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9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/france-gets-5000-ton-nuclear-reactor-parts-to-power-worlds-largest-fusion-plant" title="France gets 5,000-ton nuclear reactor parts to power world’s largest fusion plant"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">2</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/energy" title="Energy"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Energy</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/quantum-inspired-tech-turns-heat-into-electricity-via-light" title="Quantum-inspired tech turns heat into electricity via light with 60% efficiency">Quantum-inspired tech turns heat into electricity via light with 60% efficiency</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt" title="Rupendra Brahambhatt" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Rupendra Brahambhatt</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">a day ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 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9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/quantum-inspired-tech-turns-heat-into-electricity-via-light" title="Quantum-inspired tech turns heat into electricity via light with 60% efficiency"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">3</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/military" title="Military"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Military</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-nuclear-deterrence-need" title="US eyes new nuclear moves to counter Russia, China with gravity bomb, Ohio sub">US eyes new nuclear moves to counter Russia, China with gravity bomb, Ohio sub</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/abhishek-bhardwaj" title="Abhishek Bhardwaj" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Abhishek Bhardwaj</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">a day ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 1</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-nuclear-deterrence-need" title="US eyes new nuclear moves to counter Russia, China with gravity bomb, Ohio sub"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">4</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/innovation" title="Innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Innovation</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/autonomous-robotic-cameras-in-stratosphere" title="US deploys first-ever autonomous robotic cameras in stratosphere nationwide">US deploys first-ever autonomous robotic cameras in stratosphere nationwide</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal" title="Kapil Kajal" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Kapil Kajal</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 days ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 3</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/autonomous-robotic-cameras-in-stratosphere" title="US deploys first-ever autonomous robotic cameras in stratosphere nationwide"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">5</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/science" title="Science"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Science</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/world-thinnest-spaghetti-created-ucl" title="World’s thinnest spaghetti that's 200 times thinner than a human hair created">World’s thinnest spaghetti that's 200 times thinner than a human hair created</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/srishti-gupta" title="Srishti Gupta" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Srishti Gupta</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 days ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/world-thinnest-spaghetti-created-ucl" title="World’s thinnest spaghetti that's 200 times thinner than a human hair created"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">6</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/energy" title="Energy"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors 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10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 1</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/non-flammable-battery-alsym-energy" title="New non-flammable 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t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Energy</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/new-material-to-power-smr" title="Carbon fiber cathodes to power next-gen small modular nuclear fusion reactors">Carbon fiber cathodes to power next-gen small modular nuclear fusion reactors</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/aman-tripathi" title="Aman Tripathi" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Aman Tripathi</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 days ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 1</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/new-material-to-power-smr" title="Carbon fiber cathodes to power next-gen small modular nuclear fusion reactors"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">8</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/innovation" title="Innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Innovation</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/drones-to-soar-without-gps-using-fingerprint-tech" title="Drones to soar without GPS using unique fingerprint-inspired navigation tech">Drones to soar without GPS using unique fingerprint-inspired navigation tech</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/jijo-malayil" title="Jijo Malayil" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Jijo Malayil</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 days ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 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2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/drones-to-soar-without-gps-using-fingerprint-tech" title="Drones to soar without GPS using unique fingerprint-inspired navigation tech"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">9</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/energy" title="Energy"><div class="t-inline-flex 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body-x-small-bold ">Ameya Paleja</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 days ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 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0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/first-molten-salt-reactor-grid-power-us" title="Big US approval for Gen IV reactor Hermes 2 to generate 20 MWe clean power"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">10</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/energy" title="Energy"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Energy</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/tokamak-energy-nuclear-fusion-reactor-gets-funding-boost" title="Egg-shaped nuclear fusion reactor lands big backing for 880 MW power plant">Egg-shaped nuclear fusion reactor lands big backing for 880 MW power plant</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/aman-tripathi" title="Aman Tripathi" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Aman Tripathi</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 days ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 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fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/tokamak-energy-nuclear-fusion-reactor-gets-funding-boost" title="Egg-shaped nuclear fusion reactor lands big backing for 880 MW power plant"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">1</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/innovation" title="Innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Innovation</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans" title="Robot drummer that's faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft">Robot drummer that's faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden" title="Christopher McFadden" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Christopher McFadden</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">an hour ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 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0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans" title="Robot drummer that's faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">2</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/science" title="Science"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Science</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity" title="Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing">Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt" title="Rupendra Brahambhatt" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Rupendra Brahambhatt</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 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0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity" title="Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">3</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/innovation" title="Innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Innovation</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology" title="Huawei AI chips to power China's next-gen surgery tech for medical breakthroughs">Huawei AI chips to power China's next-gen surgery tech for medical breakthroughs</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/bojan-stojkovski" title="Bojan Stojkovski" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Bojan Stojkovski</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 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9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology" title="Huawei AI chips to power China's next-gen surgery tech for medical breakthroughs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold 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10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-energy-power-generation" title="Japan launches FAST fusion project to achieve limitless energy by 2030"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold 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10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 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2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/chinese-supercomputer-tops-global-rankings" title="China military's supercomputer tops global rankings, clocks 6,320 MTEPS/W"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 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triggers shutdown within 300 milliseconds of emergency</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/prabhat-ranjan-mishra" title="Prabhat Ranjan Mishra" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Prabhat Ranjan Mishra</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">5 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 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11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/radiant-microreactor-triggers-shutdown" title="US' nuclear microreactor triggers shutdown within 300 milliseconds of emergency"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">8</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/culture" title="Culture"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Culture</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers" title="Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study">Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/gairika-mitra" title="Gairika Mitra" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Gairika Mitra</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">6 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 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9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers" title="Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">9</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/science" title="Science"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Science</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden" title="'Cosmic censorship' confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities">'Cosmic censorship' confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt" title="Rupendra Brahambhatt" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Rupendra Brahambhatt</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">8 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden" title="'Cosmic censorship' confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3 t-bg-surface-premium t-p-6 dark:t-bg-transparent"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">10</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/innovation" title="Innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Innovation</div></a></div><div class="t-flex t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center"><svg width="19" height="16" viewBox="0 0 19 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M0 0H18.1111C18.602 0 19 0.397969 19 0.888889V16H0V0Z" fill="#FAF0E1"></path><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M11.4686 4.84995V3.83745V2.82496H5.27474V12.95H10.5662L10.0294 10.9305H7.29808V8.89722H10.5662V7.69077V6.8777H7.29808V4.84448L11.4686 4.84995Z" fill="#007FC0"></path><path d="M4.25828 2.82495L1.84985 2.82496V12.95H4.25828V2.82495Z" fill="#007FC0"></path><path d="M10.9623 10.925L11.4685 12.95H12.9873V14.975H15.0123V12.95H17.0373V10.925H15.0123V8.89996H12.9873V10.925H11.9748H10.9623Z" fill="#FF9900"></path></svg></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry" title="How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry">How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/chris-young" title="Chris Young" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Chris Young</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">8 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " 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class="t-flex"><a class="t-flex" href="/science"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80 t-capitalize t-px-2 t-py-1">Science</div></a></li></ul><h1 class="content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading">World’s thinnest spaghetti that’s 200 times thinner than a human hair created</h1><h4 class="article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA"><p>The ultrathin “spaghetti” was produced using electrospinning, a technique where an electric charge pulls threads of a liquid mixture through a needle onto a metal plate. </p> </h4><time class="t-mt-4 t-text-sm t-text-gray-500"><b>Published:</b> Nov 21, 2024 12:30 PM EST</time></div></div><section class="t-flex t-justify-center max-md:t-flex-col t-mt-6 max-md:t-mt-0 md:t-mt-[0]"><div class="t-w-full md:t-w-[60%] t-pl-[8.50%]"><div class="t-max-w-full t-w-main-layout t-flex t-flex-col t-justify-center t-self-center t-tab-px-0 md:t-px-0 socialShare_relative__B0YIR"><div class="article-heading"><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-mb-1"></div><div class="t-flex t-justify-left t-justify-between headingSection_author_info__s8Xap"><div class="author-info t-flex t-justify-left t-gap-2 headingSection_article_info_left__Wirfv"><div class="headingSection_author_info__avatar__LEJVf"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/srishti-gupta"><img src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b86d098e343666fd88066a3a660a1471?s=96&d=mm&r=g" alt="Srishti Gupta" class="t-w-full md:t-w-[50px] 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4.76779 16.4162 4.36271C16.384 3.96813 16.3255 3.76635 16.2538 3.62559C16.0812 3.2869 15.8059 3.01153 15.4672 2.83896C15.3264 2.76724 15.1246 2.70881 14.7301 2.67657C14.325 2.64347 13.8009 2.64277 13.03 2.64277H5.47001C4.69909 2.64277 4.17502 2.64347 3.76994 2.67657Z" fill="#696969"></path></svg></button></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="t-mb-4 md:t-mb-[16px] articleThumbnail_article_thumbnail__pQ08x"><img alt="World’s thinnest spaghetti that&#8217;s 200 times thinner than a human hair created" loading="lazy" width="584" height="421" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="articleThumbnail_article_thumbnail__image__HYfDF" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.interestingengineering.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F11%2FUntitled-design-2024-11-21T181933.551.jpg&w=640&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.interestingengineering.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F11%2FUntitled-design-2024-11-21T181933.551.jpg&w=1200&q=75 2x" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.interestingengineering.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F11%2FUntitled-design-2024-11-21T181933.551.jpg&w=1200&q=75"/><div class="t-flex t-justify-between article-thumbnail--info t-mt-2"><p class="article-thumbnail--description body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-third">The team used a scanning electron microscope, scanning the mat with a focused beam of electrons and creating an image based on the pattern of electrons that are deflected or knocked-off. Each individual strand is too narrow to be clearly captured by any form of visible light camera or microscope.</p><p class="article-thumbnail--reference body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-third"><div class="well"> <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1050148">Beatrice Britton/Adam Clancy</a> </div> <div class="well"></div></p></div></div><div class="t-max-w-full t-w-main-layout t-flex t-flex-col t-justify-center t-self-center t-tab-px-0 t-px-0 md:t-px-0 socialShare_relative__B0YIR"><div class="body-content true articleBody_firstLetter__fWMYV body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>A groundbreaking development in nanotechnology has emerged from University College London (UCL), where researchers have created the world’s thinnest “spaghetti,” measuring just 372 nanometres across—roughly 200 times thinner than a human hair. </p> <p>While it won’t be gracing dinner plates, this innovation in nanofibers opens doors to transformative applications in medicine and industry.</p> <p>“To make spaghetti, you push a mixture of water and flour through metal holes. In our study, we did the same except we pulled our flour mixture through with an electrical charge. It’s literally spaghetti but much smaller,” said co-author of the study, Dr Adam Clancy.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spaghetti-that-s-literally-nanoscopic">Spaghetti that’s (literally) nanoscopic</h2> <p>This novel material isn’t food but a nanofiber mat made from flour, a starch-rich ingredient. Nanofibers, thanks to their remarkable properties, have potential uses in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. </p> <p>For instance, nanofiber mats can serve as bandages that allow moisture in while keeping bacteria out. They also mimic the extracellular matrix, the natural scaffolding cells use to grow tissue, making them promising for bone regeneration and other medical applications.</p> <p>The ultrathin “spaghetti” was produced using electrospinning, a technique where an electric charge pulls threads of a liquid mixture through a needle onto a metal plate. Unlike traditional pasta, this nanopasta requires a precise mixture of flour and formic acid rather than water. </p> <p>The formic acid breaks apart the spiral structures of starch, enabling the creation of nanofibers. The acid evaporates as the fibers are spun through the air, leaving behind the ultrathin strands.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>The resulting nanofiber mat is about 2 cm across—visible to the naked eye—but individual strands are too fine to be seen with standard microscopes. Researchers measured their dimensions using a scanning electron microscope.</p> <p>Electrospinning flour, rather than purified starch, presents unique challenges due to impurities like proteins and cellulose that increase viscosity, complicating fiber formation. Overcoming this required meticulous preparation, including heating and cooling the mixture to achieve the right consistency.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-practical-advantages">Environmental and practical advantages</h2> <p>Traditionally, nanofibers made from starch require extracting and purifying the material from plants, a process that demands significant energy and water. Using flour directly as a base streamlines this, offering a more sustainable and efficient approach.</p> <p>“Starch is a promising material to use as it is abundant and renewable – it is the second largest source of biomass on Earth, behind <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/uv-light-helps-produce-70-more-cellulose" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">cellulose</a> – and it is biodegradable, meaning it can be broken down in the body,” Dr. Clancy noted. </p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1480" height="987" src="https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-122096" srcset="https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg 1480w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg?resize=768,512 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1480px) 100vw, 1480px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>The nanofiber mat held between two fingers.</em> (<a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1050149" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Beatrice Britton/Adam Clancy</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>“But purifying starch requires lots of processing. We’ve shown that a simpler way to make nanofibers using flour is possible. The next step would be to investigate the properties of this product. We would want to know, for instance, how quickly it disintegrates, how it interacts with cells, and if you could produce it at scale.”</p> <p>The potential applications of these starch-based nanofibers are vast. Wound dressings, bone scaffolds, and <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/health/mit-develop-capsule-removes-injections" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">drug delivery</a> systems could all benefit from their porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, further research is needed to understand their behavior in practical settings.</p> <p>“We’re interested in studying how quickly these fibers disintegrate, how they interact with cells, and whether they can be produced on a large scale,” Dr. Clancy added.</p> <p>Despite their pasta-like origins, these <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/convert-co2-to-carbon-fibers" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">nanofibers</a> aren’t destined for culinary fame. As Professor Williams <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1065593?" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">joked</a>, “It wouldn’t make great pasta—it would overcook in less than a second!”</p></div></div><div class="recommendedArticle_recommended_article__ENN1_"><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full max-md:t-hidden md:t-mb-[16px]"></div><h4 class="recommended-article--title overline-medium-bold color-gray-500">RECOMMENDED ARTICLES</h4><div class="OUTBRAIN" data-widget-id="GS_11"></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full max-md:t-hidden md:t-mb-[16px]"></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>Nonetheless, this innovation marks a fascinating convergence of culinary inspiration and cutting-edge science.</p> <p>The study has been published in <em>Nanoscale 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1d:T160f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA groundbreaking development in nanotechnology has emerged from University College London (UCL), where researchers have created the world’s thinnest “spaghetti,” measuring just 372 nanometres across—roughly 200 times thinner than a human hair. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile it won’t be gracing dinner plates, this innovation in nanofibers opens doors to transformative applications in medicine and industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“To make spaghetti, you push a mixture of water and flour through metal holes. In our study, we did the same except we pulled our flour mixture through with an electrical charge. It’s literally spaghetti but much smaller,\u0026#8221; said co-author of the study, Dr Adam Clancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spaghetti-that-s-literally-nanoscopic\"\u003eSpaghetti that’s (literally) nanoscopic\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis novel material isn’t food but a nanofiber mat made from flour, a starch-rich ingredient. Nanofibers, thanks to their remarkable properties, have potential uses in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor instance, nanofiber mats can serve as bandages that allow moisture in while keeping bacteria out. They also mimic the extracellular matrix, the natural scaffolding cells use to grow tissue, making them promising for bone regeneration and other medical applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe ultrathin “spaghetti” was produced using electrospinning, a technique where an electric charge pulls threads of a liquid mixture through a needle onto a metal plate. Unlike traditional pasta, this nanopasta requires a precise mixture of flour and formic acid rather than water. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe formic acid breaks apart the spiral structures of starch, enabling the creation of nanofibers. The acid evaporates as the fibers are spun through the air, leaving behind the ultrathin strands.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe resulting nanofiber mat is about 2 cm across—visible to the naked eye—but individual strands are too fine to be seen with standard microscopes. Researchers measured their dimensions using a scanning electron microscope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eElectrospinning flour, rather than purified starch, presents unique challenges due to impurities like proteins and cellulose that increase viscosity, complicating fiber formation. Overcoming this required meticulous preparation, including heating and cooling the mixture to achieve the right consistency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-environmental-and-practical-advantages\"\u003eEnvironmental and practical advantages\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTraditionally, nanofibers made from starch require extracting and purifying the material from plants, a process that demands significant energy and water. Using flour directly as a base streamlines this, offering a more sustainable and efficient approach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Starch is a promising material to use as it is abundant and renewable – it is the second largest source of biomass on Earth, behind \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/uv-light-helps-produce-70-more-cellulose\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecellulose\u003c/a\u003e – and it is biodegradable, meaning it can be broken down in the body,\u0026#8221; Dr. Clancy noted. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1480\" height=\"987\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-122096\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg 1480w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1480px) 100vw, 1480px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe nanofiber mat held between two fingers.\u003c/em\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1050149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBeatrice Britton/Adam Clancy\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“But purifying starch requires lots of processing. We’ve shown that a simpler way to make nanofibers using flour is possible. The next step would be to investigate the properties of this product. We would want to know, for instance, how quickly it disintegrates, how it interacts with cells, and if you could produce it at scale.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe potential applications of these starch-based nanofibers are vast. Wound dressings, bone scaffolds, and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/mit-develop-capsule-removes-injections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edrug delivery\u003c/a\u003e systems could all benefit from their porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, further research is needed to understand their behavior in practical settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We’re interested in studying how quickly these fibers disintegrate, how they interact with cells, and whether they can be produced on a large scale,” Dr. Clancy added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite their pasta-like origins, these \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/convert-co2-to-carbon-fibers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003enanofibers\u003c/a\u003e aren’t destined for culinary fame. As Professor Williams \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1065593?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ejoked\u003c/a\u003e, “It wouldn’t make great pasta—it would overcook in less than a second!”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, this innovation marks a fascinating convergence of culinary inspiration and cutting-edge science.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe study has been published in \u003cem\u003eNanoscale Advances.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1e:T478,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spaghetti-that-s-literally-nanoscopic\"\u003eSpaghetti that’s (literally) nanoscopic\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis novel material isn’t food but a nanofiber mat made from flour, a starch-rich ingredient. Nanofibers, thanks to their remarkable properties, have potential uses in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor instance, nanofiber mats can serve as bandages that allow moisture in while keeping bacteria out. They also mimic the extracellular matrix, the natural scaffolding cells use to grow tissue, making them promising for bone regeneration and other medical applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe ultrathin “spaghetti” was produced using electrospinning, a technique where an electric charge pulls threads of a liquid mixture through a needle onto a metal plate. Unlike traditional pasta, this nanopasta requires a precise mixture of flour and formic acid rather than water. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe formic acid breaks apart the spiral structures of starch, enabling the creation of nanofibers. The acid evaporates as the fibers are spun through the air, leaving behind the ultrathin strands.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1f:T533,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe resulting nanofiber mat is about 2 cm across—visible to the naked eye—but individual strands are too fine to be seen with standard microscopes. Researchers measured their dimensions using a scanning electron microscope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eElectrospinning flour, rather than purified starch, presents unique challenges due to impurities like proteins and cellulose that increase viscosity, complicating fiber formation. Overcoming this required meticulous preparation, including heating and cooling the mixture to achieve the right consistency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-environmental-and-practical-advantages\"\u003eEnvironmental and practical advantages\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTraditionally, nanofibers made from starch require extracting and purifying the material from plants, a process that demands significant energy and water. Using flour directly as a base streamlines this, offering a more sustainable and efficient approach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Starch is a promising material to use as it is abundant and renewable – it is the second largest source of biomass on Earth, behind \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/uv-light-helps-produce-70-more-cellulose\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecellulose\u003c/a\u003e – and it is biodegradable, meaning it can be broken down in the body,\u0026#8221; Dr. Clancy noted. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"20:T8dc,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1480\" height=\"987\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-122096\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg 1480w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1480px) 100vw, 1480px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe nanofiber mat held between two fingers.\u003c/em\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1050149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBeatrice Britton/Adam Clancy\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“But purifying starch requires lots of processing. We’ve shown that a simpler way to make nanofibers using flour is possible. The next step would be to investigate the properties of this product. We would want to know, for instance, how quickly it disintegrates, how it interacts with cells, and if you could produce it at scale.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe potential applications of these starch-based nanofibers are vast. Wound dressings, bone scaffolds, and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/mit-develop-capsule-removes-injections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edrug delivery\u003c/a\u003e systems could all benefit from their porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, further research is needed to understand their behavior in practical settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We’re interested in studying how quickly these fibers disintegrate, how they interact with cells, and whether they can be produced on a large scale,” Dr. Clancy added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite their pasta-like origins, these \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/convert-co2-to-carbon-fibers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003enanofibers\u003c/a\u003e aren’t destined for culinary fame. As Professor Williams \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1065593?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ejoked\u003c/a\u003e, “It wouldn’t make great pasta—it would overcook in less than a second!”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"21:T1fd2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eHow vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" 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content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:14:31+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta 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content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"22:T26b3,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"23:T5c6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"24:T594,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"25:T4f8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"26:T46c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"27:T6d1,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"28:T1ccc,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eScientists unveil tiniest asteroid ever known from Niagara fireball event\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Astronomers have identified asteroid 2022 WJ1 as the smallest asteroid ever characterized, measuring just 16 to 27 inches in diameter.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scientists unveil tiniest asteroid ever known from Niagara fireball event\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Astronomers have identified asteroid 2022 WJ1 as the smallest asteroid ever characterized, measuring just 16 to 27 inches in diameter.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:45:09+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:45:17+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"29:T11e2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn an international study led by Western University and Lowell Observatory, scientists have developed a pioneering approach for studying near-Earth asteroids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis approach was demonstrated through a November 2022 fireball event that dropped meteorites in the Niagara region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe research focuses on Asteroid 2022 WJ1 (WJ1), which fractured upon entering Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBy comparing Arizona-based telescopic observations with video captured by Western’s Southern Ontario Meteor Network cameras of the fireball on November 19, 2022, the team determined WJ1\u0026#8217;s composition and size.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-16-inch-asteroid\"\u003e16-inch asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePublished in The Planetary Science Journal, the study reveals crucial details about WJ1, the smallest asteroid characterized to date. It also establishes a new methodology for studying future impactful space objects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis marks the first instance where telescope observations and ground camera captures have been combined to study the same astronomical body.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe size of WJ1 was assessed using the 4.3-meter Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT) in Arizona. Observations indicated that the surface of WJ1 was rich in silica, suggesting a medium-to-high albedo (reflected light).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAstronomers used this reflected light to estimate its diameter, which ranges between 40 to 60 cm (16 to 27 inches), solidifying its status as the smallest recorded asteroid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDenis Vida, an adjunct professor in physics and astronomy at Western, noted, “This is only the sixth asteroid discovered before impact.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-new-tech\"\u003eNew tech\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIntegrating space observation and ground-based camera monitoring confirmed that estimates of WJ1\u0026#8217;s characteristics aligned through distinct methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUtilizing Western’s meteor camera network, scientists captured images of the asteroid as it entered the atmosphere above London, Ontario, concluding its descent near St. Catharines, Ontario.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData modeling from the fireball observations matched estimates from the LDT, resulting in consistent assessments of WJ1’s diameter, composition, and orbital trajectory before impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“This is only the second time that an asteroid has been meaningfully characterized with telescopes prior to it impacting the Earth,” stated Teddy Kareta, a postdoctoral associate at Lowell Observatory. He emphasized the collaboration among scientists dedicated to safeguarding Earth from potential impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe telescopic and camera data suggest that WJ1 belongs to the S-chondrite category, consisting of stony bodies rich in silica. These objects are some of the oldest in the solar system and are the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epredominant\u003c/a\u003e type of meteorite to land on Earth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKareta expressed enthusiasm about the study, stating, “This first-ever comparison between telescopic and fireball camera data is extremely exciting, meaning we’ll characterize the next asteroid to impact the Earth in even greater detail.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-smallest-ever-asteroid\"\u003eSmallest-ever asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers believe that not all fragments of WJ1 burned up while entering the atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough initial searches in the Niagara region have yielded no findings, residents familiar with meteorite identification continue to look for pieces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePhil McCausland, a Western Earth \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003esciences\u003c/a\u003e adjunct professor in the Meteor Physics Group, noted that remnants that fell on land may have blended into the environment over time. However, there is still potential for future discoveries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWJ1 was first identified by the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, Arizona, in November 2022. Shortly after, astronomers predicted its impact on Earth within three hours, allowing them to conduct telescopic observations while the asteroid was still in space. This advanced warning facilitated accurate determinations of its entry point over the Great Lakes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWestern physics and astronomy professor Paul Wiegert, a co-author of the study, witnessed the fireball’s entry. This event was historic because it was the first time observers were notified in advance to observe a natural fireball.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2a:T534,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-new-tech\"\u003eNew tech\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIntegrating space observation and ground-based camera monitoring confirmed that estimates of WJ1\u0026#8217;s characteristics aligned through distinct methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUtilizing Western’s meteor camera network, scientists captured images of the asteroid as it entered the atmosphere above London, Ontario, concluding its descent near St. Catharines, Ontario.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData modeling from the fireball observations matched estimates from the LDT, resulting in consistent assessments of WJ1’s diameter, composition, and orbital trajectory before impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“This is only the second time that an asteroid has been meaningfully characterized with telescopes prior to it impacting the Earth,” stated Teddy Kareta, a postdoctoral associate at Lowell Observatory. He emphasized the collaboration among scientists dedicated to safeguarding Earth from potential impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe telescopic and camera data suggest that WJ1 belongs to the S-chondrite category, consisting of stony bodies rich in silica. These objects are some of the oldest in the solar system and are the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epredominant\u003c/a\u003e type of meteorite to land on Earth.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2b:T548,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKareta expressed enthusiasm about the study, stating, “This first-ever comparison between telescopic and fireball camera data is extremely exciting, meaning we’ll characterize the next asteroid to impact the Earth in even greater detail.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-smallest-ever-asteroid\"\u003eSmallest-ever asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers believe that not all fragments of WJ1 burned up while entering the atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough initial searches in the Niagara region have yielded no findings, residents familiar with meteorite identification continue to look for pieces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePhil McCausland, a Western Earth \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003esciences\u003c/a\u003e adjunct professor in the Meteor Physics Group, noted that remnants that fell on land may have blended into the environment over time. However, there is still potential for future discoveries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWJ1 was first identified by the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, Arizona, in November 2022. Shortly after, astronomers predicted its impact on Earth within three hours, allowing them to conduct telescopic observations while the asteroid was still in space. This advanced warning facilitated accurate determinations of its entry point over the Great Lakes.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2c:T1ba5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eA never-ending bulb sheds light on our disposable tech mindset\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the planned shortening of product lifespans, illustrated by the enduring story of a light bulb that never goes out.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A never-ending bulb sheds light on our disposable tech mindset\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn about the planned shortening of product lifespans, illustrated by the enduring story of a light bulb that never goes out.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:07:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:07:10+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kaif Shaikh\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kaif Shaikh\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2d:T327f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eImagine a light bulb that has been burning since 1901. Nestled in a quiet Californian fire station, the Centennial Light challenges today\u0026#8217;s disposable culture, offering a glimpse into a past where products were built to last. This historical anomaly sets the stage for a broader examination of how planned obsolescence has become embedded in the fabric of our consumer electronics industry, from light bulbs to smartphones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we explore the evolution from durable goods to disposable gadgets, we uncover this shift\u0026#8217;s economic and environmental implications and the legislative pushback it\u0026#8217;s now engendering. This narrative takes us from the Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s enduring glow to the heated debates in legislative halls worldwide, advocating for a return to durability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-light-bulb-that-outlasted-a-century\"\u003eThe light bulb that outlasted a century\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA remarkable piece of history illuminates a local fire station in the quiet town of Livermore, California. Known as the Centennial Light, this bulb has been burning for over a century, almost without interruption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIts longevity is so extraordinary that it earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records. Originally a 60-watt bulb, its carbon filament has gradually dimmed to the equivalent of a 4-watt bulb today due to the natural degradation of its material. The bulb is encased in hand-blown glass, a testament to the craftsmanship of the late 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png\" alt=\"Centennial Bulb \" class=\"wp-image-122539\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eCentennial Bulb located in Fire Station 6 in Livermore, CA \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dscn2286b.jpg\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWikimedia Commons\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s continuous operation, now surpassing a million hours, starkly contrasts with modern light bulbs. Today\u0026#8217;s bulbs predominantly use tungsten filaments, a shift from the carbon filaments of the past. Tungsten, introduced in the early 20th century, has a higher melting point, which allows for brighter and more efficient bulbs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, despite these advancements, the average modern incandescent bulb does not approach the lifespan of its historic predecessors like the Centennial Light.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-phoebus-cartel-and-planned-obsolescence\"\u003eThe Phoebus Cartel and planned obsolescence\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of short-lived light bulbs can be traced back to a pivotal meeting in 1924. In Geneva, Switzerland, executives from the world\u0026#8217;s leading light bulb manufacturers, including Philips, Osram, and General Electric (which had taken over Shelby Electric), convened to address a growing threat to their businesses: bulbs that lasted too long.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis meeting marked the formation of the Phoebus Cartel, named after the Greek god of light. The cartel\u0026#8217;s goal was straightforward but impactful: to ensure that light bulbs would not last more than 1,000 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis strategy, known as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplanned obsolescence\u003c/a\u003e, involved deliberately reducing the lifespan of light bulbs to boost continuous sales. The cartel established standards that artificially limited the durability of bulbs across the global market. Engineers who once sought to extend the lifespan of bulbs were now tasked with finding ways to shorten it, using thinner filaments and altering the bulb design to ensure compliance with the 1,000-hour lifespan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png\" alt=\"Bulb Factory \" class=\"wp-image-122540\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003ePhoto: Siemens Corporate Archives\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe impact of the Phoebus Cartel\u0026#8217;s policies was profound. By limiting bulb life, they increased the frequency of purchases and set a precedent for manufacturing and business practices prioritizing profit over product longevity and consumer value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the cartel dissolved in the 1930s due to external pressures and the advent of World War II, its legacy of planned obsolescence has persisted, influencing various industries and shaping consumer products to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar strategies can be seen in manufacturing appliances with less durable materials, automobiles with inaccessible parts, and batteries designed to degrade over time. Software companies exacerbate this trend by discontinuing support for older versions, forcing costly upgrades. Together, these practices underscore a widespread economic strategy that shapes consumer behavior and impacts environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-leds-changed-the-spectrum-of-lighting\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow LEDs Changed the Spectrum of Lighting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe revolution of light-emitting diode (LED) technology marks a significant milestone in the history of lighting. Since their invention in 1907, LEDs initially provided low power and were available only in red. However, by the 1990s, technological advancements introduced high-efficiency, multi-color LEDs that began to surpass incandescent bulbs in efficiency, transforming the lighting industry.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis evolution enabled LEDs to emit a wide spectrum of colors and achieve higher luminosity with significantly less energy consumption. The legislative landscape also played a crucial role in the widespread adoption of LED technology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn Europe, stringent regulations phased out less efficient halogen and incandescent bulbs, with bans fully enforced by September 1, 2018, for halogen and earlier for incandescent bulbs on September 1, 2011. These regulations accelerated the shift toward more sustainable lighting solutions, paving the way for LED technology to dominate the market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday, LED technology is celebrated for its exceptional efficiency and longevity. Modern LED bulbs can provide up to 50,000 hours of light and boast high Color Rendering Index (CRI) values, typically around CRI98, which indicates superior light quality that closely mimics natural sunlight. These attributes have made LEDs the preferred choice not only for residential and commercial use but also for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eenvironmental conservation\u003c/a\u003e efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png\" alt=\"LED lights \" class=\"wp-image-122541\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBright LED screens in outdoor Advertising \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.rawpixel.com/image/6111493\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRawpixel \u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these advancements and the legal frameworks supporting them, the specter of planned obsolescence still looms over the LED industry. Unfortunately, some LED light bulbs are designed to be intentionally short-lived to encourage consumers to buy new ones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis practice mirrors broader trends across various industries, including controversial strategies like Apple\u0026#8217;s battery management, which involved throttling the performance of older iPhones to prompt users to upgrade. These are just some examples of the ongoing challenge of balancing technological innovation with sustainable consumer practices in an industry where the potential for technological durability is often compromised to stimulate continuous consumer spending.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe legal battle for longer-lasting products\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe push for sustainability and consumer empowerment is crystallizing through global Right to Repair legislation, which affects a broad spectrum of industries, from consumer electronics to medical devices. Notable legislation includes New York\u0026#8217;s 2022 Digital Fair Repair Act and Colorado\u0026#8217;s 2023 Consumer Right To Repair Agricultural Equipment Act, forcing industries to reconsider their design and repair policies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png\" alt=\"Apple's Planned obsolesce \" class=\"wp-image-122542\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eDead 4th Gen iPod \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/swanksalot/842379407\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSeth Anderson/Flickr\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCompanies like Apple\u003c/a\u003e have become infamous for their planned obsolescence strategies, often necessitating complete device replacements for issues as minor as a cracked screen. Similarly, manufacturers of gaming consoles, such as Sony and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/microsoft-has-finally-agreed-to-comply-with-the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e, design their systems to discourage user repairs, requiring costly services only they can provide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis movement extends beyond electronics, with implications for critical medical devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps, where repair restrictions can impact costs and patient outcomes. By mandating manufacturers to provide repair documentation and parts, legislation in places like the UK, France, and India aims to curb these restrictive practices, ensuring that products are both maintainable and sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe choice stands clear and consequential for both policymakers and the public: maintain the status quo of quick obsolescence or push for a marketplace enriched with durable and repairable products. Such a decision will steer market practices and significantly influence our environmental strategies. The Right to Repair acts are crucial, challenging us to rethink technological practices and prioritize environmental integrity over short-term gains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2e:T441,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we explore the evolution from durable goods to disposable gadgets, we uncover this shift\u0026#8217;s economic and environmental implications and the legislative pushback it\u0026#8217;s now engendering. This narrative takes us from the Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s enduring glow to the heated debates in legislative halls worldwide, advocating for a return to durability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-light-bulb-that-outlasted-a-century\"\u003eThe light bulb that outlasted a century\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA remarkable piece of history illuminates a local fire station in the quiet town of Livermore, California. Known as the Centennial Light, this bulb has been burning for over a century, almost without interruption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIts longevity is so extraordinary that it earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records. Originally a 60-watt bulb, its carbon filament has gradually dimmed to the equivalent of a 4-watt bulb today due to the natural degradation of its material. The bulb is encased in hand-blown glass, a testament to the craftsmanship of the late 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2f:T84c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png\" alt=\"Centennial Bulb \" class=\"wp-image-122539\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eCentennial Bulb located in Fire Station 6 in Livermore, CA \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dscn2286b.jpg\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWikimedia Commons\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s continuous operation, now surpassing a million hours, starkly contrasts with modern light bulbs. Today\u0026#8217;s bulbs predominantly use tungsten filaments, a shift from the carbon filaments of the past. Tungsten, introduced in the early 20th century, has a higher melting point, which allows for brighter and more efficient bulbs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, despite these advancements, the average modern incandescent bulb does not approach the lifespan of its historic predecessors like the Centennial Light.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-phoebus-cartel-and-planned-obsolescence\"\u003eThe Phoebus Cartel and planned obsolescence\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of short-lived light bulbs can be traced back to a pivotal meeting in 1924. In Geneva, Switzerland, executives from the world\u0026#8217;s leading light bulb manufacturers, including Philips, Osram, and General Electric (which had taken over Shelby Electric), convened to address a growing threat to their businesses: bulbs that lasted too long.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"30:T7bb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis meeting marked the formation of the Phoebus Cartel, named after the Greek god of light. The cartel\u0026#8217;s goal was straightforward but impactful: to ensure that light bulbs would not last more than 1,000 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis strategy, known as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplanned obsolescence\u003c/a\u003e, involved deliberately reducing the lifespan of light bulbs to boost continuous sales. The cartel established standards that artificially limited the durability of bulbs across the global market. Engineers who once sought to extend the lifespan of bulbs were now tasked with finding ways to shorten it, using thinner filaments and altering the bulb design to ensure compliance with the 1,000-hour lifespan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png\" alt=\"Bulb Factory \" class=\"wp-image-122540\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003ePhoto: Siemens Corporate Archives\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe impact of the Phoebus Cartel\u0026#8217;s policies was profound. By limiting bulb life, they increased the frequency of purchases and set a precedent for manufacturing and business practices prioritizing profit over product longevity and consumer value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"31:T4c9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the cartel dissolved in the 1930s due to external pressures and the advent of World War II, its legacy of planned obsolescence has persisted, influencing various industries and shaping consumer products to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar strategies can be seen in manufacturing appliances with less durable materials, automobiles with inaccessible parts, and batteries designed to degrade over time. Software companies exacerbate this trend by discontinuing support for older versions, forcing costly upgrades. Together, these practices underscore a widespread economic strategy that shapes consumer behavior and impacts environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-leds-changed-the-spectrum-of-lighting\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow LEDs Changed the Spectrum of Lighting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe revolution of light-emitting diode (LED) technology marks a significant milestone in the history of lighting. Since their invention in 1907, LEDs initially provided low power and were available only in red. However, by the 1990s, technological advancements introduced high-efficiency, multi-color LEDs that began to surpass incandescent bulbs in efficiency, transforming the lighting industry.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"32:T489,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis evolution enabled LEDs to emit a wide spectrum of colors and achieve higher luminosity with significantly less energy consumption. The legislative landscape also played a crucial role in the widespread adoption of LED technology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn Europe, stringent regulations phased out less efficient halogen and incandescent bulbs, with bans fully enforced by September 1, 2018, for halogen and earlier for incandescent bulbs on September 1, 2011. These regulations accelerated the shift toward more sustainable lighting solutions, paving the way for LED technology to dominate the market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday, LED technology is celebrated for its exceptional efficiency and longevity. Modern LED bulbs can provide up to 50,000 hours of light and boast high Color Rendering Index (CRI) values, typically around CRI98, which indicates superior light quality that closely mimics natural sunlight. These attributes have made LEDs the preferred choice not only for residential and commercial use but also for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eenvironmental conservation\u003c/a\u003e efforts.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"33:T90d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png\" alt=\"LED lights \" class=\"wp-image-122541\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBright LED screens in outdoor Advertising \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.rawpixel.com/image/6111493\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRawpixel \u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these advancements and the legal frameworks supporting them, the specter of planned obsolescence still looms over the LED industry. Unfortunately, some LED light bulbs are designed to be intentionally short-lived to encourage consumers to buy new ones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis practice mirrors broader trends across various industries, including controversial strategies like Apple\u0026#8217;s battery management, which involved throttling the performance of older iPhones to prompt users to upgrade. These are just some examples of the ongoing challenge of balancing technological innovation with sustainable consumer practices in an industry where the potential for technological durability is often compromised to stimulate continuous consumer spending.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe legal battle for longer-lasting products\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe push for sustainability and consumer empowerment is crystallizing through global Right to Repair legislation, which affects a broad spectrum of industries, from consumer electronics to medical devices. Notable legislation includes New York\u0026#8217;s 2022 Digital Fair Repair Act and Colorado\u0026#8217;s 2023 Consumer Right To Repair Agricultural Equipment Act, forcing industries to reconsider their design and repair policies.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"34:Ta1c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png\" alt=\"Apple's Planned obsolesce \" class=\"wp-image-122542\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eDead 4th Gen iPod \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/swanksalot/842379407\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSeth Anderson/Flickr\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCompanies like Apple\u003c/a\u003e have become infamous for their planned obsolescence strategies, often necessitating complete device replacements for issues as minor as a cracked screen. Similarly, manufacturers of gaming consoles, such as Sony and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/microsoft-has-finally-agreed-to-comply-with-the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e, design their systems to discourage user repairs, requiring costly services only they can provide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis movement extends beyond electronics, with implications for critical medical devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps, where repair restrictions can impact costs and patient outcomes. By mandating manufacturers to provide repair documentation and parts, legislation in places like the UK, France, and India aims to curb these restrictive practices, ensuring that products are both maintainable and sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe choice stands clear and consequential for both policymakers and the public: maintain the status quo of quick obsolescence or push for a marketplace enriched with durable and repairable products. Such a decision will steer market practices and significantly influence our environmental strategies. The Right to Repair acts are crucial, challenging us to rethink technological practices and prioritize environmental integrity over short-term gains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"35:T1ceb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eGE Aerospace unveils 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"GE Aerospace has demonstrated a 1-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system under the $5.1M ARC-STEP contract with the US Army.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GE Aerospace unveils 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"GE Aerospace has demonstrated a 1-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system under the $5.1M ARC-STEP contract with the US Army.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T20:34:22+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T20:34:29+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T005911.488.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"36:T1266,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has successfully demonstrated a one-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system as part of a $5.1 million research and development contract with the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory (ARL).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the Applied Research Collaborative Systematic Turboshaft Electrification Project (ARC-STEP) contract, GE Aerospace researched, developed, tested, and evaluated a megawatt (MW) class electrified power plant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“GE Aerospace has a nearly 50-year legacy as the powerplant for Army Aviation from the proven T700 engine to the new revolutionary T901 engine,” said John Martin, Director of Turboshaft Advanced Programs at GE Aerospace.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“ARC-STEP builds on that legacy and refines technologies along a path for hybrid electric propulsion for both the US Army and the world.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hybrid-electric-propulsion-system\"\u003eHybrid electric propulsion system\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe successful demonstration featured a CT7 turboshaft engine paired with an electric machine and power electronics produced by GE Aerospace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the testing conducted at the GE Aerospace Research Center in Niskayuna, New York, experts from both the US Army and GE Aerospace collaborated to investigate and integrate technologies that enable the development of lightweight, efficient, reliable, and safe hybrid-electric propulsion systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of hybrid electric propulsion on the efficiency and effectiveness of different platform types were also analyzed during the demonstration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It’s exciting to see the successful demonstration of ARC-STEP, which has enhanced our understanding of the potential for MW-class series hybrid systems to power future Army air and ground vehicles,” Dr. Mike Kweon, program manager of DEVCOM ARL’s Versatile Tactical Power and Propulsion Essential Research Program (VICTOR ERP), said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Often, power and propulsion systems are significant bottlenecks in advancing transformational capabilities. I look forward to seeing how ARC-STEP will shape the direction of power systems for the Army’s future air and ground vehicles.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion. This \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eincludes\u003c/a\u003e the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eARC-STEP, HEX, and EPFD are helping GE Aerospace continue building extensive experience with hybrid electric systems and power generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ct7-turboshaft-engine\"\u003eCT7 turboshaft engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has highlighted the operational versatility of its CT7 family of turboshaft and turboprop engines, which are utilized globally in various aviation environments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company notes that the CT7-2 engine, offering 2,000 shaft horsepower, is recognized for its durability, fuel efficiency, and adaptability. It serves helicopters in multiple roles, including executive transport, firefighting, and rescue missions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the CT7-8 engine family, with shaft horsepower ranging from 2,500 to 3,000, is tailored to meet the rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edemands\u003c/a\u003e of modern medium-lift helicopters. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis engine suits executive transport, search and rescue, passenger transport, and the oil and gas sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, GE Aerospace has delivered over 1,500 CT7 engines, collectively accumulating 30 million flight hours, underscoring their reliability and performance in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"37:T470,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“GE Aerospace has a nearly 50-year legacy as the powerplant for Army Aviation from the proven T700 engine to the new revolutionary T901 engine,” said John Martin, Director of Turboshaft Advanced Programs at GE Aerospace.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“ARC-STEP builds on that legacy and refines technologies along a path for hybrid electric propulsion for both the US Army and the world.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hybrid-electric-propulsion-system\"\u003eHybrid electric propulsion system\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe successful demonstration featured a CT7 turboshaft engine paired with an electric machine and power electronics produced by GE Aerospace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the testing conducted at the GE Aerospace Research Center in Niskayuna, New York, experts from both the US Army and GE Aerospace collaborated to investigate and integrate technologies that enable the development of lightweight, efficient, reliable, and safe hybrid-electric propulsion systems.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"38:T4a6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of hybrid electric propulsion on the efficiency and effectiveness of different platform types were also analyzed during the demonstration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It’s exciting to see the successful demonstration of ARC-STEP, which has enhanced our understanding of the potential for MW-class series hybrid systems to power future Army air and ground vehicles,” Dr. Mike Kweon, program manager of DEVCOM ARL’s Versatile Tactical Power and Propulsion Essential Research Program (VICTOR ERP), said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Often, power and propulsion systems are significant bottlenecks in advancing transformational capabilities. I look forward to seeing how ARC-STEP will shape the direction of power systems for the Army’s future air and ground vehicles.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion. This \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eincludes\u003c/a\u003e the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"39:T487,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eARC-STEP, HEX, and EPFD are helping GE Aerospace continue building extensive experience with hybrid electric systems and power generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ct7-turboshaft-engine\"\u003eCT7 turboshaft engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has highlighted the operational versatility of its CT7 family of turboshaft and turboprop engines, which are utilized globally in various aviation environments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company notes that the CT7-2 engine, offering 2,000 shaft horsepower, is recognized for its durability, fuel efficiency, and adaptability. It serves helicopters in multiple roles, including executive transport, firefighting, and rescue missions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the CT7-8 engine family, with shaft horsepower ranging from 2,500 to 3,000, is tailored to meet the rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edemands\u003c/a\u003e of modern medium-lift helicopters. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3a:T1de8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eSupersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#039;s vision for supersonic flight\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the journey of Boom Supersonic in developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde.\" 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property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:34:47+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:34:54+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"766\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"566\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/2ff174fd7fd3b4725a23fe8d5339342f\"},\"headline\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic 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target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlake Scholl\u003c/a\u003e, founder and CEO of Boom Supersonic (Boom), and \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/nick-sheryka\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNick Sheryka\u003c/a\u003e, XB-1 Chief Flight Test Engineer at Boom. We discussed Boom’s journey into developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde, from its XB-1 demonstrator to its planned Overture airliner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe title=\"Spotify Embed: XB-1 and Overture: breaking barriers in air travel innovation\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4GIwPt0bJZUbWlU9Wk5aFu?si=jXTXNnyuSVCoPr2MNseWtw\u0026#038;utm_source=oembed\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, check out our latest merch at \u003ca href=\"https://shop.interestingengineering.com/en-gbp/\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eInteresting Engineering Shop\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-building-on-concorde-s-legacy\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuilding on Concorde’s legacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAny discussion on supersonic flight, like this one, inevitably has to start with the legacy left behind by the groundbreaking engineering behind the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eConcorde\u003c/a\u003e. That aircraft still has a long shadow, one that Blake openly acknowledged. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Concorde was a marvelous technical accomplishment, but it was unaffordable to passengers. A $20,000 ticket for 100 uncomfortable seats just didn’t work with the 1960s and 1970s travel demand,” he told us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut much has changed since the days of Concorde.“We’ve had massive growth in international travel, and technology has improved dramatically,” Scholl added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs he explained, things like carbon fiber composites, advanced engine design, and digital aerodynamics have paved the way for a new generation of supersonic aircraft. “Today, we can achieve supersonic flight for about the same price as a business-class ticket,” Scholls explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boom-s-testbed-for-the-future-the-xb-1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoom’s testbed for the future: the XB-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1, affectionately nicknamed \u0026#8220;Baby Boom,\u0026#8221; is a single-seat test aircraft that serves as the precursor to the Overture airliner. Nick Sheryka, Boom’s Chief Flight Test Engineer, explained the rationale behind its design.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The XB-1 was originally envisioned as a one-third scale demonstration of the airliner. It’s a stepping stone to prove our capabilities and learn where the pain points are,” he told IE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike Concorde, which relied on bespoke designs and untested concepts, Boom has leaned on proven technologies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We didn’t invent anything new,” Blake said. “We’re using carbon fiber composites from the Boeing 787, digital stability systems used in other aircraft, and computationally optimized aerodynamics,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake explained that this pragmatic approach enables Boom to “bring these technologies together to create a supersonic jet that’s efficient, safe, and affordable.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-necessity-is-the-mother-of-all-invention\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNecessity is the mother of all invention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1 has also taught Boom invaluable lessons about supersonic design. According to Blake, one of the most surprising insights was about low-speed performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The hardest part of building a supersonic jet isn’t the high-speed flight—it’s the low-speed part,” he explains. The narrow wings required for supersonic efficiency make stable takeoffs and landings challenging. To address this, Boom introduced “digital stability augmentation and subtle but critical changes to the nose and wing design,” Blake said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese lessons are directly shaping the \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOverture\u003c/a\u003e. “For example, by reducing Overture’s top speed from Mach 2.2 to 1.7, we’ve made the wing much wider, which greatly improves low-speed stability,” Blake explained. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It adds 15 minutes to a transatlantic flight but makes the aircraft significantly more practical,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overture-supersonic-for-the-masses\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverture: Supersonic for the masses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the XB-1 serves as a testbed, the Overture is Boom’s vision for the future of commercial air travel. Designed for 64 passengers, it prioritizes comfort and efficiency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We essentially took the business-class cabin from a widebody jet, chopped it off, and made it go fast,” Blake told us. To this end, the goal is to deliver a seamless experience that combines speed and affordability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick elaborates on the economic potential: “Right now, tens of millions of people fly business class across the Atlantic. For the same price—or less—we’re offering twice the speed and the ability to sleep in a real bed at your destination. That’s a game-changer.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overcoming-noise-and-sustainability-challenges\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOvercoming noise and sustainability challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the biggest challenges with supersonic jets, especially Concorde, has been criticism for their environmental impact, particularly noise pollution. However, Overture (and her successors) are being specifically designed to overcome, even excel, in these areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Our engines are custom-built turbofans optimized for quiet operation. They don’t have afterburners, which reduces noise by 20%,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, Boom\u0026#8217;s aircraft will be compatible with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). “Overture can run on up to 100% SAF, compared to today’s planes, which max out at 50-50,” Blake highlights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom has also worked closely with agencies like the FAA on the regulatory front. “We invited them in early, showed them everything, and asked for their feedback. The result? What could take 90 days took 90 minutes,” Blake told IE.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis collaborative approach led to Boom receiving the first-ever permit for a civilian aircraft to fly supersonic over land during test flights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-the-future-has-in-store\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat the future has in store\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor Boom, the Overture is just the beginning. Blake envisions a future where supersonic travel becomes routine and accessible to more people.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Imagine families connecting across oceans or kids growing up with friends on other continents,” he says. “This isn’t just about speed—it’s about creating deeper human connections,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick adds that the industry must continue to innovate. “We need to iterate. Overture 1 is just the start. Overture 2 and 3 will push the envelope further, delivering greater speed, efficiency, and accessibility,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHe also highlights the importance of revisiting outdated regulations, such as the U.S. ban on supersonic flights over land. “With advancements in low-boom technology, it’s time to rethink these restrictions,” he argues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-making-the-impossible-possible\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaking the impossible possible\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe journey to revive supersonic travel has been anything but easy, but both Blake and Nick are optimistic. “Supersonic airline travel is inevitable,” Nick says. “It’s just a matter of hard work, and we’re heads down accomplishing that right now,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake agrees, reflecting on the broader implications of their work. “Flying used to be this magical experience—looking down at the world from a vantage point no bird could achieve. We want to bring back that sense of wonder and make it faster, greener, and better for everyone,” he said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom Supersonic is poised to transform the future of air travel, combining cutting-edge technology, environmental responsibility, and a focus on human connection. With the XB-1 paving the way and the Overture poised to take flight, the dream of supersonic passenger travel is no longer a distant vision—it’s a fast-approaching reality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs Blake puts it, “The most important thing here isn’t breaking the sound barrier—it’s breaking the time barrier. When we do that, we unlock a whole new world of possibilities.”\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3c:T7b5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn our latest \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/podcast/lexicon/xb-1-and-overture-breaking-barriers-in-air-travel-innovation\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eLexicon episode\u003c/a\u003e, we sat down with \u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/blake-scholl\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlake Scholl\u003c/a\u003e, founder and CEO of Boom Supersonic (Boom), and \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/nick-sheryka\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNick Sheryka\u003c/a\u003e, XB-1 Chief Flight Test Engineer at Boom. We discussed Boom’s journey into developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde, from its XB-1 demonstrator to its planned Overture airliner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe title=\"Spotify Embed: XB-1 and Overture: breaking barriers in air travel innovation\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4GIwPt0bJZUbWlU9Wk5aFu?si=jXTXNnyuSVCoPr2MNseWtw\u0026#038;utm_source=oembed\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, check out our latest merch at \u003ca href=\"https://shop.interestingengineering.com/en-gbp/\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eInteresting Engineering Shop\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-building-on-concorde-s-legacy\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuilding on Concorde’s legacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAny discussion on supersonic flight, like this one, inevitably has to start with the legacy left behind by the groundbreaking engineering behind the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eConcorde\u003c/a\u003e. That aircraft still has a long shadow, one that Blake openly acknowledged. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3d:T43f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Concorde was a marvelous technical accomplishment, but it was unaffordable to passengers. A $20,000 ticket for 100 uncomfortable seats just didn’t work with the 1960s and 1970s travel demand,” he told us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut much has changed since the days of Concorde.“We’ve had massive growth in international travel, and technology has improved dramatically,” Scholl added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs he explained, things like carbon fiber composites, advanced engine design, and digital aerodynamics have paved the way for a new generation of supersonic aircraft. “Today, we can achieve supersonic flight for about the same price as a business-class ticket,” Scholls explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boom-s-testbed-for-the-future-the-xb-1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoom’s testbed for the future: the XB-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1, affectionately nicknamed \u0026#8220;Baby Boom,\u0026#8221; is a single-seat test aircraft that serves as the precursor to the Overture airliner. Nick Sheryka, Boom’s Chief Flight Test Engineer, explained the rationale behind its design.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3e:T426,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The XB-1 was originally envisioned as a one-third scale demonstration of the airliner. It’s a stepping stone to prove our capabilities and learn where the pain points are,” he told IE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike Concorde, which relied on bespoke designs and untested concepts, Boom has leaned on proven technologies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We didn’t invent anything new,” Blake said. “We’re using carbon fiber composites from the Boeing 787, digital stability systems used in other aircraft, and computationally optimized aerodynamics,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake explained that this pragmatic approach enables Boom to “bring these technologies together to create a supersonic jet that’s efficient, safe, and affordable.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-necessity-is-the-mother-of-all-invention\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNecessity is the mother of all invention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1 has also taught Boom invaluable lessons about supersonic design. According to Blake, one of the most surprising insights was about low-speed performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3f:T486,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The hardest part of building a supersonic jet isn’t the high-speed flight—it’s the low-speed part,” he explains. The narrow wings required for supersonic efficiency make stable takeoffs and landings challenging. To address this, Boom introduced “digital stability augmentation and subtle but critical changes to the nose and wing design,” Blake said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese lessons are directly shaping the \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOverture\u003c/a\u003e. “For example, by reducing Overture’s top speed from Mach 2.2 to 1.7, we’ve made the wing much wider, which greatly improves low-speed stability,” Blake explained. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It adds 15 minutes to a transatlantic flight but makes the aircraft significantly more practical,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overture-supersonic-for-the-masses\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverture: Supersonic for the masses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the XB-1 serves as a testbed, the Overture is Boom’s vision for the future of commercial air travel. Designed for 64 passengers, it prioritizes comfort and efficiency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"40:T454,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We essentially took the business-class cabin from a widebody jet, chopped it off, and made it go fast,” Blake told us. To this end, the goal is to deliver a seamless experience that combines speed and affordability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick elaborates on the economic potential: “Right now, tens of millions of people fly business class across the Atlantic. For the same price—or less—we’re offering twice the speed and the ability to sleep in a real bed at your destination. That’s a game-changer.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overcoming-noise-and-sustainability-challenges\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOvercoming noise and sustainability challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the biggest challenges with supersonic jets, especially Concorde, has been criticism for their environmental impact, particularly noise pollution. However, Overture (and her successors) are being specifically designed to overcome, even excel, in these areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Our engines are custom-built turbofans optimized for quiet operation. They don’t have afterburners, which reduces noise by 20%,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"41:T457,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, Boom\u0026#8217;s aircraft will be compatible with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). “Overture can run on up to 100% SAF, compared to today’s planes, which max out at 50-50,” Blake highlights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom has also worked closely with agencies like the FAA on the regulatory front. “We invited them in early, showed them everything, and asked for their feedback. The result? What could take 90 days took 90 minutes,” Blake told IE.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis collaborative approach led to Boom receiving the first-ever permit for a civilian aircraft to fly supersonic over land during test flights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-the-future-has-in-store\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat the future has in store\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor Boom, the Overture is just the beginning. Blake envisions a future where supersonic travel becomes routine and accessible to more people.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Imagine families connecting across oceans or kids growing up with friends on other continents,” he says. “This isn’t just about speed—it’s about creating deeper human connections,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"42:T4a0,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick adds that the industry must continue to innovate. “We need to iterate. Overture 1 is just the start. Overture 2 and 3 will push the envelope further, delivering greater speed, efficiency, and accessibility,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHe also highlights the importance of revisiting outdated regulations, such as the U.S. ban on supersonic flights over land. “With advancements in low-boom technology, it’s time to rethink these restrictions,” he argues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-making-the-impossible-possible\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaking the impossible possible\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe journey to revive supersonic travel has been anything but easy, but both Blake and Nick are optimistic. “Supersonic airline travel is inevitable,” Nick says. “It’s just a matter of hard work, and we’re heads down accomplishing that right now,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake agrees, reflecting on the broader implications of their work. “Flying used to be this magical experience—looking down at the world from a vantage point no bird could achieve. We want to bring back that sense of wonder and make it faster, greener, and better for everyone,” he said.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"43:T20fc,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003e90% efficient: World’s first underwater boron ramjet tested in China\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Developed by Chinese scientists for hypersonic weapons, the novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests and can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through air and water.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"90% efficient: World’s first underwater boron ramjet tested in China\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Developed by Chinese scientists for hypersonic weapons, the novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests and can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through air and water.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:30:10+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:37:02+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-26.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/06382c4a82d2aeaaf803125928ac802d\"},\"headline\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% 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engine\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Military\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"44:T11cd,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eChina has tested a powerful engine that can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through both air and water. The novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests, which were conducted in submarine mode, and met the desired requirements for practical use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDeveloped for hypersonic weapons, the engine inhales air and water as oxidizing agents depending upon the medium, where it\u0026#8217;s being used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe engine, which is claimed to be the first of its kind, is powered by boron. The critical element is used in scramjet engines, which are supersonic combustion ramjet engines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boron-s-use-in-new-engine\"\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use in new engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use increases the speed of the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-diesel-engine-thermal-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003emissile\u003c/a\u003e to nearly Mach 5 as it burns intensely after encountering oxygen in the air.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, igniting the boron in water was challenging for the Chinese scientists. Therefore, the research team implemented a new \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/rats-enjoy-driving-tiny-cars-not-just-treats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edesign\u003c/a\u003e that gave the solid fuel another chance to burn and enhance the engine\u0026#8217;s efficiency.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey also optimised the injection volume of water vapour into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/hydrogen-jet-engine-design-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecombustion\u003c/a\u003e chamber and the ratio of other ingredients in the fuel, such as magnesium and aluminium. These active metals enable boron to burn more thoroughly in vapour. The scientists conducted the tests in a ground laboratory that simulates the underwater environment, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-engine-was-stable\"\u003eEngine was stable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eProfessor Huang Liya, who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381867897_Experimental_investigation_on_detonation_characteristics_of_boron-rich_gelled_propellant_in_static_premixed_combustible_gases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eproject team\u003c/a\u003e, stated that there was a bright yellow, elongated tail flame near the outlet of the engine’s nozzle.\u003cbr\u003eLiya highlighted that during the test, the engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData collected by sensors showed that the engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3, with a combustion efficiency of 87 per cent. When the proportion of boron fuel was increased in the fuel formula, its specific impulse reached 4,712 newton-seconds per kilogram, which is one-third more efficient than SpaceX’s latest Raptor rocket engine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles?module=perpetual_scroll_0\u0026amp;pgtype=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eaccording to\u003c/a\u003e SCMP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-energy-metalloid\"\u003eHigh-energy metalloid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe high-energy metalloid, boron, has been recognized by multiple researchers as a potential secondary energy source for liquid hydrocarbon fuel to power volume-limited propulsion devices such as ramjet and scramjet. The higher volumetric and gravimetric energetic content makes boron a more suitable candidate than other energetic particles\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eVarious studies have been conducted previously to review recent advancements and challenges in adopting boron-loaded gel fuel for practical ramjet and scramjet propulsion devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEven though \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667134423000421\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eboron\u003c/a\u003e is a potential source for improving the energy density of liquid fuel, it was not widely used in practical propulsive devices till last year primarily because the native oxide layer present in the boron inhibits ignition and combustion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, some researchers reported that the boron particles were fully burnt in the two-stage combustion, suggesting that the two-stage combustion of boron particles can be achieved by ramjet and scramjet.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"45:T65d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe engine, which is claimed to be the first of its kind, is powered by boron. The critical element is used in scramjet engines, which are supersonic combustion ramjet engines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boron-s-use-in-new-engine\"\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use in new engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use increases the speed of the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-diesel-engine-thermal-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003emissile\u003c/a\u003e to nearly Mach 5 as it burns intensely after encountering oxygen in the air.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, igniting the boron in water was challenging for the Chinese scientists. Therefore, the research team implemented a new \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/rats-enjoy-driving-tiny-cars-not-just-treats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edesign\u003c/a\u003e that gave the solid fuel another chance to burn and enhance the engine\u0026#8217;s efficiency.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey also optimised the injection volume of water vapour into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/hydrogen-jet-engine-design-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecombustion\u003c/a\u003e chamber and the ratio of other ingredients in the fuel, such as magnesium and aluminium. These active metals enable boron to burn more thoroughly in vapour. The scientists conducted the tests in a ground laboratory that simulates the underwater environment, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"46:T69e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-engine-was-stable\"\u003eEngine was stable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eProfessor Huang Liya, who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381867897_Experimental_investigation_on_detonation_characteristics_of_boron-rich_gelled_propellant_in_static_premixed_combustible_gases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eproject team\u003c/a\u003e, stated that there was a bright yellow, elongated tail flame near the outlet of the engine’s nozzle.\u003cbr\u003eLiya highlighted that during the test, the engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData collected by sensors showed that the engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3, with a combustion efficiency of 87 per cent. When the proportion of boron fuel was increased in the fuel formula, its specific impulse reached 4,712 newton-seconds per kilogram, which is one-third more efficient than SpaceX’s latest Raptor rocket engine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles?module=perpetual_scroll_0\u0026amp;pgtype=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eaccording to\u003c/a\u003e SCMP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-energy-metalloid\"\u003eHigh-energy metalloid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe high-energy metalloid, boron, has been recognized by multiple researchers as a potential secondary energy source for liquid hydrocarbon fuel to power volume-limited propulsion devices such as ramjet and scramjet. The higher volumetric and gravimetric energetic content makes boron a more suitable candidate than other energetic particles\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"47:T1cc8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eUS submarines re-adopt sea-launched nukes after 32-year absence\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The US Navy is reviving nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles with a new SLCM-N initiative for its Virginia-class submarines.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"US submarines re-adopt sea-launched nukes after 32-year absence\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The US Navy is reviving nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles with a new SLCM-N initiative for its Virginia-class submarines.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:46:13+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:46:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T222720.051.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"48:T12c5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn a surprising development, the US Navy has released a Request for Information (RFI) regarding the development of a Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe initiative aims to establish a modular and resilient cruise missile system that delivers a proportional response while ensuring essential adversary targets remain vulnerable.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to deploy an operational system by fiscal year 2034, with prototype tests anticipated within the next three years.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sea-launched-nuclear-cruise-missile\"\u003eSea-launched nuclear cruise missile\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N will be launched from Virginia-class attack submarines and is centered around an \u0026#8220;All Up Round\u0026#8221; (AUR) concept.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes an expendable booster, a nuclear-capable cruise missile, and a launch canister, allowing underwater launches from Virginia Payload Tubes (VPT) or Virginia Payload Modules (VPM).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the Navy seeks missiles that are “as modular as possible,” incorporating both software and hardware, to ensure that modifications to the missile\u0026#8217;s body or shared tactical systems don’t necessitate changes to the warhead payload interfaces or avionics related to the nuclear mission.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The open system approach is being adopted to facilitate future technical upgrades or technology enhancements as needed throughout the SLCM-N program\u0026#8217;s lifespan,” the Navy\u0026#8217;s request indicates.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United States originally introduced nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles during the mid-1980s with the deployment of the TLAM-N, a nuclear variant of the Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese missiles, which had a range of about 2,500 kilometers (approximately 1,550 miles), were positioned on both surface vessels and attack submarines.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-after-3-decades\"\u003eAfter 3 decades\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1991, President George H.W. Bush declared the withdrawal of all sea-based tactical nuclear weapons, resulting in the removal of TLAM-N missiles by the middle of 1992.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Navy kept the option to redeploy them on attack submarines if necessary. However, in 2010, the Obama Administration recommended decommissioning the TLAM-N system, considering it redundant in light of other available nuclear capabilities. This retirement was finalized in 2013.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2018 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eunder\u003c/a\u003e the Trump Administration advocated for the development of a novel nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile, now referred to as SLCM-N. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis initiative aimed to provide a \u0026#8220;non-strategic regional presence\u0026#8221; and fulfill the need for \u0026#8220;flexible and low-yield options\u0026#8221; within the US nuclear arsenal.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N was designed to enhance deterrence against regional threats and reassure US allies.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-allocation-of-funds\"\u003eAllocation of funds\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn its Fiscal Year 2022 budget proposal, the Biden Administration allocated funding for the research and development of the SLCM-N.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, the 2022 NPR suggested discontinuing the program, indicating that current capabilities were adequate to meet deterrent requirements.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, Congress continued to fund the SLCM-N and its associated warhead. The Fiscal Year 2024 National Defense Authorization Act required the executive branch to ensure the SLCM-N\u0026#8217;s initial \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoperational\u003c/a\u003e capability. Following this, the Administration has begun to take steps to implement the program. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSupporters of the SLCM-N contend that it provides a flexible and survivable nuclear option capable of deployment in various regions without needing to station nuclear assets on allied territories.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder, emphasizing that the commander-in-chief should have access to such options.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to its predecessor, the Navy\u0026#8217;s discontinued TLAM-N, the SLCM-N is envisioned as a lower-yield nuclear weapon launched from submarines that would add a new dimension to the maritime segment of the nuclear triad, allowing the United States to respond proportionately to a limited nuclear attack by an adversary.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"49:T418,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sea-launched-nuclear-cruise-missile\"\u003eSea-launched nuclear cruise missile\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N will be launched from Virginia-class attack submarines and is centered around an \u0026#8220;All Up Round\u0026#8221; (AUR) concept.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes an expendable booster, a nuclear-capable cruise missile, and a launch canister, allowing underwater launches from Virginia Payload Tubes (VPT) or Virginia Payload Modules (VPM).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the Navy seeks missiles that are “as modular as possible,” incorporating both software and hardware, to ensure that modifications to the missile\u0026#8217;s body or shared tactical systems don’t necessitate changes to the warhead payload interfaces or avionics related to the nuclear mission.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The open system approach is being adopted to facilitate future technical upgrades or technology enhancements as needed throughout the SLCM-N program\u0026#8217;s lifespan,” the Navy\u0026#8217;s request indicates.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4a:T4fb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United States originally introduced nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles during the mid-1980s with the deployment of the TLAM-N, a nuclear variant of the Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese missiles, which had a range of about 2,500 kilometers (approximately 1,550 miles), were positioned on both surface vessels and attack submarines.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-after-3-decades\"\u003eAfter 3 decades\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1991, President George H.W. Bush declared the withdrawal of all sea-based tactical nuclear weapons, resulting in the removal of TLAM-N missiles by the middle of 1992.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Navy kept the option to redeploy them on attack submarines if necessary. However, in 2010, the Obama Administration recommended decommissioning the TLAM-N system, considering it redundant in light of other available nuclear capabilities. This retirement was finalized in 2013.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2018 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eunder\u003c/a\u003e the Trump Administration advocated for the development of a novel nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile, now referred to as SLCM-N. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4b:T486,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis initiative aimed to provide a \u0026#8220;non-strategic regional presence\u0026#8221; and fulfill the need for \u0026#8220;flexible and low-yield options\u0026#8221; within the US nuclear arsenal.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N was designed to enhance deterrence against regional threats and reassure US allies.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-allocation-of-funds\"\u003eAllocation of funds\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn its Fiscal Year 2022 budget proposal, the Biden Administration allocated funding for the research and development of the SLCM-N.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, the 2022 NPR suggested discontinuing the program, indicating that current capabilities were adequate to meet deterrent requirements.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, Congress continued to fund the SLCM-N and its associated warhead. The Fiscal Year 2024 National Defense Authorization Act required the executive branch to ensure the SLCM-N\u0026#8217;s initial \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoperational\u003c/a\u003e capability. Following this, the Administration has begun to take steps to implement the program. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4c:T1e32,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eEdge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? HALO Space is making this dream a reality.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Edge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? HALO Space is making this dream a reality.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Sade Agard\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sade Agard\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sade Agard\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/726f533151570d651a8deadcfb7d2a09\"},\"headline\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\"},\"wordCount\":1331,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"caption\":\"An image of the Aurora space capsule in flight attached to a balloon/parachute system.\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Space\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Space\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2024\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"name\":\"Edge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\",\"description\":\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? 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Better yet, if flying to the edge of space sounds like your dream experience, you can join a waiting list.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe stratospheric balloon system is designed to carry passengers 22 miles (35 kilometers) above the Earth\u0026#8217;s surface, offering an experience different from rocket-based space tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHALO Space\u003c/em\u003e expanded its testing and assembly operations to Saudi Arabia last month, which is a significant step forward.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe move aligns with Saudi Arabia\u0026#8217;s aim to become a global leader in aerospace as part of the Vision 2030 initiative. The nation\u0026#8217;s clear skies and ample airspace make it an ideal environment for testing, according to a report by \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spaceexplored.com/2024/10/07/halo-space-expands-testing-operations-to-saudi-arabia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSpace Explored.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering (IE\u003c/em\u003e) recently caught up with Carlos Mira (CEO) and Alberto Castrillo (CTO). We discussed the technology powering the \u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e space vehicle and HALO Space\u0026#8217;s plans for near-space tourism. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-aurora-capsule-vs-spacex-and-blue-origin\"\u003eThe Aurora capsule vs. SpaceX and Blue Origin\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121627\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA conceptual rendering of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature as seen from the Aurora space capsule showcasing the near-space \u0026#8216;overview\u0026#8217; effect. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a unique and serene experience compared to other space travel providers like SpaceX and Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo told\u003cem\u003e IE\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that, unlike companies that rely on powerful \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-of-fast-rockets-and-nuclear-propulsion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erocket propulsion\u003c/a\u003e, HALO Space uses helium balloons. These balloons gently lift the capsule into the stratosphere, and with that comes several \u0026#8220;distinctive advantages.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA tranquil ascent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Instead of the high-G forces and intense speeds typical of rocket launches, the Aurora capsule rises gradually,\u0026#8221; they said. This approach offers a peaceful journey with spectacular views of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature and space\u0026#8217;s darkness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMira and Castillo then highlighted the sustainability aspect of the stratospheric balloon system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026#8216;Reduced carbon footprint\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The use of helium balloons dramatically reduces the carbon footprint compared to rocket-based launches, making it a greener alternative for space tourism,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccessibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, since it avoids the physical demands of high-speed rocket travel, the Aurora capsule is accessible to a broader range of passengers. Miro and Castillo explained that this includes those who might need to be physically fit for traditional space travel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \u0026#8216;overview effect\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also mentioned that HALO Space enables passengers to enjoy what is known as the \u0026#8220;\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/the-overview-effect-seeing-earth-from-above-can-inspire-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoverview effect\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026#8221; They said, \u0026#8220;This is a transformative experience of viewing Earth from the edge of space—for a full hour.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Overview Effect: It will transform how you think forever\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eQsgGCXdAlY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that this duration sets HALO apart from rocket-based space tourism, where passengers typically experience this view for a few brief minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;To date, fewer than 700 people have experienced this effect in space, but HALO aims to make it accessible to over 3,000 people each year,\u0026#8221; they stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-the-tech-making-near-space-balloon-systems-safe\"\u003eWhat\u0026#8217;s the tech making near-space balloon systems safe?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121620\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg 3840w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3840px) 100vw, 3840px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAn image of the Aurora space capsule in a desert environment. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e prompted the duo to discuss the technology and safety measures to ensure a safe journey to the stratosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Safety is a top priority for HALO Space, and the Aurora capsule incorporates state-of-the-art technology to ensure a safe journey,\u0026#8221; they said.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the critical safety measures include multiple backup systems. They explain that the capsule is designed with redundant systems to ensure safety at all stages of the flight. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This includes redundant life support systems, communication systems, and safety mechanisms,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey then highlighted balloon and descent control. Simply put, the ascent is powered by a massive helium balloon that gradually expands as it rises into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/solar-geoengineering-sunlight-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estratosphere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of any unexpected issue, the descent can be safely controlled through a combination of precision parachutes and proprietary landing technologies,\u0026#8221; they explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e is then introduced to the advanced life support aboard the Aurora. According to Mira and Castrillo, the capsule is pressurized and climate-controlled. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis ensures a comfortable environment for passengers while providing oxygen and maintaining optimal temperature and air pressure levels. Additionally, they highlight that the team at HALO Space has developed robust emergency protocols, and the flight is continuously monitored by a control team on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe capsule also has an emergency parachute system that can be deployed if necessary during the descent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aurora-beyond-tourism\"\u003eAurora, beyond tourism\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121619\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA digital rendering of a view from Aurora from space. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule has significant potential beyond tourism,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo emphasized. \u0026#8220;The ability to reach near-space offers numerous opportunities for scientific research and other industries.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAtmospheric and climate studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, they highlighted how the stratosphere is a prime location for monitoring Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere and studying \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/satellite-megaconstellations-surge-damage-ozone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eozone depletion\u003c/a\u003e, pollution, and weather patterns. \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule can carry instruments to collect valuable data for climate scientists,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnology testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the near-space environment offers conditions similar to those found in space. Such conditions include low temperatures, high radiation, and near-vacuum pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Companies can use the Aurora capsule to test new space technologies in these conditions at a lower cost than launching satellites or rockets,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial applications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBusinesses in industries like telecommunications and remote sensing may also find near-space operations attractive for testing or deploying certain types of equipment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-balloons-vs-rockets-what-are-the-sustainability-benefits-of-aurora\"\u003eBalloons vs. rockets: what are the sustainability benefits of Aurora?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a much more environmentally friendly approach to space tourism compared to traditional rocket-based travel,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd here’s why.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the duo, Aurora has zero emissions during ascent. Unlike rockets, which burn massive amounts of fuel and release large quantities of CO2 and other pollutants into the atmosphere, \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent is powered by a helium balloon, which does not generate any harmful emissions,\u0026#8221; they argued.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey emphasized to \u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e that helium, an inert and non-toxic lifting agent, powers the capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent with minimal environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Especially when compared to the fuel-intensive methods used by companies like SpaceX or Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also claimed the Aurora capsule uses less energy overall compared to rocket-based flight. \u0026#8220;The entire journey is less energy-intensive because it avoids the massive fuel consumption required for rocket launches,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This reduces the overall carbon footprint of each flight, making HALO Space the most sustainable option for near-space tourism.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-will-near-space-tourism-evolve-in-the-future\"\u003eHow will near-space tourism evolve in the future?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Near-space tourism is on the verge of a significant transformation,\u0026#8221; the duo said. \u0026#8220;And HALO Space aims to play a pivotal role in making this frontier accessible to a broader audience.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey reasoned that unlike the current \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/chinas-first-outer-space-travel-announced-at-210000-for-12-minute-flight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003espace tourism market\u003c/a\u003e, which remains exclusive and expensive, HALO Space envisions a future where near-space experiences are available to many more people. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis will be due to the lower cost and lower barriers to entry compared to rocket-based options.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The gentle ascent and non-rocket-based approach open the door for more inclusive space travel,\u0026#8221; they said. \u0026#8220;[This includes] those who are older, less physically fit, or seeking a less intense experience than what traditional spaceflights offer.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-at-the-forefront-of-a-new-era-in-space-exploration\"\u003e\u0026#8216;At the forefront of a new era in space exploration\u0026#8217;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space will democratize near-space access by offering more frequent and affordable flights. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that it pioneers new uses for near-space technology in research and commercial applications while leading the way in sustainable space tourism with its non-fuel technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;HALO Space is at the forefront of a new era in space exploration, where the dream of experiencing the overview effect is no longer limited to astronauts or the super-wealthy,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey argued that by focusing on accessibility, sustainability, and safety, HALO Space opens the door to new possibilities for space tourism, scientific discovery, and commercial innovation. \u0026#8220;Our goal is not just to take passengers on an unforgettable journey but to inspire a deeper connection to the planet and our place in the universe,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo concluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We believe that the Aurora capsule offers not just an adventure, but a transformative experience that will forever change how people see the world.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4e:Ta87,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe move aligns with Saudi Arabia\u0026#8217;s aim to become a global leader in aerospace as part of the Vision 2030 initiative. The nation\u0026#8217;s clear skies and ample airspace make it an ideal environment for testing, according to a report by \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spaceexplored.com/2024/10/07/halo-space-expands-testing-operations-to-saudi-arabia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSpace Explored.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering (IE\u003c/em\u003e) recently caught up with Carlos Mira (CEO) and Alberto Castrillo (CTO). We discussed the technology powering the \u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e space vehicle and HALO Space\u0026#8217;s plans for near-space tourism. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-aurora-capsule-vs-spacex-and-blue-origin\"\u003eThe Aurora capsule vs. SpaceX and Blue Origin\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121627\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA conceptual rendering of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature as seen from the Aurora space capsule showcasing the near-space \u0026#8216;overview\u0026#8217; effect. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a unique and serene experience compared to other space travel providers like SpaceX and Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo told\u003cem\u003e IE\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that, unlike companies that rely on powerful \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-of-fast-rockets-and-nuclear-propulsion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erocket propulsion\u003c/a\u003e, HALO Space uses helium balloons. These balloons gently lift the capsule into the stratosphere, and with that comes several \u0026#8220;distinctive advantages.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4f:Tc5d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \u0026#8216;overview effect\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also mentioned that HALO Space enables passengers to enjoy what is known as the \u0026#8220;\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/the-overview-effect-seeing-earth-from-above-can-inspire-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoverview effect\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026#8221; They said, \u0026#8220;This is a transformative experience of viewing Earth from the edge of space—for a full hour.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Overview Effect: It will transform how you think forever\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eQsgGCXdAlY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that this duration sets HALO apart from rocket-based space tourism, where passengers typically experience this view for a few brief minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;To date, fewer than 700 people have experienced this effect in space, but HALO aims to make it accessible to over 3,000 people each year,\u0026#8221; they stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-the-tech-making-near-space-balloon-systems-safe\"\u003eWhat\u0026#8217;s the tech making near-space balloon systems safe?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121620\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg 3840w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3840px) 100vw, 3840px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAn image of the Aurora space capsule in a desert environment. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e prompted the duo to discuss the technology and safety measures to ensure a safe journey to the stratosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Safety is a top priority for HALO Space, and the Aurora capsule incorporates state-of-the-art technology to ensure a safe journey,\u0026#8221; they said.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"50:T534,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the critical safety measures include multiple backup systems. They explain that the capsule is designed with redundant systems to ensure safety at all stages of the flight. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This includes redundant life support systems, communication systems, and safety mechanisms,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey then highlighted balloon and descent control. Simply put, the ascent is powered by a massive helium balloon that gradually expands as it rises into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/solar-geoengineering-sunlight-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estratosphere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of any unexpected issue, the descent can be safely controlled through a combination of precision parachutes and proprietary landing technologies,\u0026#8221; they explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e is then introduced to the advanced life support aboard the Aurora. According to Mira and Castrillo, the capsule is pressurized and climate-controlled. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis ensures a comfortable environment for passengers while providing oxygen and maintaining optimal temperature and air pressure levels. Additionally, they highlight that the team at HALO Space has developed robust emergency protocols, and the flight is continuously monitored by a control team on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"51:T80f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe capsule also has an emergency parachute system that can be deployed if necessary during the descent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aurora-beyond-tourism\"\u003eAurora, beyond tourism\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121619\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA digital rendering of a view from Aurora from space. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule has significant potential beyond tourism,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo emphasized. \u0026#8220;The ability to reach near-space offers numerous opportunities for scientific research and other industries.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAtmospheric and climate studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, they highlighted how the stratosphere is a prime location for monitoring Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere and studying \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/satellite-megaconstellations-surge-damage-ozone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eozone depletion\u003c/a\u003e, pollution, and weather patterns. \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule can carry instruments to collect valuable data for climate scientists,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"52:T466,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial applications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBusinesses in industries like telecommunications and remote sensing may also find near-space operations attractive for testing or deploying certain types of equipment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-balloons-vs-rockets-what-are-the-sustainability-benefits-of-aurora\"\u003eBalloons vs. rockets: what are the sustainability benefits of Aurora?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a much more environmentally friendly approach to space tourism compared to traditional rocket-based travel,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd here’s why.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the duo, Aurora has zero emissions during ascent. Unlike rockets, which burn massive amounts of fuel and release large quantities of CO2 and other pollutants into the atmosphere, \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent is powered by a helium balloon, which does not generate any harmful emissions,\u0026#8221; they argued.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey emphasized to \u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e that helium, an inert and non-toxic lifting agent, powers the capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent with minimal environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"53:T4f4,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Especially when compared to the fuel-intensive methods used by companies like SpaceX or Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also claimed the Aurora capsule uses less energy overall compared to rocket-based flight. \u0026#8220;The entire journey is less energy-intensive because it avoids the massive fuel consumption required for rocket launches,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This reduces the overall carbon footprint of each flight, making HALO Space the most sustainable option for near-space tourism.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-will-near-space-tourism-evolve-in-the-future\"\u003eHow will near-space tourism evolve in the future?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Near-space tourism is on the verge of a significant transformation,\u0026#8221; the duo said. \u0026#8220;And HALO Space aims to play a pivotal role in making this frontier accessible to a broader audience.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey reasoned that unlike the current \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/chinas-first-outer-space-travel-announced-at-210000-for-12-minute-flight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003espace tourism market\u003c/a\u003e, which remains exclusive and expensive, HALO Space envisions a future where near-space experiences are available to many more people. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"54:T437,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis will be due to the lower cost and lower barriers to entry compared to rocket-based options.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The gentle ascent and non-rocket-based approach open the door for more inclusive space travel,\u0026#8221; they said. \u0026#8220;[This includes] those who are older, less physically fit, or seeking a less intense experience than what traditional spaceflights offer.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-at-the-forefront-of-a-new-era-in-space-exploration\"\u003e\u0026#8216;At the forefront of a new era in space exploration\u0026#8217;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space will democratize near-space access by offering more frequent and affordable flights. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that it pioneers new uses for near-space technology in research and commercial applications while leading the way in sustainable space tourism with its non-fuel technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;HALO Space is at the forefront of a new era in space exploration, where the dream of experiencing the overview effect is no longer limited to astronauts or the super-wealthy,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo added.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"55:T1f4d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eWorld’s first fully robotic double lung transplant performed at NYU\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"NYU Langone performs the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant, marking a breakthrough in minimally 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content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T16:36:38+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T16:44:06+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T193847.230.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Jijo Malayil\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta 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content=\"2024-11-22T16:36:38+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"56:T17e7,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eNew York University (NYU) Langone Health achieved a medical milestone by performing the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA 57-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent a double lung transplant using the da Vinci Xi robotic system.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSmall incisions between the ribs allowed the robotic system to remove each lung, prepare the surgical site, and implant the new lungs. Both lungs were successfully transplanted entirely with robotic techniques.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to the team, the procedure showcases a breakthrough in robotic surgery and advances minimally invasive care.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advancing-lung-surgery\"\u003eAdvancing lung surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOn October 22, 2024, a double lung transplant was performed on Cheryl Mehrkar, four days after she was added to the transplant list following months of evaluation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosed with COPD at 43, she inherited a genetic predisposition to lung disease, and her condition worsened after contracting COVID-19 in 2022. An adventurous individual, she was a scuba divemaster, avid motorcyclist, and karate black belt, operating a dojo with her husband for over 20 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHealth challenges led her to retire from teaching karate, but she continued serving her community as a volunteer emergency medical technician with the Union Vale Fire Department in Dutchess County, New York, where she remains active.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg\" alt=\"World's first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\" class=\"wp-image-122453\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eWorld\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By using these robotic systems, we aim to reduce the impact this major surgery has on patients, limit their postoperative pain, and give them the best possible outcome,\u0026#8221; said Stephanie H. Chang, surgical director of the Lung Transplant Program for the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estatement\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA month earlier, Chang and her team at NYU had performed the nation’s first fully robotic single lung transplant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autonomous-surgery\"\u003eAutonomous surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis month, a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erobot\u003c/a\u003e trained solely by analyzing videos of experienced surgeons successfully replicated complex surgical procedures with skills comparable to human doctors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe advancement highlighted the potential of imitation learning, a method that brings robotic surgery closer to autonomy, where robots could \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eindependently\u003c/a\u003e perform intricate procedures without human intervention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eResearchers from Stanford University and Johns Hopkins University trained a da Vinci Surgical System robot in three basic activities: suturing, \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etissue\u003c/a\u003e lifting, and needle handling. The robot performed these activities with human-like skill by using imitation learning, which eliminated the necessity for meticulously programming each movement for each medical procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Is the future of surgery robotic?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ELq6-9jQgeU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKinematic data, which mathematically represents robotic motion, was combined with methods from sophisticated language models to create the training model, which included machine learning concepts. With this method, the robot was able to learn from surgical videos that were recorded by da Vinci systems\u0026#8217; wrist-mounted cameras. With over 7,000 da Vinci robots and more than 50,000 surgeons trained worldwide, there is a sizable dataset to improve this technology even more.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the da Vinci system is known for input inaccuracies, researchers overcame this by focusing on relative movements instead of absolute actions. This adjustment improved precision and adaptability, allowing the robot to generalize to new environments and tasks, such as recovering a dropped needle during surgery.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe new model streamlines robot training, enabling surgical robots to learn procedures in days rather than years. According to experts, the innovation has the potential to advance surgical autonomy, minimize errors, and enhance procedural accuracy, marking a significant leap forward in robotic medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"57:T9ff,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advancing-lung-surgery\"\u003eAdvancing lung surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOn October 22, 2024, a double lung transplant was performed on Cheryl Mehrkar, four days after she was added to the transplant list following months of evaluation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosed with COPD at 43, she inherited a genetic predisposition to lung disease, and her condition worsened after contracting COVID-19 in 2022. An adventurous individual, she was a scuba divemaster, avid motorcyclist, and karate black belt, operating a dojo with her husband for over 20 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHealth challenges led her to retire from teaching karate, but she continued serving her community as a volunteer emergency medical technician with the Union Vale Fire Department in Dutchess County, New York, where she remains active.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg\" alt=\"World's first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\" class=\"wp-image-122453\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eWorld\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By using these robotic systems, we aim to reduce the impact this major surgery has on patients, limit their postoperative pain, and give them the best possible outcome,\u0026#8221; said Stephanie H. Chang, surgical director of the Lung Transplant Program for the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estatement\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA month earlier, Chang and her team at NYU had performed the nation’s first fully robotic single lung transplant.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"58:T8da,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autonomous-surgery\"\u003eAutonomous surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis month, a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erobot\u003c/a\u003e trained solely by analyzing videos of experienced surgeons successfully replicated complex surgical procedures with skills comparable to human doctors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe advancement highlighted the potential of imitation learning, a method that brings robotic surgery closer to autonomy, where robots could \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eindependently\u003c/a\u003e perform intricate procedures without human intervention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eResearchers from Stanford University and Johns Hopkins University trained a da Vinci Surgical System robot in three basic activities: suturing, \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etissue\u003c/a\u003e lifting, and needle handling. The robot performed these activities with human-like skill by using imitation learning, which eliminated the necessity for meticulously programming each movement for each medical procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Is the future of surgery robotic?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ELq6-9jQgeU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKinematic data, which mathematically represents robotic motion, was combined with methods from sophisticated language models to create the training model, which included machine learning concepts. With this method, the robot was able to learn from surgical videos that were recorded by da Vinci systems\u0026#8217; wrist-mounted cameras. With over 7,000 da Vinci robots and more than 50,000 surgeons trained worldwide, there is a sizable dataset to improve this technology even more.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"59:T206a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eStarlink\u0026#039;s rival SpaceSail to provide satellite internet in Brazil\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet service in the region.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Starlink\u0026#039;s rival SpaceSail to provide satellite internet in Brazil\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet service in the region.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T15:53:33+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T15:59:16+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-25.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" 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Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet in the region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe firm signed an MoU with Brazil’s state-owned telecoms company Telecomunicacoes Brasileiras (Telebras) during the recent visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInitially, the plan is to study the demand for satellite internet areas where fiber optic infrastructure doesn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-to-bring-satellite-based-internet-access\"\u003eSpaceSail to bring satellite-based internet access\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/modular-satellite-system-could-unlock-space-based-solar-power\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e access to areas with limited connectivity by deploying its Qianfan, or “Thousand Sails”, constellation, a low-Earth orbit satellite network currently under construction that would support Brazil’s national digital inclusion policies, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBrazilian officials have reportedly been discussing satellite internet possibility with SpaceSail since August. SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s CEO had also met Brazilian Vice President Geraldo Alckmin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn October, officials from the Brazilian Communications Ministry SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/china-launches-first-reusable-satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003efactory\u003c/a\u003e in China.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Shanghai-based firm is expected to kick start satellite internet in Brazil in two years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-elon-musk-s-open-public-dispute-with-brazilian-supreme-court\"\u003eElon Musk\u0026#8217;s open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt came after Elon Musk has been in an open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court, which banned the X \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/1st-ever-autonomous-satellite-swarm-navigation-in-orbit-achieved-by-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplatform\u003c/a\u003e for a month in August. The court maintained that the social media platform failed to refused to comply with its orders.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStarlink was caught in the crossfire, as its bank accounts were frozen to ensure the payment of fines levied against X. Starlink has rapidly grown to become Brazil’s top satellite \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/super-maneuverable-satellite-unveiled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e provider, gobbling up 47 percent of the market. It provides connectivity to roughly 224,000 customers, mostly in remote parts of the country. Starlink is essential to farmers, companies from various sectors, and indigenous communities, according to \u003ca href=\"https://brazilian.report/liveblog/politics-insider/2024/11/19/agreement-china-starlink-competitor-spacesail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe Brazilian Report\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-launched-36-satellites-into-low-earth-orbit\"\u003eSpaceSail launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail, which has launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit, is expected to have over 600 satellites in orbit by late 2025. The company\u0026#8217;s plan is to launch a network of nearly 14,000 satellites for low-latency, high-speed, and ultra-reliable satellite internet services globally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, SpaceSail is in negotiations with more than 30 countries and is promoting commercial applications for its Qianfan constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eQianfan is one of two Chinese megaconstellations aimed at challenging Starlink’s dominance. The other, Guowang, also known as SatNet, is being developed by China Satellite Network Group near Beijing and expected to comprise around 13,000 satellites. Construction on Guowang is set to begin soon, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\nhttps://twitter.com/mincomunicacoes/status/1859024586857414848\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company will start its satellite internet service in 2025. It will facilitate fields such as transportation, new energy, smart cities, smart agriculture, emergency disaster relief, and low-altitude economy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eShanghai Spacesail Technologies Co., Ltd. has begun business negotiations with dozens of countries to promote the global commercial application and services of its constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, China has 1,059 satellites in orbit, 492 of which are commercial satellites. By the end of June this year, 546 commercial space enterprises were registered and effectively operating in \u003ca href=\"http://english.scio.gov.cn/chinavoices/2024-11/21/content_117561027.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eChina\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBrazil\u0026#8217;s deal with SpaceSail is likely aimed at warning Elon Musk and Starlink, which is the world\u0026#8217;s first and largest satellite constellation using a low Earth orbit to deliver broadband internet capable of supporting streaming, online gaming, video calls and more.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5b:Ta9f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-to-bring-satellite-based-internet-access\"\u003eSpaceSail to bring satellite-based internet access\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/modular-satellite-system-could-unlock-space-based-solar-power\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e access to areas with limited connectivity by deploying its Qianfan, or “Thousand Sails”, constellation, a low-Earth orbit satellite network currently under construction that would support Brazil’s national digital inclusion policies, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBrazilian officials have reportedly been discussing satellite internet possibility with SpaceSail since August. SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s CEO had also met Brazilian Vice President Geraldo Alckmin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn October, officials from the Brazilian Communications Ministry SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/china-launches-first-reusable-satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003efactory\u003c/a\u003e in China.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Shanghai-based firm is expected to kick start satellite internet in Brazil in two years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-elon-musk-s-open-public-dispute-with-brazilian-supreme-court\"\u003eElon Musk\u0026#8217;s open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt came after Elon Musk has been in an open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court, which banned the X \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/1st-ever-autonomous-satellite-swarm-navigation-in-orbit-achieved-by-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplatform\u003c/a\u003e for a month in August. The court maintained that the social media platform failed to refused to comply with its orders.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStarlink was caught in the crossfire, as its bank accounts were frozen to ensure the payment of fines levied against X. Starlink has rapidly grown to become Brazil’s top satellite \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/super-maneuverable-satellite-unveiled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e provider, gobbling up 47 percent of the market. It provides connectivity to roughly 224,000 customers, mostly in remote parts of the country. Starlink is essential to farmers, companies from various sectors, and indigenous communities, according to \u003ca href=\"https://brazilian.report/liveblog/politics-insider/2024/11/19/agreement-china-starlink-competitor-spacesail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe Brazilian Report\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5c:T61f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-launched-36-satellites-into-low-earth-orbit\"\u003eSpaceSail launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail, which has launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit, is expected to have over 600 satellites in orbit by late 2025. The company\u0026#8217;s plan is to launch a network of nearly 14,000 satellites for low-latency, high-speed, and ultra-reliable satellite internet services globally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, SpaceSail is in negotiations with more than 30 countries and is promoting commercial applications for its Qianfan constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eQianfan is one of two Chinese megaconstellations aimed at challenging Starlink’s dominance. The other, Guowang, also known as SatNet, is being developed by China Satellite Network Group near Beijing and expected to comprise around 13,000 satellites. Construction on Guowang is set to begin soon, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\nhttps://twitter.com/mincomunicacoes/status/1859024586857414848\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company will start its satellite internet service in 2025. It will facilitate fields such as transportation, new energy, smart cities, smart agriculture, emergency disaster relief, and low-altitude economy.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5d:T1efe,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eQuantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A new study from researchers at Japan’s RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Toshiba reveals a high-fidelity quantum gate that promises to significantly improve the performance of existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new study from researchers at Japan’s RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Toshiba reveals a high-fidelity quantum gate that promises to significantly improve the performance of existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T13:44:46+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T13:46:26+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/quantum-gate.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" 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content=\"2024-11-23T13:44:46+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5e:T1899,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eLike logic gates in classical computers, quantum computing applications require quantum gates to change the state of qubits —- enabling them to perform complex calculations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, it is only quantum gates with high fidelity that can lead to powerful and reliable quantum computing operations. Fidelity refers to how accurately a quantum gate performs an intended operation. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026#8217;s a measure of how close the actual output is to the ideal output. \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/record-quantum-computing-accuracy-existing-silicon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eHigh fidelity means\u003c/a\u003e the gate works as expected with minimal errors. This is very important in quantum computing as even small errors can build up and fail the entire calculations a quantum \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/researchers-succeeded-in-executing-the-fastest-two-qubit-gate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecomputer\u003c/a\u003e performs. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA new study from researchers at Japan’s RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Toshiba reveals a high-fidelity quantum gate that promises to significantly improve the performance of existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-realizing-the-power-of-double-transmon-coupler\"\u003eRealizing the power of double-transmon coupler\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe newly developed gate utilizes a double-transmon coupler (DTC), a component that allows precise control over how two qubits interact. It acts like a bridge that helps qubits effectively communicate and cooperate, improving the accuracy and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-computing-a-reality-check-from-the-experts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ereliability of quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e tasks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Quantum computers vs. classical computers\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUxEa77xdFI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, until now, DTC was just a theoretical concept. “We report the first experimental realization of the DTC,” the study authors \u003ca href=\"https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enote\u003c/a\u003e. The realized DTC device functions like an adjustable connector for qubits.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt is made up of two fixed-frequency transmons (the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/first-mechanical-qubit-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etype of qubits\u003c/a\u003e that resist noise caused by charge) which are linked through an extra \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/josephson-junction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eJosephson junction\u003c/a\u003e — a tiny device made of a very thin non-superconducting layer placed between two superconductors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Josephson junction allows current to flow through it without resistance under specific quantum mechanical conditions, playing a crucial role in the maintenance of the required qubit states.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis unique design of DTC tackles a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/connecting-millions-of-qubits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ekey challenge in quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e i.e. creating hardware that connects qubits with high accuracy and low error. For instance, when the study authors tested the DTC-based quantum gate, it achieved “gate fidelities of 99.9% for two-qubit gates and 99.98% for single-qubit gates.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“An average gate fidelity surpassing 99.9%, for example, would enable not only efficient fault-tolerant quantum computing with error correction but also effective mitigation of errors in current noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices,” the study authors added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNISQs are early-stage quantum computers that have a limited number of qubits (ranging between tens to hundreds only). Their current versions are prone to errors and noise but the new gate will hopefully overcome these challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-fidelity-for-even-detuned-qubits\"\u003eHigh-fidelity for even detuned qubits\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhat makes the DTC-based gate special is its ability to manage the two major types of errors that cause quantum systems to fail; leakage error and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/topological-quantum-magnet-demonstrated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edecoherence error\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe former occurs when a qubit changes its state, switching from its intended quantum state to another unwanted state. Decoherence, on the other side, is observed when a qubit loses its properties such as superposition, coherence, or \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-entanglement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eentanglement\u003c/a\u003e under the influence of its environment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe newly developed gate maintains a balanced state and achieves high fidelity even in the case of detuned qubits, qubits that are deliberately made to operate on a frequency that is different from their natural frequency, preventing interference with other qubits around them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This device\u0026#8217;s ability to perform effectively with highly detuned qubits makes it a versatile and competitive building block for various quantum computing architectures,” Yasunobu Nakamura, one of the study authors and director of the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, said.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe gate can be used for both existing and future quantum computing applications. Hopefully, it will boost the development of accurate and reliable quantum devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review X\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5f:T8f5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA new study from researchers at Japan’s RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Toshiba reveals a high-fidelity quantum gate that promises to significantly improve the performance of existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-realizing-the-power-of-double-transmon-coupler\"\u003eRealizing the power of double-transmon coupler\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe newly developed gate utilizes a double-transmon coupler (DTC), a component that allows precise control over how two qubits interact. It acts like a bridge that helps qubits effectively communicate and cooperate, improving the accuracy and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-computing-a-reality-check-from-the-experts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ereliability of quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e tasks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Quantum computers vs. classical computers\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUxEa77xdFI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, until now, DTC was just a theoretical concept. “We report the first experimental realization of the DTC,” the study authors \u003ca href=\"https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enote\u003c/a\u003e. The realized DTC device functions like an adjustable connector for qubits.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt is made up of two fixed-frequency transmons (the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/first-mechanical-qubit-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etype of qubits\u003c/a\u003e that resist noise caused by charge) which are linked through an extra \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/josephson-junction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eJosephson junction\u003c/a\u003e — a tiny device made of a very thin non-superconducting layer placed between two superconductors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"60:T498,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Josephson junction allows current to flow through it without resistance under specific quantum mechanical conditions, playing a crucial role in the maintenance of the required qubit states.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis unique design of DTC tackles a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/connecting-millions-of-qubits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ekey challenge in quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e i.e. creating hardware that connects qubits with high accuracy and low error. For instance, when the study authors tested the DTC-based quantum gate, it achieved “gate fidelities of 99.9% for two-qubit gates and 99.98% for single-qubit gates.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“An average gate fidelity surpassing 99.9%, for example, would enable not only efficient fault-tolerant quantum computing with error correction but also effective mitigation of errors in current noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices,” the study authors added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNISQs are early-stage quantum computers that have a limited number of qubits (ranging between tens to hundreds only). Their current versions are prone to errors and noise but the new gate will hopefully overcome these challenges.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"61:T5a1,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-fidelity-for-even-detuned-qubits\"\u003eHigh-fidelity for even detuned qubits\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhat makes the DTC-based gate special is its ability to manage the two major types of errors that cause quantum systems to fail; leakage error and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/topological-quantum-magnet-demonstrated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edecoherence error\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe former occurs when a qubit changes its state, switching from its intended quantum state to another unwanted state. Decoherence, on the other side, is observed when a qubit loses its properties such as superposition, coherence, or \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-entanglement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eentanglement\u003c/a\u003e under the influence of its environment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe newly developed gate maintains a balanced state and achieves high fidelity even in the case of detuned qubits, qubits that are deliberately made to operate on a frequency that is different from their natural frequency, preventing interference with other qubits around them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This device\u0026#8217;s ability to perform effectively with highly detuned qubits makes it a versatile and competitive building block for various quantum computing architectures,” Yasunobu Nakamura, one of the study authors and director of the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, said.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"62:T1cc2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eBlack hole breakthrough: New model unlocks secrets of quantum gravity\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists developed a new model, which provides mathematical evidence that singularities are hidden inside black holes.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Black hole breakthrough: New model unlocks secrets of quantum gravity\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientists developed a new model, which provides mathematical evidence that singularities are hidden inside black holes.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:52:12+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:52:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/04d17e51bc5c6742dc3271715a1d33e1\"},\"headline\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:19+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\"},\"wordCount\":571,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"caption\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. 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(Representational image)\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Science\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Interesting_Engineering-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Interesting_Engineering-1.jpg\",\"width\":590,\"height\":198,\"caption\":\"Interesting Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"63:T149a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, British mathematician Roger Penrose proposed the cosmic censorship conjecture, a concept that suggests that singularities — regions where gravity is so strong that the fabric of spacetime breaks, can never be viewed as they remain hidden behind the event horizon of black holes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePenrose won the 2020 Nobel Prize for his work that describes that singularities are the unique points in spacetime where classical laws of physics such as\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/study-challenges-einsteins-relativity-theory-finds-instability-in-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e general relativity don’t work\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, while Penrose’s description of black hole singularities is widely respected and accepted among physicists, until now, there has been no mathematical evidence to prove the cosmic censorship conjecture. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, a study reveals a new model that provides a solid mathematical basis for the hidden nature of singularities in \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum black holes.\u003c/a\u003e The study authors suggest that their findings could solve many mysteries associated with quantum gravity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-decoding-quantum-cosmic-censorship-nbsp\"\u003eDecoding quantum cosmic censorship\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike classical black holes, quantum black holes are tiny subatomic structures that are driven by the rules of both quantum mechanics and general relativity. While\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e regular black holes\u003c/a\u003e are formed due to the collapse of massive stars, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-black-holes-2007-04/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003equantum black holes\u003c/a\u003e can be created in a particle accelerator such as the large hadron collider.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, scientists have found strong evidence indicating the presence of classical black holes in outer space, whereas quantum black holes remain a theoretical concept to this date.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering their theoretical nature, the study authors developed a model that checks whether the singularities of quantum black holes remain shielded when quantum matter interacts with them. This model uses gravitational holography, an approach that helps scientists understand the effect of gravity in extreme conditions such as those found inside a black hole.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the holography method, the information \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/interesting-facts-about-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eabout a black hole\u003c/a\u003e can be encoded on its boundary (the event horizon), similar to how a hologram contains 3D information in a 2D image.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe results from the model suggest that when quantum matter is introduced in spacetime geometries, due to the quantum effect, an event horizon forms around naked singularity — completely hiding it from view. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSince this effect is observed on the quantum scale, it is referred to as quantum cosmic censorship. “This process – quantum effects modifying the initial classical geometry to clothe a singularity – intuitively captures the spirit of cosmic censorship, but it is solely a quantum effect. And so it is dubbed ‘quantum’ cosmic censorship,” Andrew Svesko, one of the study authors and a research associate at King’s College, London, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-model-advances-our-understanding-of-quantum-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-test-bed-for-quantum-gravity\"\u003eA test bed for quantum gravity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile scientists have yet to provide mathematical evidence for cosmic censorship in classical physics, the new model would work as an important stepping stone in this direction. Plus, it will help scientists unravel concepts such as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/antarctica-neutrino-observatory-quantum-gravity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Resolving black hole singularities continues to be a chief goal for quantum gravity, thus rigorously understanding how notions like cosmic censorship and the Penrose inequality behave when quantum matter effects are accounted for, adds to the list of criteria that can be used to further develop quantum gravity,” Svesko added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, apart from cosmic censorship, the new model also reveals ways to understand black hole entropy, the degree of randomness in black holes. Hopefully, the model will bring us closer to gaining in-depth knowledge of many other \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/ultralight-primordial-black-holes-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintriguing properties of black holes\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.181501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review Letters\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"64:T62c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, while Penrose’s description of black hole singularities is widely respected and accepted among physicists, until now, there has been no mathematical evidence to prove the cosmic censorship conjecture. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, a study reveals a new model that provides a solid mathematical basis for the hidden nature of singularities in \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum black holes.\u003c/a\u003e The study authors suggest that their findings could solve many mysteries associated with quantum gravity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-decoding-quantum-cosmic-censorship-nbsp\"\u003eDecoding quantum cosmic censorship\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike classical black holes, quantum black holes are tiny subatomic structures that are driven by the rules of both quantum mechanics and general relativity. While\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e regular black holes\u003c/a\u003e are formed due to the collapse of massive stars, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-black-holes-2007-04/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003equantum black holes\u003c/a\u003e can be created in a particle accelerator such as the large hadron collider.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, scientists have found strong evidence indicating the presence of classical black holes in outer space, whereas quantum black holes remain a theoretical concept to this date.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"65:T60a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering their theoretical nature, the study authors developed a model that checks whether the singularities of quantum black holes remain shielded when quantum matter interacts with them. This model uses gravitational holography, an approach that helps scientists understand the effect of gravity in extreme conditions such as those found inside a black hole.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the holography method, the information \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/interesting-facts-about-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eabout a black hole\u003c/a\u003e can be encoded on its boundary (the event horizon), similar to how a hologram contains 3D information in a 2D image.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe results from the model suggest that when quantum matter is introduced in spacetime geometries, due to the quantum effect, an event horizon forms around naked singularity — completely hiding it from view. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSince this effect is observed on the quantum scale, it is referred to as quantum cosmic censorship. “This process – quantum effects modifying the initial classical geometry to clothe a singularity – intuitively captures the spirit of cosmic censorship, but it is solely a quantum effect. And so it is dubbed ‘quantum’ cosmic censorship,” Andrew Svesko, one of the study authors and a research associate at King’s College, London, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-model-advances-our-understanding-of-quantum-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"66:T4eb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-test-bed-for-quantum-gravity\"\u003eA test bed for quantum gravity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile scientists have yet to provide mathematical evidence for cosmic censorship in classical physics, the new model would work as an important stepping stone in this direction. Plus, it will help scientists unravel concepts such as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/antarctica-neutrino-observatory-quantum-gravity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Resolving black hole singularities continues to be a chief goal for quantum gravity, thus rigorously understanding how notions like cosmic censorship and the Penrose inequality behave when quantum matter effects are accounted for, adds to the list of criteria that can be used to further develop quantum gravity,” Svesko added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, apart from cosmic censorship, the new model also reveals ways to understand black hole entropy, the degree of randomness in black holes. Hopefully, the model will bring us closer to gaining in-depth knowledge of many other \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/ultralight-primordial-black-holes-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintriguing properties of black holes\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"67:T1fd2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eHow vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:14:31+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Chris Young\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/99e7d13d21e76ff8ef080551eb758778\"},\"headline\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling 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industry\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-23T07:14:31+00:00\",\"description\":\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1080,\"caption\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video\" content=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:type\" content=\"text/html\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:duration\" content=\"152\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:width\" content=\"480\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:height\" content=\"270\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:adult\" content=\"false\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:upload_date\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"68:T26b3,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"69:T5c6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6a:T594,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6b:T4f8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6c:T46c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6d:T6d1,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6e:T1be2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eCoatings enhance performance of everyday objects, jets, and spacecraft\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"From everyday objects to those sent out in space, specialized coatings help deliver superior outcomes that regular materials can\u0026#039;t.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Coatings enhance performance of everyday objects, jets, and spacecraft\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"From everyday objects to those sent out in space, specialized coatings help deliver superior outcomes that regular materials can\u0026#039;t.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T14:59:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T14:59:27+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6f:T15f6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the frying pan in the kitchen to airplanes in the sky, everything has a thin layer of coating that delivers an extra attribute that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. These coatings are made of different materials and applied differently, but when engineering has reached its limits, coatings have always outperformed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEveryday objects, from pans and pots to cars we drive around in, have a coating for a specialized function. This could be to prevent food from sticking to them or to prevent fires from spreading rapidly. Even massive ships use special coatings to prevent marine life forms from attaching themselves to the hull and increasing friction during voyages.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"70:T4b5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"71:T9f9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"72:T479,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"73:T209e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eGene-edited mosquitoes deliver malaria vaccine with 89% success rate\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"In clinical trials, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine has demonstrated that mosquito bites can deliver malaria vaccine safely. \" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/bite-of-hope-malaria-vaccine-delivered-by-gene-edited-mosquito-kills-infection-by-89\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gene-edited mosquitoes deliver malaria vaccine with 89% success rate\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In clinical trials, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine has demonstrated that mosquito bites can deliver malaria vaccine safely. \" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/bite-of-hope-malaria-vaccine-delivered-by-gene-edited-mosquito-kills-infection-by-89\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T10:38:39+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T10:38:46+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IE-13.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Mrigakshi Dixit\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mrigakshi Dixit\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video\" content=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eoUCt8GjbCg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:type\" content=\"text/html\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:duration\" content=\"294\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:width\" content=\"480\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:height\" content=\"270\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:adult\" content=\"false\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:upload_date\" content=\"2024-11-22T10:38:39+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"74:T147d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eMalaria, a disease that has plagued humanity for centuries, continues to claim millions of lives each year. But scientists may have found a new way to combat this deadly disease.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn clinical trials, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine has demonstrated that mosquito bites can deliver the malaria vaccine safely.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis novel vaccination strategy involves using genetically modified mosquitoes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe team investigated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e – the parasite responsible for the most severe form of malaria.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explored the possibility of genetically modifying \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum \u003c/em\u003eto function as a vaccine rather than a disease-causing agent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese mosquitoes carry a weakened form of the malaria parasite, designed to trigger a powerful immune response in humans.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-stops-the-multiplication-of-parasites-in-the-body\"\u003eStops the multiplication of parasites in the body\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese parasites sneak into the liver and then invade red blood cells, causing havoc in the human body.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe currently licensed vaccines offer limited protection. These subunit vaccines target specific proteins in the malaria parasite, inducing an immune response. However, the parasite\u0026#8217;s ability to mutate and evade the immune system often limits the long-term efficacy of these vaccines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLive-attenuated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e parasites offer a promising alternative vaccination strategy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen administered as a vaccine, these weakened parasites stimulate a robust immune response against multiple stages of the parasite\u0026#8217;s life cycle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Currently licensed and approved malaria subunit vaccines provide modest, short-lived protection against malaria. Immunization with live-attenuated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e malaria parasites is an alternative vaccination strategy that has potential to improve protection,” the study noted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How does genetic engineering work?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eoUCt8GjbCg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-provides-89-percent-protection-against-malaria\"\u003eProvides 89 percent protection against malaria\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the trial, the volunteers were bitten by mosquitoes carrying a special, modified version of the malaria \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/common-kitchen-soap-key-to-fighting-malaria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eparasite\u003c/a\u003e. The idea is that by exposing people to a controlled dose of the parasite, their immune systems can learn to fight off future infections.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs per \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-03817-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNature\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, the engineered parasites were programmed to undergo developmental arrest shortly after entering the body.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe vaccine used a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/burkina-faso-scientist-fights-malaria-with-innovative-gene-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003egenetically modified\u003c/a\u003e malaria parasite (GA2) designed to stop developing early in the human liver. It ceases development six days after infecting a person, right when it\u0026#8217;s about to multiply in the liver.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were divided into three groups: one group received the GA2 vaccine, another received an earlier version (GA1), and the control group received bites from uninfected mosquitoes. The primary goal was to assess the vaccine\u0026#8217;s ability to prevent malaria infection and its safety profile.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter three weeks, both groups were exposed to malaria-carrying mosquitoes to assess their level of protection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBefore being exposed to malaria-carrying mosquitoes, both groups showed increased antibody levels. However, the GA1 group had a lower protection rate (13 percent) compared to the group bitten by GA2 parasite at 89 percent. The only reported side effects were minor itching from the mosquito bites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Protective efficacy against subsequent controlled human malaria infection was observed in 8 of 9 participants (89 percent) in the GA2 group, in 1 of 8 participants (13 percent) in the GA1 group, and in 0 of 3 participants in the placebo group,” the study noted. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUp next, the researchers plan to conduct a larger trial. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis innovative approach could significantly reduce the global burden of malaria, particularly in regions where the disease is most prevalent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe trial findings were published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2313892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe New England Journal of Medicine. \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"75:T44c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe team investigated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e – the parasite responsible for the most severe form of malaria.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explored the possibility of genetically modifying \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum \u003c/em\u003eto function as a vaccine rather than a disease-causing agent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese mosquitoes carry a weakened form of the malaria parasite, designed to trigger a powerful immune response in humans.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-stops-the-multiplication-of-parasites-in-the-body\"\u003eStops the multiplication of parasites in the body\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese parasites sneak into the liver and then invade red blood cells, causing havoc in the human body.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe currently licensed vaccines offer limited protection. These subunit vaccines target specific proteins in the malaria parasite, inducing an immune response. However, the parasite\u0026#8217;s ability to mutate and evade the immune system often limits the long-term efficacy of these vaccines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLive-attenuated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e parasites offer a promising alternative vaccination strategy.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"76:T8aa,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen administered as a vaccine, these weakened parasites stimulate a robust immune response against multiple stages of the parasite\u0026#8217;s life cycle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Currently licensed and approved malaria subunit vaccines provide modest, short-lived protection against malaria. Immunization with live-attenuated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e malaria parasites is an alternative vaccination strategy that has potential to improve protection,” the study noted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How does genetic engineering work?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eoUCt8GjbCg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-provides-89-percent-protection-against-malaria\"\u003eProvides 89 percent protection against malaria\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the trial, the volunteers were bitten by mosquitoes carrying a special, modified version of the malaria \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/common-kitchen-soap-key-to-fighting-malaria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eparasite\u003c/a\u003e. The idea is that by exposing people to a controlled dose of the parasite, their immune systems can learn to fight off future infections.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs per \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-03817-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNature\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, the engineered parasites were programmed to undergo developmental arrest shortly after entering the body.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe vaccine used a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/burkina-faso-scientist-fights-malaria-with-innovative-gene-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003egenetically modified\u003c/a\u003e malaria parasite (GA2) designed to stop developing early in the human liver. It ceases development six days after infecting a person, right when it\u0026#8217;s about to multiply in the liver.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"77:T1be2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eCoatings enhance performance of everyday objects, jets, and spacecraft\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"From everyday objects to those sent out in space, specialized coatings help deliver superior outcomes that regular materials can\u0026#039;t.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"78:T15f6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the frying pan in the kitchen to airplanes in the sky, everything has a thin layer of coating that delivers an extra attribute that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. These coatings are made of different materials and applied differently, but when engineering has reached its limits, coatings have always outperformed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEveryday objects, from pans and pots to cars we drive around in, have a coating for a specialized function. This could be to prevent food from sticking to them or to prevent fires from spreading rapidly. Even massive ships use special coatings to prevent marine life forms from attaching themselves to the hull and increasing friction during voyages.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"79:T4b5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7a:T9f9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7b:T479,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7c:T187c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eWhy Tesla\u0026#039;s Mini-Optimus Sold Out\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Watch Why Tesla\u0026#039;s Mini-Optimus Sold Out on Interesting Engineering. 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Now, Mexico\u0026#039;s $5 billion Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec emerges as a transformative alternative. Strategically positioned in the narrowest stretch of land between these oceans, this ambitious project integrates advanced railways, highways, and ports to streamline global logistics.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/the-interoceanic-corridor-and-mexicos-quest-to-rival-the-panama-canal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T13:58:06+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ioc-cropped.png\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"565\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"406\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/the-interoceanic-corridor-and-mexicos-quest-to-rival-the-panama-canal#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/the-interoceanic-corridor-and-mexicos-quest-to-rival-the-panama-canal\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kaif Shaikh\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/d2e1ddbaa255c54b9f13b61223f7ed65\"},\"headline\":\"The Interoceanic Corridor and Mexico\u0026#8217;s quest to rival the Panama 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7e:T1680,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eFor over a century, the Panama Canal has stood as a monumental conduit for maritime trade, linking the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Yet, nestled in southern Mexico, another ambitious pathway, the Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, seeks to challenge this maritime supremacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eImagined long before the Panama Canal was completed, this corridor has been a dream laden with both risk and ruin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBacked by a $5 billion investment, this corridor promises to transform how the world moves goods. Embroiled in controversy, environmental debates, and even marred by incidents of violence, this project stands at a critical juncture. Will it redefine global trade networks, or will it falter under the weight of its historical ambitions?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscover in-depth insights and stories behind this monumental project in our detailed premium video for IE+ subscribers. \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/subscribe?plan=personal-annualy\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eSubscribe to watch today for only $1.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-strategic-impact-of-the-interoceanic-corridor-on-global-logistics\"\u003eThe strategic impact of the Interoceanic Corridor on global logistics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePositioned in Mexico\u0026#8217;s narrowest strip between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, it aims to outpace the congested Panama Canal through upgraded rail networks, highways, and ports. At its core, the corridor promises to create numerous jobs and stimulate economic activity in historically overlooked regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpecial Economic Zones along the route offer attractive incentives, such as tax exemptions, making it a magnet for the automotive and technology industries. These zones are set to transform the corridor into a bustling industrial hub, enticing global brands to establish operations and invest in Latin America\u0026#8217;s future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we witness the unfolding of this grand venture, it is poised not only to enhance Mexico\u0026#8217;s position in global logistics but also to impact international trade dynamics significantly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-mexico-s-interoceanic-corridor-is-taking-shape\"\u003eHow Mexico\u0026#8217;s Interoceanic Corridor is taking shape\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA significant milestone was reached on December 22, 2023, with the inauguration of \u0026#8216;Line Z\u0026#8217; of the Interoceanic Railway Mexico\u0026#8217;s President Andrés Manuel López Obrador. This 192-mile (309-km) line, stretching from Coatzacoalcos to Salina Cruz, integrates advanced machinery and technology, such as Ballast Regulators, to ensure stability and efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the corridor develops, it is expected to handle up to a million containers annually, demonstrating its potential to become a vital alternative to the Panama Canal. The construction alone aims to generate around 15,000 jobs, improving the local economy significantly.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOur video offers visual insights into the construction and technological advancements that drive this project, allowing viewers to examine how these elements come together to form a cohesive and functional trade route.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-historical-journey-of-the-tehuantepec-route\"\u003eThe historical journey of the Tehuantepec route\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe quest to connect these oceans through Tehuantepec carries a fascinating legacy. The Panama Canal\u0026#8217;s story is particularly illustrative, beginning with a French endeavor in the late 19th century led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, the architect of the Suez Canal. His ambitious project faltered disastrously due to severe engineering obstacles and the debilitating impact of the tropical environment, leading to significant human and financial losses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the French efforts, the Kingdom of Scotland\u0026#8217;s Darien Scheme aimed to establish a colony and trade route in Panama during the late 1600s. This scheme tragically ended due to harsh conditions and isolation, exacerbating Scotland\u0026#8217;s economic woes and influencing its political future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese historical episodes paved the way for the successful American completion of the Panama Canal in 1914, utilizing then-modern engineering and medical advancements to navigate formidable logistical challenges and reshape global maritime trade routes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn parallel, historical figures like Hernán Cortés in the 16th century also recognized the potential of Mexico\u0026#8217;s Isthmus of Tehuantepec as a strategic link between two major oceans. Although Cortés\u0026#8217; initial proposals did not come to fruition, the idea persisted, underscoring the region\u0026#8217;s geographic and strategic significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-environmental-and-social-stakes-in-the-interoceanic-corridor-project\"\u003eEnvironmental and social stakes in the Interoceanic Corridor project\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday\u0026#8217;s project faces its challenges. Environmental sustainability remains crucial as the corridor traverses some of Mexico\u0026#8217;s most biodiverse regions. The construction and ongoing operation of the corridor pose potential threats to these ecosystems, raising critical questions about conservation and environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous communities along the route face potential upheavals to traditional lifestyles. Balancing economic development with cultural heritage and environmental conservation requires careful consideration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs Mexico stands at the threshold of realizing a centuries-old dream, the question remains: What price are we willing to pay for progress?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOur exclusive video takes you behind the scenes of this transformative project, offering a detailed analysis of the corridor\u0026#8217;s global impact and in-depth technical insights.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7f:T5b8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBacked by a $5 billion investment, this corridor promises to transform how the world moves goods. Embroiled in controversy, environmental debates, and even marred by incidents of violence, this project stands at a critical juncture. Will it redefine global trade networks, or will it falter under the weight of its historical ambitions?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscover in-depth insights and stories behind this monumental project in our detailed premium video for IE+ subscribers. \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/subscribe?plan=personal-annualy\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eSubscribe to watch today for only $1.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-strategic-impact-of-the-interoceanic-corridor-on-global-logistics\"\u003eThe strategic impact of the Interoceanic Corridor on global logistics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePositioned in Mexico\u0026#8217;s narrowest strip between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, it aims to outpace the congested Panama Canal through upgraded rail networks, highways, and ports. At its core, the corridor promises to create numerous jobs and stimulate economic activity in historically overlooked regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpecial Economic Zones along the route offer attractive incentives, such as tax exemptions, making it a magnet for the automotive and technology industries. These zones are set to transform the corridor into a bustling industrial hub, enticing global brands to establish operations and invest in Latin America\u0026#8217;s future.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"80:T4e3,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we witness the unfolding of this grand venture, it is poised not only to enhance Mexico\u0026#8217;s position in global logistics but also to impact international trade dynamics significantly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-mexico-s-interoceanic-corridor-is-taking-shape\"\u003eHow Mexico\u0026#8217;s Interoceanic Corridor is taking shape\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA significant milestone was reached on December 22, 2023, with the inauguration of \u0026#8216;Line Z\u0026#8217; of the Interoceanic Railway Mexico\u0026#8217;s President Andrés Manuel López Obrador. This 192-mile (309-km) line, stretching from Coatzacoalcos to Salina Cruz, integrates advanced machinery and technology, such as Ballast Regulators, to ensure stability and efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the corridor develops, it is expected to handle up to a million containers annually, demonstrating its potential to become a vital alternative to the Panama Canal. The construction alone aims to generate around 15,000 jobs, improving the local economy significantly.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOur video offers visual insights into the construction and technological advancements that drive this project, allowing viewers to examine how these elements come together to form a cohesive and functional trade route.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"81:T499,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-historical-journey-of-the-tehuantepec-route\"\u003eThe historical journey of the Tehuantepec route\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe quest to connect these oceans through Tehuantepec carries a fascinating legacy. The Panama Canal\u0026#8217;s story is particularly illustrative, beginning with a French endeavor in the late 19th century led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, the architect of the Suez Canal. His ambitious project faltered disastrously due to severe engineering obstacles and the debilitating impact of the tropical environment, leading to significant human and financial losses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the French efforts, the Kingdom of Scotland\u0026#8217;s Darien Scheme aimed to establish a colony and trade route in Panama during the late 1600s. This scheme tragically ended due to harsh conditions and isolation, exacerbating Scotland\u0026#8217;s economic woes and influencing its political future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese historical episodes paved the way for the successful American completion of the Panama Canal in 1914, utilizing then-modern engineering and medical advancements to navigate formidable logistical challenges and reshape global maritime trade routes.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"82:T44f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn parallel, historical figures like Hernán Cortés in the 16th century also recognized the potential of Mexico\u0026#8217;s Isthmus of Tehuantepec as a strategic link between two major oceans. Although Cortés\u0026#8217; initial proposals did not come to fruition, the idea persisted, underscoring the region\u0026#8217;s geographic and strategic significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-environmental-and-social-stakes-in-the-interoceanic-corridor-project\"\u003eEnvironmental and social stakes in the Interoceanic Corridor project\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday\u0026#8217;s project faces its challenges. Environmental sustainability remains crucial as the corridor traverses some of Mexico\u0026#8217;s most biodiverse regions. The construction and ongoing operation of the corridor pose potential threats to these ecosystems, raising critical questions about conservation and environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous communities along the route face potential upheavals to traditional lifestyles. Balancing economic development with cultural heritage and environmental conservation requires careful consideration.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"83:T228e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eNew solar cell coating triples efficiency, stability, conversion rate\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The new coating, developed by Northwestern University scientists, was 10 times more resistant to decomposition in perovskite solar cells.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/perovskite-solar-cells-with-protective-coating\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta 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Yang, a postdoctoral fellow co-advised by Ted Sargent and Mercouri Kanatzidis, is first author of the study which improves the protective layer of perovskite solar cells in an effort to extend their life and enhance performance.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/perovskite-solar-cells-with-protective-coating#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Energy\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/energy\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Solar cell efficiency skyrockets to 26.3% power conversion rate with new coating\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"84:T1274,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA new protective coating has significantly increased the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by Northwestern University scientists, the coating also extends the life of perovskite solar cells. Based on amidinium, the robust layer was 10 times more resistant to decomposition compared to conventional ammonium-based coatings in experiments.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eResearchers claimed that the guanidinium-coated cells also tripled the cell’s T90 lifetime — the time it takes for a perovskite solar cell\u0026#8217;s efficiency to drop 90% of its initial value when exposed to harsh conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-protective-layer\"\u003eProtective layer\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNorthwestern’s Bin Chen, who co-led the study, stated that the researchers have been working on the stability of \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/passivated-perovskite-solar-cells-25-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eperovskite\u003c/a\u003e solar cells for a long time. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChen highlighted that most reports focus on improving the stability of the perovskite material itself, overlooking the protective layers.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026#8220;By improving the protective layer, we were able to enhance the perovskite solar cells’ overall performance,\u0026#8221; added Chen.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePerovskites are a family of materials that have shown potential for high performance and low \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/blade-coated-perovskite-solar-cells-kaust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eproduction\u003c/a\u003e costs in solar cells. The name “perovskite” comes from their crystal structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese materials are utilized in other energy technologies, such as fuel cells and catalysts. Perovskites commonly used in photovoltaic (PV) solar cells are more specifically called “metal-halide perovskites” since they are made of a combination of organic ions, metals, and halogens; perovskites in other applications may be made of oxygen instead of halogens and are usually entirely inorganic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-thermal-stability-of-passivation-layers\"\u003eThermal stability of passivation layers\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new study, published in the journal Science, highlights the development of a library of amidinium ligands to increase the thermal \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/new-generation-perovskite-solar-cell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estability\u003c/a\u003e of passivation layers on perovskite surfaces.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis strategy resulted in a \u0026gt;10-fold reduction in the ligand deprotonation equilibrium constant and a twofold increase in the maintenance of photoluminescence quantum yield after aging at 85°C under illumination in air, according to the study.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNorthwestern’s Mercouri Kanatzidis, who co-led the study, stated that the new research addresses one of the critical barriers to widespread adoption of perovskite solar cells — stability under real-world conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-significantly-advanced-durability\"\u003eSignificantly advanced durability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By chemically reinforcing the protective layers, we’ve significantly advanced the durability of these cells without compromising their exceptional efficiency, bringing us closer to a practical, low-cost alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics,\u0026#8221; said Kanatzidis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers also underlined that the state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells typically have ammonium ligands as a passivation layer. However, ammonium tends to break down under thermal stress. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey did some chemistry to convert the unstable ammonium into a more stable amidinium.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The researchers performed this conversion through a process known as amidination, in which the ammonium group is replaced with a more stable amidinium group. This innovation prevented the perovskite cells from breaking down over time — especially when exposed to extreme heat,\u0026#8221; said a \u003ca href=\"https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2024/11/stability-of-perovskite-solar-cells-doubled-with-protective-coating/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003epress release\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers maintained that the resulting solar cell achieved an impressive 26.3% efficiency, which means it successfully converted 26.3% of absorbed sunlight into electricity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe coated solar cell also retained 90% of its initial efficiency after 1,100 hours of testing under harsh conditions, demonstrating a T90 lifetime three times longer than before when exposed to heat and light, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2091\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"85:T579,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-protective-layer\"\u003eProtective layer\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNorthwestern’s Bin Chen, who co-led the study, stated that the researchers have been working on the stability of \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/passivated-perovskite-solar-cells-25-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eperovskite\u003c/a\u003e solar cells for a long time. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChen highlighted that most reports focus on improving the stability of the perovskite material itself, overlooking the protective layers.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026#8220;By improving the protective layer, we were able to enhance the perovskite solar cells’ overall performance,\u0026#8221; added Chen.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePerovskites are a family of materials that have shown potential for high performance and low \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/blade-coated-perovskite-solar-cells-kaust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eproduction\u003c/a\u003e costs in solar cells. The name “perovskite” comes from their crystal structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese materials are utilized in other energy technologies, such as fuel cells and catalysts. Perovskites commonly used in photovoltaic (PV) solar cells are more specifically called “metal-halide perovskites” since they are made of a combination of organic ions, metals, and halogens; perovskites in other applications may be made of oxygen instead of halogens and are usually entirely inorganic.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"86:T532,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-thermal-stability-of-passivation-layers\"\u003eThermal stability of passivation layers\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new study, published in the journal Science, highlights the development of a library of amidinium ligands to increase the thermal \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/new-generation-perovskite-solar-cell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estability\u003c/a\u003e of passivation layers on perovskite surfaces.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis strategy resulted in a \u0026gt;10-fold reduction in the ligand deprotonation equilibrium constant and a twofold increase in the maintenance of photoluminescence quantum yield after aging at 85°C under illumination in air, according to the study.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNorthwestern’s Mercouri Kanatzidis, who co-led the study, stated that the new research addresses one of the critical barriers to widespread adoption of perovskite solar cells — stability under real-world conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-significantly-advanced-durability\"\u003eSignificantly advanced durability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By chemically reinforcing the protective layers, we’ve significantly advanced the durability of these cells without compromising their exceptional efficiency, bringing us closer to a practical, low-cost alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics,\u0026#8221; said Kanatzidis.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"87:T559,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers also underlined that the state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells typically have ammonium ligands as a passivation layer. However, ammonium tends to break down under thermal stress. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey did some chemistry to convert the unstable ammonium into a more stable amidinium.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The researchers performed this conversion through a process known as amidination, in which the ammonium group is replaced with a more stable amidinium group. This innovation prevented the perovskite cells from breaking down over time — especially when exposed to extreme heat,\u0026#8221; said a \u003ca href=\"https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2024/11/stability-of-perovskite-solar-cells-doubled-with-protective-coating/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003epress release\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers maintained that the resulting solar cell achieved an impressive 26.3% efficiency, which means it successfully converted 26.3% of absorbed sunlight into electricity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe coated solar cell also retained 90% of its initial efficiency after 1,100 hours of testing under harsh conditions, demonstrating a T90 lifetime three times longer than before when exposed to heat and light, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2091\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"88:T1c6c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eWorld’s thinnest spaghetti that\u0026#039;s 200x thinner than a human hair created\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The UCL-led research team made spaghetti just 372 nanometres across using a technique called electrospinning.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/world-thinnest-spaghetti-created-ucl\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"89:T160f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA groundbreaking development in nanotechnology has emerged from University College London (UCL), where researchers have created the world’s thinnest “spaghetti,” measuring just 372 nanometres across—roughly 200 times thinner than a human hair. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile it won’t be gracing dinner plates, this innovation in nanofibers opens doors to transformative applications in medicine and industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“To make spaghetti, you push a mixture of water and flour through metal holes. In our study, we did the same except we pulled our flour mixture through with an electrical charge. It’s literally spaghetti but much smaller,\u0026#8221; said co-author of the study, Dr Adam Clancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spaghetti-that-s-literally-nanoscopic\"\u003eSpaghetti that’s (literally) nanoscopic\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis novel material isn’t food but a nanofiber mat made from flour, a starch-rich ingredient. Nanofibers, thanks to their remarkable properties, have potential uses in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor instance, nanofiber mats can serve as bandages that allow moisture in while keeping bacteria out. They also mimic the extracellular matrix, the natural scaffolding cells use to grow tissue, making them promising for bone regeneration and other medical applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe ultrathin “spaghetti” was produced using electrospinning, a technique where an electric charge pulls threads of a liquid mixture through a needle onto a metal plate. Unlike traditional pasta, this nanopasta requires a precise mixture of flour and formic acid rather than water. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe formic acid breaks apart the spiral structures of starch, enabling the creation of nanofibers. The acid evaporates as the fibers are spun through the air, leaving behind the ultrathin strands.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe resulting nanofiber mat is about 2 cm across—visible to the naked eye—but individual strands are too fine to be seen with standard microscopes. Researchers measured their dimensions using a scanning electron microscope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eElectrospinning flour, rather than purified starch, presents unique challenges due to impurities like proteins and cellulose that increase viscosity, complicating fiber formation. Overcoming this required meticulous preparation, including heating and cooling the mixture to achieve the right consistency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-environmental-and-practical-advantages\"\u003eEnvironmental and practical advantages\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTraditionally, nanofibers made from starch require extracting and purifying the material from plants, a process that demands significant energy and water. Using flour directly as a base streamlines this, offering a more sustainable and efficient approach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Starch is a promising material to use as it is abundant and renewable – it is the second largest source of biomass on Earth, behind \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/uv-light-helps-produce-70-more-cellulose\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecellulose\u003c/a\u003e – and it is biodegradable, meaning it can be broken down in the body,\u0026#8221; Dr. Clancy noted. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1480\" height=\"987\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-122096\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg 1480w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1480px) 100vw, 1480px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe nanofiber mat held between two fingers.\u003c/em\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1050149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBeatrice Britton/Adam Clancy\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“But purifying starch requires lots of processing. We’ve shown that a simpler way to make nanofibers using flour is possible. The next step would be to investigate the properties of this product. We would want to know, for instance, how quickly it disintegrates, how it interacts with cells, and if you could produce it at scale.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe potential applications of these starch-based nanofibers are vast. Wound dressings, bone scaffolds, and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/mit-develop-capsule-removes-injections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edrug delivery\u003c/a\u003e systems could all benefit from their porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, further research is needed to understand their behavior in practical settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We’re interested in studying how quickly these fibers disintegrate, how they interact with cells, and whether they can be produced on a large scale,” Dr. Clancy added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite their pasta-like origins, these \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/convert-co2-to-carbon-fibers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003enanofibers\u003c/a\u003e aren’t destined for culinary fame. As Professor Williams \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1065593?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ejoked\u003c/a\u003e, “It wouldn’t make great pasta—it would overcook in less than a second!”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, this innovation marks a fascinating convergence of culinary inspiration and cutting-edge science.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe study has been published in \u003cem\u003eNanoscale Advances.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8a:T478,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spaghetti-that-s-literally-nanoscopic\"\u003eSpaghetti that’s (literally) nanoscopic\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis novel material isn’t food but a nanofiber mat made from flour, a starch-rich ingredient. Nanofibers, thanks to their remarkable properties, have potential uses in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor instance, nanofiber mats can serve as bandages that allow moisture in while keeping bacteria out. They also mimic the extracellular matrix, the natural scaffolding cells use to grow tissue, making them promising for bone regeneration and other medical applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe ultrathin “spaghetti” was produced using electrospinning, a technique where an electric charge pulls threads of a liquid mixture through a needle onto a metal plate. Unlike traditional pasta, this nanopasta requires a precise mixture of flour and formic acid rather than water. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe formic acid breaks apart the spiral structures of starch, enabling the creation of nanofibers. The acid evaporates as the fibers are spun through the air, leaving behind the ultrathin strands.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8b:T533,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe resulting nanofiber mat is about 2 cm across—visible to the naked eye—but individual strands are too fine to be seen with standard microscopes. Researchers measured their dimensions using a scanning electron microscope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eElectrospinning flour, rather than purified starch, presents unique challenges due to impurities like proteins and cellulose that increase viscosity, complicating fiber formation. Overcoming this required meticulous preparation, including heating and cooling the mixture to achieve the right consistency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-environmental-and-practical-advantages\"\u003eEnvironmental and practical advantages\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTraditionally, nanofibers made from starch require extracting and purifying the material from plants, a process that demands significant energy and water. Using flour directly as a base streamlines this, offering a more sustainable and efficient approach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Starch is a promising material to use as it is abundant and renewable – it is the second largest source of biomass on Earth, behind \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/uv-light-helps-produce-70-more-cellulose\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecellulose\u003c/a\u003e – and it is biodegradable, meaning it can be broken down in the body,\u0026#8221; Dr. Clancy noted. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8c:T8dc,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1480\" height=\"987\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-122096\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg 1480w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nanofiber-mat.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1480px) 100vw, 1480px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe nanofiber mat held between two fingers.\u003c/em\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1050149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBeatrice Britton/Adam Clancy\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“But purifying starch requires lots of processing. We’ve shown that a simpler way to make nanofibers using flour is possible. The next step would be to investigate the properties of this product. We would want to know, for instance, how quickly it disintegrates, how it interacts with cells, and if you could produce it at scale.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe potential applications of these starch-based nanofibers are vast. Wound dressings, bone scaffolds, and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/mit-develop-capsule-removes-injections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edrug delivery\u003c/a\u003e systems could all benefit from their porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, further research is needed to understand their behavior in practical settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We’re interested in studying how quickly these fibers disintegrate, how they interact with cells, and whether they can be produced on a large scale,” Dr. Clancy added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite their pasta-like origins, these \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/convert-co2-to-carbon-fibers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003enanofibers\u003c/a\u003e aren’t destined for culinary fame. As Professor Williams \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1065593?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ejoked\u003c/a\u003e, “It wouldn’t make great pasta—it would overcook in less than a second!”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8d:T1fd2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eHow vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:14:31+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta 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content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8e:T26b3,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8f:T5c6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"90:T594,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"91:T4f8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"92:T46c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"93:T6d1,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"94:T1ccc,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eScientists unveil tiniest asteroid ever known from Niagara fireball event\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Astronomers have identified asteroid 2022 WJ1 as the smallest asteroid ever characterized, measuring just 16 to 27 inches in diameter.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scientists unveil tiniest asteroid ever known from Niagara fireball event\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Astronomers have identified asteroid 2022 WJ1 as the smallest asteroid ever characterized, measuring just 16 to 27 inches in diameter.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:45:09+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:45:17+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"95:T11e2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn an international study led by Western University and Lowell Observatory, scientists have developed a pioneering approach for studying near-Earth asteroids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis approach was demonstrated through a November 2022 fireball event that dropped meteorites in the Niagara region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe research focuses on Asteroid 2022 WJ1 (WJ1), which fractured upon entering Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBy comparing Arizona-based telescopic observations with video captured by Western’s Southern Ontario Meteor Network cameras of the fireball on November 19, 2022, the team determined WJ1\u0026#8217;s composition and size.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-16-inch-asteroid\"\u003e16-inch asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePublished in The Planetary Science Journal, the study reveals crucial details about WJ1, the smallest asteroid characterized to date. It also establishes a new methodology for studying future impactful space objects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis marks the first instance where telescope observations and ground camera captures have been combined to study the same astronomical body.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe size of WJ1 was assessed using the 4.3-meter Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT) in Arizona. Observations indicated that the surface of WJ1 was rich in silica, suggesting a medium-to-high albedo (reflected light).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAstronomers used this reflected light to estimate its diameter, which ranges between 40 to 60 cm (16 to 27 inches), solidifying its status as the smallest recorded asteroid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDenis Vida, an adjunct professor in physics and astronomy at Western, noted, “This is only the sixth asteroid discovered before impact.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-new-tech\"\u003eNew tech\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIntegrating space observation and ground-based camera monitoring confirmed that estimates of WJ1\u0026#8217;s characteristics aligned through distinct methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUtilizing Western’s meteor camera network, scientists captured images of the asteroid as it entered the atmosphere above London, Ontario, concluding its descent near St. Catharines, Ontario.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData modeling from the fireball observations matched estimates from the LDT, resulting in consistent assessments of WJ1’s diameter, composition, and orbital trajectory before impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“This is only the second time that an asteroid has been meaningfully characterized with telescopes prior to it impacting the Earth,” stated Teddy Kareta, a postdoctoral associate at Lowell Observatory. He emphasized the collaboration among scientists dedicated to safeguarding Earth from potential impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe telescopic and camera data suggest that WJ1 belongs to the S-chondrite category, consisting of stony bodies rich in silica. These objects are some of the oldest in the solar system and are the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epredominant\u003c/a\u003e type of meteorite to land on Earth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKareta expressed enthusiasm about the study, stating, “This first-ever comparison between telescopic and fireball camera data is extremely exciting, meaning we’ll characterize the next asteroid to impact the Earth in even greater detail.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-smallest-ever-asteroid\"\u003eSmallest-ever asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers believe that not all fragments of WJ1 burned up while entering the atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough initial searches in the Niagara region have yielded no findings, residents familiar with meteorite identification continue to look for pieces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePhil McCausland, a Western Earth \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003esciences\u003c/a\u003e adjunct professor in the Meteor Physics Group, noted that remnants that fell on land may have blended into the environment over time. However, there is still potential for future discoveries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWJ1 was first identified by the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, Arizona, in November 2022. Shortly after, astronomers predicted its impact on Earth within three hours, allowing them to conduct telescopic observations while the asteroid was still in space. This advanced warning facilitated accurate determinations of its entry point over the Great Lakes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWestern physics and astronomy professor Paul Wiegert, a co-author of the study, witnessed the fireball’s entry. This event was historic because it was the first time observers were notified in advance to observe a natural fireball.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"96:T534,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-new-tech\"\u003eNew tech\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIntegrating space observation and ground-based camera monitoring confirmed that estimates of WJ1\u0026#8217;s characteristics aligned through distinct methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUtilizing Western’s meteor camera network, scientists captured images of the asteroid as it entered the atmosphere above London, Ontario, concluding its descent near St. Catharines, Ontario.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData modeling from the fireball observations matched estimates from the LDT, resulting in consistent assessments of WJ1’s diameter, composition, and orbital trajectory before impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“This is only the second time that an asteroid has been meaningfully characterized with telescopes prior to it impacting the Earth,” stated Teddy Kareta, a postdoctoral associate at Lowell Observatory. He emphasized the collaboration among scientists dedicated to safeguarding Earth from potential impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe telescopic and camera data suggest that WJ1 belongs to the S-chondrite category, consisting of stony bodies rich in silica. These objects are some of the oldest in the solar system and are the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epredominant\u003c/a\u003e type of meteorite to land on Earth.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"97:T548,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKareta expressed enthusiasm about the study, stating, “This first-ever comparison between telescopic and fireball camera data is extremely exciting, meaning we’ll characterize the next asteroid to impact the Earth in even greater detail.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-smallest-ever-asteroid\"\u003eSmallest-ever asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers believe that not all fragments of WJ1 burned up while entering the atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough initial searches in the Niagara region have yielded no findings, residents familiar with meteorite identification continue to look for pieces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePhil McCausland, a Western Earth \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003esciences\u003c/a\u003e adjunct professor in the Meteor Physics Group, noted that remnants that fell on land may have blended into the environment over time. However, there is still potential for future discoveries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWJ1 was first identified by the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, Arizona, in November 2022. Shortly after, astronomers predicted its impact on Earth within three hours, allowing them to conduct telescopic observations while the asteroid was still in space. This advanced warning facilitated accurate determinations of its entry point over the Great Lakes.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"98:T1ba5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eA never-ending bulb sheds light on our disposable tech mindset\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the planned shortening of product lifespans, illustrated by the enduring story of a light bulb that never goes out.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A never-ending bulb sheds light on our disposable tech mindset\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn about the planned shortening of product lifespans, illustrated by the enduring story of a light bulb that never goes out.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:07:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:07:10+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kaif Shaikh\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kaif Shaikh\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"99:T327f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eImagine a light bulb that has been burning since 1901. Nestled in a quiet Californian fire station, the Centennial Light challenges today\u0026#8217;s disposable culture, offering a glimpse into a past where products were built to last. This historical anomaly sets the stage for a broader examination of how planned obsolescence has become embedded in the fabric of our consumer electronics industry, from light bulbs to smartphones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we explore the evolution from durable goods to disposable gadgets, we uncover this shift\u0026#8217;s economic and environmental implications and the legislative pushback it\u0026#8217;s now engendering. This narrative takes us from the Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s enduring glow to the heated debates in legislative halls worldwide, advocating for a return to durability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-light-bulb-that-outlasted-a-century\"\u003eThe light bulb that outlasted a century\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA remarkable piece of history illuminates a local fire station in the quiet town of Livermore, California. Known as the Centennial Light, this bulb has been burning for over a century, almost without interruption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIts longevity is so extraordinary that it earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records. Originally a 60-watt bulb, its carbon filament has gradually dimmed to the equivalent of a 4-watt bulb today due to the natural degradation of its material. The bulb is encased in hand-blown glass, a testament to the craftsmanship of the late 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png\" alt=\"Centennial Bulb \" class=\"wp-image-122539\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eCentennial Bulb located in Fire Station 6 in Livermore, CA \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dscn2286b.jpg\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWikimedia Commons\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s continuous operation, now surpassing a million hours, starkly contrasts with modern light bulbs. Today\u0026#8217;s bulbs predominantly use tungsten filaments, a shift from the carbon filaments of the past. Tungsten, introduced in the early 20th century, has a higher melting point, which allows for brighter and more efficient bulbs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, despite these advancements, the average modern incandescent bulb does not approach the lifespan of its historic predecessors like the Centennial Light.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-phoebus-cartel-and-planned-obsolescence\"\u003eThe Phoebus Cartel and planned obsolescence\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of short-lived light bulbs can be traced back to a pivotal meeting in 1924. In Geneva, Switzerland, executives from the world\u0026#8217;s leading light bulb manufacturers, including Philips, Osram, and General Electric (which had taken over Shelby Electric), convened to address a growing threat to their businesses: bulbs that lasted too long.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis meeting marked the formation of the Phoebus Cartel, named after the Greek god of light. The cartel\u0026#8217;s goal was straightforward but impactful: to ensure that light bulbs would not last more than 1,000 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis strategy, known as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplanned obsolescence\u003c/a\u003e, involved deliberately reducing the lifespan of light bulbs to boost continuous sales. The cartel established standards that artificially limited the durability of bulbs across the global market. Engineers who once sought to extend the lifespan of bulbs were now tasked with finding ways to shorten it, using thinner filaments and altering the bulb design to ensure compliance with the 1,000-hour lifespan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png\" alt=\"Bulb Factory \" class=\"wp-image-122540\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003ePhoto: Siemens Corporate Archives\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe impact of the Phoebus Cartel\u0026#8217;s policies was profound. By limiting bulb life, they increased the frequency of purchases and set a precedent for manufacturing and business practices prioritizing profit over product longevity and consumer value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the cartel dissolved in the 1930s due to external pressures and the advent of World War II, its legacy of planned obsolescence has persisted, influencing various industries and shaping consumer products to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar strategies can be seen in manufacturing appliances with less durable materials, automobiles with inaccessible parts, and batteries designed to degrade over time. Software companies exacerbate this trend by discontinuing support for older versions, forcing costly upgrades. Together, these practices underscore a widespread economic strategy that shapes consumer behavior and impacts environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-leds-changed-the-spectrum-of-lighting\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow LEDs Changed the Spectrum of Lighting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe revolution of light-emitting diode (LED) technology marks a significant milestone in the history of lighting. Since their invention in 1907, LEDs initially provided low power and were available only in red. However, by the 1990s, technological advancements introduced high-efficiency, multi-color LEDs that began to surpass incandescent bulbs in efficiency, transforming the lighting industry.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis evolution enabled LEDs to emit a wide spectrum of colors and achieve higher luminosity with significantly less energy consumption. The legislative landscape also played a crucial role in the widespread adoption of LED technology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn Europe, stringent regulations phased out less efficient halogen and incandescent bulbs, with bans fully enforced by September 1, 2018, for halogen and earlier for incandescent bulbs on September 1, 2011. These regulations accelerated the shift toward more sustainable lighting solutions, paving the way for LED technology to dominate the market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday, LED technology is celebrated for its exceptional efficiency and longevity. Modern LED bulbs can provide up to 50,000 hours of light and boast high Color Rendering Index (CRI) values, typically around CRI98, which indicates superior light quality that closely mimics natural sunlight. These attributes have made LEDs the preferred choice not only for residential and commercial use but also for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eenvironmental conservation\u003c/a\u003e efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png\" alt=\"LED lights \" class=\"wp-image-122541\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBright LED screens in outdoor Advertising \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.rawpixel.com/image/6111493\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRawpixel \u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these advancements and the legal frameworks supporting them, the specter of planned obsolescence still looms over the LED industry. Unfortunately, some LED light bulbs are designed to be intentionally short-lived to encourage consumers to buy new ones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis practice mirrors broader trends across various industries, including controversial strategies like Apple\u0026#8217;s battery management, which involved throttling the performance of older iPhones to prompt users to upgrade. These are just some examples of the ongoing challenge of balancing technological innovation with sustainable consumer practices in an industry where the potential for technological durability is often compromised to stimulate continuous consumer spending.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe legal battle for longer-lasting products\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe push for sustainability and consumer empowerment is crystallizing through global Right to Repair legislation, which affects a broad spectrum of industries, from consumer electronics to medical devices. Notable legislation includes New York\u0026#8217;s 2022 Digital Fair Repair Act and Colorado\u0026#8217;s 2023 Consumer Right To Repair Agricultural Equipment Act, forcing industries to reconsider their design and repair policies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png\" alt=\"Apple's Planned obsolesce \" class=\"wp-image-122542\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eDead 4th Gen iPod \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/swanksalot/842379407\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSeth Anderson/Flickr\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCompanies like Apple\u003c/a\u003e have become infamous for their planned obsolescence strategies, often necessitating complete device replacements for issues as minor as a cracked screen. Similarly, manufacturers of gaming consoles, such as Sony and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/microsoft-has-finally-agreed-to-comply-with-the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e, design their systems to discourage user repairs, requiring costly services only they can provide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis movement extends beyond electronics, with implications for critical medical devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps, where repair restrictions can impact costs and patient outcomes. By mandating manufacturers to provide repair documentation and parts, legislation in places like the UK, France, and India aims to curb these restrictive practices, ensuring that products are both maintainable and sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe choice stands clear and consequential for both policymakers and the public: maintain the status quo of quick obsolescence or push for a marketplace enriched with durable and repairable products. Such a decision will steer market practices and significantly influence our environmental strategies. The Right to Repair acts are crucial, challenging us to rethink technological practices and prioritize environmental integrity over short-term gains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9a:T441,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we explore the evolution from durable goods to disposable gadgets, we uncover this shift\u0026#8217;s economic and environmental implications and the legislative pushback it\u0026#8217;s now engendering. This narrative takes us from the Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s enduring glow to the heated debates in legislative halls worldwide, advocating for a return to durability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-light-bulb-that-outlasted-a-century\"\u003eThe light bulb that outlasted a century\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA remarkable piece of history illuminates a local fire station in the quiet town of Livermore, California. Known as the Centennial Light, this bulb has been burning for over a century, almost without interruption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIts longevity is so extraordinary that it earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records. Originally a 60-watt bulb, its carbon filament has gradually dimmed to the equivalent of a 4-watt bulb today due to the natural degradation of its material. The bulb is encased in hand-blown glass, a testament to the craftsmanship of the late 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9b:T84c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png\" alt=\"Centennial Bulb \" class=\"wp-image-122539\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eCentennial Bulb located in Fire Station 6 in Livermore, CA \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dscn2286b.jpg\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWikimedia Commons\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s continuous operation, now surpassing a million hours, starkly contrasts with modern light bulbs. Today\u0026#8217;s bulbs predominantly use tungsten filaments, a shift from the carbon filaments of the past. Tungsten, introduced in the early 20th century, has a higher melting point, which allows for brighter and more efficient bulbs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, despite these advancements, the average modern incandescent bulb does not approach the lifespan of its historic predecessors like the Centennial Light.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-phoebus-cartel-and-planned-obsolescence\"\u003eThe Phoebus Cartel and planned obsolescence\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of short-lived light bulbs can be traced back to a pivotal meeting in 1924. In Geneva, Switzerland, executives from the world\u0026#8217;s leading light bulb manufacturers, including Philips, Osram, and General Electric (which had taken over Shelby Electric), convened to address a growing threat to their businesses: bulbs that lasted too long.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9c:T7bb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis meeting marked the formation of the Phoebus Cartel, named after the Greek god of light. The cartel\u0026#8217;s goal was straightforward but impactful: to ensure that light bulbs would not last more than 1,000 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis strategy, known as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplanned obsolescence\u003c/a\u003e, involved deliberately reducing the lifespan of light bulbs to boost continuous sales. The cartel established standards that artificially limited the durability of bulbs across the global market. Engineers who once sought to extend the lifespan of bulbs were now tasked with finding ways to shorten it, using thinner filaments and altering the bulb design to ensure compliance with the 1,000-hour lifespan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png\" alt=\"Bulb Factory \" class=\"wp-image-122540\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003ePhoto: Siemens Corporate Archives\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe impact of the Phoebus Cartel\u0026#8217;s policies was profound. By limiting bulb life, they increased the frequency of purchases and set a precedent for manufacturing and business practices prioritizing profit over product longevity and consumer value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9d:T4c9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the cartel dissolved in the 1930s due to external pressures and the advent of World War II, its legacy of planned obsolescence has persisted, influencing various industries and shaping consumer products to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar strategies can be seen in manufacturing appliances with less durable materials, automobiles with inaccessible parts, and batteries designed to degrade over time. Software companies exacerbate this trend by discontinuing support for older versions, forcing costly upgrades. Together, these practices underscore a widespread economic strategy that shapes consumer behavior and impacts environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-leds-changed-the-spectrum-of-lighting\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow LEDs Changed the Spectrum of Lighting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe revolution of light-emitting diode (LED) technology marks a significant milestone in the history of lighting. Since their invention in 1907, LEDs initially provided low power and were available only in red. However, by the 1990s, technological advancements introduced high-efficiency, multi-color LEDs that began to surpass incandescent bulbs in efficiency, transforming the lighting industry.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9e:T489,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis evolution enabled LEDs to emit a wide spectrum of colors and achieve higher luminosity with significantly less energy consumption. The legislative landscape also played a crucial role in the widespread adoption of LED technology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn Europe, stringent regulations phased out less efficient halogen and incandescent bulbs, with bans fully enforced by September 1, 2018, for halogen and earlier for incandescent bulbs on September 1, 2011. These regulations accelerated the shift toward more sustainable lighting solutions, paving the way for LED technology to dominate the market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday, LED technology is celebrated for its exceptional efficiency and longevity. Modern LED bulbs can provide up to 50,000 hours of light and boast high Color Rendering Index (CRI) values, typically around CRI98, which indicates superior light quality that closely mimics natural sunlight. These attributes have made LEDs the preferred choice not only for residential and commercial use but also for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eenvironmental conservation\u003c/a\u003e efforts.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9f:T90d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png\" alt=\"LED lights \" class=\"wp-image-122541\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBright LED screens in outdoor Advertising \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.rawpixel.com/image/6111493\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRawpixel \u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these advancements and the legal frameworks supporting them, the specter of planned obsolescence still looms over the LED industry. Unfortunately, some LED light bulbs are designed to be intentionally short-lived to encourage consumers to buy new ones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis practice mirrors broader trends across various industries, including controversial strategies like Apple\u0026#8217;s battery management, which involved throttling the performance of older iPhones to prompt users to upgrade. These are just some examples of the ongoing challenge of balancing technological innovation with sustainable consumer practices in an industry where the potential for technological durability is often compromised to stimulate continuous consumer spending.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe legal battle for longer-lasting products\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe push for sustainability and consumer empowerment is crystallizing through global Right to Repair legislation, which affects a broad spectrum of industries, from consumer electronics to medical devices. Notable legislation includes New York\u0026#8217;s 2022 Digital Fair Repair Act and Colorado\u0026#8217;s 2023 Consumer Right To Repair Agricultural Equipment Act, forcing industries to reconsider their design and repair policies.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a0:Ta1c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png\" alt=\"Apple's Planned obsolesce \" class=\"wp-image-122542\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eDead 4th Gen iPod \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/swanksalot/842379407\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSeth Anderson/Flickr\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCompanies like Apple\u003c/a\u003e have become infamous for their planned obsolescence strategies, often necessitating complete device replacements for issues as minor as a cracked screen. Similarly, manufacturers of gaming consoles, such as Sony and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/microsoft-has-finally-agreed-to-comply-with-the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e, design their systems to discourage user repairs, requiring costly services only they can provide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis movement extends beyond electronics, with implications for critical medical devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps, where repair restrictions can impact costs and patient outcomes. By mandating manufacturers to provide repair documentation and parts, legislation in places like the UK, France, and India aims to curb these restrictive practices, ensuring that products are both maintainable and sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe choice stands clear and consequential for both policymakers and the public: maintain the status quo of quick obsolescence or push for a marketplace enriched with durable and repairable products. Such a decision will steer market practices and significantly influence our environmental strategies. The Right to Repair acts are crucial, challenging us to rethink technological practices and prioritize environmental integrity over short-term gains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a1:T1ceb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eGE Aerospace unveils 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"GE Aerospace has demonstrated a 1-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system under the $5.1M ARC-STEP contract with the US Army.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GE Aerospace unveils 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"GE Aerospace has demonstrated a 1-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system under the $5.1M ARC-STEP contract with the US Army.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T20:34:22+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T20:34:29+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T005911.488.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a2:T1266,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has successfully demonstrated a one-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system as part of a $5.1 million research and development contract with the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory (ARL).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the Applied Research Collaborative Systematic Turboshaft Electrification Project (ARC-STEP) contract, GE Aerospace researched, developed, tested, and evaluated a megawatt (MW) class electrified power plant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“GE Aerospace has a nearly 50-year legacy as the powerplant for Army Aviation from the proven T700 engine to the new revolutionary T901 engine,” said John Martin, Director of Turboshaft Advanced Programs at GE Aerospace.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“ARC-STEP builds on that legacy and refines technologies along a path for hybrid electric propulsion for both the US Army and the world.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hybrid-electric-propulsion-system\"\u003eHybrid electric propulsion system\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe successful demonstration featured a CT7 turboshaft engine paired with an electric machine and power electronics produced by GE Aerospace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the testing conducted at the GE Aerospace Research Center in Niskayuna, New York, experts from both the US Army and GE Aerospace collaborated to investigate and integrate technologies that enable the development of lightweight, efficient, reliable, and safe hybrid-electric propulsion systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of hybrid electric propulsion on the efficiency and effectiveness of different platform types were also analyzed during the demonstration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It’s exciting to see the successful demonstration of ARC-STEP, which has enhanced our understanding of the potential for MW-class series hybrid systems to power future Army air and ground vehicles,” Dr. Mike Kweon, program manager of DEVCOM ARL’s Versatile Tactical Power and Propulsion Essential Research Program (VICTOR ERP), said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Often, power and propulsion systems are significant bottlenecks in advancing transformational capabilities. I look forward to seeing how ARC-STEP will shape the direction of power systems for the Army’s future air and ground vehicles.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion. This \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eincludes\u003c/a\u003e the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eARC-STEP, HEX, and EPFD are helping GE Aerospace continue building extensive experience with hybrid electric systems and power generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ct7-turboshaft-engine\"\u003eCT7 turboshaft engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has highlighted the operational versatility of its CT7 family of turboshaft and turboprop engines, which are utilized globally in various aviation environments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company notes that the CT7-2 engine, offering 2,000 shaft horsepower, is recognized for its durability, fuel efficiency, and adaptability. It serves helicopters in multiple roles, including executive transport, firefighting, and rescue missions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the CT7-8 engine family, with shaft horsepower ranging from 2,500 to 3,000, is tailored to meet the rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edemands\u003c/a\u003e of modern medium-lift helicopters. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis engine suits executive transport, search and rescue, passenger transport, and the oil and gas sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, GE Aerospace has delivered over 1,500 CT7 engines, collectively accumulating 30 million flight hours, underscoring their reliability and performance in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a3:T470,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“GE Aerospace has a nearly 50-year legacy as the powerplant for Army Aviation from the proven T700 engine to the new revolutionary T901 engine,” said John Martin, Director of Turboshaft Advanced Programs at GE Aerospace.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“ARC-STEP builds on that legacy and refines technologies along a path for hybrid electric propulsion for both the US Army and the world.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hybrid-electric-propulsion-system\"\u003eHybrid electric propulsion system\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe successful demonstration featured a CT7 turboshaft engine paired with an electric machine and power electronics produced by GE Aerospace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the testing conducted at the GE Aerospace Research Center in Niskayuna, New York, experts from both the US Army and GE Aerospace collaborated to investigate and integrate technologies that enable the development of lightweight, efficient, reliable, and safe hybrid-electric propulsion systems.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a4:T4a6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of hybrid electric propulsion on the efficiency and effectiveness of different platform types were also analyzed during the demonstration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It’s exciting to see the successful demonstration of ARC-STEP, which has enhanced our understanding of the potential for MW-class series hybrid systems to power future Army air and ground vehicles,” Dr. Mike Kweon, program manager of DEVCOM ARL’s Versatile Tactical Power and Propulsion Essential Research Program (VICTOR ERP), said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Often, power and propulsion systems are significant bottlenecks in advancing transformational capabilities. I look forward to seeing how ARC-STEP will shape the direction of power systems for the Army’s future air and ground vehicles.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion. This \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eincludes\u003c/a\u003e the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a5:T487,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eARC-STEP, HEX, and EPFD are helping GE Aerospace continue building extensive experience with hybrid electric systems and power generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ct7-turboshaft-engine\"\u003eCT7 turboshaft engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has highlighted the operational versatility of its CT7 family of turboshaft and turboprop engines, which are utilized globally in various aviation environments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company notes that the CT7-2 engine, offering 2,000 shaft horsepower, is recognized for its durability, fuel efficiency, and adaptability. It serves helicopters in multiple roles, including executive transport, firefighting, and rescue missions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the CT7-8 engine family, with shaft horsepower ranging from 2,500 to 3,000, is tailored to meet the rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edemands\u003c/a\u003e of modern medium-lift helicopters. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a6:T1de8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eSupersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#039;s vision for supersonic flight\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the journey of Boom Supersonic in developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde.\" 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property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:34:47+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:34:54+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"766\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"566\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/2ff174fd7fd3b4725a23fe8d5339342f\"},\"headline\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a7:T2410,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn our latest \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/podcast/lexicon/xb-1-and-overture-breaking-barriers-in-air-travel-innovation\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eLexicon episode\u003c/a\u003e, we sat down with \u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/blake-scholl\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlake Scholl\u003c/a\u003e, founder and CEO of Boom Supersonic (Boom), and \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/nick-sheryka\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNick Sheryka\u003c/a\u003e, XB-1 Chief Flight Test Engineer at Boom. We discussed Boom’s journey into developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde, from its XB-1 demonstrator to its planned Overture airliner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe title=\"Spotify Embed: XB-1 and Overture: breaking barriers in air travel innovation\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4GIwPt0bJZUbWlU9Wk5aFu?si=jXTXNnyuSVCoPr2MNseWtw\u0026#038;utm_source=oembed\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, check out our latest merch at \u003ca href=\"https://shop.interestingengineering.com/en-gbp/\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eInteresting Engineering Shop\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-building-on-concorde-s-legacy\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuilding on Concorde’s legacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAny discussion on supersonic flight, like this one, inevitably has to start with the legacy left behind by the groundbreaking engineering behind the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eConcorde\u003c/a\u003e. That aircraft still has a long shadow, one that Blake openly acknowledged. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Concorde was a marvelous technical accomplishment, but it was unaffordable to passengers. A $20,000 ticket for 100 uncomfortable seats just didn’t work with the 1960s and 1970s travel demand,” he told us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut much has changed since the days of Concorde.“We’ve had massive growth in international travel, and technology has improved dramatically,” Scholl added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs he explained, things like carbon fiber composites, advanced engine design, and digital aerodynamics have paved the way for a new generation of supersonic aircraft. “Today, we can achieve supersonic flight for about the same price as a business-class ticket,” Scholls explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boom-s-testbed-for-the-future-the-xb-1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoom’s testbed for the future: the XB-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1, affectionately nicknamed \u0026#8220;Baby Boom,\u0026#8221; is a single-seat test aircraft that serves as the precursor to the Overture airliner. Nick Sheryka, Boom’s Chief Flight Test Engineer, explained the rationale behind its design.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The XB-1 was originally envisioned as a one-third scale demonstration of the airliner. It’s a stepping stone to prove our capabilities and learn where the pain points are,” he told IE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike Concorde, which relied on bespoke designs and untested concepts, Boom has leaned on proven technologies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We didn’t invent anything new,” Blake said. “We’re using carbon fiber composites from the Boeing 787, digital stability systems used in other aircraft, and computationally optimized aerodynamics,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake explained that this pragmatic approach enables Boom to “bring these technologies together to create a supersonic jet that’s efficient, safe, and affordable.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-necessity-is-the-mother-of-all-invention\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNecessity is the mother of all invention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1 has also taught Boom invaluable lessons about supersonic design. According to Blake, one of the most surprising insights was about low-speed performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The hardest part of building a supersonic jet isn’t the high-speed flight—it’s the low-speed part,” he explains. The narrow wings required for supersonic efficiency make stable takeoffs and landings challenging. To address this, Boom introduced “digital stability augmentation and subtle but critical changes to the nose and wing design,” Blake said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese lessons are directly shaping the \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOverture\u003c/a\u003e. “For example, by reducing Overture’s top speed from Mach 2.2 to 1.7, we’ve made the wing much wider, which greatly improves low-speed stability,” Blake explained. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It adds 15 minutes to a transatlantic flight but makes the aircraft significantly more practical,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overture-supersonic-for-the-masses\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverture: Supersonic for the masses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the XB-1 serves as a testbed, the Overture is Boom’s vision for the future of commercial air travel. Designed for 64 passengers, it prioritizes comfort and efficiency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We essentially took the business-class cabin from a widebody jet, chopped it off, and made it go fast,” Blake told us. To this end, the goal is to deliver a seamless experience that combines speed and affordability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick elaborates on the economic potential: “Right now, tens of millions of people fly business class across the Atlantic. For the same price—or less—we’re offering twice the speed and the ability to sleep in a real bed at your destination. That’s a game-changer.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overcoming-noise-and-sustainability-challenges\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOvercoming noise and sustainability challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the biggest challenges with supersonic jets, especially Concorde, has been criticism for their environmental impact, particularly noise pollution. However, Overture (and her successors) are being specifically designed to overcome, even excel, in these areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Our engines are custom-built turbofans optimized for quiet operation. They don’t have afterburners, which reduces noise by 20%,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, Boom\u0026#8217;s aircraft will be compatible with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). “Overture can run on up to 100% SAF, compared to today’s planes, which max out at 50-50,” Blake highlights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom has also worked closely with agencies like the FAA on the regulatory front. “We invited them in early, showed them everything, and asked for their feedback. The result? What could take 90 days took 90 minutes,” Blake told IE.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis collaborative approach led to Boom receiving the first-ever permit for a civilian aircraft to fly supersonic over land during test flights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-the-future-has-in-store\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat the future has in store\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor Boom, the Overture is just the beginning. Blake envisions a future where supersonic travel becomes routine and accessible to more people.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Imagine families connecting across oceans or kids growing up with friends on other continents,” he says. “This isn’t just about speed—it’s about creating deeper human connections,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick adds that the industry must continue to innovate. “We need to iterate. Overture 1 is just the start. Overture 2 and 3 will push the envelope further, delivering greater speed, efficiency, and accessibility,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHe also highlights the importance of revisiting outdated regulations, such as the U.S. ban on supersonic flights over land. “With advancements in low-boom technology, it’s time to rethink these restrictions,” he argues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-making-the-impossible-possible\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaking the impossible possible\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe journey to revive supersonic travel has been anything but easy, but both Blake and Nick are optimistic. “Supersonic airline travel is inevitable,” Nick says. “It’s just a matter of hard work, and we’re heads down accomplishing that right now,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake agrees, reflecting on the broader implications of their work. “Flying used to be this magical experience—looking down at the world from a vantage point no bird could achieve. We want to bring back that sense of wonder and make it faster, greener, and better for everyone,” he said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom Supersonic is poised to transform the future of air travel, combining cutting-edge technology, environmental responsibility, and a focus on human connection. With the XB-1 paving the way and the Overture poised to take flight, the dream of supersonic passenger travel is no longer a distant vision—it’s a fast-approaching reality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs Blake puts it, “The most important thing here isn’t breaking the sound barrier—it’s breaking the time barrier. When we do that, we unlock a whole new world of possibilities.”\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a8:T7b5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn our latest \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/podcast/lexicon/xb-1-and-overture-breaking-barriers-in-air-travel-innovation\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eLexicon episode\u003c/a\u003e, we sat down with \u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/blake-scholl\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlake Scholl\u003c/a\u003e, founder and CEO of Boom Supersonic (Boom), and \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/nick-sheryka\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNick Sheryka\u003c/a\u003e, XB-1 Chief Flight Test Engineer at Boom. We discussed Boom’s journey into developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde, from its XB-1 demonstrator to its planned Overture airliner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe title=\"Spotify Embed: XB-1 and Overture: breaking barriers in air travel innovation\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4GIwPt0bJZUbWlU9Wk5aFu?si=jXTXNnyuSVCoPr2MNseWtw\u0026#038;utm_source=oembed\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, check out our latest merch at \u003ca href=\"https://shop.interestingengineering.com/en-gbp/\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eInteresting Engineering Shop\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-building-on-concorde-s-legacy\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuilding on Concorde’s legacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAny discussion on supersonic flight, like this one, inevitably has to start with the legacy left behind by the groundbreaking engineering behind the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eConcorde\u003c/a\u003e. That aircraft still has a long shadow, one that Blake openly acknowledged. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a9:T43f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Concorde was a marvelous technical accomplishment, but it was unaffordable to passengers. A $20,000 ticket for 100 uncomfortable seats just didn’t work with the 1960s and 1970s travel demand,” he told us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut much has changed since the days of Concorde.“We’ve had massive growth in international travel, and technology has improved dramatically,” Scholl added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs he explained, things like carbon fiber composites, advanced engine design, and digital aerodynamics have paved the way for a new generation of supersonic aircraft. “Today, we can achieve supersonic flight for about the same price as a business-class ticket,” Scholls explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boom-s-testbed-for-the-future-the-xb-1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoom’s testbed for the future: the XB-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1, affectionately nicknamed \u0026#8220;Baby Boom,\u0026#8221; is a single-seat test aircraft that serves as the precursor to the Overture airliner. Nick Sheryka, Boom’s Chief Flight Test Engineer, explained the rationale behind its design.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"aa:T426,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The XB-1 was originally envisioned as a one-third scale demonstration of the airliner. It’s a stepping stone to prove our capabilities and learn where the pain points are,” he told IE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike Concorde, which relied on bespoke designs and untested concepts, Boom has leaned on proven technologies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We didn’t invent anything new,” Blake said. “We’re using carbon fiber composites from the Boeing 787, digital stability systems used in other aircraft, and computationally optimized aerodynamics,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake explained that this pragmatic approach enables Boom to “bring these technologies together to create a supersonic jet that’s efficient, safe, and affordable.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-necessity-is-the-mother-of-all-invention\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNecessity is the mother of all invention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1 has also taught Boom invaluable lessons about supersonic design. According to Blake, one of the most surprising insights was about low-speed performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ab:T486,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The hardest part of building a supersonic jet isn’t the high-speed flight—it’s the low-speed part,” he explains. The narrow wings required for supersonic efficiency make stable takeoffs and landings challenging. To address this, Boom introduced “digital stability augmentation and subtle but critical changes to the nose and wing design,” Blake said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese lessons are directly shaping the \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOverture\u003c/a\u003e. “For example, by reducing Overture’s top speed from Mach 2.2 to 1.7, we’ve made the wing much wider, which greatly improves low-speed stability,” Blake explained. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It adds 15 minutes to a transatlantic flight but makes the aircraft significantly more practical,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overture-supersonic-for-the-masses\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverture: Supersonic for the masses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the XB-1 serves as a testbed, the Overture is Boom’s vision for the future of commercial air travel. Designed for 64 passengers, it prioritizes comfort and efficiency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ac:T454,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We essentially took the business-class cabin from a widebody jet, chopped it off, and made it go fast,” Blake told us. To this end, the goal is to deliver a seamless experience that combines speed and affordability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick elaborates on the economic potential: “Right now, tens of millions of people fly business class across the Atlantic. For the same price—or less—we’re offering twice the speed and the ability to sleep in a real bed at your destination. That’s a game-changer.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overcoming-noise-and-sustainability-challenges\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOvercoming noise and sustainability challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the biggest challenges with supersonic jets, especially Concorde, has been criticism for their environmental impact, particularly noise pollution. However, Overture (and her successors) are being specifically designed to overcome, even excel, in these areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Our engines are custom-built turbofans optimized for quiet operation. They don’t have afterburners, which reduces noise by 20%,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ad:T457,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, Boom\u0026#8217;s aircraft will be compatible with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). “Overture can run on up to 100% SAF, compared to today’s planes, which max out at 50-50,” Blake highlights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom has also worked closely with agencies like the FAA on the regulatory front. “We invited them in early, showed them everything, and asked for their feedback. The result? What could take 90 days took 90 minutes,” Blake told IE.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis collaborative approach led to Boom receiving the first-ever permit for a civilian aircraft to fly supersonic over land during test flights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-the-future-has-in-store\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat the future has in store\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor Boom, the Overture is just the beginning. Blake envisions a future where supersonic travel becomes routine and accessible to more people.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Imagine families connecting across oceans or kids growing up with friends on other continents,” he says. “This isn’t just about speed—it’s about creating deeper human connections,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ae:T4a0,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick adds that the industry must continue to innovate. “We need to iterate. Overture 1 is just the start. Overture 2 and 3 will push the envelope further, delivering greater speed, efficiency, and accessibility,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHe also highlights the importance of revisiting outdated regulations, such as the U.S. ban on supersonic flights over land. “With advancements in low-boom technology, it’s time to rethink these restrictions,” he argues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-making-the-impossible-possible\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaking the impossible possible\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe journey to revive supersonic travel has been anything but easy, but both Blake and Nick are optimistic. “Supersonic airline travel is inevitable,” Nick says. “It’s just a matter of hard work, and we’re heads down accomplishing that right now,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake agrees, reflecting on the broader implications of their work. “Flying used to be this magical experience—looking down at the world from a vantage point no bird could achieve. We want to bring back that sense of wonder and make it faster, greener, and better for everyone,” he said.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"af:T20fc,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003e90% efficient: World’s first underwater boron ramjet tested in China\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Developed by Chinese scientists for hypersonic weapons, the novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests and can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through air and water.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"90% efficient: World’s first underwater boron ramjet tested in China\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Developed by Chinese scientists for hypersonic weapons, the novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests and can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through air and water.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:30:10+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:37:02+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-26.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b0:T11cd,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eChina has tested a powerful engine that can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through both air and water. The novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests, which were conducted in submarine mode, and met the desired requirements for practical use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDeveloped for hypersonic weapons, the engine inhales air and water as oxidizing agents depending upon the medium, where it\u0026#8217;s being used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe engine, which is claimed to be the first of its kind, is powered by boron. The critical element is used in scramjet engines, which are supersonic combustion ramjet engines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boron-s-use-in-new-engine\"\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use in new engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use increases the speed of the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-diesel-engine-thermal-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003emissile\u003c/a\u003e to nearly Mach 5 as it burns intensely after encountering oxygen in the air.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, igniting the boron in water was challenging for the Chinese scientists. Therefore, the research team implemented a new \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/rats-enjoy-driving-tiny-cars-not-just-treats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edesign\u003c/a\u003e that gave the solid fuel another chance to burn and enhance the engine\u0026#8217;s efficiency.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey also optimised the injection volume of water vapour into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/hydrogen-jet-engine-design-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecombustion\u003c/a\u003e chamber and the ratio of other ingredients in the fuel, such as magnesium and aluminium. These active metals enable boron to burn more thoroughly in vapour. The scientists conducted the tests in a ground laboratory that simulates the underwater environment, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-engine-was-stable\"\u003eEngine was stable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eProfessor Huang Liya, who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381867897_Experimental_investigation_on_detonation_characteristics_of_boron-rich_gelled_propellant_in_static_premixed_combustible_gases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eproject team\u003c/a\u003e, stated that there was a bright yellow, elongated tail flame near the outlet of the engine’s nozzle.\u003cbr\u003eLiya highlighted that during the test, the engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData collected by sensors showed that the engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3, with a combustion efficiency of 87 per cent. When the proportion of boron fuel was increased in the fuel formula, its specific impulse reached 4,712 newton-seconds per kilogram, which is one-third more efficient than SpaceX’s latest Raptor rocket engine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles?module=perpetual_scroll_0\u0026amp;pgtype=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eaccording to\u003c/a\u003e SCMP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-energy-metalloid\"\u003eHigh-energy metalloid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe high-energy metalloid, boron, has been recognized by multiple researchers as a potential secondary energy source for liquid hydrocarbon fuel to power volume-limited propulsion devices such as ramjet and scramjet. The higher volumetric and gravimetric energetic content makes boron a more suitable candidate than other energetic particles\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eVarious studies have been conducted previously to review recent advancements and challenges in adopting boron-loaded gel fuel for practical ramjet and scramjet propulsion devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEven though \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667134423000421\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eboron\u003c/a\u003e is a potential source for improving the energy density of liquid fuel, it was not widely used in practical propulsive devices till last year primarily because the native oxide layer present in the boron inhibits ignition and combustion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, some researchers reported that the boron particles were fully burnt in the two-stage combustion, suggesting that the two-stage combustion of boron particles can be achieved by ramjet and scramjet.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b1:T65d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe engine, which is claimed to be the first of its kind, is powered by boron. The critical element is used in scramjet engines, which are supersonic combustion ramjet engines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boron-s-use-in-new-engine\"\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use in new engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use increases the speed of the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-diesel-engine-thermal-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003emissile\u003c/a\u003e to nearly Mach 5 as it burns intensely after encountering oxygen in the air.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, igniting the boron in water was challenging for the Chinese scientists. Therefore, the research team implemented a new \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/rats-enjoy-driving-tiny-cars-not-just-treats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edesign\u003c/a\u003e that gave the solid fuel another chance to burn and enhance the engine\u0026#8217;s efficiency.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey also optimised the injection volume of water vapour into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/hydrogen-jet-engine-design-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecombustion\u003c/a\u003e chamber and the ratio of other ingredients in the fuel, such as magnesium and aluminium. These active metals enable boron to burn more thoroughly in vapour. The scientists conducted the tests in a ground laboratory that simulates the underwater environment, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b2:T69e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-engine-was-stable\"\u003eEngine was stable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eProfessor Huang Liya, who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381867897_Experimental_investigation_on_detonation_characteristics_of_boron-rich_gelled_propellant_in_static_premixed_combustible_gases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eproject team\u003c/a\u003e, stated that there was a bright yellow, elongated tail flame near the outlet of the engine’s nozzle.\u003cbr\u003eLiya highlighted that during the test, the engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData collected by sensors showed that the engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3, with a combustion efficiency of 87 per cent. When the proportion of boron fuel was increased in the fuel formula, its specific impulse reached 4,712 newton-seconds per kilogram, which is one-third more efficient than SpaceX’s latest Raptor rocket engine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles?module=perpetual_scroll_0\u0026amp;pgtype=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eaccording to\u003c/a\u003e SCMP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-energy-metalloid\"\u003eHigh-energy metalloid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe high-energy metalloid, boron, has been recognized by multiple researchers as a potential secondary energy source for liquid hydrocarbon fuel to power volume-limited propulsion devices such as ramjet and scramjet. The higher volumetric and gravimetric energetic content makes boron a more suitable candidate than other energetic particles\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b3:T1cc8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eUS submarines re-adopt sea-launched nukes after 32-year absence\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The US Navy is reviving nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles with a new SLCM-N initiative for its Virginia-class submarines.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"US submarines re-adopt sea-launched nukes after 32-year absence\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The US Navy is reviving nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles with a new SLCM-N initiative for its Virginia-class submarines.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:46:13+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:46:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T222720.051.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b4:T12c5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn a surprising development, the US Navy has released a Request for Information (RFI) regarding the development of a Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe initiative aims to establish a modular and resilient cruise missile system that delivers a proportional response while ensuring essential adversary targets remain vulnerable.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to deploy an operational system by fiscal year 2034, with prototype tests anticipated within the next three years.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sea-launched-nuclear-cruise-missile\"\u003eSea-launched nuclear cruise missile\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N will be launched from Virginia-class attack submarines and is centered around an \u0026#8220;All Up Round\u0026#8221; (AUR) concept.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes an expendable booster, a nuclear-capable cruise missile, and a launch canister, allowing underwater launches from Virginia Payload Tubes (VPT) or Virginia Payload Modules (VPM).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the Navy seeks missiles that are “as modular as possible,” incorporating both software and hardware, to ensure that modifications to the missile\u0026#8217;s body or shared tactical systems don’t necessitate changes to the warhead payload interfaces or avionics related to the nuclear mission.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The open system approach is being adopted to facilitate future technical upgrades or technology enhancements as needed throughout the SLCM-N program\u0026#8217;s lifespan,” the Navy\u0026#8217;s request indicates.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United States originally introduced nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles during the mid-1980s with the deployment of the TLAM-N, a nuclear variant of the Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese missiles, which had a range of about 2,500 kilometers (approximately 1,550 miles), were positioned on both surface vessels and attack submarines.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-after-3-decades\"\u003eAfter 3 decades\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1991, President George H.W. Bush declared the withdrawal of all sea-based tactical nuclear weapons, resulting in the removal of TLAM-N missiles by the middle of 1992.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Navy kept the option to redeploy them on attack submarines if necessary. However, in 2010, the Obama Administration recommended decommissioning the TLAM-N system, considering it redundant in light of other available nuclear capabilities. This retirement was finalized in 2013.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2018 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eunder\u003c/a\u003e the Trump Administration advocated for the development of a novel nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile, now referred to as SLCM-N. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis initiative aimed to provide a \u0026#8220;non-strategic regional presence\u0026#8221; and fulfill the need for \u0026#8220;flexible and low-yield options\u0026#8221; within the US nuclear arsenal.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N was designed to enhance deterrence against regional threats and reassure US allies.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-allocation-of-funds\"\u003eAllocation of funds\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn its Fiscal Year 2022 budget proposal, the Biden Administration allocated funding for the research and development of the SLCM-N.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, the 2022 NPR suggested discontinuing the program, indicating that current capabilities were adequate to meet deterrent requirements.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, Congress continued to fund the SLCM-N and its associated warhead. The Fiscal Year 2024 National Defense Authorization Act required the executive branch to ensure the SLCM-N\u0026#8217;s initial \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoperational\u003c/a\u003e capability. Following this, the Administration has begun to take steps to implement the program. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSupporters of the SLCM-N contend that it provides a flexible and survivable nuclear option capable of deployment in various regions without needing to station nuclear assets on allied territories.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder, emphasizing that the commander-in-chief should have access to such options.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to its predecessor, the Navy\u0026#8217;s discontinued TLAM-N, the SLCM-N is envisioned as a lower-yield nuclear weapon launched from submarines that would add a new dimension to the maritime segment of the nuclear triad, allowing the United States to respond proportionately to a limited nuclear attack by an adversary.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b5:T418,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sea-launched-nuclear-cruise-missile\"\u003eSea-launched nuclear cruise missile\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N will be launched from Virginia-class attack submarines and is centered around an \u0026#8220;All Up Round\u0026#8221; (AUR) concept.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes an expendable booster, a nuclear-capable cruise missile, and a launch canister, allowing underwater launches from Virginia Payload Tubes (VPT) or Virginia Payload Modules (VPM).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the Navy seeks missiles that are “as modular as possible,” incorporating both software and hardware, to ensure that modifications to the missile\u0026#8217;s body or shared tactical systems don’t necessitate changes to the warhead payload interfaces or avionics related to the nuclear mission.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The open system approach is being adopted to facilitate future technical upgrades or technology enhancements as needed throughout the SLCM-N program\u0026#8217;s lifespan,” the Navy\u0026#8217;s request indicates.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b6:T4fb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United States originally introduced nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles during the mid-1980s with the deployment of the TLAM-N, a nuclear variant of the Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese missiles, which had a range of about 2,500 kilometers (approximately 1,550 miles), were positioned on both surface vessels and attack submarines.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-after-3-decades\"\u003eAfter 3 decades\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1991, President George H.W. Bush declared the withdrawal of all sea-based tactical nuclear weapons, resulting in the removal of TLAM-N missiles by the middle of 1992.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Navy kept the option to redeploy them on attack submarines if necessary. However, in 2010, the Obama Administration recommended decommissioning the TLAM-N system, considering it redundant in light of other available nuclear capabilities. This retirement was finalized in 2013.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2018 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eunder\u003c/a\u003e the Trump Administration advocated for the development of a novel nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile, now referred to as SLCM-N. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b7:T486,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis initiative aimed to provide a \u0026#8220;non-strategic regional presence\u0026#8221; and fulfill the need for \u0026#8220;flexible and low-yield options\u0026#8221; within the US nuclear arsenal.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N was designed to enhance deterrence against regional threats and reassure US allies.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-allocation-of-funds\"\u003eAllocation of funds\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn its Fiscal Year 2022 budget proposal, the Biden Administration allocated funding for the research and development of the SLCM-N.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, the 2022 NPR suggested discontinuing the program, indicating that current capabilities were adequate to meet deterrent requirements.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, Congress continued to fund the SLCM-N and its associated warhead. The Fiscal Year 2024 National Defense Authorization Act required the executive branch to ensure the SLCM-N\u0026#8217;s initial \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoperational\u003c/a\u003e capability. Following this, the Administration has begun to take steps to implement the program. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b8:T1e32,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eEdge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? HALO Space is making this dream a reality.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Edge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? HALO Space is making this dream a reality.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Sade Agard\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sade Agard\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sade Agard\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/726f533151570d651a8deadcfb7d2a09\"},\"headline\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\"},\"wordCount\":1331,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"caption\":\"An image of the Aurora space capsule in flight attached to a balloon/parachute system.\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Space\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Space\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2024\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"name\":\"Edge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\",\"description\":\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? 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Better yet, if flying to the edge of space sounds like your dream experience, you can join a waiting list.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe stratospheric balloon system is designed to carry passengers 22 miles (35 kilometers) above the Earth\u0026#8217;s surface, offering an experience different from rocket-based space tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHALO Space\u003c/em\u003e expanded its testing and assembly operations to Saudi Arabia last month, which is a significant step forward.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe move aligns with Saudi Arabia\u0026#8217;s aim to become a global leader in aerospace as part of the Vision 2030 initiative. The nation\u0026#8217;s clear skies and ample airspace make it an ideal environment for testing, according to a report by \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spaceexplored.com/2024/10/07/halo-space-expands-testing-operations-to-saudi-arabia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSpace Explored.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering (IE\u003c/em\u003e) recently caught up with Carlos Mira (CEO) and Alberto Castrillo (CTO). We discussed the technology powering the \u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e space vehicle and HALO Space\u0026#8217;s plans for near-space tourism. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-aurora-capsule-vs-spacex-and-blue-origin\"\u003eThe Aurora capsule vs. SpaceX and Blue Origin\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121627\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA conceptual rendering of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature as seen from the Aurora space capsule showcasing the near-space \u0026#8216;overview\u0026#8217; effect. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a unique and serene experience compared to other space travel providers like SpaceX and Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo told\u003cem\u003e IE\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that, unlike companies that rely on powerful \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-of-fast-rockets-and-nuclear-propulsion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erocket propulsion\u003c/a\u003e, HALO Space uses helium balloons. These balloons gently lift the capsule into the stratosphere, and with that comes several \u0026#8220;distinctive advantages.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA tranquil ascent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Instead of the high-G forces and intense speeds typical of rocket launches, the Aurora capsule rises gradually,\u0026#8221; they said. This approach offers a peaceful journey with spectacular views of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature and space\u0026#8217;s darkness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMira and Castillo then highlighted the sustainability aspect of the stratospheric balloon system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026#8216;Reduced carbon footprint\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The use of helium balloons dramatically reduces the carbon footprint compared to rocket-based launches, making it a greener alternative for space tourism,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccessibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, since it avoids the physical demands of high-speed rocket travel, the Aurora capsule is accessible to a broader range of passengers. Miro and Castillo explained that this includes those who might need to be physically fit for traditional space travel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \u0026#8216;overview effect\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also mentioned that HALO Space enables passengers to enjoy what is known as the \u0026#8220;\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/the-overview-effect-seeing-earth-from-above-can-inspire-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoverview effect\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026#8221; They said, \u0026#8220;This is a transformative experience of viewing Earth from the edge of space—for a full hour.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Overview Effect: It will transform how you think forever\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eQsgGCXdAlY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that this duration sets HALO apart from rocket-based space tourism, where passengers typically experience this view for a few brief minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;To date, fewer than 700 people have experienced this effect in space, but HALO aims to make it accessible to over 3,000 people each year,\u0026#8221; they stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-the-tech-making-near-space-balloon-systems-safe\"\u003eWhat\u0026#8217;s the tech making near-space balloon systems safe?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121620\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg 3840w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3840px) 100vw, 3840px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAn image of the Aurora space capsule in a desert environment. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e prompted the duo to discuss the technology and safety measures to ensure a safe journey to the stratosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Safety is a top priority for HALO Space, and the Aurora capsule incorporates state-of-the-art technology to ensure a safe journey,\u0026#8221; they said.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the critical safety measures include multiple backup systems. They explain that the capsule is designed with redundant systems to ensure safety at all stages of the flight. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This includes redundant life support systems, communication systems, and safety mechanisms,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey then highlighted balloon and descent control. Simply put, the ascent is powered by a massive helium balloon that gradually expands as it rises into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/solar-geoengineering-sunlight-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estratosphere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of any unexpected issue, the descent can be safely controlled through a combination of precision parachutes and proprietary landing technologies,\u0026#8221; they explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e is then introduced to the advanced life support aboard the Aurora. According to Mira and Castrillo, the capsule is pressurized and climate-controlled. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis ensures a comfortable environment for passengers while providing oxygen and maintaining optimal temperature and air pressure levels. Additionally, they highlight that the team at HALO Space has developed robust emergency protocols, and the flight is continuously monitored by a control team on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe capsule also has an emergency parachute system that can be deployed if necessary during the descent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aurora-beyond-tourism\"\u003eAurora, beyond tourism\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121619\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA digital rendering of a view from Aurora from space. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule has significant potential beyond tourism,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo emphasized. \u0026#8220;The ability to reach near-space offers numerous opportunities for scientific research and other industries.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAtmospheric and climate studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, they highlighted how the stratosphere is a prime location for monitoring Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere and studying \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/satellite-megaconstellations-surge-damage-ozone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eozone depletion\u003c/a\u003e, pollution, and weather patterns. \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule can carry instruments to collect valuable data for climate scientists,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnology testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the near-space environment offers conditions similar to those found in space. Such conditions include low temperatures, high radiation, and near-vacuum pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Companies can use the Aurora capsule to test new space technologies in these conditions at a lower cost than launching satellites or rockets,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial applications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBusinesses in industries like telecommunications and remote sensing may also find near-space operations attractive for testing or deploying certain types of equipment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-balloons-vs-rockets-what-are-the-sustainability-benefits-of-aurora\"\u003eBalloons vs. rockets: what are the sustainability benefits of Aurora?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a much more environmentally friendly approach to space tourism compared to traditional rocket-based travel,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd here’s why.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the duo, Aurora has zero emissions during ascent. Unlike rockets, which burn massive amounts of fuel and release large quantities of CO2 and other pollutants into the atmosphere, \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent is powered by a helium balloon, which does not generate any harmful emissions,\u0026#8221; they argued.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey emphasized to \u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e that helium, an inert and non-toxic lifting agent, powers the capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent with minimal environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Especially when compared to the fuel-intensive methods used by companies like SpaceX or Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also claimed the Aurora capsule uses less energy overall compared to rocket-based flight. \u0026#8220;The entire journey is less energy-intensive because it avoids the massive fuel consumption required for rocket launches,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This reduces the overall carbon footprint of each flight, making HALO Space the most sustainable option for near-space tourism.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-will-near-space-tourism-evolve-in-the-future\"\u003eHow will near-space tourism evolve in the future?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Near-space tourism is on the verge of a significant transformation,\u0026#8221; the duo said. \u0026#8220;And HALO Space aims to play a pivotal role in making this frontier accessible to a broader audience.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey reasoned that unlike the current \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/chinas-first-outer-space-travel-announced-at-210000-for-12-minute-flight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003espace tourism market\u003c/a\u003e, which remains exclusive and expensive, HALO Space envisions a future where near-space experiences are available to many more people. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis will be due to the lower cost and lower barriers to entry compared to rocket-based options.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The gentle ascent and non-rocket-based approach open the door for more inclusive space travel,\u0026#8221; they said. \u0026#8220;[This includes] those who are older, less physically fit, or seeking a less intense experience than what traditional spaceflights offer.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-at-the-forefront-of-a-new-era-in-space-exploration\"\u003e\u0026#8216;At the forefront of a new era in space exploration\u0026#8217;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space will democratize near-space access by offering more frequent and affordable flights. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that it pioneers new uses for near-space technology in research and commercial applications while leading the way in sustainable space tourism with its non-fuel technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;HALO Space is at the forefront of a new era in space exploration, where the dream of experiencing the overview effect is no longer limited to astronauts or the super-wealthy,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey argued that by focusing on accessibility, sustainability, and safety, HALO Space opens the door to new possibilities for space tourism, scientific discovery, and commercial innovation. \u0026#8220;Our goal is not just to take passengers on an unforgettable journey but to inspire a deeper connection to the planet and our place in the universe,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo concluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We believe that the Aurora capsule offers not just an adventure, but a transformative experience that will forever change how people see the world.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ba:Ta87,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe move aligns with Saudi Arabia\u0026#8217;s aim to become a global leader in aerospace as part of the Vision 2030 initiative. The nation\u0026#8217;s clear skies and ample airspace make it an ideal environment for testing, according to a report by \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spaceexplored.com/2024/10/07/halo-space-expands-testing-operations-to-saudi-arabia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSpace Explored.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering (IE\u003c/em\u003e) recently caught up with Carlos Mira (CEO) and Alberto Castrillo (CTO). We discussed the technology powering the \u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e space vehicle and HALO Space\u0026#8217;s plans for near-space tourism. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-aurora-capsule-vs-spacex-and-blue-origin\"\u003eThe Aurora capsule vs. SpaceX and Blue Origin\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121627\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA conceptual rendering of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature as seen from the Aurora space capsule showcasing the near-space \u0026#8216;overview\u0026#8217; effect. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a unique and serene experience compared to other space travel providers like SpaceX and Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo told\u003cem\u003e IE\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that, unlike companies that rely on powerful \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-of-fast-rockets-and-nuclear-propulsion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erocket propulsion\u003c/a\u003e, HALO Space uses helium balloons. These balloons gently lift the capsule into the stratosphere, and with that comes several \u0026#8220;distinctive advantages.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"bb:Tc5d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \u0026#8216;overview effect\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also mentioned that HALO Space enables passengers to enjoy what is known as the \u0026#8220;\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/the-overview-effect-seeing-earth-from-above-can-inspire-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoverview effect\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026#8221; They said, \u0026#8220;This is a transformative experience of viewing Earth from the edge of space—for a full hour.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Overview Effect: It will transform how you think forever\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eQsgGCXdAlY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that this duration sets HALO apart from rocket-based space tourism, where passengers typically experience this view for a few brief minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;To date, fewer than 700 people have experienced this effect in space, but HALO aims to make it accessible to over 3,000 people each year,\u0026#8221; they stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-the-tech-making-near-space-balloon-systems-safe\"\u003eWhat\u0026#8217;s the tech making near-space balloon systems safe?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121620\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg 3840w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3840px) 100vw, 3840px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAn image of the Aurora space capsule in a desert environment. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e prompted the duo to discuss the technology and safety measures to ensure a safe journey to the stratosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Safety is a top priority for HALO Space, and the Aurora capsule incorporates state-of-the-art technology to ensure a safe journey,\u0026#8221; they said.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"bc:T534,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the critical safety measures include multiple backup systems. They explain that the capsule is designed with redundant systems to ensure safety at all stages of the flight. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This includes redundant life support systems, communication systems, and safety mechanisms,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey then highlighted balloon and descent control. Simply put, the ascent is powered by a massive helium balloon that gradually expands as it rises into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/solar-geoengineering-sunlight-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estratosphere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of any unexpected issue, the descent can be safely controlled through a combination of precision parachutes and proprietary landing technologies,\u0026#8221; they explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e is then introduced to the advanced life support aboard the Aurora. According to Mira and Castrillo, the capsule is pressurized and climate-controlled. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis ensures a comfortable environment for passengers while providing oxygen and maintaining optimal temperature and air pressure levels. Additionally, they highlight that the team at HALO Space has developed robust emergency protocols, and the flight is continuously monitored by a control team on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"bd:T80f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe capsule also has an emergency parachute system that can be deployed if necessary during the descent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aurora-beyond-tourism\"\u003eAurora, beyond tourism\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121619\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA digital rendering of a view from Aurora from space. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule has significant potential beyond tourism,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo emphasized. \u0026#8220;The ability to reach near-space offers numerous opportunities for scientific research and other industries.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAtmospheric and climate studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, they highlighted how the stratosphere is a prime location for monitoring Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere and studying \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/satellite-megaconstellations-surge-damage-ozone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eozone depletion\u003c/a\u003e, pollution, and weather patterns. \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule can carry instruments to collect valuable data for climate scientists,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"be:T466,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial applications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBusinesses in industries like telecommunications and remote sensing may also find near-space operations attractive for testing or deploying certain types of equipment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-balloons-vs-rockets-what-are-the-sustainability-benefits-of-aurora\"\u003eBalloons vs. rockets: what are the sustainability benefits of Aurora?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a much more environmentally friendly approach to space tourism compared to traditional rocket-based travel,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd here’s why.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the duo, Aurora has zero emissions during ascent. Unlike rockets, which burn massive amounts of fuel and release large quantities of CO2 and other pollutants into the atmosphere, \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent is powered by a helium balloon, which does not generate any harmful emissions,\u0026#8221; they argued.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey emphasized to \u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e that helium, an inert and non-toxic lifting agent, powers the capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent with minimal environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"bf:T4f4,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Especially when compared to the fuel-intensive methods used by companies like SpaceX or Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also claimed the Aurora capsule uses less energy overall compared to rocket-based flight. \u0026#8220;The entire journey is less energy-intensive because it avoids the massive fuel consumption required for rocket launches,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This reduces the overall carbon footprint of each flight, making HALO Space the most sustainable option for near-space tourism.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-will-near-space-tourism-evolve-in-the-future\"\u003eHow will near-space tourism evolve in the future?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Near-space tourism is on the verge of a significant transformation,\u0026#8221; the duo said. \u0026#8220;And HALO Space aims to play a pivotal role in making this frontier accessible to a broader audience.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey reasoned that unlike the current \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/chinas-first-outer-space-travel-announced-at-210000-for-12-minute-flight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003espace tourism market\u003c/a\u003e, which remains exclusive and expensive, HALO Space envisions a future where near-space experiences are available to many more people. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c0:T437,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis will be due to the lower cost and lower barriers to entry compared to rocket-based options.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The gentle ascent and non-rocket-based approach open the door for more inclusive space travel,\u0026#8221; they said. \u0026#8220;[This includes] those who are older, less physically fit, or seeking a less intense experience than what traditional spaceflights offer.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-at-the-forefront-of-a-new-era-in-space-exploration\"\u003e\u0026#8216;At the forefront of a new era in space exploration\u0026#8217;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space will democratize near-space access by offering more frequent and affordable flights. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that it pioneers new uses for near-space technology in research and commercial applications while leading the way in sustainable space tourism with its non-fuel technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;HALO Space is at the forefront of a new era in space exploration, where the dream of experiencing the overview effect is no longer limited to astronauts or the super-wealthy,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo added.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c1:T1f4d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eWorld’s first fully robotic double lung transplant performed at NYU\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"NYU Langone performs the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant, marking a breakthrough in minimally 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content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T16:36:38+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T16:44:06+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T193847.230.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Jijo Malayil\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta 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content=\"2024-11-22T16:36:38+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c2:T17e7,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eNew York University (NYU) Langone Health achieved a medical milestone by performing the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA 57-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent a double lung transplant using the da Vinci Xi robotic system.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSmall incisions between the ribs allowed the robotic system to remove each lung, prepare the surgical site, and implant the new lungs. Both lungs were successfully transplanted entirely with robotic techniques.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to the team, the procedure showcases a breakthrough in robotic surgery and advances minimally invasive care.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advancing-lung-surgery\"\u003eAdvancing lung surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOn October 22, 2024, a double lung transplant was performed on Cheryl Mehrkar, four days after she was added to the transplant list following months of evaluation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosed with COPD at 43, she inherited a genetic predisposition to lung disease, and her condition worsened after contracting COVID-19 in 2022. An adventurous individual, she was a scuba divemaster, avid motorcyclist, and karate black belt, operating a dojo with her husband for over 20 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHealth challenges led her to retire from teaching karate, but she continued serving her community as a volunteer emergency medical technician with the Union Vale Fire Department in Dutchess County, New York, where she remains active.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg\" alt=\"World's first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\" class=\"wp-image-122453\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eWorld\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By using these robotic systems, we aim to reduce the impact this major surgery has on patients, limit their postoperative pain, and give them the best possible outcome,\u0026#8221; said Stephanie H. Chang, surgical director of the Lung Transplant Program for the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estatement\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA month earlier, Chang and her team at NYU had performed the nation’s first fully robotic single lung transplant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autonomous-surgery\"\u003eAutonomous surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis month, a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erobot\u003c/a\u003e trained solely by analyzing videos of experienced surgeons successfully replicated complex surgical procedures with skills comparable to human doctors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe advancement highlighted the potential of imitation learning, a method that brings robotic surgery closer to autonomy, where robots could \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eindependently\u003c/a\u003e perform intricate procedures without human intervention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eResearchers from Stanford University and Johns Hopkins University trained a da Vinci Surgical System robot in three basic activities: suturing, \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etissue\u003c/a\u003e lifting, and needle handling. The robot performed these activities with human-like skill by using imitation learning, which eliminated the necessity for meticulously programming each movement for each medical procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Is the future of surgery robotic?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ELq6-9jQgeU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKinematic data, which mathematically represents robotic motion, was combined with methods from sophisticated language models to create the training model, which included machine learning concepts. With this method, the robot was able to learn from surgical videos that were recorded by da Vinci systems\u0026#8217; wrist-mounted cameras. With over 7,000 da Vinci robots and more than 50,000 surgeons trained worldwide, there is a sizable dataset to improve this technology even more.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the da Vinci system is known for input inaccuracies, researchers overcame this by focusing on relative movements instead of absolute actions. This adjustment improved precision and adaptability, allowing the robot to generalize to new environments and tasks, such as recovering a dropped needle during surgery.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe new model streamlines robot training, enabling surgical robots to learn procedures in days rather than years. According to experts, the innovation has the potential to advance surgical autonomy, minimize errors, and enhance procedural accuracy, marking a significant leap forward in robotic medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c3:T9ff,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advancing-lung-surgery\"\u003eAdvancing lung surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOn October 22, 2024, a double lung transplant was performed on Cheryl Mehrkar, four days after she was added to the transplant list following months of evaluation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosed with COPD at 43, she inherited a genetic predisposition to lung disease, and her condition worsened after contracting COVID-19 in 2022. An adventurous individual, she was a scuba divemaster, avid motorcyclist, and karate black belt, operating a dojo with her husband for over 20 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHealth challenges led her to retire from teaching karate, but she continued serving her community as a volunteer emergency medical technician with the Union Vale Fire Department in Dutchess County, New York, where she remains active.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg\" alt=\"World's first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\" class=\"wp-image-122453\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eWorld\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By using these robotic systems, we aim to reduce the impact this major surgery has on patients, limit their postoperative pain, and give them the best possible outcome,\u0026#8221; said Stephanie H. Chang, surgical director of the Lung Transplant Program for the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estatement\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA month earlier, Chang and her team at NYU had performed the nation’s first fully robotic single lung transplant.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c4:T8da,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autonomous-surgery\"\u003eAutonomous surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis month, a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erobot\u003c/a\u003e trained solely by analyzing videos of experienced surgeons successfully replicated complex surgical procedures with skills comparable to human doctors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe advancement highlighted the potential of imitation learning, a method that brings robotic surgery closer to autonomy, where robots could \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eindependently\u003c/a\u003e perform intricate procedures without human intervention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eResearchers from Stanford University and Johns Hopkins University trained a da Vinci Surgical System robot in three basic activities: suturing, \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etissue\u003c/a\u003e lifting, and needle handling. The robot performed these activities with human-like skill by using imitation learning, which eliminated the necessity for meticulously programming each movement for each medical procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Is the future of surgery robotic?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ELq6-9jQgeU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKinematic data, which mathematically represents robotic motion, was combined with methods from sophisticated language models to create the training model, which included machine learning concepts. With this method, the robot was able to learn from surgical videos that were recorded by da Vinci systems\u0026#8217; wrist-mounted cameras. With over 7,000 da Vinci robots and more than 50,000 surgeons trained worldwide, there is a sizable dataset to improve this technology even more.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c5:T206a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eStarlink\u0026#039;s rival SpaceSail to provide satellite internet in Brazil\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet service in the region.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Starlink\u0026#039;s rival SpaceSail to provide satellite internet in Brazil\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet service in the region.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T15:53:33+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T15:59:16+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-25.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" 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Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet in the region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe firm signed an MoU with Brazil’s state-owned telecoms company Telecomunicacoes Brasileiras (Telebras) during the recent visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInitially, the plan is to study the demand for satellite internet areas where fiber optic infrastructure doesn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-to-bring-satellite-based-internet-access\"\u003eSpaceSail to bring satellite-based internet access\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/modular-satellite-system-could-unlock-space-based-solar-power\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e access to areas with limited connectivity by deploying its Qianfan, or “Thousand Sails”, constellation, a low-Earth orbit satellite network currently under construction that would support Brazil’s national digital inclusion policies, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBrazilian officials have reportedly been discussing satellite internet possibility with SpaceSail since August. SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s CEO had also met Brazilian Vice President Geraldo Alckmin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn October, officials from the Brazilian Communications Ministry SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/china-launches-first-reusable-satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003efactory\u003c/a\u003e in China.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Shanghai-based firm is expected to kick start satellite internet in Brazil in two years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-elon-musk-s-open-public-dispute-with-brazilian-supreme-court\"\u003eElon Musk\u0026#8217;s open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt came after Elon Musk has been in an open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court, which banned the X \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/1st-ever-autonomous-satellite-swarm-navigation-in-orbit-achieved-by-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplatform\u003c/a\u003e for a month in August. The court maintained that the social media platform failed to refused to comply with its orders.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStarlink was caught in the crossfire, as its bank accounts were frozen to ensure the payment of fines levied against X. Starlink has rapidly grown to become Brazil’s top satellite \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/super-maneuverable-satellite-unveiled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e provider, gobbling up 47 percent of the market. It provides connectivity to roughly 224,000 customers, mostly in remote parts of the country. Starlink is essential to farmers, companies from various sectors, and indigenous communities, according to \u003ca href=\"https://brazilian.report/liveblog/politics-insider/2024/11/19/agreement-china-starlink-competitor-spacesail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe Brazilian Report\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-launched-36-satellites-into-low-earth-orbit\"\u003eSpaceSail launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail, which has launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit, is expected to have over 600 satellites in orbit by late 2025. The company\u0026#8217;s plan is to launch a network of nearly 14,000 satellites for low-latency, high-speed, and ultra-reliable satellite internet services globally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, SpaceSail is in negotiations with more than 30 countries and is promoting commercial applications for its Qianfan constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eQianfan is one of two Chinese megaconstellations aimed at challenging Starlink’s dominance. The other, Guowang, also known as SatNet, is being developed by China Satellite Network Group near Beijing and expected to comprise around 13,000 satellites. Construction on Guowang is set to begin soon, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\nhttps://twitter.com/mincomunicacoes/status/1859024586857414848\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company will start its satellite internet service in 2025. It will facilitate fields such as transportation, new energy, smart cities, smart agriculture, emergency disaster relief, and low-altitude economy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eShanghai Spacesail Technologies Co., Ltd. has begun business negotiations with dozens of countries to promote the global commercial application and services of its constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, China has 1,059 satellites in orbit, 492 of which are commercial satellites. By the end of June this year, 546 commercial space enterprises were registered and effectively operating in \u003ca href=\"http://english.scio.gov.cn/chinavoices/2024-11/21/content_117561027.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eChina\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBrazil\u0026#8217;s deal with SpaceSail is likely aimed at warning Elon Musk and Starlink, which is the world\u0026#8217;s first and largest satellite constellation using a low Earth orbit to deliver broadband internet capable of supporting streaming, online gaming, video calls and more.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c7:Ta9f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-to-bring-satellite-based-internet-access\"\u003eSpaceSail to bring satellite-based internet access\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/modular-satellite-system-could-unlock-space-based-solar-power\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e access to areas with limited connectivity by deploying its Qianfan, or “Thousand Sails”, constellation, a low-Earth orbit satellite network currently under construction that would support Brazil’s national digital inclusion policies, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBrazilian officials have reportedly been discussing satellite internet possibility with SpaceSail since August. SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s CEO had also met Brazilian Vice President Geraldo Alckmin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn October, officials from the Brazilian Communications Ministry SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/china-launches-first-reusable-satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003efactory\u003c/a\u003e in China.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Shanghai-based firm is expected to kick start satellite internet in Brazil in two years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-elon-musk-s-open-public-dispute-with-brazilian-supreme-court\"\u003eElon Musk\u0026#8217;s open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt came after Elon Musk has been in an open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court, which banned the X \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/1st-ever-autonomous-satellite-swarm-navigation-in-orbit-achieved-by-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplatform\u003c/a\u003e for a month in August. The court maintained that the social media platform failed to refused to comply with its orders.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStarlink was caught in the crossfire, as its bank accounts were frozen to ensure the payment of fines levied against X. Starlink has rapidly grown to become Brazil’s top satellite \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/super-maneuverable-satellite-unveiled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e provider, gobbling up 47 percent of the market. It provides connectivity to roughly 224,000 customers, mostly in remote parts of the country. Starlink is essential to farmers, companies from various sectors, and indigenous communities, according to \u003ca href=\"https://brazilian.report/liveblog/politics-insider/2024/11/19/agreement-china-starlink-competitor-spacesail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe Brazilian Report\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c8:T61f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-launched-36-satellites-into-low-earth-orbit\"\u003eSpaceSail launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail, which has launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit, is expected to have over 600 satellites in orbit by late 2025. The company\u0026#8217;s plan is to launch a network of nearly 14,000 satellites for low-latency, high-speed, and ultra-reliable satellite internet services globally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, SpaceSail is in negotiations with more than 30 countries and is promoting commercial applications for its Qianfan constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eQianfan is one of two Chinese megaconstellations aimed at challenging Starlink’s dominance. The other, Guowang, also known as SatNet, is being developed by China Satellite Network Group near Beijing and expected to comprise around 13,000 satellites. Construction on Guowang is set to begin soon, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\nhttps://twitter.com/mincomunicacoes/status/1859024586857414848\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company will start its satellite internet service in 2025. It will facilitate fields such as transportation, new energy, smart cities, smart agriculture, emergency disaster relief, and low-altitude economy.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c9:T1efe,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eQuantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A new study from researchers at Japan’s RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Toshiba reveals a high-fidelity quantum gate that promises to significantly improve the performance of existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new study from researchers at Japan’s RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Toshiba reveals a high-fidelity quantum gate that promises to significantly improve the performance of existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T13:44:46+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T13:46:26+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/quantum-gate.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" 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content=\"2024-11-23T13:44:46+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ca:T1899,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eLike logic gates in classical computers, quantum computing applications require quantum gates to change the state of qubits —- enabling them to perform complex calculations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, it is only quantum gates with high fidelity that can lead to powerful and reliable quantum computing operations. Fidelity refers to how accurately a quantum gate performs an intended operation. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026#8217;s a measure of how close the actual output is to the ideal output. \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/record-quantum-computing-accuracy-existing-silicon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eHigh fidelity means\u003c/a\u003e the gate works as expected with minimal errors. This is very important in quantum computing as even small errors can build up and fail the entire calculations a quantum \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/researchers-succeeded-in-executing-the-fastest-two-qubit-gate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecomputer\u003c/a\u003e performs. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA new study from researchers at Japan’s RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Toshiba reveals a high-fidelity quantum gate that promises to significantly improve the performance of existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-realizing-the-power-of-double-transmon-coupler\"\u003eRealizing the power of double-transmon coupler\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe newly developed gate utilizes a double-transmon coupler (DTC), a component that allows precise control over how two qubits interact. It acts like a bridge that helps qubits effectively communicate and cooperate, improving the accuracy and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-computing-a-reality-check-from-the-experts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ereliability of quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e tasks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Quantum computers vs. classical computers\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUxEa77xdFI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, until now, DTC was just a theoretical concept. “We report the first experimental realization of the DTC,” the study authors \u003ca href=\"https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enote\u003c/a\u003e. The realized DTC device functions like an adjustable connector for qubits.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt is made up of two fixed-frequency transmons (the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/first-mechanical-qubit-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etype of qubits\u003c/a\u003e that resist noise caused by charge) which are linked through an extra \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/josephson-junction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eJosephson junction\u003c/a\u003e — a tiny device made of a very thin non-superconducting layer placed between two superconductors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Josephson junction allows current to flow through it without resistance under specific quantum mechanical conditions, playing a crucial role in the maintenance of the required qubit states.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis unique design of DTC tackles a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/connecting-millions-of-qubits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ekey challenge in quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e i.e. creating hardware that connects qubits with high accuracy and low error. For instance, when the study authors tested the DTC-based quantum gate, it achieved “gate fidelities of 99.9% for two-qubit gates and 99.98% for single-qubit gates.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“An average gate fidelity surpassing 99.9%, for example, would enable not only efficient fault-tolerant quantum computing with error correction but also effective mitigation of errors in current noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices,” the study authors added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNISQs are early-stage quantum computers that have a limited number of qubits (ranging between tens to hundreds only). Their current versions are prone to errors and noise but the new gate will hopefully overcome these challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-fidelity-for-even-detuned-qubits\"\u003eHigh-fidelity for even detuned qubits\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhat makes the DTC-based gate special is its ability to manage the two major types of errors that cause quantum systems to fail; leakage error and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/topological-quantum-magnet-demonstrated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edecoherence error\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe former occurs when a qubit changes its state, switching from its intended quantum state to another unwanted state. Decoherence, on the other side, is observed when a qubit loses its properties such as superposition, coherence, or \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-entanglement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eentanglement\u003c/a\u003e under the influence of its environment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe newly developed gate maintains a balanced state and achieves high fidelity even in the case of detuned qubits, qubits that are deliberately made to operate on a frequency that is different from their natural frequency, preventing interference with other qubits around them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This device\u0026#8217;s ability to perform effectively with highly detuned qubits makes it a versatile and competitive building block for various quantum computing architectures,” Yasunobu Nakamura, one of the study authors and director of the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, said.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe gate can be used for both existing and future quantum computing applications. Hopefully, it will boost the development of accurate and reliable quantum devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review X\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"cb:T8f5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA new study from researchers at Japan’s RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Toshiba reveals a high-fidelity quantum gate that promises to significantly improve the performance of existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-realizing-the-power-of-double-transmon-coupler\"\u003eRealizing the power of double-transmon coupler\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe newly developed gate utilizes a double-transmon coupler (DTC), a component that allows precise control over how two qubits interact. It acts like a bridge that helps qubits effectively communicate and cooperate, improving the accuracy and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-computing-a-reality-check-from-the-experts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ereliability of quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e tasks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Quantum computers vs. classical computers\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUxEa77xdFI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, until now, DTC was just a theoretical concept. “We report the first experimental realization of the DTC,” the study authors \u003ca href=\"https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enote\u003c/a\u003e. The realized DTC device functions like an adjustable connector for qubits.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt is made up of two fixed-frequency transmons (the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/first-mechanical-qubit-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etype of qubits\u003c/a\u003e that resist noise caused by charge) which are linked through an extra \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/josephson-junction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eJosephson junction\u003c/a\u003e — a tiny device made of a very thin non-superconducting layer placed between two superconductors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"cc:T498,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Josephson junction allows current to flow through it without resistance under specific quantum mechanical conditions, playing a crucial role in the maintenance of the required qubit states.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis unique design of DTC tackles a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/connecting-millions-of-qubits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ekey challenge in quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e i.e. creating hardware that connects qubits with high accuracy and low error. For instance, when the study authors tested the DTC-based quantum gate, it achieved “gate fidelities of 99.9% for two-qubit gates and 99.98% for single-qubit gates.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“An average gate fidelity surpassing 99.9%, for example, would enable not only efficient fault-tolerant quantum computing with error correction but also effective mitigation of errors in current noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices,” the study authors added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNISQs are early-stage quantum computers that have a limited number of qubits (ranging between tens to hundreds only). Their current versions are prone to errors and noise but the new gate will hopefully overcome these challenges.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"cd:T5a1,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-fidelity-for-even-detuned-qubits\"\u003eHigh-fidelity for even detuned qubits\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhat makes the DTC-based gate special is its ability to manage the two major types of errors that cause quantum systems to fail; leakage error and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/topological-quantum-magnet-demonstrated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edecoherence error\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe former occurs when a qubit changes its state, switching from its intended quantum state to another unwanted state. Decoherence, on the other side, is observed when a qubit loses its properties such as superposition, coherence, or \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-entanglement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eentanglement\u003c/a\u003e under the influence of its environment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe newly developed gate maintains a balanced state and achieves high fidelity even in the case of detuned qubits, qubits that are deliberately made to operate on a frequency that is different from their natural frequency, preventing interference with other qubits around them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This device\u0026#8217;s ability to perform effectively with highly detuned qubits makes it a versatile and competitive building block for various quantum computing architectures,” Yasunobu Nakamura, one of the study authors and director of the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, said.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ce:T1cc2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eBlack hole breakthrough: New model unlocks secrets of quantum gravity\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists developed a new model, which provides mathematical evidence that singularities are hidden inside black holes.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Black hole breakthrough: New model unlocks secrets of quantum gravity\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientists developed a new model, which provides mathematical evidence that singularities are hidden inside black holes.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:52:12+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:52:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/04d17e51bc5c6742dc3271715a1d33e1\"},\"headline\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:19+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\"},\"wordCount\":571,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"caption\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. (Representational image)\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"black hole\",\"quantum gravity\",\"Space\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2024\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\",\"name\":\"Black hole breakthrough: New model unlocks secrets of quantum gravity\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:19+00:00\",\"description\":\"Scientists developed a new model, which provides mathematical evidence that singularities are hidden inside black holes.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1080,\"caption\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. (Representational image)\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Science\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Interesting_Engineering-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Interesting_Engineering-1.jpg\",\"width\":590,\"height\":198,\"caption\":\"Interesting Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"cf:T149a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, British mathematician Roger Penrose proposed the cosmic censorship conjecture, a concept that suggests that singularities — regions where gravity is so strong that the fabric of spacetime breaks, can never be viewed as they remain hidden behind the event horizon of black holes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePenrose won the 2020 Nobel Prize for his work that describes that singularities are the unique points in spacetime where classical laws of physics such as\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/study-challenges-einsteins-relativity-theory-finds-instability-in-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e general relativity don’t work\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, while Penrose’s description of black hole singularities is widely respected and accepted among physicists, until now, there has been no mathematical evidence to prove the cosmic censorship conjecture. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, a study reveals a new model that provides a solid mathematical basis for the hidden nature of singularities in \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum black holes.\u003c/a\u003e The study authors suggest that their findings could solve many mysteries associated with quantum gravity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-decoding-quantum-cosmic-censorship-nbsp\"\u003eDecoding quantum cosmic censorship\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike classical black holes, quantum black holes are tiny subatomic structures that are driven by the rules of both quantum mechanics and general relativity. While\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e regular black holes\u003c/a\u003e are formed due to the collapse of massive stars, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-black-holes-2007-04/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003equantum black holes\u003c/a\u003e can be created in a particle accelerator such as the large hadron collider.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, scientists have found strong evidence indicating the presence of classical black holes in outer space, whereas quantum black holes remain a theoretical concept to this date.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering their theoretical nature, the study authors developed a model that checks whether the singularities of quantum black holes remain shielded when quantum matter interacts with them. This model uses gravitational holography, an approach that helps scientists understand the effect of gravity in extreme conditions such as those found inside a black hole.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the holography method, the information \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/interesting-facts-about-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eabout a black hole\u003c/a\u003e can be encoded on its boundary (the event horizon), similar to how a hologram contains 3D information in a 2D image.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe results from the model suggest that when quantum matter is introduced in spacetime geometries, due to the quantum effect, an event horizon forms around naked singularity — completely hiding it from view. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSince this effect is observed on the quantum scale, it is referred to as quantum cosmic censorship. “This process – quantum effects modifying the initial classical geometry to clothe a singularity – intuitively captures the spirit of cosmic censorship, but it is solely a quantum effect. And so it is dubbed ‘quantum’ cosmic censorship,” Andrew Svesko, one of the study authors and a research associate at King’s College, London, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-model-advances-our-understanding-of-quantum-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-test-bed-for-quantum-gravity\"\u003eA test bed for quantum gravity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile scientists have yet to provide mathematical evidence for cosmic censorship in classical physics, the new model would work as an important stepping stone in this direction. Plus, it will help scientists unravel concepts such as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/antarctica-neutrino-observatory-quantum-gravity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Resolving black hole singularities continues to be a chief goal for quantum gravity, thus rigorously understanding how notions like cosmic censorship and the Penrose inequality behave when quantum matter effects are accounted for, adds to the list of criteria that can be used to further develop quantum gravity,” Svesko added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, apart from cosmic censorship, the new model also reveals ways to understand black hole entropy, the degree of randomness in black holes. Hopefully, the model will bring us closer to gaining in-depth knowledge of many other \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/ultralight-primordial-black-holes-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintriguing properties of black holes\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.181501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review Letters\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d0:T62c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, while Penrose’s description of black hole singularities is widely respected and accepted among physicists, until now, there has been no mathematical evidence to prove the cosmic censorship conjecture. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, a study reveals a new model that provides a solid mathematical basis for the hidden nature of singularities in \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum black holes.\u003c/a\u003e The study authors suggest that their findings could solve many mysteries associated with quantum gravity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-decoding-quantum-cosmic-censorship-nbsp\"\u003eDecoding quantum cosmic censorship\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike classical black holes, quantum black holes are tiny subatomic structures that are driven by the rules of both quantum mechanics and general relativity. While\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e regular black holes\u003c/a\u003e are formed due to the collapse of massive stars, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-black-holes-2007-04/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003equantum black holes\u003c/a\u003e can be created in a particle accelerator such as the large hadron collider.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, scientists have found strong evidence indicating the presence of classical black holes in outer space, whereas quantum black holes remain a theoretical concept to this date.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d1:T60a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering their theoretical nature, the study authors developed a model that checks whether the singularities of quantum black holes remain shielded when quantum matter interacts with them. This model uses gravitational holography, an approach that helps scientists understand the effect of gravity in extreme conditions such as those found inside a black hole.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the holography method, the information \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/interesting-facts-about-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eabout a black hole\u003c/a\u003e can be encoded on its boundary (the event horizon), similar to how a hologram contains 3D information in a 2D image.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe results from the model suggest that when quantum matter is introduced in spacetime geometries, due to the quantum effect, an event horizon forms around naked singularity — completely hiding it from view. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSince this effect is observed on the quantum scale, it is referred to as quantum cosmic censorship. “This process – quantum effects modifying the initial classical geometry to clothe a singularity – intuitively captures the spirit of cosmic censorship, but it is solely a quantum effect. And so it is dubbed ‘quantum’ cosmic censorship,” Andrew Svesko, one of the study authors and a research associate at King’s College, London, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-model-advances-our-understanding-of-quantum-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d2:T4eb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-test-bed-for-quantum-gravity\"\u003eA test bed for quantum gravity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile scientists have yet to provide mathematical evidence for cosmic censorship in classical physics, the new model would work as an important stepping stone in this direction. Plus, it will help scientists unravel concepts such as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/antarctica-neutrino-observatory-quantum-gravity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Resolving black hole singularities continues to be a chief goal for quantum gravity, thus rigorously understanding how notions like cosmic censorship and the Penrose inequality behave when quantum matter effects are accounted for, adds to the list of criteria that can be used to further develop quantum gravity,” Svesko added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, apart from cosmic censorship, the new model also reveals ways to understand black hole entropy, the degree of randomness in black holes. Hopefully, the model will bring us closer to gaining in-depth knowledge of many other \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/ultralight-primordial-black-holes-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintriguing properties of black holes\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d3:T1fd2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eHow vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:14:31+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Chris Young\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/99e7d13d21e76ff8ef080551eb758778\"},\"headline\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling 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industry\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-23T07:14:31+00:00\",\"description\":\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1080,\"caption\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video\" content=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:type\" content=\"text/html\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:duration\" content=\"152\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:width\" content=\"480\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:height\" content=\"270\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:adult\" content=\"false\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:upload_date\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d4:T26b3,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d5:T5c6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d6:T594,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d7:T4f8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d8:T46c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d9:T6d1,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"da:T1be2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eCoatings enhance performance of everyday objects, jets, and spacecraft\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"From everyday objects to those sent out in space, specialized coatings help deliver superior outcomes that regular materials can\u0026#039;t.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Coatings enhance performance of everyday objects, jets, and spacecraft\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"From everyday objects to those sent out in space, specialized coatings help deliver superior outcomes that regular materials can\u0026#039;t.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T14:59:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T14:59:27+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"db:T15f6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the frying pan in the kitchen to airplanes in the sky, everything has a thin layer of coating that delivers an extra attribute that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. These coatings are made of different materials and applied differently, but when engineering has reached its limits, coatings have always outperformed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEveryday objects, from pans and pots to cars we drive around in, have a coating for a specialized function. This could be to prevent food from sticking to them or to prevent fires from spreading rapidly. Even massive ships use special coatings to prevent marine life forms from attaching themselves to the hull and increasing friction during voyages.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"dc:T4b5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"dd:T9f9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"de:T479,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"df:T209e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eGene-edited mosquitoes deliver malaria vaccine with 89% success rate\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"In clinical trials, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine has demonstrated that mosquito bites can deliver malaria vaccine safely. \" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/bite-of-hope-malaria-vaccine-delivered-by-gene-edited-mosquito-kills-infection-by-89\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gene-edited mosquitoes deliver malaria vaccine with 89% success rate\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In clinical trials, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine has demonstrated that mosquito bites can deliver malaria vaccine safely. \" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/bite-of-hope-malaria-vaccine-delivered-by-gene-edited-mosquito-kills-infection-by-89\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T10:38:39+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T10:38:46+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IE-13.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Mrigakshi Dixit\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mrigakshi Dixit\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/bite-of-hope-malaria-vaccine-delivered-by-gene-edited-mosquito-kills-infection-by-89#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/bite-of-hope-malaria-vaccine-delivered-by-gene-edited-mosquito-kills-infection-by-89\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/bite-of-hope-malaria-vaccine-delivered-by-gene-edited-mosquito-kills-infection-by-89#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IE-13.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IE-13.jpg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1080,\"caption\":\"Representational image of mosquito feeding on a human 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video\" content=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eoUCt8GjbCg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:type\" content=\"text/html\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:duration\" content=\"294\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:width\" content=\"480\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:height\" content=\"270\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:adult\" content=\"false\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:upload_date\" content=\"2024-11-22T10:38:39+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e0:T147d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eMalaria, a disease that has plagued humanity for centuries, continues to claim millions of lives each year. But scientists may have found a new way to combat this deadly disease.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn clinical trials, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine has demonstrated that mosquito bites can deliver the malaria vaccine safely.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis novel vaccination strategy involves using genetically modified mosquitoes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe team investigated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e – the parasite responsible for the most severe form of malaria.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explored the possibility of genetically modifying \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum \u003c/em\u003eto function as a vaccine rather than a disease-causing agent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese mosquitoes carry a weakened form of the malaria parasite, designed to trigger a powerful immune response in humans.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-stops-the-multiplication-of-parasites-in-the-body\"\u003eStops the multiplication of parasites in the body\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese parasites sneak into the liver and then invade red blood cells, causing havoc in the human body.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe currently licensed vaccines offer limited protection. These subunit vaccines target specific proteins in the malaria parasite, inducing an immune response. However, the parasite\u0026#8217;s ability to mutate and evade the immune system often limits the long-term efficacy of these vaccines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLive-attenuated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e parasites offer a promising alternative vaccination strategy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen administered as a vaccine, these weakened parasites stimulate a robust immune response against multiple stages of the parasite\u0026#8217;s life cycle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Currently licensed and approved malaria subunit vaccines provide modest, short-lived protection against malaria. Immunization with live-attenuated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e malaria parasites is an alternative vaccination strategy that has potential to improve protection,” the study noted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How does genetic engineering work?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eoUCt8GjbCg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-provides-89-percent-protection-against-malaria\"\u003eProvides 89 percent protection against malaria\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the trial, the volunteers were bitten by mosquitoes carrying a special, modified version of the malaria \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/common-kitchen-soap-key-to-fighting-malaria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eparasite\u003c/a\u003e. The idea is that by exposing people to a controlled dose of the parasite, their immune systems can learn to fight off future infections.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs per \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-03817-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNature\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, the engineered parasites were programmed to undergo developmental arrest shortly after entering the body.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe vaccine used a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/burkina-faso-scientist-fights-malaria-with-innovative-gene-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003egenetically modified\u003c/a\u003e malaria parasite (GA2) designed to stop developing early in the human liver. It ceases development six days after infecting a person, right when it\u0026#8217;s about to multiply in the liver.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were divided into three groups: one group received the GA2 vaccine, another received an earlier version (GA1), and the control group received bites from uninfected mosquitoes. The primary goal was to assess the vaccine\u0026#8217;s ability to prevent malaria infection and its safety profile.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter three weeks, both groups were exposed to malaria-carrying mosquitoes to assess their level of protection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBefore being exposed to malaria-carrying mosquitoes, both groups showed increased antibody levels. However, the GA1 group had a lower protection rate (13 percent) compared to the group bitten by GA2 parasite at 89 percent. The only reported side effects were minor itching from the mosquito bites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Protective efficacy against subsequent controlled human malaria infection was observed in 8 of 9 participants (89 percent) in the GA2 group, in 1 of 8 participants (13 percent) in the GA1 group, and in 0 of 3 participants in the placebo group,” the study noted. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUp next, the researchers plan to conduct a larger trial. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis innovative approach could significantly reduce the global burden of malaria, particularly in regions where the disease is most prevalent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe trial findings were published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2313892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe New England Journal of Medicine. \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e1:T44c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe team investigated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e – the parasite responsible for the most severe form of malaria.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explored the possibility of genetically modifying \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum \u003c/em\u003eto function as a vaccine rather than a disease-causing agent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese mosquitoes carry a weakened form of the malaria parasite, designed to trigger a powerful immune response in humans.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-stops-the-multiplication-of-parasites-in-the-body\"\u003eStops the multiplication of parasites in the body\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese parasites sneak into the liver and then invade red blood cells, causing havoc in the human body.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe currently licensed vaccines offer limited protection. These subunit vaccines target specific proteins in the malaria parasite, inducing an immune response. However, the parasite\u0026#8217;s ability to mutate and evade the immune system often limits the long-term efficacy of these vaccines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLive-attenuated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e parasites offer a promising alternative vaccination strategy.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e2:T8aa,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen administered as a vaccine, these weakened parasites stimulate a robust immune response against multiple stages of the parasite\u0026#8217;s life cycle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Currently licensed and approved malaria subunit vaccines provide modest, short-lived protection against malaria. Immunization with live-attenuated \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e malaria parasites is an alternative vaccination strategy that has potential to improve protection,” the study noted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How does genetic engineering work?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eoUCt8GjbCg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-provides-89-percent-protection-against-malaria\"\u003eProvides 89 percent protection against malaria\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the trial, the volunteers were bitten by mosquitoes carrying a special, modified version of the malaria \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/common-kitchen-soap-key-to-fighting-malaria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eparasite\u003c/a\u003e. The idea is that by exposing people to a controlled dose of the parasite, their immune systems can learn to fight off future infections.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs per \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-03817-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNature\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, the engineered parasites were programmed to undergo developmental arrest shortly after entering the body.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe vaccine used a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/burkina-faso-scientist-fights-malaria-with-innovative-gene-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003egenetically modified\u003c/a\u003e malaria parasite (GA2) designed to stop developing early in the human liver. It ceases development six days after infecting a person, right when it\u0026#8217;s about to multiply in the liver.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e3:T1be2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eCoatings enhance performance of everyday objects, jets, and spacecraft\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"From everyday objects to those sent out in space, specialized coatings help deliver superior outcomes that regular materials can\u0026#039;t.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e4:T15f6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the frying pan in the kitchen to airplanes in the sky, everything has a thin layer of coating that delivers an extra attribute that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. These coatings are made of different materials and applied differently, but when engineering has reached its limits, coatings have always outperformed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEveryday objects, from pans and pots to cars we drive around in, have a coating for a specialized function. This could be to prevent food from sticking to them or to prevent fires from spreading rapidly. Even massive ships use special coatings to prevent marine life forms from attaching themselves to the hull and increasing friction during voyages.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e5:T4b5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e6:T9f9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e7:T479,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e8:T187c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eWhy Tesla\u0026#039;s Mini-Optimus Sold Out\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Watch Why Tesla\u0026#039;s Mini-Optimus Sold Out on Interesting Engineering. 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Now, Mexico\u0026#039;s $5 billion Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec emerges as a transformative alternative. Strategically positioned in the narrowest stretch of land between these oceans, this ambitious project integrates advanced railways, highways, and ports to streamline global logistics.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/the-interoceanic-corridor-and-mexicos-quest-to-rival-the-panama-canal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T13:58:06+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ioc-cropped.png\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"565\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"406\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/the-interoceanic-corridor-and-mexicos-quest-to-rival-the-panama-canal#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/the-interoceanic-corridor-and-mexicos-quest-to-rival-the-panama-canal\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kaif Shaikh\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/d2e1ddbaa255c54b9f13b61223f7ed65\"},\"headline\":\"The Interoceanic Corridor and Mexico\u0026#8217;s quest to rival the Panama 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ea:T1680,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eFor over a century, the Panama Canal has stood as a monumental conduit for maritime trade, linking the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Yet, nestled in southern Mexico, another ambitious pathway, the Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, seeks to challenge this maritime supremacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eImagined long before the Panama Canal was completed, this corridor has been a dream laden with both risk and ruin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBacked by a $5 billion investment, this corridor promises to transform how the world moves goods. Embroiled in controversy, environmental debates, and even marred by incidents of violence, this project stands at a critical juncture. Will it redefine global trade networks, or will it falter under the weight of its historical ambitions?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscover in-depth insights and stories behind this monumental project in our detailed premium video for IE+ subscribers. \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/subscribe?plan=personal-annualy\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eSubscribe to watch today for only $1.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-strategic-impact-of-the-interoceanic-corridor-on-global-logistics\"\u003eThe strategic impact of the Interoceanic Corridor on global logistics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePositioned in Mexico\u0026#8217;s narrowest strip between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, it aims to outpace the congested Panama Canal through upgraded rail networks, highways, and ports. At its core, the corridor promises to create numerous jobs and stimulate economic activity in historically overlooked regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpecial Economic Zones along the route offer attractive incentives, such as tax exemptions, making it a magnet for the automotive and technology industries. These zones are set to transform the corridor into a bustling industrial hub, enticing global brands to establish operations and invest in Latin America\u0026#8217;s future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we witness the unfolding of this grand venture, it is poised not only to enhance Mexico\u0026#8217;s position in global logistics but also to impact international trade dynamics significantly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-mexico-s-interoceanic-corridor-is-taking-shape\"\u003eHow Mexico\u0026#8217;s Interoceanic Corridor is taking shape\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA significant milestone was reached on December 22, 2023, with the inauguration of \u0026#8216;Line Z\u0026#8217; of the Interoceanic Railway Mexico\u0026#8217;s President Andrés Manuel López Obrador. This 192-mile (309-km) line, stretching from Coatzacoalcos to Salina Cruz, integrates advanced machinery and technology, such as Ballast Regulators, to ensure stability and efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the corridor develops, it is expected to handle up to a million containers annually, demonstrating its potential to become a vital alternative to the Panama Canal. The construction alone aims to generate around 15,000 jobs, improving the local economy significantly.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOur video offers visual insights into the construction and technological advancements that drive this project, allowing viewers to examine how these elements come together to form a cohesive and functional trade route.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-historical-journey-of-the-tehuantepec-route\"\u003eThe historical journey of the Tehuantepec route\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe quest to connect these oceans through Tehuantepec carries a fascinating legacy. The Panama Canal\u0026#8217;s story is particularly illustrative, beginning with a French endeavor in the late 19th century led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, the architect of the Suez Canal. His ambitious project faltered disastrously due to severe engineering obstacles and the debilitating impact of the tropical environment, leading to significant human and financial losses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the French efforts, the Kingdom of Scotland\u0026#8217;s Darien Scheme aimed to establish a colony and trade route in Panama during the late 1600s. This scheme tragically ended due to harsh conditions and isolation, exacerbating Scotland\u0026#8217;s economic woes and influencing its political future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese historical episodes paved the way for the successful American completion of the Panama Canal in 1914, utilizing then-modern engineering and medical advancements to navigate formidable logistical challenges and reshape global maritime trade routes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn parallel, historical figures like Hernán Cortés in the 16th century also recognized the potential of Mexico\u0026#8217;s Isthmus of Tehuantepec as a strategic link between two major oceans. Although Cortés\u0026#8217; initial proposals did not come to fruition, the idea persisted, underscoring the region\u0026#8217;s geographic and strategic significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-environmental-and-social-stakes-in-the-interoceanic-corridor-project\"\u003eEnvironmental and social stakes in the Interoceanic Corridor project\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday\u0026#8217;s project faces its challenges. Environmental sustainability remains crucial as the corridor traverses some of Mexico\u0026#8217;s most biodiverse regions. The construction and ongoing operation of the corridor pose potential threats to these ecosystems, raising critical questions about conservation and environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous communities along the route face potential upheavals to traditional lifestyles. Balancing economic development with cultural heritage and environmental conservation requires careful consideration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs Mexico stands at the threshold of realizing a centuries-old dream, the question remains: What price are we willing to pay for progress?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOur exclusive video takes you behind the scenes of this transformative project, offering a detailed analysis of the corridor\u0026#8217;s global impact and in-depth technical insights.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"eb:T5b8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBacked by a $5 billion investment, this corridor promises to transform how the world moves goods. Embroiled in controversy, environmental debates, and even marred by incidents of violence, this project stands at a critical juncture. Will it redefine global trade networks, or will it falter under the weight of its historical ambitions?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscover in-depth insights and stories behind this monumental project in our detailed premium video for IE+ subscribers. \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/subscribe?plan=personal-annualy\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eSubscribe to watch today for only $1.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-strategic-impact-of-the-interoceanic-corridor-on-global-logistics\"\u003eThe strategic impact of the Interoceanic Corridor on global logistics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePositioned in Mexico\u0026#8217;s narrowest strip between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, it aims to outpace the congested Panama Canal through upgraded rail networks, highways, and ports. At its core, the corridor promises to create numerous jobs and stimulate economic activity in historically overlooked regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpecial Economic Zones along the route offer attractive incentives, such as tax exemptions, making it a magnet for the automotive and technology industries. These zones are set to transform the corridor into a bustling industrial hub, enticing global brands to establish operations and invest in Latin America\u0026#8217;s future.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ec:T4e3,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we witness the unfolding of this grand venture, it is poised not only to enhance Mexico\u0026#8217;s position in global logistics but also to impact international trade dynamics significantly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-mexico-s-interoceanic-corridor-is-taking-shape\"\u003eHow Mexico\u0026#8217;s Interoceanic Corridor is taking shape\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA significant milestone was reached on December 22, 2023, with the inauguration of \u0026#8216;Line Z\u0026#8217; of the Interoceanic Railway Mexico\u0026#8217;s President Andrés Manuel López Obrador. This 192-mile (309-km) line, stretching from Coatzacoalcos to Salina Cruz, integrates advanced machinery and technology, such as Ballast Regulators, to ensure stability and efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the corridor develops, it is expected to handle up to a million containers annually, demonstrating its potential to become a vital alternative to the Panama Canal. The construction alone aims to generate around 15,000 jobs, improving the local economy significantly.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOur video offers visual insights into the construction and technological advancements that drive this project, allowing viewers to examine how these elements come together to form a cohesive and functional trade route.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ed:T499,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-historical-journey-of-the-tehuantepec-route\"\u003eThe historical journey of the Tehuantepec route\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe quest to connect these oceans through Tehuantepec carries a fascinating legacy. The Panama Canal\u0026#8217;s story is particularly illustrative, beginning with a French endeavor in the late 19th century led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, the architect of the Suez Canal. His ambitious project faltered disastrously due to severe engineering obstacles and the debilitating impact of the tropical environment, leading to significant human and financial losses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the French efforts, the Kingdom of Scotland\u0026#8217;s Darien Scheme aimed to establish a colony and trade route in Panama during the late 1600s. This scheme tragically ended due to harsh conditions and isolation, exacerbating Scotland\u0026#8217;s economic woes and influencing its political future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese historical episodes paved the way for the successful American completion of the Panama Canal in 1914, utilizing then-modern engineering and medical advancements to navigate formidable logistical challenges and reshape global maritime trade routes.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ee:T44f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn parallel, historical figures like Hernán Cortés in the 16th century also recognized the potential of Mexico\u0026#8217;s Isthmus of Tehuantepec as a strategic link between two major oceans. Although Cortés\u0026#8217; initial proposals did not come to fruition, the idea persisted, underscoring the region\u0026#8217;s geographic and strategic significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-environmental-and-social-stakes-in-the-interoceanic-corridor-project\"\u003eEnvironmental and social stakes in the Interoceanic Corridor project\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday\u0026#8217;s project faces its challenges. Environmental sustainability remains crucial as the corridor traverses some of Mexico\u0026#8217;s most biodiverse regions. The construction and ongoing operation of the corridor pose potential threats to these ecosystems, raising critical questions about conservation and environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous communities along the route face potential upheavals to traditional lifestyles. Balancing economic development with cultural heritage and environmental conservation requires careful consideration.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ef:T228e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eNew solar cell coating triples efficiency, stability, conversion rate\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The new coating, developed by Northwestern University scientists, was 10 times more resistant to decomposition in perovskite solar cells.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/perovskite-solar-cells-with-protective-coating\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta 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Yang, a postdoctoral fellow co-advised by Ted Sargent and Mercouri Kanatzidis, is first author of the study which improves the protective layer of perovskite solar cells in an effort to extend their life and enhance performance.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/perovskite-solar-cells-with-protective-coating#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Energy\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/energy\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Solar cell efficiency skyrockets to 26.3% power conversion rate with new coating\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"f0:T1274,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA new protective coating has significantly increased the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by Northwestern University scientists, the coating also extends the life of perovskite solar cells. Based on amidinium, the robust layer was 10 times more resistant to decomposition compared to conventional ammonium-based coatings in experiments.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eResearchers claimed that the guanidinium-coated cells also tripled the cell’s T90 lifetime — the time it takes for a perovskite solar cell\u0026#8217;s efficiency to drop 90% of its initial value when exposed to harsh conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-protective-layer\"\u003eProtective layer\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNorthwestern’s Bin Chen, who co-led the study, stated that the researchers have been working on the stability of \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/passivated-perovskite-solar-cells-25-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eperovskite\u003c/a\u003e solar cells for a long time. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChen highlighted that most reports focus on improving the stability of the perovskite material itself, overlooking the protective layers.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026#8220;By improving the protective layer, we were able to enhance the perovskite solar cells’ overall performance,\u0026#8221; added Chen.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePerovskites are a family of materials that have shown potential for high performance and low \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/blade-coated-perovskite-solar-cells-kaust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eproduction\u003c/a\u003e costs in solar cells. The name “perovskite” comes from their crystal structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese materials are utilized in other energy technologies, such as fuel cells and catalysts. Perovskites commonly used in photovoltaic (PV) solar cells are more specifically called “metal-halide perovskites” since they are made of a combination of organic ions, metals, and halogens; perovskites in other applications may be made of oxygen instead of halogens and are usually entirely inorganic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-thermal-stability-of-passivation-layers\"\u003eThermal stability of passivation layers\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new study, published in the journal Science, highlights the development of a library of amidinium ligands to increase the thermal \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/new-generation-perovskite-solar-cell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estability\u003c/a\u003e of passivation layers on perovskite surfaces.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis strategy resulted in a \u0026gt;10-fold reduction in the ligand deprotonation equilibrium constant and a twofold increase in the maintenance of photoluminescence quantum yield after aging at 85°C under illumination in air, according to the study.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNorthwestern’s Mercouri Kanatzidis, who co-led the study, stated that the new research addresses one of the critical barriers to widespread adoption of perovskite solar cells — stability under real-world conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-significantly-advanced-durability\"\u003eSignificantly advanced durability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By chemically reinforcing the protective layers, we’ve significantly advanced the durability of these cells without compromising their exceptional efficiency, bringing us closer to a practical, low-cost alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics,\u0026#8221; said Kanatzidis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers also underlined that the state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells typically have ammonium ligands as a passivation layer. However, ammonium tends to break down under thermal stress. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey did some chemistry to convert the unstable ammonium into a more stable amidinium.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The researchers performed this conversion through a process known as amidination, in which the ammonium group is replaced with a more stable amidinium group. This innovation prevented the perovskite cells from breaking down over time — especially when exposed to extreme heat,\u0026#8221; said a \u003ca href=\"https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2024/11/stability-of-perovskite-solar-cells-doubled-with-protective-coating/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003epress release\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers maintained that the resulting solar cell achieved an impressive 26.3% efficiency, which means it successfully converted 26.3% of absorbed sunlight into electricity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe coated solar cell also retained 90% of its initial efficiency after 1,100 hours of testing under harsh conditions, demonstrating a T90 lifetime three times longer than before when exposed to heat and light, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2091\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"f1:T579,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-protective-layer\"\u003eProtective layer\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNorthwestern’s Bin Chen, who co-led the study, stated that the researchers have been working on the stability of \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/passivated-perovskite-solar-cells-25-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eperovskite\u003c/a\u003e solar cells for a long time. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChen highlighted that most reports focus on improving the stability of the perovskite material itself, overlooking the protective layers.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026#8220;By improving the protective layer, we were able to enhance the perovskite solar cells’ overall performance,\u0026#8221; added Chen.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePerovskites are a family of materials that have shown potential for high performance and low \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/blade-coated-perovskite-solar-cells-kaust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eproduction\u003c/a\u003e costs in solar cells. The name “perovskite” comes from their crystal structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese materials are utilized in other energy technologies, such as fuel cells and catalysts. Perovskites commonly used in photovoltaic (PV) solar cells are more specifically called “metal-halide perovskites” since they are made of a combination of organic ions, metals, and halogens; perovskites in other applications may be made of oxygen instead of halogens and are usually entirely inorganic.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"f2:T532,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-thermal-stability-of-passivation-layers\"\u003eThermal stability of passivation layers\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new study, published in the journal Science, highlights the development of a library of amidinium ligands to increase the thermal \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/new-generation-perovskite-solar-cell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estability\u003c/a\u003e of passivation layers on perovskite surfaces.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis strategy resulted in a \u0026gt;10-fold reduction in the ligand deprotonation equilibrium constant and a twofold increase in the maintenance of photoluminescence quantum yield after aging at 85°C under illumination in air, according to the study.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNorthwestern’s Mercouri Kanatzidis, who co-led the study, stated that the new research addresses one of the critical barriers to widespread adoption of perovskite solar cells — stability under real-world conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-significantly-advanced-durability\"\u003eSignificantly advanced durability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By chemically reinforcing the protective layers, we’ve significantly advanced the durability of these cells without compromising their exceptional efficiency, bringing us closer to a practical, low-cost alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics,\u0026#8221; said Kanatzidis.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"f3:T559,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers also underlined that the state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells typically have ammonium ligands as a passivation layer. However, ammonium tends to break down under thermal stress. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey did some chemistry to convert the unstable ammonium into a more stable amidinium.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The researchers performed this conversion through a process known as amidination, in which the ammonium group is replaced with a more stable amidinium group. This innovation prevented the perovskite cells from breaking down over time — especially when exposed to extreme heat,\u0026#8221; said a \u003ca href=\"https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2024/11/stability-of-perovskite-solar-cells-doubled-with-protective-coating/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003epress release\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers maintained that the resulting solar cell achieved an impressive 26.3% efficiency, which means it successfully converted 26.3% of absorbed sunlight into electricity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe coated solar cell also retained 90% of its initial efficiency after 1,100 hours of testing under harsh conditions, demonstrating a T90 lifetime three times longer than before when exposed to heat and light, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2091\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"17:[[\"$\",\"$L19\",null,{\"articleType\":\"article\",\"author\":\"Srishti Gupta\",\"publishDate\":\"2024-11-21\",\"title\":\"World’s thinnest spaghetti that\u0026#8217;s 200 times thinner than a human hair created\",\"category\":\"science\"}],[[\"$\",\"meta\",null,{\"name\":\"parsely-title\",\"content\":\"World’s thinnest spaghetti that\u0026#8217;s 200 times thinner than a human hair created\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",null,{\"name\":\"parsely-link\",\"content\":\"http://interestingengineering.com/science/world-thinnest-spaghetti-created-ucl\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",null,{\"name\":\"parsely-type\",\"content\":\"post\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",null,{\"name\":\"parsely-image-url\",\"content\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-21T181933.551.jpg?w=150\u0026h=150\u0026crop=1\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",null,{\"name\":\"parsely-pub-date\",\"content\":\"2024-11-21T17:30:00Z\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",null,{\"name\":\"parsely-section\",\"content\":\"Science\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",null,{\"name\":\"parsely-author\",\"content\":\"Srishti Gupta\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",null,{\"name\":\"parsely-tags\",\"content\":\"editor: drug delivery, medicine, nanofiber tech, nanofibers, spaghetti, tissue regeneration, wound healing\"}]],[\"$\",\"script\",null,{\"type\":\"application/ld+json\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"$1a\"}}],[\"$\",\"main\",null,{\"className\":\"t-bg-surface-primary t-pt-[10px] mb:t-pt-[70px]\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L1b\",null,{\"articleData\":{\"postType\":\"science\",\"isStaging\":true,\"content\":{\"id\":122094,\"tags\":[\"drug delivery\",\"Medicine\",\"nanofiber tech\",\"nanofibers\",\"spaghetti\",\"tissue regeneration\",\"wound healing\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"drug delivery\",\"slug\":\"drug-delivery\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/drug-delivery\"},{\"name\":\"Medicine\",\"slug\":\"medicine\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/medicine\"},{\"name\":\"nanofiber tech\",\"slug\":\"nanofiber-tech\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nanofiber-tech\"},{\"name\":\"nanofibers\",\"slug\":\"nanofibers\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nanofibers\"},{\"name\":\"spaghetti\",\"slug\":\"spaghetti\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/spaghetti\"},{\"name\":\"tissue regeneration\",\"slug\":\"tissue-regeneration\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/tissue-regeneration\"},{\"name\":\"wound healing\",\"slug\":\"wound-healing\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/wound-healing\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$1c\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"science\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":8,\"title\":\"World’s thinnest spaghetti that\u0026#8217;s 200 times thinner than a human hair created\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe ultrathin “spaghetti” was produced using electrospinning, a technique where an electric charge pulls threads of a liquid mixture through a needle onto a metal plate. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe ultrathin “spaghetti” was produced using electrospinning, a technique where an electric charge pulls threads of a liquid mixture through a needle onto a metal plate. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4077,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$1d\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/us-fermilab-neutrino-targets-proton-bombardment\\\"\u003eUS tests new materials for neutrino targets that can withstand proton bombardment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/dna-tech-stores-data-computing-functions\\\"\u003eFor first time, DNA tech stores, rewrites data and even solves sudoku\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/convert-co2-to-carbon-fibers\\\"\u003eResearchers trap CO2 from air into nanofibers to prevent its release\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"science/world-thinnest-spaghetti-created-ucl\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-21T17:30:00\",\"timeAgo\":\"2 days ago\",\"update_date\":null,\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 21, 2024 12:30 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":null,\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-21T181933.551.jpg\",\"title\":\"World’s thinnest spaghetti that\u0026#8217;s 200 times thinner than a human hair created\",\"name\":\"World’s thinnest spaghetti that\u0026#8217;s 200 times thinner than a human hair created\",\"alt_text\":\"World’s thinnest spaghetti that\u0026#8217;s 200 times thinner than a human hair created\",\"description\":\"The team used a scanning electron microscope, scanning the mat with a focused beam of electrons and creating an image based on the pattern of electrons that are deflected or knocked-off. Each individual strand is too narrow to be clearly captured by any form of visible light camera or microscope.\",\"reference\":\"\u003cdiv class=\\\"well\\\"\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1050148\\\"\u003eBeatrice Britton/Adam Clancy\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003c/div\u003e\\r\\n\u003cdiv class=\\\"well\\\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Srishti Gupta\",\"slug\":\"srishti-gupta\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b86d098e343666fd88066a3a660a1471?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"srishti-gupta\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/srishti-gupta\",\"description\":\"Srishti studied English literature at the University of Delhi and has since then realized it's not her cup of tea. She has been an editor in every space and content type imaginable, from children's books to journal articles. She enjoys popular culture, reading contemporary fiction and nonfiction, crafts, and spending time with her cats. With a keen interest in science, Srishti is particularly drawn to beats covering medicine, sustainability, gene studies, and anything biology-related.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA groundbreaking development in nanotechnology has emerged from University College London (UCL), where researchers have created the world’s thinnest “spaghetti,” measuring just 372 nanometres across—roughly 200 times thinner than a human hair. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eWhile it won’t be gracing dinner plates, this innovation in nanofibers opens doors to transformative applications in medicine and industry.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“To make spaghetti, you push a mixture of water and flour through metal holes. In our study, we did the same except we pulled our flour mixture through with an electrical charge. It’s literally spaghetti but much smaller,\u0026#8221; said co-author of the study, Dr Adam Clancy.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$1e\",\"$1f\",\"$20\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, this innovation marks a fascinating convergence of culinary inspiration and cutting-edge science.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe study has been published in \u003cem\u003eNanoscale Advances.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/world-thinnest-spaghetti-created-ucl\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The team used a scanning electron microscope, scanning the mat with a focused beam of electrons and creating an image based on the pattern of electrons that are deflected or knocked-off. Each individual strand is too narrow to be clearly captured by any form of visible light camera or microscope.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003cdiv class=\\\"well\\\"\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1050148\\\"\u003eBeatrice Britton/Adam Clancy\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003c/div\u003e\\r\\n\u003cdiv class=\\\"well\\\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/us-fermilab-neutrino-targets-proton-bombardment\\\"\u003eUS tests new materials for neutrino targets that can withstand proton bombardment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/dna-tech-stores-data-computing-functions\\\"\u003eFor first time, DNA tech stores, rewrites data and even solves sudoku\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/convert-co2-to-carbon-fibers\\\"\u003eResearchers trap CO2 from air into nanofibers to prevent its release\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},\"jobs\":[{\"id\":\"132280331\",\"title\":\"Senior Technology Engineer (Continuous Integration)\",\"url\":\"https://jobs.interestingengineering.com/job/senior-technology-engineer-continuous-integration-2-at-the-travelers-companies-inc-2?source=mini_export\",\"location\":{\"country\":\"United States\",\"address\":\"Atlanta\",\"country_short\":\"US\",\"post_code\":\"30301\",\"state\":\"GA\",\"city\":\"Atlanta\"},\"company\":{\"name\":\"The Travelers Companies, Inc.\",\"logo\":\"https://d1avm1cbyhi830.cloudfront.net/fit-in/images2/topic/new/the-travelers-companies-inc-2-logo-1625843449996.jpeg\"},\"salary\":\"$$91,300 - $150,600 a year\"},{\"id\":\"132294917\",\"title\":\"Cloud Systems Engineer\",\"url\":\"https://jobs.interestingengineering.com/job/cloud-systems-engineer-at-therapynotescom-1?source=mini_export\",\"location\":{\"country\":\"United States\",\"address\":\"Charlotte\",\"country_short\":\"US\",\"post_code\":[],\"state\":\"NC\",\"city\":\"Charlotte\"},\"company\":{\"name\":\"TherapyNotes.com\",\"logo\":\"https://d1avm1cbyhi830.cloudfront.net/fit-in/images2/topic/new/image-1717683288868.jpeg\"},\"salary\":\"$$100,000 - $120,000 a year\"},{\"id\":\"133156249\",\"title\":\"Staff Software Engineer Back End (Bangkok based, relocation provided)\",\"url\":\"https://jobs.interestingengineering.com/job/staff-software-engineer-back-end-bangkok-based-relocation-provided-at-agoda-2?source=mini_export\",\"location\":{\"country\":\"United Kingdom\",\"address\":\"-\",\"country_short\":\"UK\",\"post_code\":[],\"state\":[],\"city\":[]},\"company\":{\"name\":\"Agoda\",\"logo\":\"https://d1avm1cbyhi830.cloudfront.net/fit-in/images2/topic/new/image-1722421505451.jpeg\"}},{\"id\":\"133161138\",\"title\":\"Lead Software Development Engineer\",\"url\":\"https://jobs.interestingengineering.com/job/lead-software-development-engineer-1-at-gm-financial-2?source=mini_export\",\"location\":{\"country\":\"United States\",\"address\":\"Fort Worth\",\"country_short\":\"US\",\"post_code\":\"76102\",\"state\":\"TX\",\"city\":\"Fort Worth\"},\"company\":{\"name\":\"GM Financial\",\"logo\":\"https://d2q79iu7y748jz.cloudfront.net/s/_squarelogo/256x256/2c6d13e3c51cab0e72a6ac3fc67ed3d5\"}}],\"for_you\":[{\"id\":122492,\"tags\":[\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"plastic\",\"plastic recycling\",\"polypropylene\",\"Recycling\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"plastic\",\"slug\":\"plastic\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic\"},{\"name\":\"plastic recycling\",\"slug\":\"plastic-recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic-recycling\"},{\"name\":\"polypropylene\",\"slug\":\"polypropylene\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/polypropylene\"},{\"name\":\"Recycling\",\"slug\":\"recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/recycling\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$21\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8033,\"readTime\":\"6 minutes\",\"body\":\"$22\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:09:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"8 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:14:31\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:09 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:14 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"name\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"alt_text\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Chris Young\",\"slug\":\"chris-young\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/6UKotck4r9pz.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"chris-young\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/chris-young\",\"description\":\"Chris Young is a journalist, copywriter, blogger and tech geek at heart who\u0026rsquo;s reported on the likes of the Mobile World Congress, written for Lifehack, The Culture Trip, Flydoscope and some of the world\u0026rsquo;s biggest tech companies, including NEC and Thales, about robots, satellites and other world-changing innovations.\u0026nbsp;\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$23\",\"$24\",\"$25\",\"$26\",\"$27\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\\\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-122492-speech-20241123070916.mp3\"},{\"id\":122530,\"tags\":[\"Asteriods\",\"Earth\",\"Meteorite\",\"Scientific Research\",\"Space\",\"taurid 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Arizona.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4009,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$29\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\\\"\u003e‘God of chaos’ asteroid predicted to tumble, shed rocks during Earth flyby\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\\\"\u003eSatellite please: Earth to welcome a temporary asteroid mini-moon this month\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-grains-unveil-solar-systems-magnetic-past\\\"\u003eAncient asteroid grains reveal hidden magnetic past of our solar system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:09\",\"timeAgo\":\"17 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:17\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:45 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:45 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\",\"title\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"name\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"alt_text\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"description\":\"A timelapse image of the fireball event from start to finish. \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://news.westernu.ca/2024/11/niagara-fireball/#:~:text=Observations%20from%20the%20LDT%20show,the%20smallest%20asteroid%20on%20record\\\"\u003eWestern Meteor Group\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn an international study led by Western University and Lowell Observatory, scientists have developed a pioneering approach for studying near-Earth asteroids.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis approach was demonstrated through a November 2022 fireball event that dropped meteorites in the Niagara region.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe research focuses on Asteroid 2022 WJ1 (WJ1), which fractured upon entering Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBy comparing Arizona-based telescopic observations with video captured by Western’s Southern Ontario Meteor Network cameras of the fireball on November 19, 2022, the team determined WJ1\u0026#8217;s composition and size.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch2 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-16-inch-asteroid\\\"\u003e16-inch asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003ePublished in The Planetary Science Journal, the study reveals crucial details about WJ1, the smallest asteroid characterized to date. It also establishes a new methodology for studying future impactful space objects.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis marks the first instance where telescope observations and ground camera captures have been combined to study the same astronomical body.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe size of WJ1 was assessed using the 4.3-meter Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT) in Arizona. Observations indicated that the surface of WJ1 was rich in silica, suggesting a medium-to-high albedo (reflected light).\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAstronomers used this reflected light to estimate its diameter, which ranges between 40 to 60 cm (16 to 27 inches), solidifying its status as the smallest recorded asteroid.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eDenis Vida, an adjunct professor in physics and astronomy at Western, noted, “This is only the sixth asteroid discovered before impact.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$2a\",\"$2b\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eWestern physics and astronomy professor Paul Wiegert, a co-author of the study, witnessed the fireball’s entry. This event was historic because it was the first time observers were notified in advance to observe a natural fireball.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"A timelapse image of the fireball event from start to finish. \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://news.westernu.ca/2024/11/niagara-fireball/#:~:text=Observations%20from%20the%20LDT%20show,the%20smallest%20asteroid%20on%20record\\\"\u003eWestern Meteor Group\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\\\"\u003e‘God of chaos’ asteroid predicted to tumble, shed rocks during Earth flyby\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\\\"\u003eSatellite please: Earth to welcome a temporary asteroid mini-moon this month\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-grains-unveil-solar-systems-magnetic-past\\\"\u003eAncient asteroid grains reveal hidden magnetic past of our solar system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122535,\"tags\":[\"Culture\",\"light\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Culture\",\"slug\":\"culture\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/culture\"},{\"name\":\"light\",\"slug\":\"light\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/light\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Culture\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Culture\",\"slug\":\"culture\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/culture\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$2c\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"culture\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":6,\"title\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eOur gadgets don’t get outdated; they are meant to turn obsolete.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eOur gadgets don’t get outdated; they are meant to turn obsolete.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8146,\"readTime\":\"7 minutes\",\"body\":\"$2d\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\\\"\u003eHere’s why planned obsolescence is bad for the environment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eShould You Have the Right to Repair Products You Own?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eBig Tech Comes Under Fire Over Right to Repair\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:07:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"17 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:07:10\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:07 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:07 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":true,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light.png\",\"title\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"name\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"alt_text\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"description\":\"Imagine a never-ending light bulb; it's simply bad business for light shops \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/shallow-focus-photography-of-light-bulbs-2764942/\\\"\u003eJoy Singh/Pexels\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kaif Shaikh\",\"slug\":\"kaif-shaikh-2\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Untitled-22.png\",\"page_url\":\"kaif-shaikh-2\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kaif-shaikh-2\",\"description\":\"Kaif Shaikh is a journalist and writer passionate about turning complex information into clear, impactful stories. His writing covers technology, sustainability, geopolitics, and occasionally fiction. In the digital media space, he has worked with leaders from industries as diverse as immunology, AI, SaaS, manufacturing, and even furniture. Apart from the long list of things he does outside work, he likes to read, breathe, and practice gratitude.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eImagine a light bulb that has been burning since 1901. Nestled in a quiet Californian fire station, the Centennial Light challenges today\u0026#8217;s disposable culture, offering a glimpse into a past where products were built to last. This historical anomaly sets the stage for a broader examination of how planned obsolescence has become embedded in the fabric of our consumer electronics industry, from light bulbs to smartphones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$2e\",\"$2f\",\"$30\",\"$31\",\"$32\",\"$33\",\"$34\",\"\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Imagine a never-ending light bulb; it's simply bad business for light shops \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/shallow-focus-photography-of-light-bulbs-2764942/\\\"\u003eJoy Singh/Pexels\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\\\"\u003eHere’s why planned obsolescence is bad for the environment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eShould You Have the Right to Repair Products You Own?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eBig Tech Comes Under Fire Over Right to Repair\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":true,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122514,\"tags\":[\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"Electric\",\"engine\",\"Hrdrogen-Electric Propulsion\",\"Hybrid\",\"jet propulsion\",\"US Army\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"slug\":\"defense-military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/defense-military\"},{\"name\":\"Electric\",\"slug\":\"electric\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/electric\"},{\"name\":\"engine\",\"slug\":\"engine\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/engine\"},{\"name\":\"Hrdrogen-Electric Propulsion\",\"slug\":\"hrdrogen-electric-propulsion\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/hrdrogen-electric-propulsion\"},{\"name\":\"Hybrid\",\"slug\":\"hybrid\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/hybrid\"},{\"name\":\"jet propulsion\",\"slug\":\"jet-propulsion\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/jet-propulsion\"},{\"name\":\"US Army\",\"slug\":\"us-army\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/us-army\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Military\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Military\",\"slug\":\"military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$35\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"military\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":19,\"title\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4142,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$36\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\\\"\u003eBee-like vertical landing electric aircraft showcases super propulsion system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/spacecraft-uses-air-as-fuel\\\"\u003eNew spacecraft system uses air as fuel to offer endless electric propulsion\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\\\"\u003eCryogenic hydrogen-electric propulsion could lead to net-zero air travel\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T20:34:22\",\"timeAgo\":\"19 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T20:34:29\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 03:34 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 03:34 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T005911.488.jpg\",\"title\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"name\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"alt_text\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"description\":\"Representative image.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/ge-aerospace-further-advances-development-hybrid-electric-engines-nasa\\\"\u003eGE Aerospace\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has successfully demonstrated a one-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system as part of a $5.1 million research and development contract with the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory (ARL).\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the Applied Research Collaborative Systematic Turboshaft Electrification Project (ARC-STEP) contract, GE Aerospace researched, developed, tested, and evaluated a megawatt (MW) class electrified power plant.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$37\",\"$38\",\"$39\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis engine suits executive transport, search and rescue, passenger transport, and the oil and gas sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, GE Aerospace has delivered over 1,500 CT7 engines, collectively accumulating 30 million flight hours, underscoring their reliability and performance in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representative image.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/ge-aerospace-further-advances-development-hybrid-electric-engines-nasa\\\"\u003eGE Aerospace\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\\\"\u003eBee-like vertical landing electric aircraft showcases super propulsion system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/spacecraft-uses-air-as-fuel\\\"\u003eNew spacecraft system uses air as fuel to offer endless electric propulsion\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\\\"\u003eCryogenic hydrogen-electric propulsion could lead to net-zero air travel\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122523,\"tags\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"Inventions and Machines\",\"Lexicon\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Aerospace\",\"slug\":\"aerospace\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/aerospace\"},{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"Inventions and Machines\",\"slug\":\"inventions-and-machines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/inventions-and-machines\"},{\"name\":\"Lexicon\",\"slug\":\"lexicon\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/lexicon\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Transportation\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Transportation\",\"slug\":\"transportation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/transportation\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$3a\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eJoin us as we explore Boom\u0026#8217;s journey to restarting commercial supersonic flight with their XB-1 and Overture aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eJoin us as we explore Boom\u0026#8217;s journey to restarting commercial supersonic flight with their XB-1 and Overture aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":7074,\"readTime\":\"5 minutes\",\"body\":\"$3b\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/boom-supersonic-symphony-aircraft-engine\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eSymphony: Boom Supersonic announces it will develop its own aircraft engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-rolls-royce-will-no-longer-work-together\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic and Rolls-Royce will no longer work together on supersonic plane’s engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic Is Set to Launch the Concorde’s Spiritual Heir\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:47\",\"timeAgo\":\"20 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:54\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:34 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:34 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\",\"title\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"name\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"alt_text\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"description\":\"Blake Scholl\",\"reference\":\"Interesting Engineering\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"slug\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/XT3vqpiaHT53.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden\",\"description\":\"Christopher graduated from Cardiff University in 2004 with a Masters Degree in Geology. Since then, he has worked exclusively within the Built Environment, Occupational Health and Safety and Environmental Consultancy industries. He is a qualified and accredited Energy Consultant, Green Deal Assessor and Practitioner member of IEMA. Chris\u0026rsquo;s main interests range from Science and Engineering, Military and Ancient History to Politics and Philosophy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"$3c\",\"$3d\",\"$3e\",\"$3f\",\"$40\",\"$41\",\"$42\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBoom Supersonic is poised to transform the future of air travel, combining cutting-edge technology, environmental responsibility, and a focus on human connection. With the XB-1 paving the way and the Overture poised to take flight, the dream of supersonic passenger travel is no longer a distant vision—it’s a fast-approaching reality.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAs Blake puts it, “The most important thing here isn’t breaking the sound barrier—it’s breaking the time barrier. When we do that, we unlock a whole new world of possibilities.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Blake Scholl\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/boom-supersonic-symphony-aircraft-engine\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eSymphony: Boom Supersonic announces it will develop its own aircraft engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-rolls-royce-will-no-longer-work-together\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic and Rolls-Royce will no longer work together on supersonic plane’s engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic Is Set to Launch the Concorde’s Spiritual Heir\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122442,\"tags\":[\"boron ramjet\",\"China boron\",\"China ramjet\",\"engine\",\"Hypersonic\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"boron ramjet\",\"slug\":\"boron-ramjet\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/boron-ramjet\"},{\"name\":\"China boron\",\"slug\":\"china-boron\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/china-boron\"},{\"name\":\"China ramjet\",\"slug\":\"china-ramjet\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/china-ramjet\"},{\"name\":\"engine\",\"slug\":\"engine\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/engine\"},{\"name\":\"Hypersonic\",\"slug\":\"hypersonic\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/hypersonic\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Military\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Military\",\"slug\":\"military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$43\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"military\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":19,\"title\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3021,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$44\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/mit-spinout-turns-engines-into-methane-munchers\\\"\u003eMIT spinout uses engines to turn trash gas into green fuel ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/undergrads-develop-hydrogen-engine\\\"\u003eUndergraduates develop hydrogen-powered engine in a first\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/porsche-6-stroke-engine-innovation\\\"\u003ePorsche's 6-stroke engine boasts double power, higher ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:30:10\",\"timeAgo\":\"20 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:37:02\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:30 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:37 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-26.png\",\"title\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"name\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"alt_text\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"description\":\"Chinese scientists claimed that the boron ramjet engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3. (Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eWlad74/\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\",\"slug\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4710e3afaf17fd2a2fdd32a29b1937c?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"description\":\"Prabhat, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, is a tech and defense journalist. While he enjoys writing on modern weapons and emerging tech, he has also reported on global politics and business. He has been previously associated with well-known media houses, including the International Business Times (Singapore Edition) and ANI.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eChina has tested a powerful engine that can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through both air and water. The novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests, which were conducted in submarine mode, and met the desired requirements for practical use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDeveloped for hypersonic weapons, the engine inhales air and water as oxidizing agents depending upon the medium, where it\u0026#8217;s being used.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$45\",\"$46\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eVarious studies have been conducted previously to review recent advancements and challenges in adopting boron-loaded gel fuel for practical ramjet and scramjet propulsion devices.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eEven though \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667134423000421\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003eboron\u003c/a\u003e is a potential source for improving the energy density of liquid fuel, it was not widely used in practical propulsive devices till last year primarily because the native oxide layer present in the boron inhibits ignition and combustion.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, some researchers reported that the boron particles were fully burnt in the two-stage combustion, suggesting that the two-stage combustion of boron particles can be achieved by ramjet and scramjet.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Chinese scientists claimed that the boron ramjet engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3. (Representational image)\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eWlad74/\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/mit-spinout-turns-engines-into-methane-munchers\\\"\u003eMIT spinout uses engines to turn trash gas into green fuel ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/undergrads-develop-hydrogen-engine\\\"\u003eUndergraduates develop hydrogen-powered engine in a first\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/porsche-6-stroke-engine-innovation\\\"\u003ePorsche's 6-stroke engine boasts double power, higher ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122484,\"tags\":[\"Defense \u0026amp; 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His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn a surprising development, the US Navy has released a Request for Information (RFI) regarding the development of a Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe initiative aims to establish a modular and resilient cruise missile system that delivers a proportional response while ensuring essential adversary targets remain vulnerable.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to deploy an operational system by fiscal year 2034, with prototype tests anticipated within the next three years.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$49\",\"$4a\",\"$4b\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eSupporters of the SLCM-N contend that it provides a flexible and survivable nuclear option capable of deployment in various regions without needing to station nuclear assets on allied territories.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder, emphasizing that the commander-in-chief should have access to such options.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to its predecessor, the Navy\u0026#8217;s discontinued TLAM-N, the SLCM-N is envisioned as a lower-yield nuclear weapon launched from submarines that would add a new dimension to the maritime segment of the nuclear triad, allowing the United States to respond proportionately to a limited nuclear attack by an adversary.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representative image.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/ballistic-missile-launch-from-underwater-gm1262642973-369465735\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/span\u003e/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\\\"\u003eUS Navy’s 6th-gen fighter pursues unique design, independent of Air Force NGAD\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\\\"\u003eUS Air Force gets first long-range, high-speed stand-in attack missile for F-35s\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-aim-174b-missiles\\\"\u003eUS’ new missile outranges Beijing’s top weapon, could shift power in South China Sea\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":121611,\"tags\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Space\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Aerospace\",\"slug\":\"aerospace\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/aerospace\"},{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/space\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Space\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/space\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$4c\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"space\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":652,\"title\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eIn an exclusive with IE, HALO Space\u0026#8217;s CEO and CTO discussed the tech powering the Aurora capsule, and their vision for near-space exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eIn an exclusive with IE, HALO Space\u0026#8217;s CEO and CTO discussed the tech powering the Aurora capsule, and their vision for near-space exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":9292,\"readTime\":\"7 minutes\",\"body\":\"$4d\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\"\u003eHalo Space: how 'Aurora' balloons bring near-space tourism to all\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/iot-sateliot-5g-space-everywhere\\\"\u003eIoT: How Sateliot is bringing 5G from space to ‘absolutely everywhere’\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/spacex-gm-space-solar-power\\\"\u003eFormer SpaceX, General Motors engineers turn to space-based solar power\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34\",\"timeAgo\":\"21 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:26 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:31 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"title\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"name\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"alt_text\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"description\":\"The Aurora space capsule in flight, suspended by a balloon/parachute system.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\\\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Sade Agard\",\"slug\":\"sade-agard\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/DoK2hv5YUdDF.png\",\"page_url\":\"sade-agard\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/sade-agard\",\"description\":\"Sade is a geology graduate and Fellow of The Geological Society of London who she has experience publishing for. She enjoys writing and editing features of a range of scientific topics, with special interest in Earth science. Based in Windsor, Sade enjoys travelling to various sites of outstanding nature and has also lived in Thailand for a year.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space, a Spanish startup, is bringing near-space tourism closer to reality with its \u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e capsule\u003c/a\u003e. Better yet, if flying to the edge of space sounds like your dream experience, you can join a waiting list.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe stratospheric balloon system is designed to carry passengers 22 miles (35 kilometers) above the Earth\u0026#8217;s surface, offering an experience different from rocket-based space tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHALO Space\u003c/em\u003e expanded its testing and assembly operations to Saudi Arabia last month, which is a significant step forward.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$4e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA tranquil ascent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Instead of the high-G forces and intense speeds typical of rocket launches, the Aurora capsule rises gradually,\u0026#8221; they said. This approach offers a peaceful journey with spectacular views of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature and space\u0026#8217;s darkness.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eMira and Castillo then highlighted the sustainability aspect of the stratospheric balloon system.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026#8216;Reduced carbon footprint\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The use of helium balloons dramatically reduces the carbon footprint compared to rocket-based launches, making it a greener alternative for space tourism,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccessibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, since it avoids the physical demands of high-speed rocket travel, the Aurora capsule is accessible to a broader range of passengers. Miro and Castillo explained that this includes those who might need to be physically fit for traditional space travel.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$4f\",\"$50\",\"$51\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnology testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the near-space environment offers conditions similar to those found in space. Such conditions include low temperatures, high radiation, and near-vacuum pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Companies can use the Aurora capsule to test new space technologies in these conditions at a lower cost than launching satellites or rockets,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$52\",\"$53\",\"$54\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThey argued that by focusing on accessibility, sustainability, and safety, HALO Space opens the door to new possibilities for space tourism, scientific discovery, and commercial innovation. \u0026#8220;Our goal is not just to take passengers on an unforgettable journey but to inspire a deeper connection to the planet and our place in the universe,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo concluded.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We believe that the Aurora capsule offers not just an adventure, but a transformative experience that will forever change how people see the world.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The Aurora space capsule in flight, suspended by a balloon/parachute system.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\\\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\"\u003eHalo Space: how 'Aurora' balloons bring near-space tourism to all\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/iot-sateliot-5g-space-everywhere\\\"\u003eIoT: How Sateliot is bringing 5G from space to ‘absolutely everywhere’\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/spacex-gm-space-solar-power\\\"\u003eFormer SpaceX, General Motors engineers turn to space-based solar power\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-121611-speech-20241119183535.mp3\"},{\"id\":122351,\"tags\":[\"AI\",\"Autonomous Surgery\",\"da Vinci\",\"Lung Transplant\",\"Lungs\",\"Machine 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EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T193847.230.jpg\",\"title\":\"NYU performs world\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant in medical milestone\",\"name\":\"NYU performs world\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant in medical milestone\",\"alt_text\":\"NYU performs world\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant in medical milestone\",\"description\":\"Both lungs were transplanted using robotic techniques.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\\\"\u003eNYU Langone Health\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Jijo Malayil\",\"slug\":\"jijo-malayil\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/SMgGAAR337pt.png\",\"page_url\":\"jijo-malayil\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/jijo-malayil\",\"description\":\"Jijo is an automotive and business journalist based in India. Armed with a BA in History (Honors) from St. Stephen's College, Delhi University, and a PG diploma in Journalism from the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Delhi, he has worked for news agencies, national newspapers, and automotive magazines. In his spare time, he likes to go off-roading, engage in political discourse, travel, and teach languages.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eNew York University (NYU) Langone Health achieved a medical milestone by performing the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA 57-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent a double lung transplant using the da Vinci Xi robotic system.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSmall incisions between the ribs allowed the robotic system to remove each lung, prepare the surgical site, and implant the new lungs. Both lungs were successfully transplanted entirely with robotic techniques.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to the team, the procedure showcases a breakthrough in robotic surgery and advances minimally invasive care.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$57\",\"$58\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the da Vinci system is known for input inaccuracies, researchers overcame this by focusing on relative movements instead of absolute actions. This adjustment improved precision and adaptability, allowing the robot to generalize to new environments and tasks, such as recovering a dropped needle during surgery.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe new model streamlines robot training, enabling surgical robots to learn procedures in days rather than years. According to experts, the innovation has the potential to advance surgical autonomy, minimize errors, and enhance procedural accuracy, marking a significant leap forward in robotic medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/fully-robotic-double-lung-transplant-nyu\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Both lungs were transplanted using robotic techniques.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\\\"\u003eNYU Langone Health\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\\\"\u003eBreakthrough robot nails surgery like a human doctor after watching videos \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\\\"\u003eWorld’s 1st robot surgeon concept for head-swap surgery shocks internet \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\\\"\u003eLab-made muscle: New laser tech grows real human tissues to replace lab rats\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122381,\"tags\":[\"Starlink rival\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Starlink 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minutes\",\"body\":\"$5a\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/japan-finally-built-worlds-first-wooden-satellite\\\"\u003eWorld's 1st wood satellite ready to blast off on SpaceX rocket\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/boeing-built-satellite-breaks-up-in-orbit\\\"\u003eBoeing-built satellite blows up into bits in space, cutting ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/worlds-1-wooden-satellite-launched-by-japan\\\"\u003eJapan sends world's 1st wooden satellite on 6-month ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T15:53:33\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T15:59:16\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 10:53 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 10:59 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-25.png\",\"title\":\"Starlink rival: China\u0026#8217;s SpaceSail set to provide satellite internet in Brazil\",\"name\":\"Starlink rival: China\u0026#8217;s SpaceSail set to provide satellite internet in Brazil\",\"alt_text\":\"Starlink rival: China\u0026#8217;s SpaceSail set to provide satellite internet in Brazil\",\"description\":\"SpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based internet access to areas with limited connectivity. (Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/satellite-and-planet-gm181075945-25438464?searchscope=image,film\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eenot-poloskun\u003c/a\u003e/AdrianHancu\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\",\"slug\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4710e3afaf17fd2a2fdd32a29b1937c?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"description\":\"Prabhat, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, is a tech and defense journalist. While he enjoys writing on modern weapons and emerging tech, he has also reported on global politics and business. He has been previously associated with well-known media houses, including the International Business Times (Singapore Edition) and ANI.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA Chinese company is challenging dominance of Elon Musk\u0026#8217;s Starlink in the Latin American region. Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet in the region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe firm signed an MoU with Brazil’s state-owned telecoms company Telecomunicacoes Brasileiras (Telebras) during the recent visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInitially, the plan is to study the demand for satellite internet areas where fiber optic infrastructure doesn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$5b\",\"$5c\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eShanghai Spacesail Technologies Co., Ltd. has begun business negotiations with dozens of countries to promote the global commercial application and services of its constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, China has 1,059 satellites in orbit, 492 of which are commercial satellites. By the end of June this year, 546 commercial space enterprises were registered and effectively operating in \u003ca href=\\\"http://english.scio.gov.cn/chinavoices/2024-11/21/content_117561027.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003eChina\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBrazil\u0026#8217;s deal with SpaceSail is likely aimed at warning Elon Musk and Starlink, which is the world\u0026#8217;s first and largest satellite constellation using a low Earth orbit to deliver broadband internet capable of supporting streaming, online gaming, video calls and more.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"SpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based internet access to areas with limited connectivity. 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href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/worlds-1-wooden-satellite-launched-by-japan\\\"\u003eJapan sends world's 1st wooden satellite on 6-month ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"}],\"recommendations\":[{\"id\":122660,\"tags\":[\"Physics\",\"Quantum Computing\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Physics\",\"slug\":\"physics\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/physics\"},{\"name\":\"Quantum 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minutes\",\"body\":\"$5e\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/iqm-quantum-computers-record-low-error\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003ePrototype quantum processor hits record 99.9% qubit fidelity in a major milestone\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/connecting-millions-of-qubits\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e‘Modular’ approach can help researchers connect, control millions of qubits\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/researchers-succeeded-in-executing-the-fastest-two-qubit-gate\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eResearchers succeeded in executing the fastest two-qubit gate\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T13:44:46\",\"timeAgo\":\"2 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T13:46:26\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 08:44 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 08:46 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/quantum-gate.jpg\",\"title\":\"Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing\",\"name\":\"Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing\",\"alt_text\":\"Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing\",\"description\":\"An illustration depicting quantum gate.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/an-artist-s-illustration-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-this-image-was-inspired-by-neural-networks-used-in-deep-learning-it-was-created-by-novoto-studio-as-part-of-the-visualising-ai-pr-17483874/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePexels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\",\"slug\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/ezxD3WoNFvMj.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"description\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt is an experienced writer, researcher, journalist, and filmmaker. With a B.Sc (Hons.) in Science and PGJMC in Mass Communications, he has been actively working with some of the most innovative brands, news agencies, digital magazines, documentary filmmakers, and nonprofits from different parts of the globe. As an author, he works with a vision to bring forward the right information and encourage a constructive mindset among the masses.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eLike logic gates in classical computers, quantum computing applications require quantum gates to change the state of qubits —- enabling them to perform complex calculations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, it is only quantum gates with high fidelity that can lead to powerful and reliable quantum computing operations. Fidelity refers to how accurately a quantum gate performs an intended operation. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026#8217;s a measure of how close the actual output is to the ideal output. \u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/record-quantum-computing-accuracy-existing-silicon\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003eHigh fidelity means\u003c/a\u003e the gate works as expected with minimal errors. This is very important in quantum computing as even small errors can build up and fail the entire calculations a quantum \u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/researchers-succeeded-in-executing-the-fastest-two-qubit-gate\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003ecomputer\u003c/a\u003e performs. \u003c/p\u003e\",\"$5f\",\"$60\",\"$61\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe gate can be used for both existing and future quantum computing applications. Hopefully, it will boost the development of accurate and reliable quantum devices.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\\\"https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041050\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review X\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"An illustration depicting quantum gate.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/an-artist-s-illustration-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-this-image-was-inspired-by-neural-networks-used-in-deep-learning-it-was-created-by-novoto-studio-as-part-of-the-visualising-ai-pr-17483874/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePexels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/iqm-quantum-computers-record-low-error\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003ePrototype quantum processor hits record 99.9% qubit fidelity in a major milestone\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/connecting-millions-of-qubits\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e‘Modular’ approach can help researchers connect, control millions of qubits\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/researchers-succeeded-in-executing-the-fastest-two-qubit-gate\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eResearchers succeeded in executing the fastest two-qubit gate\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122560,\"tags\":[\"black hole\",\"quantum gravity\",\"Space\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"black hole\",\"slug\":\"black-hole\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/black-hole\"},{\"name\":\"quantum gravity\",\"slug\":\"quantum-gravity\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/quantum-gravity\"},{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/space\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$62\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"science\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":8,\"title\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe model shows that quantum effects cause an event horizon to form around a naked singularity, hiding it from view.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe model shows that quantum effects cause an event horizon to form around a naked singularity, hiding it from view.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3718,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$63\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists simulate environment of enigmatic black holes in a hi-tech lab\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEinstein’s theory challenged: Black holes could be frozen stars, claims study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/levitating-magnets-quantum-gravity\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists use levitating magnets to understand quantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:12\",\"timeAgo\":\"8 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:19\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:52 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:52 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"title\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"name\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"alt_text\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"description\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. (Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/time-warp-traveling-through-space-and-time-gm1481356082-508678536?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePitri\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es/iStock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\",\"slug\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/ezxD3WoNFvMj.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"description\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt is an experienced writer, researcher, journalist, and filmmaker. With a B.Sc (Hons.) in Science and PGJMC in Mass Communications, he has been actively working with some of the most innovative brands, news agencies, digital magazines, documentary filmmakers, and nonprofits from different parts of the globe. As an author, he works with a vision to bring forward the right information and encourage a constructive mindset among the masses.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, British mathematician Roger Penrose proposed the cosmic censorship conjecture, a concept that suggests that singularities — regions where gravity is so strong that the fabric of spacetime breaks, can never be viewed as they remain hidden behind the event horizon of black holes.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003ePenrose won the 2020 Nobel Prize for his work that describes that singularities are the unique points in spacetime where classical laws of physics such as\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/study-challenges-einsteins-relativity-theory-finds-instability-in-black-holes\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003e general relativity don’t work\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$64\",\"$65\",\"$66\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\\\"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.181501\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review Letters\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. (Representational image)\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/time-warp-traveling-through-space-and-time-gm1481356082-508678536?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePitri\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es/iStock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists simulate environment of enigmatic black holes in a hi-tech lab\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEinstein’s theory challenged: Black holes could be frozen stars, claims study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/levitating-magnets-quantum-gravity\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists use levitating magnets to understand quantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122492,\"tags\":[\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"plastic\",\"plastic recycling\",\"polypropylene\",\"Recycling\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"plastic\",\"slug\":\"plastic\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic\"},{\"name\":\"plastic recycling\",\"slug\":\"plastic-recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic-recycling\"},{\"name\":\"polypropylene\",\"slug\":\"polypropylene\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/polypropylene\"},{\"name\":\"Recycling\",\"slug\":\"recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/recycling\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$67\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8033,\"readTime\":\"6 minutes\",\"body\":\"$68\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:09:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"8 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:14:31\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:09 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:14 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"name\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"alt_text\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Chris Young\",\"slug\":\"chris-young\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/6UKotck4r9pz.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"chris-young\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/chris-young\",\"description\":\"Chris Young is a journalist, copywriter, blogger and tech geek at heart who\u0026rsquo;s reported on the likes of the Mobile World Congress, written for Lifehack, The Culture Trip, Flydoscope and some of the world\u0026rsquo;s biggest tech companies, including NEC and Thales, about robots, satellites and other world-changing innovations.\u0026nbsp;\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$69\",\"$6a\",\"$6b\",\"$6c\",\"$6d\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\\\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-122492-speech-20241123070916.mp3\"},{\"id\":122350,\"tags\":[\"Inventions and Machines\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Inventions and Machines\",\"slug\":\"inventions-and-machines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/inventions-and-machines\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$6e\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"science\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":8,\"title\":\"Coatings supercharge high-performance engines, now they are getting better\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eSpecialized coatings help keep astronauts keep safe and save millions every year for machine industry. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eSpecialized coatings help keep astronauts keep safe and save millions every year for machine industry. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3932,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$6f\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/rare-earth-oxides-turbine-engine\\\"\u003eTurbine engines run at record 3,300°F with rare Earth oxide coating\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/new-coating-stops-biofouling-of-solar-cells\\\"\u003eNew coating keeps underwater solar cells 100% powerful, biofoul free\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solar-cell-coating-boosts-efficiency\\\"\u003eNew coating removes solar panel defects, boosts efficiency to 31%\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T14:59:19\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T14:59:27\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 09:59 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 09:59 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CTG1.jpg\",\"title\":\"Coatings supercharge high-performance engines, now they are getting better\",\"name\":\"Coatings supercharge high-performance engines, now they are getting better\",\"alt_text\":\"Coatings supercharge high-performance engines, now they are getting better\",\"description\":\"Representational stock image of jet engine powered plane. \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/f-a-18c-hornet-catapult-launch-gm118958406-12105473?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003ezoltanpocza/iStock\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Ameya Paleja\",\"slug\":\"ameya-paleja\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/Uy0OTzksC7lW.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"ameya-paleja\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/ameya-paleja\",\"description\":\"Ameya is a science writer based in Hyderabad, India. A Molecular Biologist at heart, he traded the micropipette to write about science during the pandemic and does not want to go back. He likes to write about genetics, microbes, technology, and public policy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the frying pan in the kitchen to airplanes in the sky, everything has a thin layer of coating that delivers an extra attribute that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. These coatings are made of different materials and applied differently, but when engineering has reached its limits, coatings have always outperformed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eEveryday objects, from pans and pots to cars we drive around in, have a coating for a specialized function. This could be to prevent food from sticking to them or to prevent fires from spreading rapidly. Even massive ships use special coatings to prevent marine life forms from attaching themselves to the hull and increasing friction during voyages.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$70\",\"$71\",\"$72\",\"\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational stock image of jet engine powered plane. \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/f-a-18c-hornet-catapult-launch-gm118958406-12105473?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003ezoltanpocza/iStock\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/rare-earth-oxides-turbine-engine\\\"\u003eTurbine engines run at record 3,300°F with rare Earth oxide coating\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/new-coating-stops-biofouling-of-solar-cells\\\"\u003eNew coating keeps underwater solar cells 100% powerful, biofoul free\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solar-cell-coating-boosts-efficiency\\\"\u003eNew coating removes solar panel defects, boosts efficiency to 31%\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122292,\"tags\":[\"Biology\",\"malaria\",\"vaccine\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Biology\",\"slug\":\"biology\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/biology\"},{\"name\":\"malaria\",\"slug\":\"malaria\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/malaria\"},{\"name\":\"vaccine\",\"slug\":\"vaccine\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/vaccine\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$73\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"science\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":8,\"title\":\"Bite of hope: Malaria vaccine delivered by gene-edited mosquito kills infection by 89%\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThis technique gave the immune system a powerful boost, shielding people from the disease.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThis technique gave the immune system a powerful boost, shielding people from the disease.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3791,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$74\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/common-kitchen-soap-key-to-fighting-malaria\\\"\u003eCommon kitchen soap key to fighting malaria\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/burkina-faso-scientist-fights-malaria-with-innovative-gene-tech\\\"\u003eCan gene editing end malaria? 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Her work has been featured in well-known publications including Nature India, Supercluster, The Weather Channel and Astronomy magazine. If you have pitches in mind, please do not hesitate to email her.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eMalaria, a disease that has plagued humanity for centuries, continues to claim millions of lives each year. But scientists may have found a new way to combat this deadly disease.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eIn clinical trials, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine has demonstrated that mosquito bites can deliver the malaria vaccine safely.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis novel vaccination strategy involves using genetically modified mosquitoes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$75\",\"$76\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were divided into three groups: one group received the GA2 vaccine, another received an earlier version (GA1), and the control group received bites from uninfected mosquitoes. The primary goal was to assess the vaccine\u0026#8217;s ability to prevent malaria infection and its safety profile.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAfter three weeks, both groups were exposed to malaria-carrying mosquitoes to assess their level of protection.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBefore being exposed to malaria-carrying mosquitoes, both groups showed increased antibody levels. However, the GA1 group had a lower protection rate (13 percent) compared to the group bitten by GA2 parasite at 89 percent. The only reported side effects were minor itching from the mosquito bites.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“Protective efficacy against subsequent controlled human malaria infection was observed in 8 of 9 participants (89 percent) in the GA2 group, in 1 of 8 participants (13 percent) in the GA1 group, and in 0 of 3 participants in the placebo group,” the study noted. \u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUp next, the researchers plan to conduct a larger trial. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis innovative approach could significantly reduce the global burden of malaria, particularly in regions where the disease is most prevalent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe trial findings were published in \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2313892\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe New England Journal of Medicine. \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/bite-of-hope-malaria-vaccine-delivered-by-gene-edited-mosquito-kills-infection-by-89\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational image of mosquito feeding on a human host.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/culex-pipiens-feeding-on-a-human-host-macro-of-common-house-mosquito-sucking-blood-gm1325731071-410658362?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003eiStock\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/common-kitchen-soap-key-to-fighting-malaria\\\"\u003eCommon kitchen soap key to fighting malaria\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/burkina-faso-scientist-fights-malaria-with-innovative-gene-tech\\\"\u003eCan gene editing end malaria? 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mixture through a needle onto a metal plate. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4077,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$89\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/us-fermilab-neutrino-targets-proton-bombardment\\\"\u003eUS tests new materials for neutrino targets that can withstand proton bombardment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/dna-tech-stores-data-computing-functions\\\"\u003eFor first time, DNA tech stores, rewrites data and even solves sudoku\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/convert-co2-to-carbon-fibers\\\"\u003eResearchers trap CO2 from air into nanofibers to prevent its release\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"science/world-thinnest-spaghetti-created-ucl\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-21T17:30:00\",\"timeAgo\":\"2 days ago\",\"update_date\":null,\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 21, 2024 12:30 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":null,\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-21T181933.551.jpg\",\"title\":\"World’s thinnest spaghetti that\u0026#8217;s 200 times thinner than a human hair created\",\"name\":\"World’s thinnest spaghetti that\u0026#8217;s 200 times thinner than a human hair created\",\"alt_text\":\"World’s thinnest spaghetti that\u0026#8217;s 200 times thinner than a human hair created\",\"description\":\"The team used a scanning electron microscope, scanning the mat with a focused beam of electrons and creating an image based on the pattern of electrons that are deflected or knocked-off. Each individual strand is too narrow to be clearly captured by any form of visible light camera or microscope.\",\"reference\":\"\u003cdiv class=\\\"well\\\"\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1050148\\\"\u003eBeatrice Britton/Adam Clancy\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003c/div\u003e\\r\\n\u003cdiv class=\\\"well\\\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Srishti Gupta\",\"slug\":\"srishti-gupta\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b86d098e343666fd88066a3a660a1471?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"srishti-gupta\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/srishti-gupta\",\"description\":\"Srishti studied English literature at the University of Delhi and has since then realized it's not her cup of tea. She has been an editor in every space and content type imaginable, from children's books to journal articles. She enjoys popular culture, reading contemporary fiction and nonfiction, crafts, and spending time with her cats. With a keen interest in science, Srishti is particularly drawn to beats covering medicine, sustainability, gene studies, and anything biology-related.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA groundbreaking development in nanotechnology has emerged from University College London (UCL), where researchers have created the world’s thinnest “spaghetti,” measuring just 372 nanometres across—roughly 200 times thinner than a human hair. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eWhile it won’t be gracing dinner plates, this innovation in nanofibers opens doors to transformative applications in medicine and industry.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“To make spaghetti, you push a mixture of water and flour through metal holes. In our study, we did the same except we pulled our flour mixture through with an electrical charge. It’s literally spaghetti but much smaller,\u0026#8221; said co-author of the study, Dr Adam Clancy.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$8a\",\"$8b\",\"$8c\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, this innovation marks a fascinating convergence of culinary inspiration and cutting-edge science.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe study has been published in \u003cem\u003eNanoscale Advances.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/world-thinnest-spaghetti-created-ucl\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The team used a scanning electron microscope, scanning the mat with a focused beam of electrons and creating an image based on the pattern of electrons that are deflected or knocked-off. Each individual strand is too narrow to be clearly captured by any form of visible light camera or microscope.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003cdiv class=\\\"well\\\"\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1050148\\\"\u003eBeatrice Britton/Adam Clancy\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003c/div\u003e\\r\\n\u003cdiv class=\\\"well\\\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/us-fermilab-neutrino-targets-proton-bombardment\\\"\u003eUS tests new materials for neutrino targets that can withstand proton bombardment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/dna-tech-stores-data-computing-functions\\\"\u003eFor first time, DNA tech stores, rewrites data and even solves sudoku\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/convert-co2-to-carbon-fibers\\\"\u003eResearchers trap CO2 from air into nanofibers to prevent its release\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},\"jobs\":[{\"id\":\"132280331\",\"title\":\"Senior Technology Engineer (Continuous Integration)\",\"url\":\"https://jobs.interestingengineering.com/job/senior-technology-engineer-continuous-integration-2-at-the-travelers-companies-inc-2?source=mini_export\",\"location\":{\"country\":\"United States\",\"address\":\"Atlanta\",\"country_short\":\"US\",\"post_code\":\"30301\",\"state\":\"GA\",\"city\":\"Atlanta\"},\"company\":{\"name\":\"The Travelers Companies, Inc.\",\"logo\":\"https://d1avm1cbyhi830.cloudfront.net/fit-in/images2/topic/new/the-travelers-companies-inc-2-logo-1625843449996.jpeg\"},\"salary\":\"$$91,300 - $150,600 a year\"},{\"id\":\"132294917\",\"title\":\"Cloud Systems Engineer\",\"url\":\"https://jobs.interestingengineering.com/job/cloud-systems-engineer-at-therapynotescom-1?source=mini_export\",\"location\":{\"country\":\"United States\",\"address\":\"Charlotte\",\"country_short\":\"US\",\"post_code\":[],\"state\":\"NC\",\"city\":\"Charlotte\"},\"company\":{\"name\":\"TherapyNotes.com\",\"logo\":\"https://d1avm1cbyhi830.cloudfront.net/fit-in/images2/topic/new/image-1717683288868.jpeg\"},\"salary\":\"$$100,000 - $120,000 a year\"},{\"id\":\"133156249\",\"title\":\"Staff Software Engineer Back End (Bangkok based, relocation provided)\",\"url\":\"https://jobs.interestingengineering.com/job/staff-software-engineer-back-end-bangkok-based-relocation-provided-at-agoda-2?source=mini_export\",\"location\":{\"country\":\"United Kingdom\",\"address\":\"-\",\"country_short\":\"UK\",\"post_code\":[],\"state\":[],\"city\":[]},\"company\":{\"name\":\"Agoda\",\"logo\":\"https://d1avm1cbyhi830.cloudfront.net/fit-in/images2/topic/new/image-1722421505451.jpeg\"}},{\"id\":\"133161138\",\"title\":\"Lead Software Development Engineer\",\"url\":\"https://jobs.interestingengineering.com/job/lead-software-development-engineer-1-at-gm-financial-2?source=mini_export\",\"location\":{\"country\":\"United States\",\"address\":\"Fort Worth\",\"country_short\":\"US\",\"post_code\":\"76102\",\"state\":\"TX\",\"city\":\"Fort Worth\"},\"company\":{\"name\":\"GM Financial\",\"logo\":\"https://d2q79iu7y748jz.cloudfront.net/s/_squarelogo/256x256/2c6d13e3c51cab0e72a6ac3fc67ed3d5\"}}],\"for_you\":[{\"id\":122492,\"tags\":[\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"plastic\",\"plastic recycling\",\"polypropylene\",\"Recycling\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"plastic\",\"slug\":\"plastic\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic\"},{\"name\":\"plastic recycling\",\"slug\":\"plastic-recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic-recycling\"},{\"name\":\"polypropylene\",\"slug\":\"polypropylene\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/polypropylene\"},{\"name\":\"Recycling\",\"slug\":\"recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/recycling\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$8d\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8033,\"readTime\":\"6 minutes\",\"body\":\"$8e\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:09:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"8 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:14:31\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:09 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:14 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"name\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"alt_text\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Chris Young\",\"slug\":\"chris-young\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/6UKotck4r9pz.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"chris-young\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/chris-young\",\"description\":\"Chris Young is a journalist, copywriter, blogger and tech geek at heart who\u0026rsquo;s reported on the likes of the Mobile World Congress, written for Lifehack, The Culture Trip, Flydoscope and some of the world\u0026rsquo;s biggest tech companies, including NEC and Thales, about robots, satellites and other world-changing innovations.\u0026nbsp;\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$8f\",\"$90\",\"$91\",\"$92\",\"$93\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\\\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-122492-speech-20241123070916.mp3\"},{\"id\":122530,\"tags\":[\"Asteriods\",\"Earth\",\"Meteorite\",\"Scientific Research\",\"Space\",\"taurid 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href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-grains-unveil-solar-systems-magnetic-past\\\"\u003eAncient asteroid grains reveal hidden magnetic past of our solar system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:09\",\"timeAgo\":\"17 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:17\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:45 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:45 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\",\"title\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"name\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"alt_text\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"description\":\"A timelapse image of the fireball event from start to finish. \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://news.westernu.ca/2024/11/niagara-fireball/#:~:text=Observations%20from%20the%20LDT%20show,the%20smallest%20asteroid%20on%20record\\\"\u003eWestern Meteor Group\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn an international study led by Western University and Lowell Observatory, scientists have developed a pioneering approach for studying near-Earth asteroids.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis approach was demonstrated through a November 2022 fireball event that dropped meteorites in the Niagara region.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe research focuses on Asteroid 2022 WJ1 (WJ1), which fractured upon entering Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBy comparing Arizona-based telescopic observations with video captured by Western’s Southern Ontario Meteor Network cameras of the fireball on November 19, 2022, the team determined WJ1\u0026#8217;s composition and size.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch2 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-16-inch-asteroid\\\"\u003e16-inch asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003ePublished in The Planetary Science Journal, the study reveals crucial details about WJ1, the smallest asteroid characterized to date. It also establishes a new methodology for studying future impactful space objects.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis marks the first instance where telescope observations and ground camera captures have been combined to study the same astronomical body.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe size of WJ1 was assessed using the 4.3-meter Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT) in Arizona. Observations indicated that the surface of WJ1 was rich in silica, suggesting a medium-to-high albedo (reflected light).\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAstronomers used this reflected light to estimate its diameter, which ranges between 40 to 60 cm (16 to 27 inches), solidifying its status as the smallest recorded asteroid.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eDenis Vida, an adjunct professor in physics and astronomy at Western, noted, “This is only the sixth asteroid discovered before impact.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$96\",\"$97\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eWestern physics and astronomy professor Paul Wiegert, a co-author of the study, witnessed the fireball’s entry. This event was historic because it was the first time observers were notified in advance to observe a natural fireball.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"A timelapse image of the fireball event from start to finish. \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://news.westernu.ca/2024/11/niagara-fireball/#:~:text=Observations%20from%20the%20LDT%20show,the%20smallest%20asteroid%20on%20record\\\"\u003eWestern Meteor Group\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\\\"\u003e‘God of chaos’ asteroid predicted to tumble, shed rocks during Earth flyby\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\\\"\u003eSatellite please: Earth to welcome a temporary asteroid mini-moon this month\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-grains-unveil-solar-systems-magnetic-past\\\"\u003eAncient asteroid grains reveal hidden magnetic past of our solar system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122535,\"tags\":[\"Culture\",\"light\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Culture\",\"slug\":\"culture\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/culture\"},{\"name\":\"light\",\"slug\":\"light\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/light\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Culture\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Culture\",\"slug\":\"culture\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/culture\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$98\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"culture\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":6,\"title\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eOur gadgets don’t get outdated; they are meant to turn obsolete.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eOur gadgets don’t get outdated; they are meant to turn obsolete.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8146,\"readTime\":\"7 minutes\",\"body\":\"$99\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\\\"\u003eHere’s why planned obsolescence is bad for the environment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eShould You Have the Right to Repair Products You Own?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eBig Tech Comes Under Fire Over Right to Repair\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:07:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"17 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:07:10\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:07 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:07 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":true,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light.png\",\"title\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"name\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"alt_text\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"description\":\"Imagine a never-ending light bulb; it's simply bad business for light shops \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/shallow-focus-photography-of-light-bulbs-2764942/\\\"\u003eJoy Singh/Pexels\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kaif Shaikh\",\"slug\":\"kaif-shaikh-2\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Untitled-22.png\",\"page_url\":\"kaif-shaikh-2\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kaif-shaikh-2\",\"description\":\"Kaif Shaikh is a journalist and writer passionate about turning complex information into clear, impactful stories. His writing covers technology, sustainability, geopolitics, and occasionally fiction. In the digital media space, he has worked with leaders from industries as diverse as immunology, AI, SaaS, manufacturing, and even furniture. Apart from the long list of things he does outside work, he likes to read, breathe, and practice gratitude.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eImagine a light bulb that has been burning since 1901. Nestled in a quiet Californian fire station, the Centennial Light challenges today\u0026#8217;s disposable culture, offering a glimpse into a past where products were built to last. This historical anomaly sets the stage for a broader examination of how planned obsolescence has become embedded in the fabric of our consumer electronics industry, from light bulbs to smartphones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$9a\",\"$9b\",\"$9c\",\"$9d\",\"$9e\",\"$9f\",\"$a0\",\"\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Imagine a never-ending light bulb; it's simply bad business for light shops \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/shallow-focus-photography-of-light-bulbs-2764942/\\\"\u003eJoy Singh/Pexels\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\\\"\u003eHere’s why planned obsolescence is bad for the environment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eShould You Have the Right to Repair Products You Own?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eBig Tech Comes Under Fire Over Right to Repair\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":true,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122514,\"tags\":[\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"Electric\",\"engine\",\"Hrdrogen-Electric Propulsion\",\"Hybrid\",\"jet propulsion\",\"US Army\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"slug\":\"defense-military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/defense-military\"},{\"name\":\"Electric\",\"slug\":\"electric\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/electric\"},{\"name\":\"engine\",\"slug\":\"engine\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/engine\"},{\"name\":\"Hrdrogen-Electric Propulsion\",\"slug\":\"hrdrogen-electric-propulsion\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/hrdrogen-electric-propulsion\"},{\"name\":\"Hybrid\",\"slug\":\"hybrid\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/hybrid\"},{\"name\":\"jet propulsion\",\"slug\":\"jet-propulsion\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/jet-propulsion\"},{\"name\":\"US Army\",\"slug\":\"us-army\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/us-army\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Military\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Military\",\"slug\":\"military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$a1\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"military\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":19,\"title\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4142,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$a2\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\\\"\u003eBee-like vertical landing electric aircraft showcases super propulsion system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/spacecraft-uses-air-as-fuel\\\"\u003eNew spacecraft system uses air as fuel to offer endless electric propulsion\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\\\"\u003eCryogenic hydrogen-electric propulsion could lead to net-zero air travel\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T20:34:22\",\"timeAgo\":\"19 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T20:34:29\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 03:34 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 03:34 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T005911.488.jpg\",\"title\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"name\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"alt_text\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"description\":\"Representative image.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/ge-aerospace-further-advances-development-hybrid-electric-engines-nasa\\\"\u003eGE Aerospace\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has successfully demonstrated a one-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system as part of a $5.1 million research and development contract with the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory (ARL).\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the Applied Research Collaborative Systematic Turboshaft Electrification Project (ARC-STEP) contract, GE Aerospace researched, developed, tested, and evaluated a megawatt (MW) class electrified power plant.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$a3\",\"$a4\",\"$a5\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis engine suits executive transport, search and rescue, passenger transport, and the oil and gas sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, GE Aerospace has delivered over 1,500 CT7 engines, collectively accumulating 30 million flight hours, underscoring their reliability and performance in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representative image.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/ge-aerospace-further-advances-development-hybrid-electric-engines-nasa\\\"\u003eGE Aerospace\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\\\"\u003eBee-like vertical landing electric aircraft showcases super propulsion system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/spacecraft-uses-air-as-fuel\\\"\u003eNew spacecraft system uses air as fuel to offer endless electric propulsion\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\\\"\u003eCryogenic hydrogen-electric propulsion could lead to net-zero air travel\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122523,\"tags\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"Inventions and Machines\",\"Lexicon\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Aerospace\",\"slug\":\"aerospace\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/aerospace\"},{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"Inventions and Machines\",\"slug\":\"inventions-and-machines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/inventions-and-machines\"},{\"name\":\"Lexicon\",\"slug\":\"lexicon\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/lexicon\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Transportation\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Transportation\",\"slug\":\"transportation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/transportation\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$a6\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eJoin us as we explore Boom\u0026#8217;s journey to restarting commercial supersonic flight with their XB-1 and Overture aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eJoin us as we explore Boom\u0026#8217;s journey to restarting commercial supersonic flight with their XB-1 and Overture aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":7074,\"readTime\":\"5 minutes\",\"body\":\"$a7\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/boom-supersonic-symphony-aircraft-engine\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eSymphony: Boom Supersonic announces it will develop its own aircraft engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-rolls-royce-will-no-longer-work-together\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic and Rolls-Royce will no longer work together on supersonic plane’s engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic Is Set to Launch the Concorde’s Spiritual Heir\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:47\",\"timeAgo\":\"20 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:54\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:34 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:34 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\",\"title\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"name\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"alt_text\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"description\":\"Blake Scholl\",\"reference\":\"Interesting Engineering\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"slug\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/XT3vqpiaHT53.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden\",\"description\":\"Christopher graduated from Cardiff University in 2004 with a Masters Degree in Geology. Since then, he has worked exclusively within the Built Environment, Occupational Health and Safety and Environmental Consultancy industries. He is a qualified and accredited Energy Consultant, Green Deal Assessor and Practitioner member of IEMA. Chris\u0026rsquo;s main interests range from Science and Engineering, Military and Ancient History to Politics and Philosophy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"$a8\",\"$a9\",\"$aa\",\"$ab\",\"$ac\",\"$ad\",\"$ae\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBoom Supersonic is poised to transform the future of air travel, combining cutting-edge technology, environmental responsibility, and a focus on human connection. With the XB-1 paving the way and the Overture poised to take flight, the dream of supersonic passenger travel is no longer a distant vision—it’s a fast-approaching reality.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAs Blake puts it, “The most important thing here isn’t breaking the sound barrier—it’s breaking the time barrier. When we do that, we unlock a whole new world of possibilities.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Blake Scholl\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/boom-supersonic-symphony-aircraft-engine\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eSymphony: Boom Supersonic announces it will develop its own aircraft engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-rolls-royce-will-no-longer-work-together\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic and Rolls-Royce will no longer work together on supersonic plane’s engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic Is Set to Launch the Concorde’s Spiritual Heir\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122442,\"tags\":[\"boron ramjet\",\"China boron\",\"China ramjet\",\"engine\",\"Hypersonic\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"boron ramjet\",\"slug\":\"boron-ramjet\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/boron-ramjet\"},{\"name\":\"China boron\",\"slug\":\"china-boron\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/china-boron\"},{\"name\":\"China ramjet\",\"slug\":\"china-ramjet\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/china-ramjet\"},{\"name\":\"engine\",\"slug\":\"engine\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/engine\"},{\"name\":\"Hypersonic\",\"slug\":\"hypersonic\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/hypersonic\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Military\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Military\",\"slug\":\"military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$af\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"military\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":19,\"title\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3021,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$b0\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/mit-spinout-turns-engines-into-methane-munchers\\\"\u003eMIT spinout uses engines to turn trash gas into green fuel ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/undergrads-develop-hydrogen-engine\\\"\u003eUndergraduates develop hydrogen-powered engine in a first\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/porsche-6-stroke-engine-innovation\\\"\u003ePorsche's 6-stroke engine boasts double power, higher ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:30:10\",\"timeAgo\":\"20 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:37:02\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:30 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:37 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-26.png\",\"title\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"name\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"alt_text\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"description\":\"Chinese scientists claimed that the boron ramjet engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3. (Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eWlad74/\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\",\"slug\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4710e3afaf17fd2a2fdd32a29b1937c?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"description\":\"Prabhat, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, is a tech and defense journalist. While he enjoys writing on modern weapons and emerging tech, he has also reported on global politics and business. He has been previously associated with well-known media houses, including the International Business Times (Singapore Edition) and ANI.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eChina has tested a powerful engine that can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through both air and water. The novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests, which were conducted in submarine mode, and met the desired requirements for practical use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDeveloped for hypersonic weapons, the engine inhales air and water as oxidizing agents depending upon the medium, where it\u0026#8217;s being used.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$b1\",\"$b2\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eVarious studies have been conducted previously to review recent advancements and challenges in adopting boron-loaded gel fuel for practical ramjet and scramjet propulsion devices.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eEven though \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667134423000421\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003eboron\u003c/a\u003e is a potential source for improving the energy density of liquid fuel, it was not widely used in practical propulsive devices till last year primarily because the native oxide layer present in the boron inhibits ignition and combustion.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, some researchers reported that the boron particles were fully burnt in the two-stage combustion, suggesting that the two-stage combustion of boron particles can be achieved by ramjet and scramjet.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Chinese scientists claimed that the boron ramjet engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3. (Representational image)\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eWlad74/\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/mit-spinout-turns-engines-into-methane-munchers\\\"\u003eMIT spinout uses engines to turn trash gas into green fuel ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/undergrads-develop-hydrogen-engine\\\"\u003eUndergraduates develop hydrogen-powered engine in a first\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/porsche-6-stroke-engine-innovation\\\"\u003ePorsche's 6-stroke engine boasts double power, higher ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122484,\"tags\":[\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"Missile\",\"Nuclear\",\"Nuclear missiles\",\"nuclear submarines\",\"Submarines\",\"US Navy\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"slug\":\"defense-military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/defense-military\"},{\"name\":\"Missile\",\"slug\":\"missile\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/missile\"},{\"name\":\"Nuclear\",\"slug\":\"nuclear\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nuclear\"},{\"name\":\"Nuclear missiles\",\"slug\":\"nuclear-missiles\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nuclear-missiles\"},{\"name\":\"nuclear submarines\",\"slug\":\"nuclear-submarines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nuclear-submarines\"},{\"name\":\"Submarines\",\"slug\":\"submarines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/submarines\"},{\"name\":\"US Navy\",\"slug\":\"us-navy\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/us-navy\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Military\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Military\",\"slug\":\"military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$b3\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"military\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":19,\"title\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4233,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$b4\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\\\"\u003eUS Navy’s 6th-gen fighter pursues unique design, independent of Air Force NGAD\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\\\"\u003eUS Air Force gets first long-range, high-speed stand-in attack missile for F-35s\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-aim-174b-missiles\\\"\u003eUS’ new missile outranges Beijing’s top weapon, could shift power in South China Sea\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:46:13\",\"timeAgo\":\"21 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:46:19\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:46 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:46 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T222720.051.jpg\",\"title\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"name\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"alt_text\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"description\":\"Representative image.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/ballistic-missile-launch-from-underwater-gm1262642973-369465735\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/span\u003e/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn a surprising development, the US Navy has released a Request for Information (RFI) regarding the development of a Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe initiative aims to establish a modular and resilient cruise missile system that delivers a proportional response while ensuring essential adversary targets remain vulnerable.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to deploy an operational system by fiscal year 2034, with prototype tests anticipated within the next three years.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$b5\",\"$b6\",\"$b7\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eSupporters of the SLCM-N contend that it provides a flexible and survivable nuclear option capable of deployment in various regions without needing to station nuclear assets on allied territories.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder, emphasizing that the commander-in-chief should have access to such options.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to its predecessor, the Navy\u0026#8217;s discontinued TLAM-N, the SLCM-N is envisioned as a lower-yield nuclear weapon launched from submarines that would add a new dimension to the maritime segment of the nuclear triad, allowing the United States to respond proportionately to a limited nuclear attack by an adversary.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representative image.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/ballistic-missile-launch-from-underwater-gm1262642973-369465735\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/span\u003e/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\\\"\u003eUS Navy’s 6th-gen fighter pursues unique design, independent of Air Force NGAD\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\\\"\u003eUS Air Force gets first long-range, high-speed stand-in attack missile for F-35s\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-aim-174b-missiles\\\"\u003eUS’ new missile outranges Beijing’s top weapon, could shift power in South China Sea\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":121611,\"tags\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Space\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Aerospace\",\"slug\":\"aerospace\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/aerospace\"},{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/space\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Space\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/space\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$b8\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"space\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":652,\"title\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eIn an exclusive with IE, HALO Space\u0026#8217;s CEO and CTO discussed the tech powering the Aurora capsule, and their vision for near-space exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eIn an exclusive with IE, HALO Space\u0026#8217;s CEO and CTO discussed the tech powering the Aurora capsule, and their vision for near-space exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":9292,\"readTime\":\"7 minutes\",\"body\":\"$b9\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\"\u003eHalo Space: how 'Aurora' balloons bring near-space tourism to all\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/iot-sateliot-5g-space-everywhere\\\"\u003eIoT: How Sateliot is bringing 5G from space to ‘absolutely everywhere’\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/spacex-gm-space-solar-power\\\"\u003eFormer SpaceX, General Motors engineers turn to space-based solar power\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34\",\"timeAgo\":\"21 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:26 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:31 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"title\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"name\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"alt_text\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"description\":\"The Aurora space capsule in flight, suspended by a balloon/parachute system.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\\\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Sade Agard\",\"slug\":\"sade-agard\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/DoK2hv5YUdDF.png\",\"page_url\":\"sade-agard\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/sade-agard\",\"description\":\"Sade is a geology graduate and Fellow of The Geological Society of London who she has experience publishing for. She enjoys writing and editing features of a range of scientific topics, with special interest in Earth science. Based in Windsor, Sade enjoys travelling to various sites of outstanding nature and has also lived in Thailand for a year.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space, a Spanish startup, is bringing near-space tourism closer to reality with its \u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e capsule\u003c/a\u003e. Better yet, if flying to the edge of space sounds like your dream experience, you can join a waiting list.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe stratospheric balloon system is designed to carry passengers 22 miles (35 kilometers) above the Earth\u0026#8217;s surface, offering an experience different from rocket-based space tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHALO Space\u003c/em\u003e expanded its testing and assembly operations to Saudi Arabia last month, which is a significant step forward.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$ba\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA tranquil ascent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Instead of the high-G forces and intense speeds typical of rocket launches, the Aurora capsule rises gradually,\u0026#8221; they said. This approach offers a peaceful journey with spectacular views of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature and space\u0026#8217;s darkness.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eMira and Castillo then highlighted the sustainability aspect of the stratospheric balloon system.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026#8216;Reduced carbon footprint\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The use of helium balloons dramatically reduces the carbon footprint compared to rocket-based launches, making it a greener alternative for space tourism,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccessibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, since it avoids the physical demands of high-speed rocket travel, the Aurora capsule is accessible to a broader range of passengers. Miro and Castillo explained that this includes those who might need to be physically fit for traditional space travel.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$bb\",\"$bc\",\"$bd\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnology testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the near-space environment offers conditions similar to those found in space. Such conditions include low temperatures, high radiation, and near-vacuum pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Companies can use the Aurora capsule to test new space technologies in these conditions at a lower cost than launching satellites or rockets,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$be\",\"$bf\",\"$c0\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThey argued that by focusing on accessibility, sustainability, and safety, HALO Space opens the door to new possibilities for space tourism, scientific discovery, and commercial innovation. \u0026#8220;Our goal is not just to take passengers on an unforgettable journey but to inspire a deeper connection to the planet and our place in the universe,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo concluded.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We believe that the Aurora capsule offers not just an adventure, but a transformative experience that will forever change how people see the world.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The Aurora space capsule in flight, suspended by a balloon/parachute system.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\\\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\"\u003eHalo Space: how 'Aurora' balloons bring near-space tourism to all\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/iot-sateliot-5g-space-everywhere\\\"\u003eIoT: How Sateliot is bringing 5G from space to ‘absolutely everywhere’\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/spacex-gm-space-solar-power\\\"\u003eFormer SpaceX, General Motors engineers turn to space-based solar power\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-121611-speech-20241119183535.mp3\"},{\"id\":122351,\"tags\":[\"AI\",\"Autonomous Surgery\",\"da Vinci\",\"Lung Transplant\",\"Lungs\",\"Machine 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transplant\",\"slug\":\"organ-transplant\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/organ-transplant\"},{\"name\":\"robot\",\"slug\":\"robot\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/robot\"},{\"name\":\"Robotic Surgery\",\"slug\":\"robotic-surgery\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/robotic-surgery\"},{\"name\":\"Surgery\",\"slug\":\"surgery\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/surgery\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Health\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Health\",\"slug\":\"health\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/health\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$c1\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"health\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":10,\"title\":\"NYU performs world\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant in medical milestone\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eSmall 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Armed with a BA in History (Honors) from St. Stephen's College, Delhi University, and a PG diploma in Journalism from the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Delhi, he has worked for news agencies, national newspapers, and automotive magazines. In his spare time, he likes to go off-roading, engage in political discourse, travel, and teach languages.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eNew York University (NYU) Langone Health achieved a medical milestone by performing the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA 57-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent a double lung transplant using the da Vinci Xi robotic system.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSmall incisions between the ribs allowed the robotic system to remove each lung, prepare the surgical site, and implant the new lungs. Both lungs were successfully transplanted entirely with robotic techniques.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to the team, the procedure showcases a breakthrough in robotic surgery and advances minimally invasive care.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$c3\",\"$c4\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the da Vinci system is known for input inaccuracies, researchers overcame this by focusing on relative movements instead of absolute actions. This adjustment improved precision and adaptability, allowing the robot to generalize to new environments and tasks, such as recovering a dropped needle during surgery.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe new model streamlines robot training, enabling surgical robots to learn procedures in days rather than years. According to experts, the innovation has the potential to advance surgical autonomy, minimize errors, and enhance procedural accuracy, marking a significant leap forward in robotic medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/fully-robotic-double-lung-transplant-nyu\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Both lungs were transplanted using robotic techniques.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\\\"\u003eNYU Langone Health\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\\\"\u003eBreakthrough robot nails surgery like a human doctor after watching videos \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\\\"\u003eWorld’s 1st robot surgeon concept for head-swap surgery shocks internet \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\\\"\u003eLab-made muscle: New laser tech grows real human tissues to replace lab rats\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 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minutes\",\"body\":\"$c6\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/japan-finally-built-worlds-first-wooden-satellite\\\"\u003eWorld's 1st wood satellite ready to blast off on SpaceX rocket\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/boeing-built-satellite-breaks-up-in-orbit\\\"\u003eBoeing-built satellite blows up into bits in space, cutting ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/worlds-1-wooden-satellite-launched-by-japan\\\"\u003eJapan sends world's 1st wooden satellite on 6-month ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T15:53:33\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T15:59:16\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 10:53 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 10:59 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-25.png\",\"title\":\"Starlink rival: China\u0026#8217;s SpaceSail set to provide satellite internet in Brazil\",\"name\":\"Starlink rival: China\u0026#8217;s SpaceSail set to provide satellite internet in Brazil\",\"alt_text\":\"Starlink rival: China\u0026#8217;s SpaceSail set to provide satellite internet in Brazil\",\"description\":\"SpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based internet access to areas with limited connectivity. (Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/satellite-and-planet-gm181075945-25438464?searchscope=image,film\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eenot-poloskun\u003c/a\u003e/AdrianHancu\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\",\"slug\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4710e3afaf17fd2a2fdd32a29b1937c?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"description\":\"Prabhat, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, is a tech and defense journalist. While he enjoys writing on modern weapons and emerging tech, he has also reported on global politics and business. He has been previously associated with well-known media houses, including the International Business Times (Singapore Edition) and ANI.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA Chinese company is challenging dominance of Elon Musk\u0026#8217;s Starlink in the Latin American region. Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet in the region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe firm signed an MoU with Brazil’s state-owned telecoms company Telecomunicacoes Brasileiras (Telebras) during the recent visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInitially, the plan is to study the demand for satellite internet areas where fiber optic infrastructure doesn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$c7\",\"$c8\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eShanghai Spacesail Technologies Co., Ltd. has begun business negotiations with dozens of countries to promote the global commercial application and services of its constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, China has 1,059 satellites in orbit, 492 of which are commercial satellites. By the end of June this year, 546 commercial space enterprises were registered and effectively operating in \u003ca href=\\\"http://english.scio.gov.cn/chinavoices/2024-11/21/content_117561027.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003eChina\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBrazil\u0026#8217;s deal with SpaceSail is likely aimed at warning Elon Musk and Starlink, which is the world\u0026#8217;s first and largest satellite constellation using a low Earth orbit to deliver broadband internet capable of supporting streaming, online gaming, video calls and more.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"SpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based internet access to areas with limited connectivity. (Representational image)\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/satellite-and-planet-gm181075945-25438464?searchscope=image,film\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eenot-poloskun\u003c/a\u003e/AdrianHancu\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/japan-finally-built-worlds-first-wooden-satellite\\\"\u003eWorld's 1st wood satellite ready to blast off on SpaceX rocket\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/boeing-built-satellite-breaks-up-in-orbit\\\"\u003eBoeing-built satellite blows up into bits in space, cutting ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/worlds-1-wooden-satellite-launched-by-japan\\\"\u003eJapan sends world's 1st wooden satellite on 6-month ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"}],\"recommendations\":[{\"id\":122660,\"tags\":[\"Physics\",\"Quantum Computing\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Physics\",\"slug\":\"physics\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/physics\"},{\"name\":\"Quantum 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minutes\",\"body\":\"$ca\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/iqm-quantum-computers-record-low-error\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003ePrototype quantum processor hits record 99.9% qubit fidelity in a major milestone\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/connecting-millions-of-qubits\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e‘Modular’ approach can help researchers connect, control millions of qubits\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/researchers-succeeded-in-executing-the-fastest-two-qubit-gate\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eResearchers succeeded in executing the fastest two-qubit gate\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T13:44:46\",\"timeAgo\":\"2 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T13:46:26\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 08:44 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 08:46 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/quantum-gate.jpg\",\"title\":\"Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing\",\"name\":\"Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing\",\"alt_text\":\"Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing\",\"description\":\"An illustration depicting quantum gate.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/an-artist-s-illustration-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-this-image-was-inspired-by-neural-networks-used-in-deep-learning-it-was-created-by-novoto-studio-as-part-of-the-visualising-ai-pr-17483874/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePexels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\",\"slug\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/ezxD3WoNFvMj.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"description\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt is an experienced writer, researcher, journalist, and filmmaker. With a B.Sc (Hons.) in Science and PGJMC in Mass Communications, he has been actively working with some of the most innovative brands, news agencies, digital magazines, documentary filmmakers, and nonprofits from different parts of the globe. As an author, he works with a vision to bring forward the right information and encourage a constructive mindset among the masses.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eLike logic gates in classical computers, quantum computing applications require quantum gates to change the state of qubits —- enabling them to perform complex calculations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, it is only quantum gates with high fidelity that can lead to powerful and reliable quantum computing operations. Fidelity refers to how accurately a quantum gate performs an intended operation. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026#8217;s a measure of how close the actual output is to the ideal output. \u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/record-quantum-computing-accuracy-existing-silicon\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003eHigh fidelity means\u003c/a\u003e the gate works as expected with minimal errors. This is very important in quantum computing as even small errors can build up and fail the entire calculations a quantum \u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/researchers-succeeded-in-executing-the-fastest-two-qubit-gate\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003ecomputer\u003c/a\u003e performs. \u003c/p\u003e\",\"$cb\",\"$cc\",\"$cd\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe gate can be used for both existing and future quantum computing applications. Hopefully, it will boost the development of accurate and reliable quantum devices.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\\\"https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041050\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review X\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"An illustration depicting quantum gate.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/an-artist-s-illustration-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-this-image-was-inspired-by-neural-networks-used-in-deep-learning-it-was-created-by-novoto-studio-as-part-of-the-visualising-ai-pr-17483874/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePexels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/iqm-quantum-computers-record-low-error\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003ePrototype quantum processor hits record 99.9% qubit fidelity in a major milestone\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/connecting-millions-of-qubits\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e‘Modular’ approach can help researchers connect, control millions of qubits\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/researchers-succeeded-in-executing-the-fastest-two-qubit-gate\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eResearchers succeeded in executing the fastest two-qubit gate\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122560,\"tags\":[\"black hole\",\"quantum gravity\",\"Space\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"black hole\",\"slug\":\"black-hole\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/black-hole\"},{\"name\":\"quantum gravity\",\"slug\":\"quantum-gravity\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/quantum-gravity\"},{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/space\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$ce\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"science\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":8,\"title\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe model shows that quantum effects cause an event horizon to form around a naked singularity, hiding it from view.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe model shows that quantum effects cause an event horizon to form around a naked singularity, hiding it from view.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3718,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$cf\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists simulate environment of enigmatic black holes in a hi-tech lab\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEinstein’s theory challenged: Black holes could be frozen stars, claims study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/levitating-magnets-quantum-gravity\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists use levitating magnets to understand quantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:12\",\"timeAgo\":\"8 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:19\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:52 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:52 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"title\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"name\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"alt_text\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"description\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. (Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/time-warp-traveling-through-space-and-time-gm1481356082-508678536?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePitri\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es/iStock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\",\"slug\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/ezxD3WoNFvMj.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"description\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt is an experienced writer, researcher, journalist, and filmmaker. With a B.Sc (Hons.) in Science and PGJMC in Mass Communications, he has been actively working with some of the most innovative brands, news agencies, digital magazines, documentary filmmakers, and nonprofits from different parts of the globe. As an author, he works with a vision to bring forward the right information and encourage a constructive mindset among the masses.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, British mathematician Roger Penrose proposed the cosmic censorship conjecture, a concept that suggests that singularities — regions where gravity is so strong that the fabric of spacetime breaks, can never be viewed as they remain hidden behind the event horizon of black holes.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003ePenrose won the 2020 Nobel Prize for his work that describes that singularities are the unique points in spacetime where classical laws of physics such as\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/study-challenges-einsteins-relativity-theory-finds-instability-in-black-holes\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003e general relativity don’t work\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$d0\",\"$d1\",\"$d2\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\\\"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.181501\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review Letters\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. (Representational image)\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/time-warp-traveling-through-space-and-time-gm1481356082-508678536?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePitri\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es/iStock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists simulate environment of enigmatic black holes in a hi-tech lab\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEinstein’s theory challenged: Black holes could be frozen stars, claims study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/levitating-magnets-quantum-gravity\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists use levitating magnets to understand quantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122492,\"tags\":[\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"plastic\",\"plastic recycling\",\"polypropylene\",\"Recycling\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"plastic\",\"slug\":\"plastic\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic\"},{\"name\":\"plastic recycling\",\"slug\":\"plastic-recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic-recycling\"},{\"name\":\"polypropylene\",\"slug\":\"polypropylene\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/polypropylene\"},{\"name\":\"Recycling\",\"slug\":\"recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/recycling\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$d3\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8033,\"readTime\":\"6 minutes\",\"body\":\"$d4\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:09:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"8 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:14:31\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:09 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:14 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"name\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"alt_text\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Chris Young\",\"slug\":\"chris-young\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/6UKotck4r9pz.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"chris-young\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/chris-young\",\"description\":\"Chris Young is a journalist, copywriter, blogger and tech geek at heart who\u0026rsquo;s reported on the likes of the Mobile World Congress, written for Lifehack, The Culture Trip, Flydoscope and some of the world\u0026rsquo;s biggest tech companies, including NEC and Thales, about robots, satellites and other world-changing innovations.\u0026nbsp;\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$d5\",\"$d6\",\"$d7\",\"$d8\",\"$d9\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\\\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-122492-speech-20241123070916.mp3\"},{\"id\":122350,\"tags\":[\"Inventions and Machines\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Inventions and 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09:59 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 09:59 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CTG1.jpg\",\"title\":\"Coatings supercharge high-performance engines, now they are getting better\",\"name\":\"Coatings supercharge high-performance engines, now they are getting better\",\"alt_text\":\"Coatings supercharge high-performance engines, now they are getting better\",\"description\":\"Representational stock image of jet engine powered plane. \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/f-a-18c-hornet-catapult-launch-gm118958406-12105473?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan 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A Molecular Biologist at heart, he traded the micropipette to write about science during the pandemic and does not want to go back. He likes to write about genetics, microbes, technology, and public policy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the frying pan in the kitchen to airplanes in the sky, everything has a thin layer of coating that delivers an extra attribute that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. These coatings are made of different materials and applied differently, but when engineering has reached its limits, coatings have always outperformed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eEveryday objects, from pans and pots to cars we drive around in, have a coating for a specialized function. This could be to prevent food from sticking to them or to prevent fires from spreading rapidly. 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Her work has been featured in well-known publications including Nature India, Supercluster, The Weather Channel and Astronomy magazine. If you have pitches in mind, please do not hesitate to email her.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eMalaria, a disease that has plagued humanity for centuries, continues to claim millions of lives each year. But scientists may have found a new way to combat this deadly disease.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eIn clinical trials, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine has demonstrated that mosquito bites can deliver the malaria vaccine safely.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis novel vaccination strategy involves using genetically modified mosquitoes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$e1\",\"$e2\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were divided into three groups: one group received the GA2 vaccine, another received an earlier version (GA1), and the control group received bites from uninfected mosquitoes. The primary goal was to assess the vaccine\u0026#8217;s ability to prevent malaria infection and its safety profile.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAfter three weeks, both groups were exposed to malaria-carrying mosquitoes to assess their level of protection.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBefore being exposed to malaria-carrying mosquitoes, both groups showed increased antibody levels. However, the GA1 group had a lower protection rate (13 percent) compared to the group bitten by GA2 parasite at 89 percent. The only reported side effects were minor itching from the mosquito bites.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“Protective efficacy against subsequent controlled human malaria infection was observed in 8 of 9 participants (89 percent) in the GA2 group, in 1 of 8 participants (13 percent) in the GA1 group, and in 0 of 3 participants in the placebo group,” the study noted. \u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUp next, the researchers plan to conduct a larger trial. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis innovative approach could significantly reduce the global burden of malaria, particularly in regions where the disease is most prevalent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe trial findings were published in \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2313892\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe New England Journal of Medicine. \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/bite-of-hope-malaria-vaccine-delivered-by-gene-edited-mosquito-kills-infection-by-89\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational image of mosquito feeding on a human host.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/culex-pipiens-feeding-on-a-human-host-macro-of-common-house-mosquito-sucking-blood-gm1325731071-410658362?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003eiStock\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/common-kitchen-soap-key-to-fighting-malaria\\\"\u003eCommon kitchen soap key to fighting malaria\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/burkina-faso-scientist-fights-malaria-with-innovative-gene-tech\\\"\u003eCan gene editing end malaria? 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