ancestors%20from%20the%20British%20Isles">"Our Non-Anglo-Saxon Presidents"</a>. July 25, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507093129/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/our-non-anglo-saxon-presidents/1933301/#:~:text=Here's%20a%20list%20of%20presidents,ancestors%20from%20the%20British%20Isles">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Non-Anglo-Saxon+Presidents&rft.date=2012-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcchicago.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Four-non-anglo-saxon-presidents%2F1933301%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHere%27s%2520a%2520list%2520of%2520presidents%2Cancestors%2520from%2520the%2520British%2520Isles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1898" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, James A. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-81AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA109"><i>New York in the Revolution as Colony and State</i></a>. Albany: Brandow Printing Company. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-0496-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-0496-0"><bdi>978-0-8063-0496-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+in+the+Revolution+as+Colony+and+State&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Brandow+Printing+Company&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-0-8063-0496-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-81AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane1998" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Joseph Nathan (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialfact00kane"><i>Presidential Fact Book</i></a></span>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialfact00kane/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70244-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70244-0"><bdi>978-0-375-70244-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Fact+Book&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70244-0&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentialfact00kane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss2005" class="citation book cs1">Foss, William O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpAMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Childhoods of the American Presidents</i></a>. Jefferson: McFarland Publishing. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2382-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-2382-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Childhoods+of+the+American+Presidents&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=McFarland+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2382-8&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=William+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZpAMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19835–6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19835–6_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/legal-history-eras-02/history-era-02-van-buren.html">"Martin Van Buren, 1782–1862"</a>. Historical Society of the New York Courts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100814/https://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/legal-history-eras-02/history-era-02-van-buren.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%2C+1782%E2%80%931862&rft.pub=Historical+Society+of+the+New+York+Courts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycourts.gov%2Fhistory%2Flegal-history-new-york%2Flegal-history-eras-02%2Fhistory-era-02-van-buren.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole198414-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole198414_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1984">Cole 1984</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/De_Alva_S._Alexander" title="De Alva S. Alexander">Alexander, De Alva S. Alexander</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEIOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA206"><i>A Political History of the State of New York</i></a>. Vol. I. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608374819" title="Special:BookSources/9780608374819"><bdi>9780608374819</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+State+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.isbn=9780608374819&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=De+Alva+S.+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTEIOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmer20056–7-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidmer20056–7_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2005">Widmer 2005</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidey1999" class="citation book cs1">Sidey, Hugh (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIujFN5vfwMC"><i>The Presidents of the United States of America</i></a>. Washington, DC: White House Historical Association. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912308-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912308-73-9"><bdi>978-0-912308-73-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidents+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=White+House+Historical+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-912308-73-9&rft.aulast=Sidey&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIujFN5vfwMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010230-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010230_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke2010">Brooke 2010</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenrettaEdwardsHinderakerSelf2015" class="citation book cs1">Henretta, James A.; Edwards, Rebecca; Hinderaker, Eric; Self, Robert O. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zv7cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA290"><i>America: a Concise History, Combined Volume</i></a>. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4576-4862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4576-4862-5"><bdi>978-1-4576-4862-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%3A+a+Concise+History%2C+Combined+Volume&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4576-4862-5&rft.aulast=Henretta&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Hinderaker%2C+Eric&rft.au=Self%2C+Robert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZv7cBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoizeau2008" class="citation book cs1">Loizeau, Pierre-Marie (2008). <i>Martin Van Buren: The Little Magician</i>. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616680541" title="Special:BookSources/9781616680541"><bdi>9781616680541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+The+Little+Magician&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781616680541&rft.aulast=Loizeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoizeau2008" class="citation book cs1">Loizeau, Pierre-Marie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQQQAQAAMAAJ"><i>Martin Van Buren: The Little Magician</i></a>. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60456-773-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60456-773-1"><bdi>978-1-60456-773-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+The+Little+Magician&rft.place=Hauppauge&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60456-773-1&rft.aulast=Loizeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQQQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenig1960" class="citation book cs1">Koenig, Louis William (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invisiblepreside0000koen"><i>The Invisible Presidency</i></a></span>. New York: Rinehart & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invisiblepreside0000koen/page/89">89</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invisible+Presidency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Rinehart+%26+Company&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Louis+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvisiblepreside0000koen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss2005" class="citation book cs1">Foss, William O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpAMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Childhoods of the American Presidents</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2382-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-2382-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Childhoods+of+the+American+Presidents&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2382-8&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=William+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZpAMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright1970" class="citation book cs1">Bright, John W. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrlAxCr1j-oC&pg=PA9"><i>Master Plan, Lindenwald National Historic Site, New York</i></a>. Washington, DC: National Park Service. p. 9 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+Plan%2C+Lindenwald+National+Historic+Site%2C+New+York&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrlAxCr1j-oC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven19838–9-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven19838–9_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198310–11-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198310–11_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198314–15-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198314–15_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198315–17-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198315–17_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazo" class="citation book cs1">Lazo, Caroline Evensen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkIHdziH5EQC&pg=PA14"><i>Martin Van Buren</i></a>. Lerner Publications Company. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-1394-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-1394-0"><bdi>978-0-8225-1394-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-1394-0&rft.aulast=Lazo&rft.aufirst=Caroline+Evensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkIHdziH5EQC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatuz2012" class="citation book cs1">Matuz, Roger (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0ixeA5QxXwC&pg=PA152"><i>The Presidents Fact Book</i></a>. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-889-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-889-0"><bdi>978-1-57912-889-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidents+Fact+Book&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Black+Dog+%26+Leventhal+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-57912-889-0&rft.aulast=Matuz&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0ixeA5QxXwC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MVLiB-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MVLiB_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVLiB_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVLiB_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey2016" class="citation web cs1">Silbey, Joel (October 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-in-brief">"Martin Van Buren: Life in Brief"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204126/https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-in-brief">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+Life+in+Brief&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Silbey&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fvanburen%2Flife-in-brief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey200227-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey200227_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilbey2002">Silbey 2002</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeehan2007" class="citation book cs1">McGeehan, John R. 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Adams Media. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60550-265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60550-265-6"><bdi>978-1-60550-265-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+American+History+Book&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60550-265-6&rft.aulast=McGeehan&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djep_y0tYIj0C%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1846" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, William Lyon (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimesmar00mackgoog"><i>The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren</i></a>. Cooke & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimesmar00mackgoog/page/n38">21</a>–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Martin+Van+Buren&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Cooke+%26+Company&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=William+Lyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeandtimesmar00mackgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010283-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010283_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke2010">Brooke 2010</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198318–22-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198318–22_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 18–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198323–24-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198323–24_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198325–26-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198325–26_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198329–32-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198329–32_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 29–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198333–39-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198333–39_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 33–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198341–42-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198341–42_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannings2012" class="citation book cs1">Hannings, Bud (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G46OgJcYeN0C&pg=PA327"><i>The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers</i></a>. Jefferson: McFarland & Co. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6385-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6385-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-6385-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812%3A+A+Complete+Chronology+with+Biographies+of+63+General+Officers&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6385-5&rft.aulast=Hannings&rft.aufirst=Bud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG46OgJcYeN0C%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVile2001" class="citation book cs1">Vile, John R. 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Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 689. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-202-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-202-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+American+Lawyers%3A+An+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=689&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-202-8&rft.aulast=Vile&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXR1NPiqp5aQC%26pg%3DPA689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1997" class="citation book cs1">Eisenhower, John S. 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Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3128-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agent+of+Destiny%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+General+Winfield+Scott&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=100-101&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3128-3&rft.aulast=Eisenhower&rft.aufirst=John+S.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkVCQmU9nfYC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198343-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198343_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198348–50-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198348–50_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 48–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1895" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Dwight Whitney (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/marshgenealogygi00mars#page/70/"><i>Marsh Genealogy: Giving Several Thousand Descendants of John Marsh of Hartford, Ct. 1636–1895</i></a>. 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(1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tigerrisefalloft00alle/page/27"><i>The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall</i></a>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tigerrisefalloft00alle/page/27">27–50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-62463-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-62463-2"><bdi>978-0-201-62463-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tiger%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Tammany+Hall&rft.pages=27-50&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-201-62463-2&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Oliver+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftigerrisefalloft00alle%2Fpage%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198381–82-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198381–82_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyssar2000" class="citation book cs1">Keyssar, Alexander (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UijIgQP0xF8C&pg=PA55"><i>The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01014-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01014-1"><bdi>978-0-465-01014-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+to+Vote%3A+The+Contested+History+of+Democracy+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01014-1&rft.aulast=Keyssar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUijIgQP0xF8C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven198392–93-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven198392–93_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198426–27-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198426–27_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983117-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983117_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983176-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983176_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984432-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984432_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1984">Cole 1984</a>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983126–127-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983126–127_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983129–130-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983129–130_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983139–140-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983139–140_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983143–144-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983143–144_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983145–146-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983145–146_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983146–148-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983146–148_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 146–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983151–152-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983151–152_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983152–153-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983152–153_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983156–157-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983156–157_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983157–158-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983157–158_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983158,_160–161-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983158,_160–161_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 158, 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey200244-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey200244_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilbey2002">Silbey 2002</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983164–165-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983164–165_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard1887" class="citation book cs1">Stoddard, William Osborn (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonan00stodgoog"><i>Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren</i></a>. Frederick A. Stokes. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksonan00stodgoog/page/n302">284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+Martin+Van+Buren&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=William+Osborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjacksonan00stodgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984111-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984111_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1984">Cole 1984</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983163–164-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983163–164_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983177–178-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983177–178_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198427–28-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198427–28_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983178–181-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983178–181_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 178–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983196–199-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983196–199_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 196–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983201-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983201_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983194–196-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983194–196_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 194–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983202–203,_209-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983202–203,_209_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 202–203, 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983209-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983209_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983206–208-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983206–208_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 206–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983211-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983211_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983211–212-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983211–212_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983214–215-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983214–215_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19849-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson19849_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2012" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Gerald (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3AnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA322"><i>The Oxford Handbook of New York State Government and Politics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-999635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-999635-3"><bdi>978-0-19-999635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+York+State+Government+and+Politics&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-999635-3&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3AnAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeu1960" class="citation book cs1">Neu, Irene D. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEDlH_ryLw4C&pg=PA91"><i>Erastus Corning: Merchant and Financier, 1794–1872</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7645-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7645-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-7645-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erastus+Corning%3A+Merchant+and+Financier%2C+1794%E2%80%931872&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7645-7&rft.aulast=Neu&rft.aufirst=Irene+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjEDlH_ryLw4C%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983218–219-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983218–219_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983228-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983228_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983229–231-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983229–231_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 229–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984203-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984203_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1984">Cole 1984</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MVB-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MVB_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/van-buren-martin">"Martin Van Buren"</a>. <i>Biographies of the Secretaries of State</i>. 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Roderick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u8mM8D9RVu4C&pg=PA177"><i>Democracy's Lawyer: Felix Grundy of the Old Southwest</i></a>. Louisiana State University Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3742-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3742-0"><bdi>978-0-8071-3742-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy%27s+Lawyer%3A+Felix+Grundy+of+the+Old+Southwest&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3742-0&rft.aulast=Heller+III&rft.aufirst=J.+Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du8mM8D9RVu4C%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheathemMancall2008" class="citation book cs1">Cheathem, Mark Renfred; Mancall, Peter C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wjCVfr4oxUC&pg=PA30"><i>Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives</i></a>. ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-017-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-017-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacksonian+and+Antebellum+Age%3A+People+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-017-9&rft.aulast=Cheathem&rft.aufirst=Mark+Renfred&rft.au=Mancall%2C+Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wjCVfr4oxUC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduqB3ehA7M0oCpgPA232_232]-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduqB3ehA7M0oCpgPA232_232]_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManweller2012">Manweller 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqB3ehA7M0oC&pg=PA232">232</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheathem2015" class="citation book cs1">Cheathem, Mark R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXq1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131"><i>Andrew Jackson and the Rise of the Democrats: A Reference Guide</i></a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-406-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-406-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-406-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Rise+of+the+Democrats%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-406-3&rft.aulast=Cheathem&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeXq1BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983249–253-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983249–253_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 249–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983249,_253-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983249,_253_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 249, 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19849–10-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson19849–10_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983266-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983266_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2012" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Robert P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6LRVg0kn28C&pg=PA196"><i>Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789–1900</i></a>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1834-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1834-5"><bdi>978-1-4422-1834-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affairs+of+State%3A+The+Untold+History+of+Presidential+Love%2C+Sex%2C+and+Scandal%2C+1789%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1834-5&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6LRVg0kn28C%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2006" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Harry L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SL3ZDX7ykqUC&pg=PA125"><i>Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America</i></a>. New York: Hill & Wang. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-6547-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-6547-9"><bdi>978-0-8090-6547-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+and+Power%3A+The+Politics+of+Jacksonian+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-6547-9&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Harry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSL3ZDX7ykqUC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983266,_269–270-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983266,_269–270_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 266, 269–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduqB3ehA7M0oCpgPA246_246]-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduqB3ehA7M0oCpgPA246_246]_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManweller2012">Manweller 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqB3ehA7M0oC&pg=PA246">246</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepard1899224,_248-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepard1899224,_248_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepard1899">Shepard 1899</a>, pp. 224, 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk1886" class="citation book cs1">Polk, James Knox (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wxmLh0gDfSoC&pg=PA357"><i>Correspondence of James K. Polk: January–June 1845</i></a>. University of Tennessee Press. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-947-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-947-0"><bdi>978-0-87049-947-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondence+of+James+K.+Polk%3A+January%E2%80%93June+1845&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1886&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-947-0&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=James+Knox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwxmLh0gDfSoC%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984124-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984124_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1984">Cole 1984</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisjord2001" class="citation book cs1">Risjord, Norman K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIwySAwf6DUC&pg=PA42"><i>Representative Americans: The Romantics</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2083-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-2083-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representative+Americans%3A+The+Romantics&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2083-7&rft.aulast=Risjord&rft.aufirst=Norman+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIwySAwf6DUC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007378-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007378_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2012" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Stan M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mSud-fdhUnkC&pg=PA34"><i>The First American Political Conventions: Transforming Presidential Nominations, 1832–1872</i></a>. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9030-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9030-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-9030-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+American+Political+Conventions%3A+Transforming+Presidential+Nominations%2C+1832%E2%80%931872&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9030-1&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Stan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmSud-fdhUnkC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198410–11-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198410–11_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey200281–82-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey200281–82_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilbey2002">Silbey 2002</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983300–301-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983300–301_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983301–303-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983301–303_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 301–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983303,_306–307-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983303,_306–307_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 303, 306–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983307–308-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983307–308_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 307–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrin2009" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1w5Qp4qYfE0C&pg=PA327"><i>Liberty, Equality, Power: Enhanced Concise Edition</i></a>. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56598-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56598-7"><bdi>978-0-495-56598-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Power%3A+Enhanced+Concise+Edition&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-56598-7&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1w5Qp4qYfE0C%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1836" class="citation book cs1">Holland, William M. 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Belknap & Hammersley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandpolitica01hollgoog/page/n360">344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Political+Opinions+of+Martin+Van+Buren%2C+Vice+President+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Belknap+%26+Hammersley&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeandpolitica01hollgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983321–322-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983321–322_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 321–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983328-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983328_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcell2010" class="citation book cs1">Purcell, L. 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Chicago: Fairbanks and Palmer Publishing Company. p. 230<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Washington: United States Senate, Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415204938/https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/general/one_item_and_teasers/file_not_found.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CQ Press. p. 1962. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-3428-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-3428-1"><bdi>978-1-4522-3428-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Presidency+and+the+Executive+Branch&rft.pages=1962&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-3428-1&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4iNzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preselections-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-preselections_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preselections_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preselections_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/presidential-elections">"Presidential Elections"</a>. <i>history.com</i>. A+E Networks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071704/https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/presidential-elections">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Washington: United States Senate, Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108201603/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Martin_VanBuren.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303005956/https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/campaigns-and-elections">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+Campaigns+and+Elections&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fvanburen%2Fcampaigns-and-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2016" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Aaron (August 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/03/how-a-faithless-elector-in-georgia-could-cost-donald-trump-an-electoral-college-vote-explained/?noredirect=on">"How a 'faithless elector' in Georgia could cost Donald Trump an electoral college vote"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116100323/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/03/how-a-faithless-elector-in-georgia-could-cost-donald-trump-an-electoral-college-vote-explained/?noredirect=on">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+Daily&rft.atitle=The+one+election+where+Faithless+Electors+made+a+difference&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Bomboy&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.constitutioncenter.org%2F2016%2F12%2Fthe-one-election-where-faithless-electors-made-a-difference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984279-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984279_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1984">Cole 1984</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowlan2012320-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowlan2012320_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNowlan2012">Nowlan 2012</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198437–40-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198437–40_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, pp. 37–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowlan2012321-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowlan2012321_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNowlan2012">Nowlan 2012</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984171-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984171_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MBdomestic-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MBdomestic_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBdomestic_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBdomestic_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBdomestic_157-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/domestic-affairs">"Martin Van Buren: Domestic affairs"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517210726/https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/domestic-affairs">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+Domestic+affairs&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fvanburen%2Fdomestic-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRorabaughCritchlowBaker2004" class="citation book cs1">Rorabaugh, W. J.; Critchlow, Donald T.; Baker, Paula C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VL_6X5zWOokC&pg=PA210"><i>America's promise: a concise history of the United States</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1189-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1189-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-1189-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+promise%3A+a+concise+history+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1189-7&rft.aulast=Rorabaugh&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft.au=Critchlow%2C+Donald+T.&rft.au=Baker%2C+Paula+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVL_6X5zWOokC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seigenthaler-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seigenthaler_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeigenthalerSchlesinger2004" class="citation book cs1">Seigenthaler, John; Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jameskpolk0000seig/page/58"><i>James K Polk</i></a>. Macmillen. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jameskpolk0000seig/page/58">58–60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6942-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6942-6"><bdi>978-0-8050-6942-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+K+Polk&rft.pages=58-60&rft.pub=Macmillen&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6942-6&rft.aulast=Seigenthaler&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C+Arthur+Meier+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjameskpolk0000seig%2Fpage%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2002" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Gerald (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d89FAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA177"><i>The Invention of Party Politics: Federalism, Popular Sovereignty, and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2744-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2744-4"><bdi>978-0-8078-2744-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Party+Politics%3A+Federalism%2C+Popular+Sovereignty%2C+and+Constitutional+Development+in+Jacksonian+Illinois&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-2744-4&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd89FAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurella2013" class="citation book cs1">Churella, Albert J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXdjEZke74QC&pg=PA69"><i>The Pennsylvania Railroad: Building an Empire, 1846–1917</i></a>. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0762-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0762-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-0762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pennsylvania+Railroad%3A+Building+an+Empire%2C+1846%E2%80%931917&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0762-0&rft.aulast=Churella&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXdjEZke74QC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansfordWoods2008" class="citation book cs1">Lansford, Tom; Woods, Thomas E., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02K5EYvo5loC&pg=PA1047"><i>Exploring American History: From Colonial Times to 1877</i></a>. Vol. 10. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1046. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7758-7"><bdi>978-0-7614-7758-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+American+History%3A+From+Colonial+Times+to+1877&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1046&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7758-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02K5EYvo5loC%26pg%3DPA1047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198458–62-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198458–62_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, pp. 58–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison456-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison456_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori"><i>The Oxford History of the American People</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori/page/456">456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+American+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryof00mori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198461–62-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198461–62_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984210-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984210_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MVforcebehind-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MVforcebehind_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry2016" class="citation web cs1">Landry, Alysa Landry (February 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/events/martin-van-buren-the-force-behind-the-trail-of-tears/">"Martin Van Buren: The Force Behind the Trail of Tears"</a>. Verona: Indian Country Media Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143750/https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/events/martin-van-buren-the-force-behind-the-trail-of-tears/">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+The+Force+Behind+the+Trail+of+Tears&rft.place=Verona&rft.pub=Indian+Country+Media+Network&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Alysa+Landry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancountrymedianetwork.com%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2Fmartin-van-buren-the-force-behind-the-trail-of-tears%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgis2006" class="citation book cs1">Sturgis, Amy H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xyS9GtYci7IC&pg=PA39"><i>The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33658-4"><bdi>978-0-313-33658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trail+of+Tears+and+Indian+Removal&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33658-4&rft.aulast=Sturgis&rft.aufirst=Amy+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxyS9GtYci7IC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1991" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, William (1991). <i>Cherokee Removal: Before and After</i>. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1254-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1254-5"><bdi>978-0-8203-1254-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherokee+Removal%3A+Before+and+After&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1254-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears">"Trail of Tears"</a>. <i>history.com</i>. A&E Television Networks. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014141218/https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=Trail+of+Tears&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fnative-american-history%2Ftrail-of-tears&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newnetherland-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newnetherland_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/buren-martin-van/">"Martin van Buren [1782–1862]"</a>. Albany: New Netherland Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914221702/http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/buren-martin-van/">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+van+Buren+%5B1782%E2%80%931862%5D&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=New+Netherland+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newnetherlandinstitute.org%2Fhistory-and-heritage%2Fdutch_americans%2Fburen-martin-van%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks2008" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, Kenneth S. (2008). <i>Emerson: Political Writings</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88369-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88369-6"><bdi>978-0-521-88369-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerson%3A+Political+Writings&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88369-6&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry2018" class="citation web cs1">Landry, Alysa (September 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictnews.org/archive/martin-van-buren-the-force-behind-the-trail-of-tears">"Martin Van Buren: The Force Behind the Trail of Tears"</a>. <i>ICT News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICT+News&rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+The+Force+Behind+the+Trail+of+Tears&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Alysa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fictnews.org%2Farchive%2Fmartin-van-buren-the-force-behind-the-trail-of-tears&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Missall, and Mary Lou Missall, <i>The Seminole Struggle: A History of America's Longest Indian War</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenretta2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3djEYV3R7oICpgPA109_109]-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenretta2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3djEYV3R7oICpgPA109_109]_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenretta2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3djEYV3R7oICpgPA109_109]_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenretta2004">Henretta 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3djEYV3R7oIC&pg=PA109">109</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984151–152-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984151–152_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984151–152_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TexAnnex3638-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TexAnnex3638_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TexAnnex3638_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeu2010" class="citation web cs1">Neu, C. T. (June 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mga02">"Annexation"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Austin: Texas State Historical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807080310/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mga02">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwestwar00merk/page/279">279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-41175-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-41175-0"><bdi>978-0-394-41175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Westward+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-394-41175-0&rft.aulast=Merk&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofwestwar00merk%2Fpage%2F279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AoD-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AoD_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AoD_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Eisenhower" title="John Eisenhower">Eisenhower, John S. D.</a> (1997). <i>Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott</i>. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780395788899/page/113"><i>The Reader's Companion to the American Presidency</i></a>. 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Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318084347/https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/foreign-affairs">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Choosing Peace and Order: National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland, 1837–42". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 943–960. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2015.1070892">10.1080/07075332.2015.1070892</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332">0707-5332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155365033">155365033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Choosing+Peace+and+Order%3A+National+Security+and+Sovereignty+in+a+North+American+Borderland%2C+1837%E2%80%9342&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=943-960&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155365033%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0707-5332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2015.1070892&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1984164–166-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1984164–166_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1984">Wilson 1984</a>, pp. 164–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycentral.com/Ant/Aroostock.html">"1837 – Aroostook War"</a>. Historycentral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318172510/http://www.historycentral.com/Ant/Aroostock.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1837+%E2%80%93+Aroostook+War&rft.pub=Historycentral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycentral.com%2FAnt%2FAroostock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael T. Perry, "'Maine and Her Soil, or Blood!': Political Rhetoric and Spatial Identity during the Aroostook War in Maine". <i>Maine History</i> 47.1 (2013): 68-93 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&context=mainehistoryjournal">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627120411/https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&context=mainehistoryjournal">Archived</a> June 27, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/the-high-comedy-of-the-bloodless-aroostook-war/">"The High Comedy of the Bloodless Aroostook War"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2011</span>. <q>I must go into the Presidential chair with the inflexible and uncompromising opponent of every attempt on the part of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia against the wishes of the slaveholding States, and also with a determination equally decided to resist the slightest interference with it in the States where it exists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%2C+First+Inaugural%2C+March+4%2C+1837+%26%23124%3B+AMDOCS%3A+Documents+for+the+Study+of+American+History&rft.pub=Vlib.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlib.us%2Famdocs%2Ftexts%2F13vanb1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Rediker, <i>The Amistad Rebellion: An Atlantic Odyssey of Slavery and Freedom</i> (Penguin, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/amistad/amistadstory.htm">"Amistad Story"</a>. <i>Amistad: Seeking Freedom in Connecticut</i>. 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National First Ladies Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstladies.org/blog/first-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-angelica-van-buren/">the original</a> on August 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Ladies+Never+Married+to+Presidents%3A+Angelica+Van+Buren&rft.pub=National+First+Ladies+Library&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstladies.org%2Fblog%2Ffirst-ladies-never-married-to-presidents-angelica-van-buren%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984358-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984358_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1984">Cole 1984</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/main/polcon/democraticindex.html">"Democratic National Political Conventions, 1832–2008"</a>. 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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021614/https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/39vanburen/39setting.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33180-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33180-0"><bdi>978-0-313-33180-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolitionist+Movement&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33180-0&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Claudine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmG_MNzwawSAC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983567–570-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983567–570_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 567–570.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey2002193–194-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey2002193–194_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilbey2002">Silbey 2002</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983575–576-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983575–576_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 575–576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983580-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983580_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983581–585-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983581–585_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 581–585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983585–586-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983585–586_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 585–586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983587–589-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983587–589_241-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983587–589_241-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 587–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blaine-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blaine_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaine" class="citation web cs1">Blaine, James Gillespie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/21128/21128-8.txt">"Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. 1 From Lincoln to Garfield, with a Review of the Events Which Led to the Political Revolution of 1860"</a>. <i>gutenberg.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606222436/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/21128/21128-8.txt">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Twenty+Years+of+Congress%2C+Vol.+1+From+Lincoln+to+Garfield%2C+with+a+Review+of+the+Events+Which+Led+to+the+Political+Revolution+of+1860&rft.aulast=Blaine&rft.aufirst=James+Gillespie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F21128%2F21128-8.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyM7E2G0tAiwCpgPA271_271]-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManweller2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyM7E2G0tAiwCpgPA271_271]_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManweller2012">Manweller 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yM7E2G0tAiwC&pg=PA271">271</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983592-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983592_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 592.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983598–602-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983598–602_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 598–602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey2002203-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey2002203_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilbey2002">Silbey 2002</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilbey2002204-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilbey2002204_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilbey2002">Silbey 2002</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983596-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983596_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983605-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983605_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983610-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983610_250-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983610_250-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983604–605-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983604–605_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 604–605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983605–606-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983605–606_252-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, pp. 605–606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiven1983607-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiven1983607_253-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiven1983">Niven 1983</a>, p. 607.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1984425-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1984425_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1984">Cole 1984</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005164-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005164_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2005">Widmer 2005</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlap1988" class="citation book cs1">Dunlap, Leslie Whittaker (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourvicepresident00dunl"><i>Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies</i></a></span>. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourvicepresident00dunl/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2114-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-2114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Vice-Presidents+and+Second+Ladies&rft.place=Metuchen&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-2114-9&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=Leslie+Whittaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourvicepresident00dunl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1862" class="citation book cs1">Butler, William Allen (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinvanburenla00butl"><i>Martin Van Buren: Lawyer, Statesman and Man</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinvanburenla00butl/page/5">5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+Lawyer%2C+Statesman+and+Man&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=William+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinvanburenla00butl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb,_Brianthe_C-SPAN_staff2000" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Brian & the C-SPAN staff (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whosburiedingran00lamb"><i>Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?: A Tour of Presidential Gravesites</i></a>. Washington: National Cable Satellite Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881846-07-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881846-07-9"><bdi>978-1-881846-07-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Buried+in+Grant%27s+Tomb%3F%3A+A+Tour+of+Presidential+Gravesites&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=National+Cable+Satellite+Corporation&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-881846-07-9&rft.au=Lamb%2C+Brian&rft.au=the+C-SPAN+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhosburiedingran00lamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2014" class="citation web cs1">Glass, Andrew (July 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/this-day-in-politics-martin-van-buren-coma-109149">"Van Buren slips into coma"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514063233/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/this-day-in-politics-martin-van-buren-coma-109149">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Van+Buren+slips+into+coma&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2014%2F07%2Fthis-day-in-politics-martin-van-buren-coma-109149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-the-death-martin-van-buren">"Executive Order on death of Martin van Buren"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113163046/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-the-death-martin-van-buren">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Order+on+death+of+Martin+van+Buren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fexecutive-order-the-death-martin-van-buren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole198416-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole198416_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1984">Cole 1984</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Remini, "Van Buren, Martin" in John A. Garraty, ed., <i>Encyclopedia of American Biography</i> (1974) pp 1120–1122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/impact-and-legacy">"Martin Van Buren: Impact and Legacy"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328020512/https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/impact-and-legacy">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+Impact+and+Legacy&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fvanburen%2Fimpact-and-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_264-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_264-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEland2009" class="citation book cs1">Eland, Ivan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7DtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Recarving Rushmore: Ranking the Presidents on Peace, Prosperity, and Liberty</i></a>. Independent Institute. pp. 70–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59813-022-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59813-022-5"><bdi>978-1-59813-022-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recarving+Rushmore%3A+Ranking+the+Presidents+on+Peace%2C+Prosperity%2C+and+Liberty&rft.pages=70-91&rft.pub=Independent+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59813-022-5&rft.aulast=Eland&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm7DtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_265-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_265-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoucet2013" class="citation web cs1">Doucet, Bradley (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quebecoislibre.org/12/121015-9.html">"What Makes a Good President? A Review of Ivan Eland's Recarving Rushmore"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_Libre" title="Le Québécois Libre">Le Québécois Libre</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819025052/http://www.quebecoislibre.org/12/121015-9.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+Libre&rft.atitle=What+Makes+a+Good+President%3F+A+Review+of+Ivan+Eland%27s+Recarving+Rushmore&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Doucet&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebecoislibre.org%2F12%2F121015-9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24560894">"Martin Van Buren: The Greatest American President"</a>. <i>The Independent Review</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 255–281. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-1653">1086-1653</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24560894">24560894</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413144937/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24560894">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+Review&rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+The+Greatest+American+President&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255-281&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24560894%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1086-1653&rft.aulast=Hummel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24560894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Fletcher, Dan (March 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1879648_1879646_1879654,00.html">"Top Ten Forgettable Presidents: Martin Van Buren"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228200102/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1879648_1879646_1879654,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Top+Ten+Forgettable+Presidents%3A+Martin+Van+Buren&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1879648_1879646_1879654%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/stories.htm">"One Hundred Years in the Making: Lindenwald Celebrates "Being Forty and Fabulous"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Martin Van Buren National Historic Site</i>. Washington: National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407215714/https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/stories.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martin+Van+Buren+National+Historic+Site&rft.atitle=One+Hundred+Years+in+the+Making%3A+Lindenwald+Celebrates+%22Being+Forty+and+Fabulous%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmava%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fstories.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/origincertainpl00ganngoog"><i>The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/origincertainpl00ganngoog/page/n315">309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Gannett&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forigincertainpl00ganngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanc2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Hanc, John (June 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/there-was-hamilton-there-was-burr-180959295/">"Before There Was "Hamilton," There Was "Burr"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220912195454/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/there-was-hamilton-there-was-burr-180959295/">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Before+There+Was+%22Hamilton%2C%22+There+Was+%22Burr%22&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Hanc&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthere-was-hamilton-there-was-burr-180959295%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005170-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidmer2005170_271-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2005">Widmer 2005</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoizeau2008" class="citation book cs1">Loizeau, Pierre-Marie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQQQAQAAMAAJ"><i>Martin Van Buren: The Little Magician</i></a>. Nova Science Publishers. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60456-773-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60456-773-1"><bdi>978-1-60456-773-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+The+Little+Magician&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60456-773-1&rft.aulast=Loizeau&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQQQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unusually, the date appears on the rim of the coin, as do the mottoes <a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/E_Pluribus_Unum" class="mw-redirect" title="E Pluribus Unum">E Pluribus Unum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Mint2021" class="citation pressrelease cs1">U.S. Mint (January 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coinweek.com/us-mint-news/silver-medal-honoring-president-martin-van-buren-on-sale-february-1/">"Silver Medal Honoring President Martin Van Buren on Sale February 1"</a>. <i>CoinWeek</i> (Press release). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130132954/https://coinweek.com/us-mint-news/silver-medal-honoring-president-martin-van-buren-on-sale-february-1/">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silver+Medal+Honoring+President+Martin+Van+Buren+on+Sale+February+1&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.au=U.S.+Mint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoinweek.com%2Fus-mint-news%2Fsilver-medal-honoring-president-martin-van-buren-on-sale-february-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalog.usmint.gov/martin-van-buren-presidential-silver-medal-S808.html">"Martin Van Buren Presidential Silver Medal – US Mint"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018205134/https://www.catalog.usmint.gov/martin-van-buren-presidential-silver-medal-S808.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren+Presidential+Silver+Medal+%E2%80%93+US+Mint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalog.usmint.gov%2Fmartin-van-buren-presidential-silver-medal-S808.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/amistad/AMI_MOVI.HTM">"Stephen Spielberg's "Amistad" (1997)"</a>. University of Missouri-Kansas City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624113955/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/amistad/AMI_MOVI.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+Spielberg%27s+%22Amistad%22+%281997%29&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri-Kansas+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw2.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Famistad%2FAMI_MOVI.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2006" class="citation book cs1">Delaney, Tim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YaoMT-RZY_4C&pg=PA152"><i>Seinology: The Sociology of Seinfeld</i></a>. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6159-2084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6159-2084-6"><bdi>978-1-6159-2084-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seinology%3A+The+Sociology+of+Seinfeld&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-6159-2084-6&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYaoMT-RZY_4C%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Brooke" title="John L. Brooke">Brooke, John L.</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiarisingci00broo">"Chapter 7: 'Party and Corruption: The Columbia Junto and the Rise of Martin Van Buren, 1799–1812'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiarisingci00broo"><i>Columbia Rising: Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3323-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3323-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-3323-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+%27Party+and+Corruption%3A+The+Columbia+Junto+and+the+Rise+of+Martin+Van+Buren%2C+1799%E2%80%931812%27&rft.btitle=Columbia+Rising%3A+Civil+Life+on+the+Upper+Hudson+from+the+Revolution+to+the+Age+of+Jackson&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3323-0&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiarisingci00broo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Cole" title="Donald B. Cole">Cole, Donald</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqz_AwAAQBAJ"><i>Martin Van Buren and the American Political System</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-64025-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-64025-9"><bdi>978-0-691-64025-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren+and+the+American+Political+System&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-64025-9&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvqz_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinvanburenam0000cole">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenretta2004" class="citation book cs1">Henretta, James A. (2004). "Martin Van Buren". In <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brinkley" title="Alan Brinkley">Brinkley, Alan</a>; Dyer, Davis (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3djEYV3R7oIC"><i>The American Presidency</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 103–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-38273-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-38273-6"><bdi>978-0-618-38273-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidency&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=103-114&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-618-38273-6&rft.aulast=Henretta&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3djEYV3R7oIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Howe, Daniel Walker</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What hath God wrought: the transformation of America, 1815–1848</i></a></span>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+hath+God+wrought%3A+the+transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507894-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManweller2012" class="citation book cs1">Manweller, Mathew, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yM7E2G0tAiwC"><i>Chronology of the U.S. Presidency</i></a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-645-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-645-4"><bdi>978-1-59884-645-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+U.S.+Presidency&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-645-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyM7E2G0tAiwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiven1983" class="citation book cs1">Niven, John (1983). <i>Martin Van Buren : The Romantic Age of American Politics</i>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-25-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-25-7"><bdi>978-0-945707-25-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren+%3A+The+Romantic+Age+of+American+Politics&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-945707-25-7&rft.aulast=Niven&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinvanburenro00nive">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowlan2012" class="citation book cs1">Nowlan, Robert A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlNWU1e9ppUC"><i>The American presidents, from Washington to Tyler</i></a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6336-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-6336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+presidents%2C+from+Washington+to+Tyler&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6336-7&rft.aulast=Nowlan&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlNWU1e9ppUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Shepard" title="Edward M. Shepard">Shepard, Edward M.</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41634/41634-h/41634-h.htm"><i>Martin Van Buren</i></a>. American Statesmen, Volume 18: Domestic Politics – The Tariff and Slavery. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221234938/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41634/41634-h/41634-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2020</span> – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.series=American+Statesmen%2C+Volume+18%3A+Domestic+Politics+%E2%80%93+The+Tariff+and+Slavery&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Co.&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F41634%2F41634-h%2F41634-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_H._Silbey" title="Joel H. Silbey">Silbey, Joel H.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinvanburenem00silb"><i>Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics</i></a>. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2243-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2243-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-2243-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren+and+the+Emergence+of+American+Popular+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2243-5&rft.aulast=Silbey&rft.aufirst=Joel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinvanburenem00silb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidmer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Widmer" title="Edward L. Widmer">Widmer, Ted</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YiU_kd-iAcgC"><i>Martin Van Buren: The American Presidents Series: The 8th President, 1837-1841</i></a>. New York, New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6922-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6922-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-6922-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+The+8th+President%2C+1837-1841&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6922-8&rft.aulast=Widmer&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYiU_kd-iAcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1984" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Major L. (1984). <i>The Presidency of Martin Van Buren</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0238-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0238-4"><bdi>978-0-7006-0238-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Martin+Van+Buren&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0238-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Major+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Bibliography of Martin Van Buren">Bibliography of Martin Van Buren</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Alexander" title="Holmes Alexander">Alexander, Holmes</a> (1935). <i>The American Talleyrand: Martin Van Buren</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Talleyrand%3A+Martin+Van+Buren&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Holmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americantalleyra0000holm">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoller2004" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Paul F. (2004). "Chapter 13: Van Buren's Victory over three Whigs". <i>Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush</i>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516716-0"><bdi>978-0-19-516716-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Van+Buren%27s+Victory+over+three+Whigs&rft.btitle=Presidential+Campaigns%3A+From+George+Washington+to+George+W.+Bush&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516716-0&rft.aulast=Boller&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ceaser, James W. "III. Martin Van Buren and the Case for Electoral Restraint", in <i>Presidential Selection</i> (Princeton University Press, 2020). 123–169.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1970" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, James C. (1970). <i>The Fox at Bay: Martin Van Buren and the Presidency, 1837–1841</i>. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1214-5"><bdi>978-0-8131-1214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fox+at+Bay%3A+Martin+Van+Buren+and+the+Presidency%2C+1837%E2%80%931841&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1214-5&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Curtis, James C. "In the Shadow of Old Hickory: The Political Travail of Martin Van Buren", <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> 1.3 (1981): 249-267 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3123035">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224012647/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3123035">Archived</a> December 24, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Duncan, Jason K. "'Plain Catholics of the North': Martin Van Buren and the Politics of Religion, 1807–1836", <i>U.S. Catholic Historian</i> 38.1 (2020): 25–48.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGammon1922" class="citation book cs1">Gammon, Samuel Rhea (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialcamp00gamm"><i>The Presidential Campaign of 1832</i></a>. Baltimore, MD: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins Press">Johns Hopkins Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidential+Campaign+of+1832&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Gammon&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentialcamp00gamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1999" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Michael F. (1999). <i>The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505544-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505544-3"><bdi>978-0-19-505544-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+American+Whig+Party%3A+Jacksonian+Politics+and+the+Onset+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505544-3&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofameric0000holt_a7l7">online</a></li> <li>Lucas, M. Philip. "Martin Van Buren as Party Leader and at Andrew Jackson's Right Hand", in <i>A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861</i> (2014): 107–129</li> <li>McBride, Spencer W. "When Joseph Smith Met Martin Van Buren: Mormonism and the Politics of Religious Liberty in Nineteenth-Century America", <i>Church History</i> 85.1 (2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihalkanin2004" class="citation book cs1">Mihalkanin, Edward, ed. (2004). "Martin Van Buren". <i>American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell</i>. Westport, CT: Greenport Press. pp. 504–511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30828-4"><bdi>978-0-313-30828-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren&rft.btitle=American+Statesmen%3A+Secretaries+of+State+from+John+Jay+to+Colin+Powell&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=504-511&rft.pub=Greenport+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30828-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mushkat, Jerome. <i>Martin Van Buren: law, politics, and the shaping of Republican ideology</i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinvanburenla0000mush">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Remini, Robert V.</a> (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinvanburenma0000remi"><i>Martin Van Buren and the making of the Democratic Party</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-02288-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-02288-0"><bdi>978-0-231-02288-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren+and+the+making+of+the+Democratic+Party&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-231-02288-0&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinvanburenma0000remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Remini, Robert V. "The Albany Regency." <i>New York History</i> 39.4 (1958): 341+.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchouler1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Schouler" title="James Schouler">Schouler, James</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds04schouoft"><i>History of the United States of America, 1831–1847. Democrats and Whigs</i></a>. Vol. 4. Washington: W. H. Morrison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+of+America%2C+1831%E2%80%931847.+Democrats+and+Whigs&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=W.+H.+Morrison&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Schouler&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofuniteds04schouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellers1992" class="citation book cs1">Sellers, Charles (1992). <i>The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503889-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503889-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503889-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Market+Revolution%3A+Jacksonian+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931846&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503889-7&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marketrevolution0000sell">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey2009" class="citation book cs1">Silbey, Joel H. (2009). <i>Party Over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848</i>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1640-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1640-4"><bdi>978-0-7006-1640-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Over+Section%3A+The+Rough+and+Ready+Presidential+Election+of+1848&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1640-4&rft.aulast=Silbey&rft.aufirst=Joel+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey,_Joel_H.2014" class="citation book cs1">Silbey, Joel H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgCJAgAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents, 1837–1861</i></a>. Wiley. pp. 109–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-60929-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-60929-3"><bdi>978-1-118-60929-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Antebellum+Presidents%2C+1837%E2%80%931861&rft.pages=109-154&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-60929-3&rft.au=Silbey%2C+Joel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgCJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseCronin2010" class="citation book cs1">Wise, W. Harvey; Cronin, John W., eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofan0000wise"><i>A Bibliography Of Andrew Jackson And Martin Van Buren</i></a>. Whitefish, MT: <a href="/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" title="Kessinger Publishing">Kessinger Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-163-19693-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-163-19693-9"><bdi>978-1-163-19693-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bibliography+Of+Andrew+Jackson+And+Martin+Van+Buren&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+MT&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-163-19693-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbibliographyofan0000wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_by_Van_Buren">Books by Van Buren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Books by Van Buren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Buren1867" class="citation book cs1">Van Buren, Martin (1867). <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Buren" title="Abraham Van Buren">Van Buren, Abraham</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Buren" title="John Van Buren">Van Buren, John</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030481745"><i>Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States</i></a>. New York: Hurd and Houghton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4181-2924-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4181-2924-8"><bdi>978-1-4181-2924-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquiry+into+the+Origin+and+Course+of+Political+Parties+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hurd+and+Houghton&rft.date=1867&rft.isbn=978-1-4181-2924-8&rft.aulast=Van+Buren&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924030481745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Buren1920" class="citation book cs1">Van Buren, Martin (1920). Fitzpatrick, John Clement (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924024892709"><i>The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren</i></a>. Annual Report Of The American Historical Association For The Year 1918. Vol. II. Washington: Govt. Print. Off. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-678-00531-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-678-00531-6"><bdi>978-0-678-00531-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Martin+Van+Buren&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=Annual+Report+Of+The+American+Historical+Association+For+The+Year+1918&rft.pub=Govt.+Print.+Off&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=978-0-678-00531-6&rft.aulast=Van+Buren&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924024892709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Martin Van Buren</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_US_Presidents/Martin_Van_Buren" class="extiw" title="v:The US Presidents/Martin Van Buren">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11820" class="extiw" title="d:Q11820">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressV000009" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000009">"Martin Van Buren (id: V000009)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren+%28id%3A+V000009%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DV000009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/vanburen/">Martin Van Buren: A Resource Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612131113/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/vanburen/">Archived</a> June 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vanburenpapers.org">The Papers of Martin Van Buren</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417150726/http://vanburenpapers.org/">Archived</a> April 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_University" title="Cumberland University">Cumberland University</a>; when completed, this website will feature 13,000 transcribed Van Burn papers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/people/president/martin-van-buren">The American Presidency Project – The Papers of Martin Van Buren</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820132716/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/people/president/martin-van-buren">Archived</a> August 20, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Online Collection) at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/vanburen">American President: Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111030080624/http://millercenter.org/president/vanburen">Archived</a> October 30, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a>, University of Virginia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011055528/http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3486">Inaugural Address (March 4, 1837)</a>, at the Miller Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/mava/">Martin Van Buren National Historic Site (Lindenwald)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050120095615/http://www.nps.gov/mava/">Archived</a> January 20, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Martin Van Buren"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Martin_Van_Buren">"Martin Van Buren" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XXIV (9th ed.). 1888.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Van+Buren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?122988-1/life-portrait-martin-van-buren">"Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106053254/https://www.c-span.org/video/?122988-1%2Flife-portrait-martin-van-buren%20">Archived</a> January 6, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, May 3, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Van+Buren,+Martin">Works by Martin Van Buren</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Buren%2C%20Martin%20Van%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Buren%2C%20Martin%20V%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Buren%2C%20M%2E%20V%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Martin%20Van%20Buren%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Martin%20V%2E%20Buren%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22M%2E%20V%2E%20Buren%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Buren%2C%20Martin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Martin%20Buren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Martin%20Van%20Buren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Martin%20V%2E%20Buren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M%2E%20V%2E%20Buren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M%2E%20Van%20Buren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Buren%2C%20Martin%20Van%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Buren%2C%20Martin%20V%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Buren%2C%20M%2E%20V%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Buren%2C%20M%2E%20Van%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Martin%20Buren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Buren%2C%20Martin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Martin%20Van%20Buren%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Martin%20V%2E%20Buren%22%20OR%20title%3A%22M%2E%20V%2E%20Buren%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Martin%20Buren%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Martin%20Van%20Buren%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Martin%20V%2E%20Buren%22%20OR%20description%3A%22M%2E%20V%2E%20Buren%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Buren%2C%20Martin%20Van%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Buren%2C%20Martin%20V%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Martin%20Buren%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Buren%2C%20Martin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221782-1862%22%20AND%20Buren%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Martin Van Buren</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11282">Works by Martin Van Buren</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martin_Van_Buren" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Van_Buren" title="Template:Martin Van Buren"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Van_Buren" title="Template talk:Martin Van Buren"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Van_Buren" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Van Buren"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Van_Buren" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">8th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1837–1841)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">8th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1833–1837)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom</a> (1831–1832)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">10th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1829–1831)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">9th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1829)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">U.S. Senator from New York</a> (1821–1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York" title="Attorney General of New York">Attorney General of New York</a> (1815–1819)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucktails" title="Bucktails">Bucktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Regency" title="Albany Regency">Albany Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1821 United States Senate election in New York">1821 United States Senate election in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of Abominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1828 New York gubernatorial election">1828 New York gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet" title="Kitchen Cabinet">Kitchen Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren_National_Historic_Site" title="Martin Van Buren National Historic Site">Martin Van Buren National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers" title="Barnburners and Hunkers">Barnburners and Hunkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Dutch_Church_(Kinderhook,_New_York)" title="Reformed Dutch Church (Kinderhook, New York)">Reformed Dutch Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Inauguration of Martin Van Buren">Inauguration of Martin Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerson%27s_letter_to_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren">Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">United States v. The Amistad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Martin_Van_Buren" title="List of federal judges appointed by Martin Van Buren">List of federal judges appointed by Martin Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Spoon_Oration" title="Gold Spoon Oration">Gold Spoon Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 Democratic National Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papers_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Papers of Martin Van Buren">Papers of Martin Van Buren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Recarving_Rushmore" title="Recarving Rushmore">Recarving Rushmore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Martin_Van_Buren" title="List of memorials to Martin Van Buren">List of memorials to Martin Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Van_Buren" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Van Buren">Mount Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Van_Buren_(1839)" title="USS Van Buren (1839)">USS <i>Van Buren</i> (1839)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burr_(novel)" title="Burr (novel)">Burr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amistad_(film)" title="Amistad (film)">Amistad</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Van_Buren_Boys" title="The Van Buren Boys">The Van Buren Boys</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Family of Martin Van Buren">Family of Martin Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Buren" title="Abraham Van Buren">Abraham Van Buren</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Buren" title="John Van Buren">John Van Buren</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Buren_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Van Buren (I)">Abraham Van Buren</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._Van_Alen" title="James I. Van Alen">James I. Van Alen</a> (maternal half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Singleton_Van_Buren" title="Angelica Singleton Van Buren">Angelica Singleton Van Buren</a> (daughter-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">← Andrew Jackson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">← John C. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Martin_Van_Buren" title="Category:Martin Van Buren">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Vechten" title="Abraham Van Vechten">Abraham Van Vechten</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Attorney General">Attorney General of New York</a> </b><br />1815–1819 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Oakley" title="Thomas J. Oakley">Thomas J. Oakley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New York</a> </b><br />1821–1828 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Dudley" title="Charles E. Dudley">Charles E. Dudley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">William Smith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> </b><br />1823–1828 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Macpherson_Berrien" class="mw-redirect" title="John Macpherson Berrien">John Macpherson Berrien</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1828_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1828 New York gubernatorial election">1828</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Enos T. Throop</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>, <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a> nominee for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Nathaniel Pitcher</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br />1829 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Enos T. Throop</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1829–1831 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1833–1837 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1837–1841 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">United States Minister to the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1831–1832 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Aaron Vail</a> (acting)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Martin_Van_Buren" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Martin_Van_Buren" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Martin Van Buren</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template talk:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">lieutenant governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Lewis_(governor)" title="Morgan Lewis (governor)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Yates" title="Joseph C. Yates">Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Bouck" title="William C. Bouck">Bouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(governor)" title="John Young (governor)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Hunt" title="Washington Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_H._Clark" title="Myron H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._King" title="John A. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hoffman" title="John T. Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">J. Adams Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Robinson" title="Lucius Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Flower" title="Roswell P. Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Odell_(politician)" title="Benjamin Odell (politician)">Odell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Dix" title="John Alden Dix">J. Alden Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">Sulzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour_Whitman" title="Charles Seymour Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">Pataki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">A. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant<br />governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Van_Cortlandt" title="Pierre Van Cortlandt">Van Cortlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">S. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Van_Rensselaer" title="Jeremiah Van Rensselaer">J. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Broome_(politician)" title="John Broome (politician)">Broome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philetus_Swift" title="Philetus Swift">Swift</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Root" title="Erastus Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tallmadge_Jr." title="James Tallmadge Jr.">Tallmadge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Livingston" title="Peter R. Livingston">P. Livingston</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dayan" title="Charles Dayan">Dayan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stebbins" title="Charles Stebbins">Stebbins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_M._Oliver" title="William M. Oliver">Oliver</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Philip_Livingston" title="Edward Philip Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tracy_(New_York_politician)" title="John Tracy (New York politician)">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bradish" title="Luther Bradish">Bradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addison_Gardiner" title="Addison Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lester" title="Albert Lester">Lester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Patterson" title="George W. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_E._Church" title="Sanford E. Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Selden" title="Henry R. Selden">Selden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Campbell_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Campbell (New York politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Floyd-Jones" title="David R. Floyd-Jones">Floyd-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Beach" title="Allen C. Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsheimer" title="William Dorsheimer">Dorsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Hoskins" title="George Gilbert Hoskins">Hoskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_McCarthy_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis McCarthy (congressman)">McCarthy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Jones" title="Edward F. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Sheehan" title="William F. Sheehan">Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Saxton" title="Charles T. Saxton">Saxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Woodruff" title="Timothy L. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Linn_Bruce" title="Matthew Linn Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Raines" title="John Raines">Raines</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stuyvesant_Chanler" title="Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler">Chanler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_H._Cobb" title="George H. Cobb">Cobb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Conway" title="Thomas F. Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schoeneck" title="Edward Schoeneck">Schoeneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Walker" title="Harry C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wood" title="Jeremiah Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clayton_R._Lusk" title="Clayton R. Lusk">Lusk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Lowman" title="Seymour Lowman">Lowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corning" title="Edwin Corning">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._William_Bray" title="M. William Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Wallace" title="Thomas W. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Moore_(politician)" title="Frank C. Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Wicks" title="Arthur H. Wicks">Wicks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Mahoney" title="Walter J. Mahoney">Mahoney</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeLuca" title="George DeLuca">DeLuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Krupsak" title="Mary Anne Krupsak">Krupsak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_DelBello" title="Alfred DelBello">DelBello</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">Lundine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_McCaughey" title="Betsy McCaughey">McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Donohue" title="Mary Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruno" title="Joseph Bruno">Bruno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dean_Skelos" title="Dean Skelos">Skelos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Smith_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Smith (U.S. politician)">Smith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Espada_Jr." title="Pedro Espada Jr.">Espada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ravitch" title="Richard Ravitch">Ravitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duffy_(politician)" title="Robert Duffy (politician)">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Benjamin" title="Brian Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Delgado" title="Antonio Delgado">Delgado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="Template:United States senators from New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="Template talk:United States senators from New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">United States senators from New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sloss_Hobart" title="John Sloss Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_North" title="William North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson_(New_York_politician)" title="James Watson (New York politician)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Bailey_(politician)" title="Theodorus Bailey (politician)">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Mitchill" title="Samuel L. Mitchill">Mitchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_German" title="Obadiah German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Dudley" title="Charles E. Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Tallmadge" title="Nathaniel P. Tallmadge">Tallmadge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_King_(politician)" title="Preston King (politician)">P. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Kernan" title="Francis Kernan">Kernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Miller" title="Warner Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hiscock" title="Frank Hiscock">Hiscock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Murphy_Jr." title="Edward Murphy Jr.">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Depew" title="Chauncey Depew">Depew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._O%27Gorman" title="James A. O'Gorman">O'Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Calder" title="William M. Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mead" title="James M. Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Ives" title="Irving Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Goodell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Gillibrand</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Laurance" title="John Laurance">Laurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(New_York_politician,_born_1752)" title="John Smith (New York politician, born 1752)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Foster" title="Henry A. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Harris" title="Ira Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Conkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_G._Lapham" title="Elbridge G. Lapham">Lapham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">D'Amato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Attorneys_general_of_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Attorneys_General_of_New_York" title="Template:Attorneys General of New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Attorneys_General_of_New_York" title="Template talk:Attorneys General of New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Attorneys_General_of_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Attorneys General of New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Attorneys_general_of_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York" title="Attorney General of New York">Attorneys general of New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egbert_Benson" title="Egbert Benson">Benson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Varick" title="Richard Varick">Varick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Lewis_(governor)" title="Morgan Lewis (governor)">M. Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lawrence" title="Nathaniel Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Ogden_Hoffman" title="Josiah Ogden Hoffman">J. Hoffman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Spencer" title="Ambrose Spencer">Spencer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Woodworth_(New_York_politician)" title="John Woodworth (New York politician)">Woodworth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthias_B._Hildreth" title="Matthias B. Hildreth">Hildreth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Vechten" title="Abraham Van Vechten">Van Vechten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthias_B._Hildreth" title="Matthias B. Hildreth">Hildreth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Addis_Emmet" title="Thomas Addis Emmet">Emmet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Vechten" title="Abraham Van Vechten">Van Vechten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Van Buren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Oakley" title="Thomas J. Oakley">Oakley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Talcott" title="Samuel A. Talcott">Talcott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greene_C._Bronson" title="Greene C. Bronson">Bronson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beardsley" title="Samuel Beardsley">Beardsley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Hall_(New_York_politician)" title="Willis Hall (New York politician)">Hall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_P._Barker" title="George P. Barker">Barker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Buren" title="John Van Buren">J. Van Buren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_L._Jordan" title="Ambrose L. Jordan">Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Levi_S._Chatfield" title="Levi S. Chatfield">Chatfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Stow" title="Gardner Stow">Stow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ogden_Hoffman" title="Ogden Hoffman">O. Hoffman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Cushing" title="Stephen B. Cushing">Cushing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Tremain" title="Lyman Tremain">Tremain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Myers" title="Charles G. Myers">Myers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cochrane_(politician)" title="John Cochrane (politician)">Cochrane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Martindale" title="John H. Martindale">Martindale</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_B._Champlain" title="Marshall B. Champlain">Champlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Barlow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pratt_(New_York_politician)" title="Daniel Pratt (New York politician)">Pratt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Fairchild</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schoonmaker_Jr." title="Augustus Schoonmaker Jr.">Schoonmaker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Ward_Sr." title="Hamilton Ward Sr.">Ward Sr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_W._Russell" title="Leslie W. Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denis_O%27Brien_(New_York_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis O'Brien (New York politician)">O'Brien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Tabor" title="Charles F. Tabor">Tabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_W._Rosendale" title="Simon W. Rosendale">Rosendale</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_E._Hancock" title="Theodore E. Hancock">Hancock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Davies_(lawyer)" title="John C. Davies (lawyer)">Davies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cunneen" title="John Cunneen">Cunneen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Marshuetz_Mayer" title="Julius Marshuetz Mayer">Mayer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Jackson" title="William S. Jackson">Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._O%27Malley" title="Edward R. O'Malley">O'Malley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carmody" title="Thomas Carmody">Carmody</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Parsons" title="James A. Parsons">Parsons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egburt_E._Woodbury" title="Egburt E. Woodbury">Woodbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merton_E._Lewis" title="Merton E. Lewis">M. E. Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Newton" title="Charles D. Newton">Newton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sherman" title="Carl Sherman">Sherman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ottinger" title="Albert Ottinger">Ottinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Ward_Jr." title="Hamilton Ward Jr.">Ward Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Bennett_Jr." title="John J. Bennett Jr.">Bennett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_L._Goldstein" title="Nathaniel L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Javits</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lefkowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Lefkowitz">Lefkowitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Abrams" title="Robert Abrams">Abrams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Koppell" title="Oliver Koppell">Koppell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Vacco" title="Dennis Vacco">Vacco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Spitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schneiderman" title="Eric Schneiderman">Schneiderman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Underwood" title="Barbara Underwood">Underwood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Letitia_James" title="Letitia James">James</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>* acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template talk:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a><br />1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a><br />1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_of_America_to_the_Court_of_St._James&#039;s" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Template:US Ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_of_America_to_the_Court_of_St._James&#039;s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary to<br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1785–1811)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Pickney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">Russell</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoys Extraordinary and <br />Ministers Plenipotentiary to<br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1815–1893)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beach_Lawrence" title="William Beach Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Vail</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_Ingersoll" title="Joseph Reed Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">C. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Pierrepont" title="Edwards Pierrepont">Pierrepont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Welsh_(diplomat)" title="John Welsh (diplomat)">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Phelps" title="Edward John Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassadors Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary to <br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1893–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hodges_Choate" title="Joseph Hodges Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page" title="Walter Hines Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brinton_McClellan_Harvey" title="George Brinton McClellan Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanson_B._Houghton" title="Alanson B. Houghton">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Worth_Bingham" title="Robert Worth Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_Winant" title="John Gilbert Winant">Winant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Williams_Douglas" title="Lewis Williams Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sherman_Gifford" title="Walter Sherman Gifford">Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_W._Aldrich" title="Winthrop W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Whitney" title="John Hay Whitney">Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Annenberg" title="Walter Annenberg">Annenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Brewster_Jr." title="Kingman Brewster Jr.">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Louis_Jr." title="John J. Louis Jr.">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Price_II" title="Charles H. Price II">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Catto_Jr." title="Henry E. Catto Jr.">Catto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_G._H._Seitz" title="Raymond G. H. Seitz">Seitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lader" title="Philip Lader">Lader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stamps_Farish_III" title="William Stamps Farish III">Farish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Tuttle" title="Robert H. Tuttle">Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Susman" title="Louis Susman">Susman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Barzun" title="Matthew Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Johnson" title="Woody Johnson">W. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_D._Hartley" title="Jane D. Hartley">Hartley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Judiciary_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Judiciary_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Judiciary_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Chase" title="Dudley Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Jr." title="James Burrill Jr.">Burrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">Smith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rowan_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Rowan (Kentucky politician)">Rowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_D._Wall" title="Garret D. Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Ashley" title="Chester Ashley">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Butler" title="Andrew Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bayard_Jr." title="James A. Bayard Jr.">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Wright" title="George G. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Pugh" title="James L. Pugh">Pugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_H._Platt" title="Orville H. Platt">Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_D._Clark" title="Clarence D. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Brandegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Ashurst" title="Henry F. Ashurst">Ashurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Nuys" title="Frederick Van Nuys">Van Nuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McCarran" title="Pat McCarran">McCarran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wiley" title="Alexander Wiley">Wiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McCarran" title="Pat McCarran">McCarran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Langer" title="William Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_M._Kilgore" title="Harley M. Kilgore">Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Earle_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Earle (American politician)">Thomas Earle</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Charles C. Foote (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(abolitionist)" title="William Goodell (abolitionist)">William Goodell</a>/S. M. Bell (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_W._Julian" title="George W. Julian">George W. Julian</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">1848 Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other party leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis P. Blair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">Anti-Nebraska movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers" title="Barnburners and Hunkers">Barnburners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience Whigs">Conscience Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Party">North American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Jackson_(1829–1837)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jackson_cabinet" title="Template:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jackson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jackson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jackson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Jackson_(1829–1837)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a> (1833–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">John Forsyth</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/100px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/150px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/200px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="739" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Samuel D. Ingham</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">William J. Duane</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (1833–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">John Eaton</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (1831–1836)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">John M. Berrien</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (1831–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Benjamin Franklin Butler</a> (1833–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Barry" title="William T. Barry">William T. Barry</a> (1829–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a> (1835–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">John Branch</a> (1829–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> (1831–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Mahlon Dickerson</a> (1834–1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Martin_Van_Buren_(1837–1841)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Van_Buren_cabinet" title="Template:Van Buren cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Van_Buren_cabinet" title="Template talk:Van Buren cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Van_Buren_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Van Buren cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Martin_Van_Buren_(1837–1841)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">John Forsyth</a> (1837–1841)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg/100px-Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg/150px-Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg/200px-Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="2048" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> (1837–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Joel Roberts Poinsett</a> (1837–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Benjamin Franklin Butler</a> (1837–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Felix Grundy</a> (1838–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Gilpin" title="Henry D. Gilpin">Henry D. Gilpin</a> (1840–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a> (1837–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Niles" title="John Milton Niles">John Milton Niles</a> (1840–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Mahlon Dickerson</a> (1837–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kirke_Paulding" title="James Kirke Paulding">James Kirke Paulding</a> (1838–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1828)_1832_United_States_presidential_election_(1836_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1832 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1832 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1832 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1828)_1832_United_States_presidential_election_(1836_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">← 1828</a>) <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFE6B0;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sergeant</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0EBFB0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Floyd_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Floyd (Virginia politician)">John Floyd</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_(economist)" title="Henry Lee (economist)">Henry Lee</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFFF99;"><b><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Amos_Ellmaker" title="Amos Ellmaker">Amos Ellmaker</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a></li> <li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1832 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1832_and_1833_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_and_1833_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1832)_1836_United_States_presidential_election_(1840_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1836 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1836 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1836 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1832)_1836_United_States_presidential_election_(1840_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">← 1832</a>) <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">VP nominee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh L. White</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Willie P. Mangum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">VP nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1836 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1836%E2%80%9337_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1836–37 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836%E2%80%9337_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1836–37 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1836)_1840_United_States_presidential_election_(1844_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1840 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1840 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1840 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1836)_1840_United_States_presidential_election_(1844_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">← 1836</a>) <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_1840_presidential_campaign" title="William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President:</b> <i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1840 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1840_and_1841_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_and_1841_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1840)_1844_United_States_presidential_election_(1848_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1840)_1844_United_States_presidential_election_(1848_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">← 1840</a>) <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk_1844_presidential_campaign" title="James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>for Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">John Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sargeant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00DDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 silver;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Mormon)" title="Reform Party (Mormon)">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President:</b> <s><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></s> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_1844_presidential_campaign" title="Joseph Smith 1844 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1844 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1844_and_1845_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_and_1845_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1844)_1848_United_States_presidential_election_(1852_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1844)_1848_United_States_presidential_election_(1852_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">← 1844</a>) <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William O. Butler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CCCC66;"><b><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Van Buren</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings">Joshua R. Giddings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1848 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1848_and_1849_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_and_1849_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11820#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11820#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11820#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081501034">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69725811">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54740/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg4mXmtmR6MBgmbg9YkjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118803824">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80057180">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119724137">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119724137">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00526954">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35128906">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0105898&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1150104">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069891605">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90116949">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000185549&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=89088">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664940105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/70114">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273056605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511328906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06689059?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/14132">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000009">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/835037">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118803824.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118803824">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027747565">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581382">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q34p4z">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kp80g9">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&oldid=1258638739">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&oldid=1258638739</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Martin_Van_Buren" title="Category:Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1782_births" title="Category:1782 births">1782 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1862_deaths" title="Category:1862 deaths">1862 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_diplomats" title="Category:19th-century American diplomats">19th-century American diplomats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:19th-century vice presidents of the United States">19th-century vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Calvinist_and_Reformed_Christians" title="Category:19th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians">19th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:19th-century presidents of the 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United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1840 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1844 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1844 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1848 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1848 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_abolitionists" title="Category:American abolitionists">American abolitionists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_autobiographers" title="Category:American 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Template:Cite_book"," 8.46% 229.686 42 Template:Cite_web"," 7.54% 204.668 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 6.73% 182.893 31 Template:Navbox"," 4.85% 131.662 223 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.622","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28509857,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlexander1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthony2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaynesSmith1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlaine\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlake2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomboy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBright1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinkleyDyer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaroli2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheathem2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheathemMancall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurella2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelaney2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoucet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlap1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenhower1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEland2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoss2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGammon1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannett1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanc2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannings2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatfield1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller_III2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenretta2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenrettaEdwardsHinderakerSelf2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland1836\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHummel1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrelan1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyssar2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoenig1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacroix2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb,_Brianthe_C-SPAN_staff2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandry2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLansfordWoods2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1819\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoizeau2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMackenzie1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManweller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatuz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGeehan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerk1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihalkanin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreFoster1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeu1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiven1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowlan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolk1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurcell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemini1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisjord2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRorabaughCritchlowBaker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchouler1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeigenthalerSchlesinger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellers1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilbey,_Joel_H.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilbey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilbey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilbey2016\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoddard1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSturgis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Mint2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Buren1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Buren1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVile2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWidmer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiseCronin2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"1832 United States presidential election\"] = 1,\n [\"Anti-slavery parties (US)\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 86,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 41,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Van Buren, Martin\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Democratic Party (United States)\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 3,\n [\"Governors of New York\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Jackson cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Martin Van Buren\"] = 1,\n [\"NYSAttorneyGeneral\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 12,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 10,\n [\"S-dip\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-legal\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 2,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 12,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"SenJudiciaryCommitteeChairs\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 164,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"US Ambassadors to the UK\"] = 1,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 2,\n [\"USSecState\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenNY\"] = 1,\n [\"USVicePresidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1836\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1840\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1844\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1848\"] = 1,\n [\"Unsuccessful major party pres candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Van Buren cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","17.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","14.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.8"],["type","100","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","5.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.3"],["[others]","460","26.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r2wfs","timestamp":"20241123101058","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Martin Van Buren","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martin_Van_Buren","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11820","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11820","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-22T21:02:03Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T20:22:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/Martin_Van_Buren_by_Mathew_Brady_c1855-58.jpg","headline":"president of the United States from 1837 to 1841"}</script> </body> </html>