推进粮食体系转型实现人民健康、环境和经济三赢

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Photo credit: Shutterstock</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container responsivegrid lp__full_row_wrapper aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="container-245f170b07" class="cmp-container "> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="container responsivegrid tui_container_col_10_offset_1 aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="container-12f9055986" class="cmp-container "> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="container responsivegrid aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="container-fe65033211" class="cmp-container "> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="embed aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> </div> <div class="text aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="text-4741228b28" class="cmp-text"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--html-area paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-html-area field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>在世界不断与粮食危机作斗争之时，我们需要牢记，这个问题的产生并非一朝一夕。俄乌战争加速并引发了对粮食危机的更多关注，但粮食价格和全球饥饿现象在战前就已趋于上升。气候变化等因素一直是这些恶化趋势的主要驱动力。具有讽刺意味的是，尽管全球粮食产量在1961-2020年期间几乎翻了两番，并在2000-2020年期间又增加了50%，但饥饿人口却超过以往任何时候。</p> <p>要解决当前面临的情况，我们必需比以往任何时候都更加重视粮食体系转型，使其更具可持续性，养活不断增长的全球人口。运转良好的粮食体系将有助于人力资本建设，使社区摆脱贫困，增强气候韧性。相反，据估计全球粮食体系每年产生的隐性社会、经济和环境成本高达12万亿美元左右，其中包括全球温室气体排放量的近三分之一，并且通过使健康食品价格保持在过高水平，驱使消费者去选择不健康的食品。</p> <p>继续走老路是不可接受的，我们需要系统地转变农业和粮食体系的发展途径，改变我们生产、运输和消费粮食的方式。</p> <p>作为世界各国农业部长和专家最大规模的聚会之一，即将在柏林召开的<a href="https://gffa-berlin.de/en/">2023年全球粮食和农业论坛</a>为实现粮食体系转型探讨各种备选方案、分享经验并商定协调一致的行动提供了一个良机。</p> <p>我们需要做出的一个关键转变是对农业的支持方式。全球对农业和粮食的支持每年达7000多亿美元。虽然这种支持是必要的，但其中大部分定位不当——在每一块美元中，农民只获得35美分，而且这种支持政策往往鼓励了不可持续的生产方式。</p> <p>政府可以选择重新调整目前的农业支持政策（主要用于价格支持、投入品补贴和给予生产者的直接支付），转而将其用于实施环境友好型政策，激励农民采用气候智慧型农业实践。公共资金也可以用来帮助符合社会和环境高标准的私营部门投资项目降低风险。农业支持还可用于激励有前景的新技术，例如减少温室气体的牛饲料添加剂或减少甲烷排放的水稻生产技术。</p> <p>采取适当的政策可以减少价格扭曲，促进有韧性和可持续的生产率增长，加强价值链。反过来，这会改善粮食安全和营养，增加农民收入，并确保公共项目更加物有所值。</p> <p>另一项挑战是，全球粮食体系错综复杂和高度碎片化。尽管粮食产量大幅增加，但粮食体系效率低下，浪费严重，富足与饥饿并存。导致这些失败的核心问题是农民和市场内部缺乏获取信息的渠道，而缺乏灵活性的体系助长了高昂的交易成本。</p> <p>更好地利用数据和数字技术，能够帮助全球5.7亿个农场与80亿消费者对接。数据驱动的数字农业能够帮助提高作物产量，减少浪费，降低成本，减少污染，而这一切都对减少不平等和全球饥饿大有裨益。</p> <p>但是，没有放之四海而皆准的解决方案。每个国家在确定实现预期结果的备选方案和战略方面都有自身的一系列挑战和需求。要想最终实现粮食体系转型以带来更好的发展成果，需要进行根据具体国情的本土分析，并配合开展多个利益相关方之间的对话，将所有声音纳入决策过程。</p> <p>根据我们的<a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/food-systems-2030">《2030年的粮食体系》</a>计划，世界银行致力于支持各国推进粮食体系转型，目标是到2030年实现零饥饿。该计划获得了德国、英国、欧盟委员会以及比尔和梅琳达盖茨基金会的支持。我们正在与25个国家合作，寻求针对具体国家的切入点，重新调整农业政策和支持方式，创建刺激私营部门融资的商业模式，促进气候智慧型农业，应用数字创新，实施负担得起的健康营养膳食战略。</p> <p>世界银行集团及其诸多合作伙伴随时准备与各国政府及合作伙伴合作，分享推动全球粮食体系转型的政策和投资知识。全球粮食和农业论坛可以成为粮食和农业工作者分享成功经验的一个平台，促进实现粮食体系转型的三赢（人民健康、环境和经济）。</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="listnavigation tui__link_list aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> </div> <div class="separator lp__separator_spacing aem-GridColumn 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