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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second World War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prisoner_of_War:_1940–1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoner_of_War:_1940–1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prisoner of War: 1940–1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoner_of_War:_1940–1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_in_France_under_the_Vichy_administration:_1941–1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_in_France_under_the_Vichy_administration:_1941–1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Work in France under the Vichy administration: 1941–1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_in_France_under_the_Vichy_administration:_1941–1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_engagement_in_resistance:_1943–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_engagement_in_resistance:_1943–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Full engagement in resistance: 1943–1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_engagement_in_resistance:_1943–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fourth Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fourth_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fourth Republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_in_politics:_1946–1954" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_in_politics:_1946–1954"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rise in politics: 1946–1954</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_in_politics:_1946–1954-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senior_minister_during_the_Algerian_War:_1954–1958" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senior_minister_during_the_Algerian_War:_1954–1958"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Senior minister during the Algerian War: 1954–1958</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senior_minister_during_the_Algerian_War:_1954–1958-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_during_the_Fifth_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_during_the_Fifth_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Opposition during the Fifth Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_during_the_Fifth_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition during the Fifth Republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_during_the_Fifth_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crossing_the_desert:_1958–1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing_the_desert:_1958–1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Crossing the desert: 1958–1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing_the_desert:_1958–1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_De_Gaulle:_1964–1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_De_Gaulle:_1964–1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Opposition to De Gaulle: 1964–1971</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_De_Gaulle:_1964–1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_Party_leader:_1971–1981" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_Party_leader:_1971–1981"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Socialist Party leader: 1971–1981</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_Party_leader:_1971–1981-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term:_1981–1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term:_1981–1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>First term: 1981–1988</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term:_1981–1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Social policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Cultural policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Domestic difficulties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Cohabitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Cohabitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>First Cohabitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Cohabitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term:_1988–1995" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term:_1988–1995"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Second term: 1988–1995</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term:_1988–1995-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Cohabitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Cohabitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Second Cohabitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Cohabitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East/West_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East/West_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>East/West relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East/West_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>European policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_speech_at_La_Baule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_speech_at_La_Baule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>1990 speech at La Baule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_speech_at_La_Baule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_HIV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_HIV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Discovery of HIV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_HIV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apology_to_the_Huguenots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apology_to_the_Huguenots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>Apology to the Huguenots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apology_to_the_Huguenots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-Prince_of_Andorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-Prince_of_Andorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.6</span> <span>Co-Prince of Andorra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-Prince_of_Andorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_ministers_during_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_ministers_during_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Prime ministers during presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_ministers_during_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_secrecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_secrecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Medical secrecy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_secrecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Urba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wiretaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wiretaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Wiretaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wiretaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Rwanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombing_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombing_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Bombing of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombing_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Foreign honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vexillology_and_heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vexillology_and_heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Vexillology and heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vexillology_and_heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">François Mitterrand</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8B_%E1%88%9A%E1%89%B4%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95" title="ፍራንስዋ ሚቴራን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍራንስዋ ሚቴራን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرنسوا ميتران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسوا ميتران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransua_Mitteran" title="Fransua Mitteran – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransua Mitteran" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%81" title="ফ্রঁসোয়া মিতেরঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রঁসোয়া মিতেরঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Франсуа Миттеран – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Франсуа Миттеран" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Франсуа Мітэран – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франсуа Мітэран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Франсоа Митеран – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсоа Митеран" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Φρανσουά Μιτεράν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρανσουά Μιτεράν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرانسوا میتران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسوا میتران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%88%98%EC%95%84_%EB%AF%B8%ED%85%8C%EB%9E%91" title="프랑수아 미테랑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑수아 미테랑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ֆրանսուա Միտտերան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսուա Միտտերան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פרנסואה מיטראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסואה מיטראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Maurice_Adrien_Marie_Mitterrand" title="François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფრანსუა მიტერანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანსუა მიტერანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Франсуа Миттеран – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франсуа Миттеран" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Франсуа Миттеран – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франсуа Миттеран" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Mitterrand" title="Franciscus Mitterrand – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransu%C4%81_Miter%C4%81ns" title="Fransuā Miterāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fransuā Miterāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Франсоа Митеран – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франсоа Митеран" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രാൻസ്വാ മിത്തറാങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസ്വാ മിത്തറാങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="फ्रांस्वा मित्तराँ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रांस्वा मित्तराँ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფრანსუა მიტერანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრანსუა მიტერანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرانسوا ميتيران – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسوا ميتيران" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرانسوا میتران – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانسوا میتران" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Франсуа Миттеран – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франсуа Миттеран" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="フランソワ・ミッテラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランソワ・ミッテラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فرانسوا مېتراند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسوا مېتراند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Миттеран, Франсуа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миттеран, Франсуа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرانسوا میتێران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرانسوا میتێران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Франсоа Митеран – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсоа Митеран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ฟร็องซัว มีแตร็อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟร็องซัว มีแตร็อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Франсуа Миттеран – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Франсуа Миттеран" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Франсуа Міттеран – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франсуа Міттеран" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="فرانسوا متراں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسوا متراں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97" title="弗朗索瓦·密特朗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗朗索瓦·密特朗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="François Mitterrand" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97" title="弗朗索瓦·密特朗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗朗索瓦·密特朗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransua_Mitteran" title="Fransua Mitteran – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fransua Mitteran" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of France from 1981 to 1995</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mitterrand" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mitterrand_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mitterrand (disambiguation)">Mitterrand (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">François Mitterrand</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg/220px-President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg/330px-President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg/440px-President_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_in_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="2919" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Mitterrand in 1983</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 May 1981 – 17 May 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Pierre Mauroy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a></li><li>Jacques Chirac</li><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Pierre Bérégovoy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Party political offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Socialist_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Socialist Party (France)">First Secretary of the Socialist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 June 1971 – 24 January 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Savary" title="Alain Savary">Alain Savary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Democratic_and_Socialist_Left" title="Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left">Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 December 1965 – 7 November 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Party established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Party abolished</i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Political offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_General_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the General Council">President of the General Council</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 March 1964 – 15 May 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars%C3%A8ne_C%C3%A9lestin-Fi%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsène Célestin-Fié (page does not exist)">Arsène Célestin-Fié</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_C%C3%A9lestin-Fi%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Arsène Célestin-Fié">fr</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Berrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noël Berrier (page does not exist)">Noël Berrier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Berrier" class="extiw" title="fr:Noël Berrier">fr</a>]</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_(France)" title="Mayor (France)">Mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Chinon_(Ville)" title="Château-Chinon (Ville)">Château-Chinon</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 March 1959 – 15 May 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mantin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Mantin (page does not exist)">Robert Mantin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mantin" class="extiw" title="fr:Robert Mantin">fr</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Pierre_Sign%C3%A9" title="René-Pierre Signé">René-Pierre Signé</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Ministerial offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(France)" title="Ministry of Justice (France)">Minister of Justice</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 January 1956 – 12 June 1957</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Corniglion-Molinier" title="Édouard Corniglion-Molinier">Édouard Corniglion-Molinier</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 June 1954 – 23 February 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Pierre Mendès France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Martinaud-D%C3%A9plat" title="Léon Martinaud-Déplat">Léon Martinaud-Déplat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Minister delegate to the Council of Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 June 1953 – 4 September 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Joseph Laniel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pierre Pflimlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Overseas_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Overseas France">Minister of Overseas France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 July 1950 – 15 August 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">René Pleven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Henri Queuille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Coste-Floret" title="Paul Coste-Floret">Paul Coste-Floret</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacquinot" title="Louis Jacquinot">Louis Jacquinot</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_Ministers_of_Veterans_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French Ministers of Veterans Affairs">Minister of Veterans and War Victims</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 November 1947 – 19 July 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Schuman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mayer" title="Daniel Mayer">Daniel Mayer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Maroselli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Maroselli (page does not exist)">André Maroselli</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maroselli" class="extiw" title="fr:André Maroselli">fr</a>]</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 January 1947 – 21 October 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Lejeune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Lejeune (page does not exist)">Max Lejeune</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Lejeune" class="extiw" title="fr:Max Lejeune">fr</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Daniel Mayer</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a><br />for Nièvre's 3rd constituency</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 December 1962 – 21 May 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehan_Faulquier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehan Faulquier (page does not exist)">Jehan Faulquier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehan_Faulquier" class="extiw" title="fr:Jehan Faulquier">fr</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bardin" title="Bernard Bardin">Bernard Bardin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senator</a> for Nièvre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 April 1959 – 13 December 1962</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Doussot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Doussot (page does not exist)">Jean Doussot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Doussot" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Doussot">fr</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Benoist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Benoist (page does not exist)">Daniel Benoist</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Benoist" class="extiw" title="fr:Daniel Benoist">fr</a>]</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Fourth_Republic)" title="National Assembly (French Fourth Republic)">National Assembly</a><br /> for Nièvre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 November 1946 – 8 December 1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Gillot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Gillot (page does not exist)">Roger Gillot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Gillot" class="extiw" title="fr:Roger Gillot">fr</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jehan Faulquier</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-10-26</span>)</span>26 October 1916<br /><a href="/wiki/Jarnac" title="Jarnac">Jarnac</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 January 1996<span style="display:none">(1996-01-08)</span> (aged 79)<br />Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Cimetière des Grands-Maisons, Jarnac</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist</a> (from 1969)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Cross of Fire</a> (before 1936)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Socialist_Union_of_the_Resistance" title="Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance">Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance</a> (1945–1964)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Republican_Institutions" title="Convention of Republican Institutions">Convention of Republican Institutions</a> (1964–1971)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Mitterrand" title="Danielle Mitterrand">Danielle Gouze</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="28 October 1944">1944</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Mitterrand" title="Jean-Christophe Mitterrand">Jean-Christophe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazarine_Pingeot" title="Mazarine Pingeot">Mazarine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mitterrand" title="Frédéric Mitterrand">Frédéric Mitterrand</a> (nephew)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="François Mitterrand's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_Signature.svg/128px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_Signature.svg/192px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_Signature.svg/256px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="81" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitterrand.org/index.php">Mitterrand Institute</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1937–1939</li><li>1939–1941</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_voice.oga" title="File:François Mitterrand voice.oga">François Mitterrand's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="448" data-mwtitle="François_Mitterrand_voice.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_voice.oga/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_voice.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_voice.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Mitterrand on <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">France–United States relations</a><br />Recorded 22 March 1984</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French politician and statesman who served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> from 1981 to 1995, the longest holder of that position in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">history of France</a>. As a former <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="First Secretary of the Socialist Party">Socialist Party First Secretary</a>, he was the first <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politician</a> to assume the presidency under the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>. </p><p>Due to family influences, Mitterrand started his political life on the Catholic nationalist right. He served under the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy regime</a> during its earlier years. Subsequently, he joined the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a>, moved to the left, and held ministerial office several times under the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a>. Mitterrand opposed <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s establishment of the Fifth Republic. Although at times a politically isolated figure, he outmanoeuvred rivals to become the left's standard bearer in the <a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965</a> and <a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">1974</a> presidential elections, before being elected president in the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 presidential election</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">re-elected in 1988</a> and remained in office until 1995. </p><p>Mitterrand invited the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communist Party</a> into his first government, which was a controversial decision at the time. However, the Communists were boxed in as junior partners and, rather than taking advantage, saw their support eroded, eventually leaving the cabinet in 1984. </p><p>Early in his first term, Mitterrand followed a radical left-wing economic agenda, including nationalisation of key firms and the introduction of the 39-hour work week. He likewise pushed a progressive agenda with reforms such as the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France" title="Capital punishment in France">death penalty</a>, and the end of a government monopoly in radio and television broadcasting. He was also a strong promoter of French culture and implemented a range of costly "<a href="/wiki/Grands_Projets_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="Grands Projets of François Mitterrand">Grands Projets</a>". However, faced with economic tensions, he soon abandoned his nationalization programme, in favour of <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Market liberalization">market liberalization</a> policies. In 1985, he was faced with a major controversy after ordering the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">bombing of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> vessel docked in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>. Later in 1991, he became the first French President to appoint a female prime minister, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a>. During his presidency, Mitterrand was twice forced by the loss of a parliamentary majority into "<a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation governments</a>" with conservative cabinets led, respectively, by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (1986–1988), and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a> (1993–1995). </p><p>Mitterrand’s foreign and defence policies built on those of his Gaullist predecessors, except in regard to their reluctance to support <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, which he reversed. His partnership with German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> advanced European integration via the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, and he accepted <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. </p><p>Less than eight months after leaving office, he died from the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> he had successfully concealed for most of his presidency. Beyond making the <a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a> electable, Mitterrand presided over the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> to dominance of the left, and the decline of the once-dominant Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>François Marie Adrien Maurice Mitterrand was born on 26 October 1916 in <a href="/wiki/Jarnac" title="Jarnac">Jarnac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of Joseph Mitterrand and Yvonne Lorrain. His family was devoutly Catholic<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conservative. His father worked as a stationmaster for the <a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_Fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans">Compagnie Paris Orléans</a> railway. He had three brothers, Robert, Jacques (retired General and head of the French state aircraft company Aerospatiale), and Philippe, and four sisters, Antoinette, Marie-Josèphe, Colette, and Geneviève. </p><p>Mitterrand's wife, <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Mitterrand" title="Danielle Mitterrand">Danielle Mitterrand</a> (<i>née</i> Gouze, 1924–2011), came from a socialist background and worked for various left-wing causes. They married on 24 October 1944 and had three sons: Pascal (10 June – 17 September 1945), <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Mitterrand" title="Jean-Christophe Mitterrand">Jean-Christophe</a>, born in 1946, and Gilbert, born on 4 February 1949. He also had two children as results of extra-marital affairs: an acknowledged daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mazarine_Pingeot" title="Mazarine Pingeot">Mazarine</a> (born 1974), with his mistress <a href="/wiki/Anne_Pingeot" title="Anne Pingeot">Anne Pingeot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an unacknowledged son, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hravn_Forsne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hravn Forsne (page does not exist)">Hravn Forsne</a> (born 1988), with Swedish journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Forsne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Forsne (page does not exist)">Chris Forsne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Forsne" class="extiw" title="sv:Chris Forsne">sv</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>François Mitterrand's nephew <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mitterrand" title="Frédéric Mitterrand">Frédéric Mitterrand</a> was a journalist, Minister of Culture and Communications under <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (and a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, former French President), and his wife's brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hanin" title="Roger Hanin">Roger Hanin</a> was a well-known French actor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_twentieth_century" class="mw-redirect" title="France in the twentieth century">France in the twentieth century</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1933.jpg/170px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1933.jpg/255px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1933.jpg/340px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand in 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>François Mitterrand studied from 1925 to 1934 at the Collège Saint-Paul in <a href="/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Angoulême">Angoulême</a>, where he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_%C3%89tudiante_Chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Jeunesse Étudiante Chrétienne">Jeunesse Étudiante Chrétienne</a>, the student organisation of <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Action catholique</a></i>. Arriving in Paris in the autumn of 1934, he then went to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Libre_des_Sciences_Politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="École Libre des Sciences Politiques">École Libre des Sciences Politiques</a> until 1937, where he obtained his diploma in July of that year. François Mitterrand took membership for about a year in the <i>Volontaires nationaux</i> (National Volunteers), an organisation related to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_la_Rocque" class="mw-redirect" title="François de la Rocque">François de la Rocque</a>'s far-right league, the <i><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Feu" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de Feu">Croix de Feu</a></i>; the league had just participated in the <a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="6 February 1934 riots">6 February 1934 riots</a> which led to the fall of the second <i><a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_Gauches" title="Cartel des Gauches">Cartel des Gauches</a></i> (Left-Wing Coalition).<sup id="cite_ref-Péan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Péan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to some reports, Mitterrand never became a formal member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Social_Party" title="French Social Party">French Social Party</a>, which was the successor to the Croix de Feu and may be considered the first French right-wing mass party.<sup id="cite_ref-Péan_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Péan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he did write news articles in the <i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_de_Paris" title="L'Écho de Paris">L'Écho de Paris</a></i> newspaper, which was close to the Social Party. He participated in the demonstrations against the "<i>invasion <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A8que" class="mw-redirect" title="Métèque">métèque</a></i>" in February 1935 and then in those against law teacher <a href="/wiki/Gaston_J%C3%A8ze" title="Gaston Jèze">Gaston Jèze</a>, who had been nominated as juridical counsellor of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a>, in January 1936. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Mitterrand_and_the_far_right" title="Mitterrand and the far right">Mitterrand's involvement</a> in these conservative nationalist movements was revealed in the 1990s, he attributed his actions to the milieu of his youth. He furthermore had some personal and family relations with members of the <a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">Cagoule</a>, a far-right terrorist group in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitterrand then served his <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_France" title="Conscription in France">conscription</a> from 1937 to 1939 in the 23rd régiment d'infanterie coloniale. In 1938, he became the best friend of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Dayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Dayan (page does not exist)">Georges Dayan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Dayan" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Dayan">fr</a>]</span>, a Jewish socialist, whom he saved from anti-Semitic aggressions by the national-royalist movement <i><a href="/wiki/Action_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Action française">Action française</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His friendship with Dayan caused Mitterrand to begin to question some of his nationalist ideas. Finishing his law studies, he was sent in September 1939 to the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Maginot line">Maginot line</a> near <a href="/wiki/Montm%C3%A9dy" title="Montmédy">Montmédy</a>, with the rank of Sergeant-chief (infantry sergeant). He became engaged to Marie-Louise Terrasse (future actress and television presenter <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Langeais" title="Catherine Langeais">Catherine Langeais</a>) in May 1940, when she was 16, but she broke it off in January 1942. Following an observation of Nazi concentration camps at the end of World War II, François Mitterrand became an <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>François Mitterrand's actions during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> were the cause of much controversy in France during the 1980s and 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoner_of_War:_1940–1941"><span id="Prisoner_of_War:_1940.E2.80.931941"></span>Prisoner of War: 1940–1941</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prisoner of War: 1940–1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitterrand was near the end of his national service when the war broke out. He fought as an infantry sergeant and was injured and captured by the Germans on 14 June 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was held prisoner at <a href="/wiki/Stalag" title="Stalag">Stalag</a> IXA near Ziegenhain (today part of <a href="/wiki/Schwalmstadt" title="Schwalmstadt">Schwalmstadt</a>, a town near <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>). François Mitterrand became involved in the social organisation for the POWs in the camp.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He claims this, and the influence of the people he met there, began to change his political ideas, moving him towards the left.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two failed escape attempts in March and then November 1941 before he finally escaped on 16 December 1941, returning to France on foot.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In December 1941 he arrived home in the <a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">unoccupied zone</a> controlled by the French. With help from a friend<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of his mother, he got a job as a mid-level functionary of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a>, looking after the interests of POWs. This was very unusual for an escaped prisoner, and he later claimed to have served as a spy for the <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_in_France_under_the_Vichy_administration:_1941–1943"><span id="Work_in_France_under_the_Vichy_administration:_1941.E2.80.931943"></span>Work in France under the Vichy administration: 1941–1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Work in France under the Vichy administration: 1941–1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitterrand worked from January to April 1942 for the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_fran%C3%A7aise_des_combattants" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion française des combattants"><i>Légion française des combattants et des volontaires de la révolution nationale</i></a> (Legion of French combatants and volunteers of the national revolution) as a civil servant on a temporary contract. François Mitterrand worked under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Favre_de_Thierrens" title="Jean-Paul Favre de Thierrens">Jean-Paul Favre de Thierrens</a> who was a spy for the British secret service. He then moved to the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commissariat_au_reclassement_des_prisonniers_de_guerre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commissariat au reclassement des prisonniers de guerre (page does not exist)">Commissariat au reclassement des prisonniers de guerre</a></i> (Service for the Reorientation of POWs). During this period, François Mitterrand was aware of Thierrens's activities and may have helped in his <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> campaign.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the same time, he published an article detailing his time as a POW in the magazine <i>France, revue de l'État nouveau</i> (the magazine was published as propaganda by the Vichy Regime).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1942.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1942.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1942.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand (right) with <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> on 15 October 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>François Mitterrand has been called a "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Vichysto-résistant</i></span>" (an expression used by the historian Jean-Pierre Azéma to describe people who supported Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>, the head of the Vichy Regime, before 1943, but subsequently rejected the Vichy Regime).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From spring 1942, he met other escaped POWs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Roussel_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Roussel (politician) (page does not exist)">Jean Roussel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Roussel_(homme_politique)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Roussel (homme politique)">fr</a>]</span>, Max Varenne, and Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Fric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Fric (page does not exist)">Guy Fric</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fric" class="extiw" title="fr:Guy Fric">fr</a>]</span>, under whose influence he became involved with the resistance. In April, François Mitterrand and Fric caused a major disturbance in a public meeting held by the collaborator <a href="/wiki/Georges_Claude" title="Georges Claude">Georges Claude</a>. From mid-1942, he sent false papers to POWs in Germany<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and on 12 June and 15 August 1942, he joined meetings at the Château de Montmaur which formed the base of his future network for the resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From September, he made contact with <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French Forces</a>, but clashed with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Cailliau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Cailliau (page does not exist)">Michel Cailliau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Cailliau" class="extiw" title="fr:Michel Cailliau">fr</a>]</span>, General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s nephew (and de Gaulle's candidate to head-up all POW-related resistance organizations).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 October 1942, François Mitterrand and Marcel Barrois (a member of the resistance deported in 1944) met Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> along with other members of the <i>Comité d'entraide aux prisonniers rapatriés de l'Allier</i> (Mutual Assistance Committee for Repatriated POWs of the Allier Department).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1942, François Mitterrand met <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9nouville" title="Pierre de Bénouville">Pierre Guillain de Bénouville</a>, an old friend from his days with <i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i>. Bénouville was a member of the resistance groups <i><a href="/wiki/Combat_(French_Resistance)" title="Combat (French Resistance)">Combat</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Noyautage_des_administrations_publiques" title="Noyautage des administrations publiques">Noyautage des administrations publiques</a></i> (NAP). </p><p>In late 1942, <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">the non-occupied zone was invaded by the Germans</a>. Mitterrand left the Commissariat in January 1943, when his boss <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Pinot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Pinot (page does not exist)">Maurice Pinot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Pinot" class="extiw" title="fr:Maurice Pinot">fr</a>]</span>, another <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vichysto-résistant</i></span>, was replaced by the collaborator André Masson, but he remained in charge of the <i>centres d'entraides</i>. In the spring of 1943, along with <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jeantet" title="Gabriel Jeantet">Gabriel Jeantet</a>, a member of Marshal Pétain's cabinet, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Arbellot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Arbellot (page does not exist)">Simon Arbellot</a> (both former members of La Cagoule), François Mitterrand received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Francisque" title="Order of the Francisque">Order of the Francisque</a> (the honorific distinction of the Vichy Regime). </p><p>Debate rages in France as to the significance of this. When François Mitterrand's Vichy past was exposed in the 1950s, he at first denied having received the Francisque (some sources say he was designated for the award, but never received the medal because he went into hiding before the ceremony took place).<sup id="cite_ref-Glasbert_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glasbert-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socialist Resistance leader <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pierre-Bloch" title="Jean Pierre-Bloch">Jean Pierre-Bloch</a> says that Mitterrand was ordered to accept the medal as cover for his work in the resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici" title="Pierre Moscovici">Pierre Moscovici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Attali" title="Jacques Attali">Jacques Attali</a> remain skeptical of Mitterrand's beliefs at this time, accusing him of having at best a "foot in each camp" until he was sure who the winner would be. They noted his friendship with <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a> and the wreaths he was said to have placed on Pétain's tomb in later years (see below) as examples of his ambivalent attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, while President of France, Mitterrand maintained that the roundup of Jews who were then deported to death camps during the war was solely the work of "Vichy France", an entity distinct from France: "The Republic had nothing to do with this. I do not believe France is responsible."<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position was rejected by President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> in 1995 who stated that it was time that France faced up to its past. He acknowledged the role of the state – "4,500 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders [who] obeyed the demands of the Nazis" – in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chirac added that the "criminal madness of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French State".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> was even more specific as to the State's responsibility for the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</a> of 13,000 Jews for deportation to concentration camps. It was indeed "France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was done by "French police collaborating with the Nazis", he said on 16 July 2017. "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it’s convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_engagement_in_resistance:_1943–1945"><span id="Full_engagement_in_resistance:_1943.E2.80.931945"></span>Full engagement in resistance: 1943–1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Full engagement in resistance: 1943–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitterrand built up a resistance network,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> composed mainly of former POWs. The POWs National Rally (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_national_des_prisonniers_de_guerre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rassemblement national des prisonniers de guerre (page does not exist)">Rassemblement national des prisonniers de guerre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_national_des_prisonniers_de_guerre" class="extiw" title="fr:Rassemblement national des prisonniers de guerre">fr</a>]</span></i>, RNPG) was affiliated with General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a>, a former POW who had escaped from a German prison and made his way across Germany back to the Allied forces. In 1943 Giraud was contesting with de Gaulle for the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>. </p><p>From the beginning of 1943, Mitterrand had contacts with a powerful resistance group called the <i><a href="/wiki/Organisation_de_r%C3%A9sistance_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e" title="Organisation de résistance de l'armée">Organisation de résistance de l'armée</a></i> (ORA),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organised by former French military personnel. From this time on, François Mitterrand could act as a member of the ORA,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moreover he set up his own RNPG network with Pinot in February and he obtained funding for his own network. In March, François Mitterrand met <a href="/wiki/Henri_Frenay" title="Henri Frenay">Henri Frenay</a>, who encouraged the resistance in France to support François Mitterrand over Michel Cailliau.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 28 May 1943, when François Mitterrand met with Gaullist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Dechartre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Dechartre (page does not exist)">Philippe Dechartre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Dechartre" class="extiw" title="fr:Philippe Dechartre">fr</a>]</span>, is generally taken as the date François Mitterrand split with Vichy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dechartre, the meeting on 28 May 1943 was set up because "there were three movements [of <i>Résistance</i>:] […] the Gaullist, the communist, and one from support centers […] hence I was assigned the mission to prepare what would be called afterwards the merger [of the three movements]."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1943, the RNPG gradually changed from providing false papers to information-gathering for <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">France libre</a>. Pierre de Bénouville said, "François Mitterrand created a true spy network in the POW camps which gave us information, often decisive, about what was going on behind the German borders."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 July François Mitterrand and Piatzook (a militant communist) interrupted a public meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Salle_Wagram" title="Salle Wagram">Salle Wagram</a> in Paris. The meeting was about allowing French POWs to go home if they were <a href="/wiki/Service_du_travail_obligatoire" title="Service du travail obligatoire">replaced by young French men forced to go and work in Germany</a> (in French this was called "<i>la relève</i>"). When André Masson began to talk about "<i>la trahison des gaullistes</i>" (the Gaullist treason), François Mitterrand stood up in the audience and shouted him down, saying Masson had no right to talk on behalf of POWs and calling <i>la relève</i> a "<i>con</i>" (i.e., something stupid). Mitterrand avoided arrest as Piatzook covered his escape.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1943, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> raided a flat in <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a>, where they hoped to arrest François Morland, a member of the resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Morland" was François Mitterrand's cover name. He also used Purgon, Monnier, Laroche, Captain François, Arnaud et Albre as cover names. The man they arrested was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol_Pilven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pol Pilven (page does not exist)">Pol Pilven</a>, a member of the resistance who was to survive the war in a concentration camp. François Mitterrand was in Paris at the time. </p><p>Warned by his friends, Mitterrand escaped to London aboard a <a href="/wiki/Westland_Lysander" title="Westland Lysander">Lysander</a> plane on 15 November 1943 (piloted by then-<a href="/wiki/Squadron_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Squadron Leader">Squadron Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hodges" title="Lewis Hodges">Lewis Hodges</a>). He promoted his movement to the British and American Authorities, but he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, where he met de Gaulle, by then the uncontested leader of the Free French. The two men clashed, de Gaulle refused to jeopardize the Resistance by including a movement that gathered information from POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-Franz-Olivier_Giesbert_1996,_p._100_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franz-Olivier_Giesbert_1996,_p._100-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Mitterrand refused to merge his group with other POW movements if de Gaulle's nephew Cailliau was to be the leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Franz-Olivier_Giesbert_1996,_p._100_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franz-Olivier_Giesbert_1996,_p._100-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of Henri Frenay, de Gaulle finally agreed to merge his nephew's network and the RNPG with Mitterrand in charge.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the RNPG was listed in the French Force organization from spring 1944. </p><p>Mitterrand returned to France by boat via England. In Paris, the three Resistance groups made up of POWs (Communists, Gaullists, RNPG) finally merged as the POWs and Deportees National Movement (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouvement_national_des_prisonniers_de_guerre_et_d%C3%A9port%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mouvement national des prisonniers de guerre et déportés (page does not exist)">Mouvement national des prisonniers de guerre et déportés</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_national_des_prisonniers_de_guerre_et_d%C3%A9port%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Mouvement national des prisonniers de guerre et déportés">fr</a>]</span></i>, MNPGD) and Mitterrand took the lead. In his memoirs, he says that he had started this organisation while he was still officially working for the Vichy Regime. From 27 November 1943, Mitterrand worked for the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_central_de_renseignements_et_d%27action" title="Bureau central de renseignements et d'action">Bureau central de renseignements et d'action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1943 François Mitterrand ordered the execution of Henri Marlin (who was about to order attacks on the "<a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a>") by Jacques Paris and Jean Munier, who later hid out with François Mitterrand's father. </p><p>After a second visit to London in February 1944, Mitterrand took part in the liberation of Paris in August; he took over the headquarters of Commissariat général aux prisonniers de guerre (general office for POW, the ministry he was working for), immediately he took up the vacant post of secretary general of POWs. When de Gaulle entered Paris following the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation</a>, he was introduced to various men who were to be part of the provisional government. Among them was François Mitterrand, when they came face to face, de Gaulle is said to have muttered: "You again!" He dismissed François Mitterrand 2 weeks later. </p><p>In October 1944, Mitterrand and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Foccart" title="Jacques Foccart">Jacques Foccart</a> developed a plan to liberate the POW and concentration camps. This was called operation <i>Vicarage</i>. On the orders of de Gaulle, in April 1945 François Mitterrand accompanied General Lewis as the French representative at the liberation of the camps at <a href="/wiki/Kaufering_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaufering concentration camp">Kaufering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>. By chance Mitterrand discovered his friend and member of his network, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Antelme" title="Robert Antelme">Robert Antelme</a>, suffering from <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>. Antelme was restricted to the camp to prevent the spread of disease, but François Mitterrand arranged for his "escape" and sent him back to France for treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_Republic">Fourth Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fourth Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="Special:EditPage/François Mitterrand">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand%22">"François Mitterrand"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_in_politics:_1946–1954"><span id="Rise_in_politics:_1946.E2.80.931954"></span>Rise in politics: 1946–1954</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rise in politics: 1946–1954"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand,_ministre_des_Anciens_combattants_(1947).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_ministre_des_Anciens_combattants_%281947%29.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_ministre_des_Anciens_combattants_%281947%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_ministre_des_Anciens_combattants_%281947%29.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_ministre_des_Anciens_combattants_%281947%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_ministre_des_Anciens_combattants_%281947%29.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_ministre_des_Anciens_combattants_%281947%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand as War Veterans Minister in February 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, Mitterrand quickly moved back into politics. At the <a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">June 1946 legislative election</a>, he led the list of the <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_Republican_Lefts" class="mw-redirect" title="Rally of the Republican Lefts">Rally of the Republican Lefts</a> (<i>Rassemblement des gauches républicaines</i>, RGR) in the Western suburb of Paris, but he was not elected. The RGR was an electoral entity composed of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Party</a>, the centrist <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Socialist_Union_of_the_Resistance" title="Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance">Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance</a> (<i>Union démocratique et socialiste de la Résistance</i>, UDSR) and several conservative groupings. It opposed the policy of the "<a href="/wiki/Three-parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-parties">Three-parties</a> alliance" (Communists, Socialists and Christian Democrats). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/November_1946_French_legislative_election" title="November 1946 French legislative election">November 1946 legislative election</a>, he succeeded in winning a seat as deputy from the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a> <i>département</i>. To be elected, he had to win a seat at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (PCF). As leader of the RGR list, he led a very <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> campaign. He became a member of the UDSR party. In January 1947, he joined the cabinet as War Veterans Minister. He held various offices in the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> as a Deputy and as a Minister (holding eleven different portfolios in total), including as a <a href="/wiki/Mayor_(France)" title="Mayor (France)">mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Chinon_(Ville)" title="Château-Chinon (Ville)">Château-Chinon</a> from 1959 to 1981. </p><p>In May 1948, Mitterrand participated in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_The_Hague" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of The Hague">Congress of The Hague</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Copp%C3%A9" title="Albert Coppé">Albert Coppé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a>. It originated the European Movement. </p><p>As Overseas Minister (1950–1951), Mitterrand opposed the colonial lobby to propose a reform program. He connected with the left when he resigned from the cabinet after the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>'s sultan (1953). As leader of the progressive wing of the UDSR, he took the head of the party in 1953, replacing the conservative <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">René Pleven</a>. </p><p>In June 1953, Mitterrand attended the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>. Seated next to the elderly <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Bonaparte">Princess Marie Bonaparte</a>, he reported having spent much of the ceremony being psychoanalyzed by her.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior_minister_during_the_Algerian_War:_1954–1958"><span id="Senior_minister_during_the_Algerian_War:_1954.E2.80.931958"></span>Senior minister during the Algerian War: 1954–1958</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Senior minister during the Algerian War: 1954–1958"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/List_of_Interior_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Interior Ministers of France">Interior Minister</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s-France" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Mendès-France">Pierre Mendès-France</a>'s cabinet (1954–1955), Mitterrand had to direct the response to the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War of Independence</a>. He claimed: "<a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria is France</a>." He was suspected of being the <a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">informer</a> of the Communist Party in the cabinet. This rumour was spread by the former Paris police prefect, who had been dismissed by him. The suspicions were dismissed by subsequent investigations. </p><p>The UDSR joined the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Front_(French_Fourth_Republic)" title="Republican Front (French Fourth Republic)">Republican Front</a>, a centre-left coalition, which won the <a href="/wiki/1956_French_legislative_election" title="1956 French legislative election">1956 legislative election</a>. As <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justice_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justice Ministers of France">Justice Minister</a> (1956–1957), François Mitterrand allowed the expansion of martial law in the Algerian conflict. Unlike other ministers (including Mendès-France), who criticised the repressive policy in Algeria, he remained in <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a>'s cabinet until its end. As Minister of Justice, he had a role in 45 executions of the Algerian natives, recommending President <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a> to reject clemency in 80% of the cases, an action he later came to regret.<sup id="cite_ref-lepoint_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lepoint-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> François Mitterrand's role in confirming the death sentences of FLN rebels convicted by French courts of terrorism and later in abolishing the death penalty in 1981 led the British writer Anthony Daniels (writing under his pseudonym of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Theodore Dalrymple</a>) to accuse François Mitterrand of being an unprincipled opportunist, a cynical politician who proudly confirmed death sentences of FLN rebels in the 1950s when it was popular and who only came to champion abolishing the death penalty when this was popular with the French people.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Minister of Justice, he was an official representative of France during the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Rainier_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainier III">Rainier III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Monaco">Prince of Monaco</a>, and actress <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a>. Under the Fourth Republic, he was representative of a generation of young ambitious politicians. He appeared as a possible future prime minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_during_the_Fifth_Republic">Opposition during the Fifth Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opposition during the Fifth Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossing_the_desert:_1958–1964"><span id="Crossing_the_desert:_1958.E2.80.931964"></span>Crossing the desert: 1958–1964</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crossing the desert: 1958–1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1959.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1959.JPG" decoding="async" width="153" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand in 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1958, Mitterrand was one of the few to object to the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> as head of government and to de Gaulle's plan for a <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>. He justified his opposition by the circumstances of de Gaulle's comeback: the <a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1958 crisis">13 May 1958 quasi-putsch</a> and military pressure. In September 1958, determinedly opposed to Charles de Gaulle, François Mitterrand made an appeal to vote "no" in the <a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">referendum over the Constitution</a>, which was nevertheless adopted on 4 October 1958. This defeated coalition of the "No" was composed of the PCF and some left-wing republican politicians (such as Pierre Mendès-France and François Mitterrand). </p><p>This attitude may have been a factor in Mitterrand's losing his seat in the <a href="/wiki/1958_French_legislative_election" title="1958 French legislative election">1958 elections</a>, beginning a long "crossing of the desert" (this term is usually applied to de Gaulle's decline in influence for a similar period). Indeed, in the second round of the legislative election, François Mitterrand was supported by the Communists but the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO) refused to withdraw its candidate. This division caused the election of the <a href="/wiki/Gaullist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist Party">Gaullist</a> candidate. One year later, he was <a href="/wiki/1959_French_Senate_election" title="1959 French Senate election">elected</a> to represent <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senate">Senate</a>, where he was part of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Left (France)">Group of the Democratic Left</a>. At the same time, he was not admitted to the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Unified Socialist Party (France)">Unified Socialist Party</a> (<i>Parti socialiste unifié</i>, PSU) which was created by Mendès-France, former internal opponents of Mollet and reform-minded former members of the Communist Party. The PSU leaders justified their decision by referring to his non-resignation from Mollet's cabinet and by his past in Vichy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Francois_Mitterrand,_Bestanddeelnr_910-7485_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Portret_van_Francois_Mitterrand%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7485_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portret_van_Francois_Mitterrand%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7485_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Portret_van_Francois_Mitterrand%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7485_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portret_van_Francois_Mitterrand%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7485_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Portret_van_Francois_Mitterrand%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7485_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portret_van_Francois_Mitterrand%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7485_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="3048" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand on 16 October 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>Also in that same year, on the Avenue de l'Observatoire in Paris, Mitterrand claimed to have escaped an assassin's bullet by diving behind a hedge, in what became known as the "Observatory Affair".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident brought him a great deal of publicity, initially boosting his political ambitions. Some of Mitterrand's critics claimed, however, that he had staged the incident himself, resulting in a backlash against him. He later said he had earlier been warned by right-wing deputy <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pesquet" title="Robert Pesquet">Robert Pesquet</a> that he was the target of an <i><a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Algérie française">Algérie française</a></i> death squad and accused Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Michel Debré</a> of being its instigator. Before his death, Pesquet claimed that Mitterrand had set up a fake attempt on his life. Prosecution was initiated against François Mitterrand but was later dropped. Nonetheless, the Observatory Affair cast a lasting shadow over Mitterrand's reputation. Years later in 1965, when François Mitterrand emerged as the challenger to de Gaulle in the second round of the presidential elections, de Gaulle was urged by an aide to use the Observatory Affair to discredit his opponent. "No, and don't insist" was the General's response, "It would be wrong to demean the office of the Presidency, since one day he [Mitterrand] may have the job."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitterrand visited China in 1961, during the worst of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a>, but denied the existence of starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_De_Gaulle:_1964–1971"><span id="Opposition_to_De_Gaulle:_1964.E2.80.931971"></span>Opposition to De Gaulle: 1964–1971</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Opposition to De Gaulle: 1964–1971"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17.12.1965._F;_Mitterrand_cloture_sa_campagne_%C3%A0_Toulouse._(1965)_-_53Fi3417.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/17.12.1965._F%3B_Mitterrand_cloture_sa_campagne_%C3%A0_Toulouse._%281965%29_-_53Fi3417.jpg/220px-17.12.1965._F%3B_Mitterrand_cloture_sa_campagne_%C3%A0_Toulouse._%281965%29_-_53Fi3417.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/17.12.1965._F%3B_Mitterrand_cloture_sa_campagne_%C3%A0_Toulouse._%281965%29_-_53Fi3417.jpg/330px-17.12.1965._F%3B_Mitterrand_cloture_sa_campagne_%C3%A0_Toulouse._%281965%29_-_53Fi3417.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/17.12.1965._F%3B_Mitterrand_cloture_sa_campagne_%C3%A0_Toulouse._%281965%29_-_53Fi3417.jpg/440px-17.12.1965._F%3B_Mitterrand_cloture_sa_campagne_%C3%A0_Toulouse._%281965%29_-_53Fi3417.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> on 17 December 1965 during the <a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965 presidential election</a> campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1962_French_legislative_election" title="1962 French legislative election">1962 election</a>, Mitterrand regained his seat in the National Assembly with the support of the PCF and the SFIO. Practising left unity in Nièvre, he advocated the rallying of left-wing forces at the national level, including the PCF, in order to challenge Gaullist domination. Two years later, he became the president (chairman) of the General Council of Nièvre. While the opposition to De Gaulle organized in clubs, he founded his own group, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Republican_Institutions" title="Convention of Republican Institutions">Convention of Republican Institutions</a> (<i>Convention des institutions républicaines</i>, CIR). He reinforced his position as a left-wing opponent to <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in publishing <i>Le Coup d'État permanent</i> (The permanent coup, 1964), which criticized de Gaulle's personal power, the weaknesses of Parliament and of the government, the President's exclusive control of foreign affairs, and defence, etc. </p><p>In 1965, Mitterrand was the first left-wing politician who saw the <a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">presidential election</a> by universal suffrage as a way to defeat the opposition leadership. Not a member of any specific political party, his candidacy for presidency was accepted by all left-wing parties (the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO), <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (PCF), <a href="/wiki/Radical-Socialist_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical-Socialist Party (France)">Radical-Socialist Party</a> (PR) and <a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Unified Socialist Party (France)">Unified Socialist Party</a> (PSU)). He ended the <i><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">cordon sanitaire</a></i> of the PCF which the party had been subject to since 1947. For the SFIO leader <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a>, Mitterrand's candidacy prevented <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Defferre" title="Gaston Defferre">Gaston Defferre</a>, his rival in the SFIO, from running for the presidency. Furthermore, François Mitterrand was a lone figure, so he did not appear as a danger to the left-wing parties' staff members. </p><p>De Gaulle was expected to win in the first round, but Mitterrand received 31.7% of the vote, denying De Gaulle a first-round victory. François Mitterrand was supported in the second round by the left and other <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gaullists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Gaullists">anti-Gaullists</a>: centrist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a>, moderate conservative <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour</a>, an extreme right-winger and the lawyer who had defended <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Salan" title="Raoul Salan">Raoul Salan</a>, one of the four generals who had organized the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Algiers putsch">Algiers putsch</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>. </p><p>Mitterrand received 44.8% of votes in the second round and de Gaulle, with the majority, was thus elected for another term, but this defeat was regarded as honourable, for no one was really expected to defeat de Gaulle. François Mitterrand took the lead of a centre-left alliance: the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Democratic_and_Socialist_Left" title="Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left">Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left</a> (<i>Fédération de la gauche démocrate et socialiste</i>, FGDS). It was composed of the SFIO, the Radicals and several left-wing republican clubs (such the CIR of François Mitterrand). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1968.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1968.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1968.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand on 29 May 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1967_French_legislative_election" title="1967 French legislative election">legislative election of March 1967</a>, the system where all candidates who failed to pass a 10% threshold in the first round were eliminated from the second round favoured the pro-Gaullist majority, which faced a split opposition (PCF, FGDS and centrists of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Duhamel" title="Jacques Duhamel">Jacques Duhamel</a>). Nevertheless, the parties of the left managed to gain 63 seats more than previously for a total of 194. The Communists remained the largest left-wing group with 22.5% of votes. The governing coalition won with its majority reduced by only one seat (247 seats out of 487). </p><p>In Paris, the Left (FGDS, PSU, PCF) managed to win more votes in the first round than the two governing parties (46% against 42.6%) while the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Centre_(France)" title="Democratic Centre (France)">Democratic Centre</a> of Duhamel got 7% of votes. But with 38% of votes, de Gaulle's <a href="/wiki/Union_des_D%C3%A9mocrates_pour_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Union des Démocrates pour la République">Union for the Fifth Republic</a> remained the leading French party.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">May 1968</a> governmental crisis, François Mitterrand held a press conference to announce his candidacy if a new presidential election was held. But after the Gaullist demonstration on the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a>, de Gaulle dissolved the Assembly and called for a legislative election instead. In <a href="/wiki/1968_French_legislative_election" title="1968 French legislative election">this election</a>, the right-wing won its largest majority since the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(France)" title="National Bloc (France)">Bloc National</a></i> <a href="/wiki/1919_French_legislative_election" title="1919 French legislative election">in 1919</a>. </p><p>Mitterrand was accused of being responsible for this huge legislative defeat and the FGDS split. In 1969, François Mitterrand could not run for the Presidency: <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a> refused to give him the support of the SFIO. The left-wing was eliminated in the first round, with the Socialist candidate Gaston Defferre winning a humiliating 5.1 per cent of the total vote. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> faced the centrist <a href="/wiki/Alain_Poher" title="Alain Poher">Alain Poher</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1969_French_presidential_election" title="1969 French presidential election">second round</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_Party_leader:_1971–1981"><span id="Socialist_Party_leader:_1971.E2.80.931981"></span>Socialist Party leader: 1971–1981</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Socialist Party leader: 1971–1981"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the FGDS's implosion Mitterrand turned to the <a href="/wiki/French_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a> (<i>Parti socialiste</i> or PS). In June 1971, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Epinay_Congress" title="Epinay Congress">Epinay Congress</a>, the CIR joined the PS, which had succeeded the SFIO in 1969. The executive of the PS was then dominated by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a>'s supporters. They proposed an "ideological dialogue" with the Communists. For François Mitterrand, an electoral alliance with the Communists was necessary to rise to power. With this in mind, François Mitterrand obtained the support of all the internal opponents to Mollet's faction and was elected as the first secretary of the PS. At the 1971 congress, he declared: "Whoever does not accept the break with the established order, with capitalist society, cannot be an adherent of the Socialist Party."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1972, Mitterrand signed the <a href="/wiki/Programme_commun" title="Programme commun">Common Programme of Government</a> with the Communist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Marchais" title="Georges Marchais">Georges Marchais</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Left_Radical_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Radical Party">Left Radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fabre" title="Robert Fabre">Robert Fabre</a>. With this programme, he led the <a href="/wiki/1973_French_legislative_election" title="1973 French legislative election">1973 legislative campaign</a> of the "Union of the Left". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strasbourg-1979-05-06_(3758237073).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Strasbourg-1979-05-06_%283758237073%29.jpg/220px-Strasbourg-1979-05-06_%283758237073%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Strasbourg-1979-05-06_%283758237073%29.jpg/330px-Strasbourg-1979-05-06_%283758237073%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Strasbourg-1979-05-06_%283758237073%29.jpg/440px-Strasbourg-1979-05-06_%283758237073%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5448" data-file-height="3568" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand in Strasbourg on 5 May 1979</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">1974 presidential election</a>, François Mitterrand received 43.2% of the vote in the first round, as the common candidate of the left. He faced <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> in the second round. During the national TV debate, Giscard d'Estaing criticised him as being "a man of the past", due to his long political career. François Mitterrand was narrowly defeated by Giscard d'Estaing, François Mitterrand receiving 49.19% and Giscard 50.81%. </p><p>In 1977, the Communist and Socialist parties failed to update the <i>Common Programme</i>, and then lost the <a href="/wiki/1978_French_legislative_election" title="1978 French legislative election">1978 legislative election</a>. While the Socialists took the leading position on the left, by obtaining more votes than the Communists for the first time <a href="/wiki/1936_French_legislative_election" title="1936 French legislative election">since 1936</a>, the leadership of François Mitterrand was challenged by an internal opposition led by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a> who criticized the programme of the PS as being "archaic" and "unrealistic". The polls indicated Rocard was more popular than François Mitterrand. Nevertheless, François Mitterrand won the vote at the Party's <a href="/wiki/Metz_Congress" title="Metz Congress">Metz Congress</a> (1979) and Rocard renounced his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 presidential election</a>. </p><p>For his third candidacy for the presidency, Mitterrand was not supported by the PCF but only by the PS. François Mitterrand projected a reassuring image with the slogan "the quiet force". He campaigned for "another politics", based on the Socialist programme <i><a href="/wiki/110_Propositions_for_France" title="110 Propositions for France">110 Propositions for France</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and denounced the performance of the incumbent president. Furthermore, he benefited from divisions in the right-wing majority. He obtained 25.85% of votes in the first round (against 15% for the PCF candidate <a href="/wiki/Georges_Marchais" title="Georges Marchais">Georges Marchais</a>), then defeated President Giscard d'Estaing in the second round, with 51.76%. He became the first left-wing politician elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> by universal suffrage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term:_1981–1988"><span id="First_term:_1981.E2.80.931988"></span>First term: 1981–1988</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: First term: 1981–1988"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poul_Schl%C3%BCter,_Margaret_Thatcher_%26_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_-_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter%2C_Margaret_Thatcher_%26_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_-_1983.jpg/220px-Poul_Schl%C3%BCter%2C_Margaret_Thatcher_%26_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_-_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter%2C_Margaret_Thatcher_%26_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_-_1983.jpg/330px-Poul_Schl%C3%BCter%2C_Margaret_Thatcher_%26_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_-_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter%2C_Margaret_Thatcher_%26_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_-_1983.jpg/440px-Poul_Schl%C3%BCter%2C_Margaret_Thatcher_%26_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_-_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3637" data-file-height="2433" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand (right) with Danish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Poul Schlüter">Schlüter</a> and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a>, 1983</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_and_Ronald_Reagan_(r.)_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_and_Ronald_Reagan_%28r.%29_1984.jpg/170px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_and_Ronald_Reagan_%28r.%29_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_and_Ronald_Reagan_%28r.%29_1984.jpg/255px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_and_Ronald_Reagan_%28r.%29_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_and_Ronald_Reagan_%28r.%29_1984.jpg/340px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_and_Ronald_Reagan_%28r.%29_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2840" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">presidential election of 10 May 1981</a>, François Mitterrand became the first socialist President of the Fifth Republic, and his government became the first left-wing government in 23 years. He named <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Pierre Mauroy</a> as prime minister and organised a new <a href="/wiki/1981_French_legislative_election" title="1981 French legislative election">legislative election</a>. The Socialists obtained an absolute parliamentary majority, and four Communists joined the cabinet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning of his first term was marked by a left-wing <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/110_Propositions_for_France" title="110 Propositions for France">110 Propositions for France</a> and the 1972 Common Programme between the Socialist Party, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (France)">Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Left_Radical_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Radical Party">Left Radical Party</a>. This included several nationalizations, a 10% increase in the <i><a href="/wiki/Salaire_minimum_interprofessionnel_de_croissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaire minimum interprofessionnel de croissance">SMIC</a></i> (minimum wage), a 39-hour work week, 5 weeks holiday per year, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_tax_on_wealth" title="Solidarity tax on wealth">solidarity tax on wealth</a>, an increase in social benefits, and the extension of workers' rights to consultation and information about their employers (through the <a href="/wiki/Jean_Auroux" title="Jean Auroux">Auroux Act</a>). The objective was to boost economic demand and thus economic activity (<a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a>), but the stimulative fiscal policy implemented by the Mauroy government was in contradiction with the constrained <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unemployment continued to grow, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Franc" class="mw-redirect" title="French Franc">franc</a> was devalued three times.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old age pensions were raised by 300 francs per month to 1,700 francs for a single person and to 3,700 francs for a couple, while health insurance benefits were made more widely available to unemployed persons and part-time employees. Housing allocations for the low-paid were raised by 25% in 1981, and in the two years following May 1981 family allowances were increased by 44% for families with 3 children and by 81% for families with 2 children. In 1981, the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 4.5% and by 7.6% in 1982. In addition, the minimum wage (which affected 1.7 million employees) was increased by 15% in real terms between May 1981 and December 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major efforts were made to improve access to housing and health care, while the government also attempted to tackle working-class under-achievement in schools by reinforcing the comprehensive system, modernising the curriculum and reducing <a href="/wiki/Streaming_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming (education)">streaming</a>. As a means of increasing political participation, the government increased the financial allowances of local politicians, who also became entitled to paid leave from their jobs to attend courses in public administration. Allowances for the handicapped were improved, while improvements were also made in the pay and conditions for those serving in the army. A decree of January 1982 provided for "solidarity contracts" whereby firms would be subsidised for introducing part-time work or early retirement if they also allowed the creation of new jobs, while a decree of March 1982 provided employees with the right to retire at the age of 60 on 50% of average earnings during their 10 best years of employment. In 1983, legislation was passed to encourage greater equality in the private sector. Firms now had to make an annual report on the training opportunities and employment conditions for women and present a statistical analysis of their position in the firm, whilst the works committee had to ensure that equality-promoting measures were taken.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a new benefit was introduced for unemployed workers who had exhausted their eligibility for unemployment insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail2009_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1982, a law was passed that restored to workers the right to elect administrators to social security funds, which had been eliminated by Charles De Gaulle in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitterrand continued to promote the new technologies initiated by his predecessor Valéry Giscard d'Estaing: the <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> high-speed train and the <a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a>, a pre-World Wide Web interactive network similar to the web.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minitel and the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Sud-Est" title="LGV Sud-Est">Paris-Lyon TGV line</a> were inaugurated only a few weeks after the election. In addition, Government grants and loans for capital investment for modernisation were significantly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-google_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>François Mitterrand passed the first decentralization laws, the <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Defferre" title="Gaston Defferre">Defferre Act</a>. </p><p>After two years in office, Mitterrand made a substantial u-turn in economic policies, with the March 1983 adoption of the so-called "tournant de la rigueur" (austerity turn). Priority was given to the struggle against inflation in order to remain competitive in the <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a>. Although there were two periods of mild economic reflation (first from 1984 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1990), monetary and fiscal restraint was the essential policy orientation of François Mitterrand's presidency from 1983 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1998_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1998-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, compared to the OECD average, fiscal policy in France remained relatively expansionary during the course of the two François Mitterrand presidencies.<sup id="cite_ref-google6_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google6-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_policy">Social policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, all members of the general pension scheme obtained the right to a full pension at the age of 60 payable at a rate of half the reference wage in return for 37.5 years contribution. The government agreed at the same time to improve the pension position of some public sector employees and to increase the real value of the minimum pension. In addition, later negotiations brought retirement at 60 years into the occupational schemes although the financial terms for doing so could only be agreed for a 7-year period. A comparison between 1981 and 1986 showed that the minimum state pension had increased by 64% for a couple and by 81% for one person. During that same period, family allowances had increased by 71% for three children and by 112% for two children. In addition, the single-parent allowance for mothers or fathers with one child had been increased by 103% and for two or more children by 52% for each child. </p><p>In order to mark the importance of the problems of the elderly, the government appointed a Secretary of State (attached to the Ministry of Social Affairs and National Solidarity) to carry special responsibility for them, and in an effort to try to relate policy to the felt needs of the elderly, it set up a central advisory committee to examine social policy from their point of view and carry out special studies and enquiries. This body became especially concerned with monitoring the attempts at coordination and encouraging policies which were aimed at helping the elderly stay at home instead of entering residential care.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the field of health care, some prescription charges were abolished, hospital administration was decentralised, workers' rights in the health service were reaffirmed, and equipment was provided for researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1983 onwards, wage-earners who had contributed to a pension fund for 37.5 years became eligible to retire on a full pension. This right was extended to the self-employed in 1984 and to farmers in 1986. People who had retired at the age of 60 were, however, not initially eligible for reductions on public transport until they reached the age of 65. The qualifying age for these reductions was, however, reduced to 62 in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of illegal immigrants had their position regularized under the Socialists and the conditions pertaining to residence and work permits were eased. Educational programmes were implemented to help immigrant communities, while immigrants were allowed the right to free association. The Socialist government also opened up talks with the authorities in some of the main countries of origin, easing nationality rules in the public sector, associating representatives of migrant groups with public authority work, and establishing an Immigrants Council in 1984. </p><p>Although the income limit for allowances varied according to the position of the child in the family and the number of dependent children, these ceilings were made more favourable in cases where both parents were working or where a single parent was in charge and were linked to changes in wage levels. Those taking parental leave to care for three or more children (provided that they fulfilled the rules for eligibility) also received certain benefits in kind, such as a non-taxable, non-means-tested benefit and priority on vocational training courses. A new boost was also given to research into family problems including an interest in the effects of changing family structures, of women’s employment and the impact of local social policies on family life.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a law on equal opportunities in employment was passed in July 1983 which prohibited all forms of unequal treatment regardless of the circumstances, together with providing for positive action plans to be established in major companies. In January 1984, a decree was made granting state aid to companies which implemented equality plans for staff.<sup id="cite_ref-google3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, a law was passed that gave the regional Caissess des Allocations Familiales the task of collecting unpaid alimony, initially for lone parents and subsequently for remarried or cohabiting mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the field of education, more resources were devoted to the educational system, with the education budgets of 1982, 1983, and 1984 increasing by approximately 4% to 6% per year above the rate of inflation. From 1981 to 1983, the corps of teachers was increased by 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-CorbettMoon2002_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CorbettMoon2002-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authorization was restored for a number of advanced undergraduate and graduate programmes which the previous centre-right minister <a href="/wiki/Alice_Saunier-Seit%C3%A9" title="Alice Saunier-Seité">Alice Saunier-Seité</a> had rejected on grounds of economy and "rationalization" of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous initiatives were carried out such as the teaching of civics, the reintroduction of the teaching of French history and geography at the primary level, the introduction of new professional degrees, a partnership between schools and enterprises, and the introduction of computers in classrooms. Priority areas were set up in 1981 as part of a systematic effort to combat underachievement in schools, while technical education was encouraged. In addition, nursery education was expanded,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while efforts by the Socialists to promote joint research between industry and the research agencies increased the number of such contracts by half each year between 1982 and 1985, with a 29% increase in joint patents.<sup id="cite_ref-google4_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The baccalauréat professionnel, introduced in 1985, enabled holders of a Brevet d'études professionnelles (or in some cases of a Certificat d’aptitude professionnelle) to continue for another two years and study for the baccalauréat.<sup id="cite_ref-ambafrance-uk_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambafrance-uk-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several measures were taken to put an end to the discrimination of homosexuals and repeal legal practices that repressed them. The Minister of the Interior, <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Defferre" title="Gaston Defferre">Gaston Defferre</a>, put an end to the registration of homosexuals, and the Communist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ralite" title="Jack Ralite">Jack Ralite</a>, Minister of Health, removed homosexuality from the list of mental disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also introduced the passage of the sexual majority to 15 years for all, abolishing the distinction, introduced in 1942, in the age of consent between homosexual and heterosexual relations.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homosexual lifestyle ceased to be a clause for cancellation of a residential lease.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitterrand abolished the death penalty as soon as he took office (via the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Badinter" title="Robert Badinter">Badinter Act</a>), as well as the "anti-casseurs Act" which instituted collective responsibility for acts of violence during demonstrations. He also dissolved the <i>Cour de sûreté</i>, a special high court, and enacted a massive regularization of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrants</a>. Tighter regulations on the powers of police to stop, search and arrest were introduced, and the "loi sécurité et liberté" (a controversial public order act) was repealed. In addition, the legal aid system was improved.<sup id="cite_ref-google5_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google5-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, a law was passed to ensure that divorced women who were not in receipt of maintenance would be provided with assistance in recovering the shortfall in their income from their former husband. By 1986, particular attention was being focused on assisting women in single-parent families to get back into employment, in recognition of the growing problems associated with extra-marital births and marital breakdown. Parental leave was extended to firms with 100 employees in 1981 (previously, parental leave provision had been made in 1977 for firms employing at least 200 employees) and subsequently to all employees in 1984. From 1984 onwards, married women were obliged to sign tax returns, men and women were provided with equal rights in managing their common property and that of their children, and in 1985 they became responsible for each other’s debts. </p><p>Childcare facilities were also expanded, with the number of places in crèches rising steadily between 1981 and 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the minimum wage was significantly increased. From 1981 to 1984, the <i><a href="/wiki/Salaire_minimum_interprofessionnel_de_croissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaire minimum interprofessionnel de croissance">SMIC</a></i> rose by 125%, while prices went up by only 75% during that same period.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various measures were also introduced to mitigate the effects of rising unemployment. Between 1981 and 1986, there had been just over 800,000 young people placed on special work schemes, 800,000 early retirements, 200,000 enterprise allowance successes, and 30,000 retrained workers from declining industrial sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_policy">Cultural policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cultural policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With respect to cultural policies, grants were allocated to non-profit associations and community cultural initiatives,<sup id="cite_ref-google2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitterrand <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalized</a> the media, created the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27audiovisuel" title="Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel">CSA</a> media regulation agency, and authorized <a href="/wiki/Pirate_radios_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate radios in France">pirate radio</a> and the first private TV (<a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a>), giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">private broadcasting</a> sector. </p><p>In terms of the theatre, some transfer of resources was made from the subsidy of the national theatres to the support for theatre companies which did not necessarily have an institutional home. A significant investment was made in music education with the creation of 5 new music schools in the departments and the revamping of the Conservatoire National de la Musique at Lyon, while the range and capacity of performance facilities in Paris were considerably increased, with the Cite Musicale de la Villette and the Opera de la Bastille allowing for specialist performance in a way that was lacking in Paris previously, and a 2,000 seat concert hall called le Zenith, which was designed primarily for rock music concerts but adapted for all uses. </p><p>The Socialists continued the policies of their predecessors with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Louvre" title="Grand Louvre">Grand Louvre</a> project and the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Picasso Museum</a> at the Hotel Sale, while the museum budget was quadrupled and particular sums were set aside for the first time for large regional projects including the establishment of a number of new museums in the provinces such as the Ecomuseum at <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> and the Museum of Prehistory at <a href="/wiki/Carnac" title="Carnac">Carnac</a>. A Fonds Regional des Acquisitions was established to assist provincial museums in the purchase of works of art, while the state actively continued an existing policy of encouraging bequests in lieu of death duties. </p><p>Libraries and publishing benefited from new thinking and an injection of funds, while aid to authors and publishers was restructured and book prices were fixed once again, with the objective being to assist smaller publishing houses and specialist bookshops. The network of regional lending libraries was significantly reinforced, while financial assistance was provided for the export of French books. In addition, archaeology, ethnography and historical buildings and monuments all benefited from the general increase in resources.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_difficulties">Domestic difficulties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Domestic difficulties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Left lost the 1983 municipal elections and the 1984 European Parliament election. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Alain_Savary" title="Alain Savary">Savary Bill</a>, to limit the financing of private schools by local communities, caused a political crisis. It was abandoned and Mauroy resigned in July 1984. <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a> succeeded him, and the Communists left the cabinet. </p><p>In terms of foreign policy, Mitterrand did not significantly deviate from his predecessors and he continued nuclear weapons testing in the South Pacific in spite of protests from various peace and environmentalist organizations. In 1985, French agents sank the <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>-owned ex-<a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">trawler</a> <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Warrior_(1955)" title="Rainbow Warrior (1955)"><i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a> while it was docked in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> which the group had used in demonstrations against nuclear tests, <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">seal hunting</a>. One Greenpeace member was killed, and when news broke of the event, a major scandal erupted that led to the resignation of Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hernu" title="Charles Hernu">Charles Hernu</a>. France apologized with a subsequent payment of $8.16m reparations to Greenpeace in damages, NZ$13m to the New Zealand Government and a significant amount to the relatives of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Cohabitation">First Cohabitation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: First Cohabitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election" title="1986 French legislative election">1986 legislative campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> was instituted in accordance with the 110 Propositions. It did not prevent, however, the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">Union for French Democracy</a> (RPR/UDF) coalition. François Mitterrand thus named the RPR leader <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> as Prime Minister. This period of government, with a President and a Prime Minister who came from two opposite coalitions, was the first time that such a combination had occurred under the Fifth Republic, and came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">Cohabitation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac mostly handled domestic policy while François Mitterrand concentrated on his "reserved domain" of foreign affairs and defence. However, several conflicts erupted between the two. In one example, Mitterrand refused to sign executive decrees of liberalisation, obliging Chirac to pass the measures through parliament instead. François Mitterrand also reportedly gave covert support to some social movements, notably the student revolt against the university reform (<a href="/wiki/Alain_Devaquet" title="Alain Devaquet">Devaquet Bill</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Benefiting from the difficulties of Chirac's cabinet, the President's popularity increased. </p><p>With the polls running in his favour, François Mitterrand announced his candidacy in the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988 presidential election</a>. He proposed a moderate programme (promising "neither nationalisation nor privatization"), advocated a "united France," and laid out his policy priorities in his "Letter to the French People."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained 34% of the votes in the first round, then faced Chirac in the second, and was re-elected with 54% of the votes. François Mitterrand thus became the first President to be elected twice by universal suffrage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term:_1988–1995"><span id="Second_term:_1988.E2.80.931995"></span>Second term: 1988–1995</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Second term: 1988–1995"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his re-election, he named <a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a> as prime minister, despite their poor relations. Rocard led the moderate wing of the PS and he was the most popular of the Socialist politicians. François Mitterrand decided to organize a new <a href="/wiki/1988_French_legislative_election" title="1988 French legislative election">legislative election</a>. The PS obtained a relative parliamentary majority. Four centre-right politicians joined the cabinet. </p><p>The second term was marked by the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Revenu_minimum_d%27insertion" title="Revenu minimum d'insertion">Insertion Minimum Revenue</a> (RMI), which ensured a minimum level of income to those deprived of any other form of income; the restoring of the solidarity tax on wealth, which had been abolished by Chirac's cabinet; the institution of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Generalized_social_tax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generalized social tax (page does not exist)">Generalized social tax</a>; the extension of parental leave up to the child's third birthday;<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reform of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>; the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">Gayssot Act</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>; the Besson law of 1990;<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mermaz Law of 1989;<sup id="cite_ref-justlanded_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justlanded-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the introduction of a private childcare allowance;<sup id="cite_ref-google7_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google7-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Urban Orientation Law of 1991;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Arpaillange" title="Pierre Arpaillange">Arpaillange Act</a> on the financing of political parties; the reform of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal code">penal code</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Matignon_Agreements_(1988)" title="Matignon Agreements (1988)">Matignon Agreements</a> concerning <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Loi_Evin" class="mw-redirect" title="Loi Evin">Evin Act</a> on smoking in public places; the extension of the age limit for family allowances to 18 years in 1990;<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-securite-sociale_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-securite-sociale-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1989 Education Act which, amongst other measures, obliged local authorities to educate all children with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-google8_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google8-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several large architectural works were pursued, in what would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Grands_Projets_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="Grands Projets of François Mitterrand">Grands Projets of François Mitterrand</a> with the building of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arche" title="Grande Arche">Grande Arche</a> at <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastille Opera">Bastille Opera</a>, the Finance Ministry in <a href="/wiki/Bercy" title="Bercy">Bercy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">National Library of France</a>. On 16 February 1993, President François Mitterrand inaugurated in <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus" title="Fréjus">Fréjus</a> a memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Indochina_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina War">wars in Indochina</a>. </p><p>But the second term was also marked by rivalries within the PS and the split of the <i>Mitterrandist</i> group (at the <a href="/wiki/Rennes_Congress" title="Rennes Congress">Rennes Congress</a>, where supporters of <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> clashed bitterly for control of the party), the scandals about the financing of the party, the <a href="/wiki/Infected_blood_scandal_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infected blood scandal (France)">contaminated blood scandal</a> which implicated Laurent Fabius and former ministers Georgina Dufoix and Emond Hervé, and the Elysée wiretaps affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Cohabitation">Second Cohabitation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Second Cohabitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disappointed with Rocard's apparent failure to enact the Socialists' programme, Mitterrand dismissed Michel Rocard in 1991 and appointed <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a> to replace him. She was the first woman to become prime minister in France but proved a costly mistake due to her tendency to make acerbic and racist public remarks. After the Socialists experienced heavy losses in the 1992 regional elections, Cresson resigned from office. Her successor <a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Pierre Bérégovoy</a> promised to fight unemployment and corruption but he could not prevent the catastrophic defeat of the left in the <a href="/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election" title="1993 French legislative election">1993 legislative election</a>. The Socialist Party suffered a crushing defeat with the right-wing parties winning 485 seats to the left's 95. He killed himself on 1 May 1993. </p><p>Mitterrand named the former RPR Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Balladur" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Balladur">Edouard Balladur</a> as Prime Minister. The second "cohabitation" was less contentious than the first, because the two men knew they were not rivals for the next presidential election. By this point, François Mitterrand was nearly 80 years old and suffering from cancer in addition to the shock of his friend <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Grossouvre" title="François de Grossouvre">François de Grossouvre</a>'s suicide. His second and last term ended after the <a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995 presidential election</a> in May 1995 with the election of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>. Socialist candidate <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> lost the presidential election. </p><p>Overall, as President, Mitterrand maintained the "basic characteristic of a strong welfare base underpinned by a strong state." A United Nations Human Development report concluded that, from 1979 to 1989, France was the only country in the OECD (apart from Portugal) in which income inequalities did not get worse.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his second term as president, however, the gap between rich and poor widened in France,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with both unemployment and poverty rising in the wake of the economic recession of 1991–1993.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to other studies, though, the percentage of the French population living in poverty (based on various criteria) fell between the mid-Eighties and the mid-Nineties.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_administration" title="Foreign policy of the François Mitterrand administration">Foreign policy of the François Mitterrand administration</a></div> <p>According to Wayne Northcutt, certain domestic circumstances helped shape Mitterrand's foreign policy in four ways: he needed to maintain a political consensus; he kept an eye on economic conditions; he believed in the nationalistic imperative for French policy; and he tried to exploit Gaullism and its heritage for political advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East/West_relations"><span id="East.2FWest_relations"></span>East/West relations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: East/West relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>François Mitterrand supported closer European collaboration and the preservation of France's unique relationship with its former colonies, which he feared were falling under "<a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglo-Saxon</a> influence." His drive to preserve French power in Africa led to controversies concerning Paris' role during the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rwanda_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwanda-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Mitterrand's left-wing affiliations, the 1980s saw France becoming more distant from the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, especially following events such as the expulsion of 47 Soviet <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a> and their families from the country in 1982 after they were accused of large-scale industrial and military <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>. François Mitterrand also sharply criticized the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet intervention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> as well as the country's nuclear weapons buildup. When François Mitterrand visited the USSR in November 1988, the Soviet media claimed to be 'leaving aside the virtually wasted decade and losing the <a href="/wiki/France-Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France-Russia relations">Soviet-French</a> 'special relationship' of the Gaullist era'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Mitterrand was worried by the rapidity of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern bloc's</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapse</a>. He was opposed to <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> but came to see it as unavoidable.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was opposed to the swift recognition of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, which he thought would lead to the <a href="/wiki/Wars_in_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars in Yugoslavia">violent implosion of Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France participated in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (1990–1991) with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War#Coalition_involvement" title="Gulf War">U.N. coalition</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_policy">European policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: European policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F076604-0021,_Frankreich,_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Kohl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F076604-0021%2C_Frankreich%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Kohl.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F076604-0021%2C_Frankreich%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Kohl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F076604-0021%2C_Frankreich%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Kohl.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F076604-0021%2C_Frankreich%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Kohl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F076604-0021%2C_Frankreich%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Kohl.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F076604-0021%2C_Frankreich%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Kohl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Mitterrand and German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a>, 1987.</figcaption></figure> <p>He initially opposed further membership, fearing the Community was not ready and it would water it down to a free trade area.<sup id="cite_ref-ESI_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESI-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitterrand supported the <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">enlargement of the Community</a> to include Spain and Portugal (which both joined in January 1986). In February 1986 he helped the <i><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a></i> come into effect. He worked well with his friend <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> and improved <a href="/wiki/Franco-German_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-German relations">Franco-German relations</a> significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they fathered the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, which was signed on 7 February 1992. It was ratified by <a href="/wiki/1992_French_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 French referendum">referendum</a>, and approved by just over 51% of the voters. </p><p>British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> was against a <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also against the then discussed <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>. When Kohl, then West German Chancellor, asked François Mitterrand to agree to reunification (France was one of the four Allies who had to agree to the <a href="/wiki/Two_Plus_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Plus Four">Two Plus Four</a>-treaty), François Mitterrand told Kohl he accepted it only in the event Germany would abandon the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> and adopt the Euro. Kohl accepted this <a href="/wiki/Package_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Package deal">package deal</a> (including without talking to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Otto_P%C3%B6hl" title="Karl Otto Pöhl">Karl Otto Pöhl</a>, then President of the Bundesbank).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That year, he also established the <a href="/wiki/Mitterrand_doctrine" title="Mitterrand doctrine">Mitterrand doctrine</a>, a policy of not extraditing convicted far-left terrorists of the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">years of lead</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Battisti_(born_1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesare Battisti (born 1954)">Cesare Battisti</a> to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, due to the alleged non-conformity of Italian legislation to European standards of rule of law, in particular the anti-terrorism laws passed by Italy in the 1970s and 1980s. When the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> finally ruled against the François Mitterrand doctrine, the policy had already led to most of the criminals never being punished for their crimes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990_speech_at_La_Baule">1990 speech at La Baule</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1990 speech at La Baule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Responding to a democratic movement in Africa after the 1989 fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, he made his La Baule speech in June 1990 which tied <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</a> to democratic efforts from former French colonies, and during which he opposed the devaluation of the <a href="/wiki/CFA_Franc" class="mw-redirect" title="CFA Franc">CFA Franc</a>. Seeing an "East wind" blowing in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, he stated that a "Southern wind" was also blowing in Africa, and that state leaders had to respond to the populations' wishes and aspirations by a "democratic opening", which included a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative system</a>, free elections, <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multipartyism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, an independent judiciary, and abolition of censorship. Claiming that France was the country making the most important effort concerning development aid, he announced that the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least developed countries</a> (LDCs) would henceforth receive only grants from France, as opposed to loans (in order to combat the massive increase of <a href="/wiki/Third_World_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Third World debt">Third World debt</a> during the 1980s). He likewise limited the <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rate</a> to 5% on French loans to intermediate-income countries (that is, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>, Cameroon and <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>). </p><p>He also criticized interventionism in sovereign matters, which was according to him only another form of "<a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>". However, according to François Mitterrand, this did not imply lessened concern on the part of Paris for its <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">former colonies</a>. François Mitterrand thus continued with the African policy of de Gaulle inaugurated in 1960, which followed the relative failure of the 1958 creation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>. All in all, François Mitterrand's La Baule speech, which marked a relative turning point in France's policy concerning its former colonies, has been compared with the 1956 <i>loi-cadre <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Defferre" title="Gaston Defferre">Defferre</a></i> which was responding to <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialist">anti-colonialist</a> feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African heads of state reacted to François Mitterrand's speech at most with indifference. <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a>, President of Gabon, declared that he would rather have "events counsel him;" <a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a>, President of Senegal, said that, according to him, the best solution was a "strong government" and a "good faith opposition;" the President of Chad, <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a> (nicknamed the "African <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a>") claimed that it was contradictory to demand that African states should simultaneously carry on a "democratic policy" and "social and economic policies which limited their sovereignty", in a clear allusion to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a> programs". <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan II">Hassan II</a>, the king of Morocco, said for his part that "Africa was too open to the world to remain indifferent to what was happening around it", but that Western countries should "help young democracies open out, without putting a knife under their throat, without a brutal transition to multipartyism."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All in all, the La Baule speech has been said to be on one hand "one of the foundations of political renewal in Africa French speaking area", and on the other hand "cooperation with France", this despite "incoherence and inconsistency, like any <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discovery_of_HIV">Discovery of HIV</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Discovery of HIV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The controversy surrounding the discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was intense after American researcher <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> and French scientist <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> both claimed to have discovered it. The two scientists had given the new virus different names. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_priority_disputes" title="List of scientific priority disputes">controversy</a> was eventually settled by an agreement (helped along by the mediation of Dr <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a>) between President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and François Mitterrand which gave equal credit to both men and their teams.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apology_to_the_Huguenots">Apology to the Huguenots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Apology to the Huguenots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1985, to commemorate the tricentenary of the <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Revocation of the Edict of Nantes">Revocation of the Edict of Nantes</a>, Mitterrand gave a formal apology to the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, a special postage stamp was released in their honour. The stamp states that France <i>is</i> the home of the Huguenots ("Accueil des Huguenots"). Hence their rights were finally recognised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Co-Prince_of_Andorra">Co-Prince of Andorra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Co-Prince of Andorra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 February 1993, in his capacity as co-prince of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, Mitterrand and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mart%C3%AD_Alanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Martí Alanis">Joan Martí Alanis</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Urgell">Bishop of Urgell</a> and therefore Andorra's other co-prince, signed Andorra's new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Andorra" title="Constitution of Andorra">constitution</a>, which was later approved by <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> in the principality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitterrand died in Paris on 8 January 1996 at the age of 79 from prostate cancer, a condition he and his doctors had concealed for most of his presidency (see <a href="#Medical_secrecy">section on "Medical secrecy" below</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days before his death, he was joined by family members and close friends for a "last meal" that attracted controversy because, in addition to other gourmet dishes, it included the serving of roast <a href="/wiki/Ortolan_bunting" title="Ortolan bunting">ortolan bunting</a>, a small wild songbird that is a protected species whose sale was and remains illegal in France.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The day of the funeral was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_day_of_mourning" title="National day of mourning">national day of mourning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A requiem mass was held at <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame cathedral</a>, celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lustiger" title="Jean-Marie Lustiger">Cardinal Lustiger</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a>, <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a> and representatives from 171 countries. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tarschys" title="Daniel Tarschys">Daniel Tarschys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General of the Council of Europe</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a> were present. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a>, former president <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> and former prime ministers <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Maurice Couve de Murville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Pierre Mauroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a> were present.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixty-one heads of state were presented.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>François Mitterrand's grave is in <a href="/wiki/Jarnac" title="Jarnac">Jarnac</a>. </p><p>Former leaders and foreign delegations who attended François Mitterrand's funeral included:<sup id="cite_ref-auto_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President of Albania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Attaf" title="Ahmed Attaf">Ahmed Attaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_foreign_affairs_of_Algeria" title="List of ministers of foreign affairs of Algeria">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Forn%C3%A9_Moln%C3%A9" title="Marc Forné Molné">Marc Forné Molné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Andorra">Prime Minister of Andorra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrossian" class="mw-redirect" title="Levon Ter-Petrossian">Levon Ter-Petrossian</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President of Armenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Klestil" title="Thomas Klestil">Thomas Klestil</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">President of Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain"><img alt="Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Mubarak_Al_Khalifa" title="Mohammed bin Mubarak Al Khalifa">Mohammed bin Mubarak Al Khalifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bahrain)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahrain)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/A._M._Zahiruddin_Khan" title="A. M. Zahiruddin Khan">A. M. Zahiruddin Khan</a>, former Minister of Industry</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Piatro_Kravchanka" title="Piatro Kravchanka">Piatro Kravchanka</a>, former Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">Albert II</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Paola_of_Belgium" title="Queen Paola of Belgium">Paola, Queen of the Belgians</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene" title="Jean-Luc Dehaene">Jean-Luc Dehaene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo" title="Elio Di Rupo">Elio Di Rupo</a>, Vice-Prime Minister</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Soglo" title="Nicéphore Soglo">Nicéphore Soglo</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Benin" title="President of Benin">President of Benin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Yves Gaudeul, Ambassador of France in Bosnia<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mompati_Merafhe" title="Mompati Merafhe">Mompati Merafhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Botswana)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)">President of the Senate</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi"><img alt="Burundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A9rand_Bakevyumusaya" title="Vénérand Bakevyumusaya">Vénérand Bakevyumusaya</a>, Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">King of Cambodia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Monineath" title="Norodom Monineath">Norodom Monineath, Queen of Cambodia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">Roméo LeBlanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Sheila Copps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">Premier of Quebec</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louise_Beaudoin" title="Louise Beaudoin">Louise Beaudoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Communications_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Culture and Communications (Quebec)">Minister of Culture and Communications of Quebec</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">Benoît Bouchard</a>, Ambassador of Canada to France<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Claude Roquet, Delegate General of Quebec<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic"><img alt="Central African Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9" title="Ange-Félix Patassé">Ange-Félix Patassé</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Central African Republic">President of the Central African Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Chad">President of Chad</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Vald%C3%A9s_Subercaseaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Valdés Subercaseaux">Gabriel Valdés Subercaseaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Chile" title="President of the Senate of Chile">President of the Senate of Chile</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China">Vice Premier</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba" title="Pascal Lissouba">Pascal Lissouba</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Congo">President of Congo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tudjman" class="mw-redirect" title="Franjo Tudjman">Franjo Tudjman</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">President of Croatia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President of Cuba</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glafcos_Clerides" title="Glafcos Clerides">Glafcos Clerides</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">President of Cyprus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">President of the Czech Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrethe II of Denmark">Margrethe II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Denmark">Queen of Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henrik_of_Denmark" title="Prince Henrik of Denmark">Prince Henrik of Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen" title="Poul Nyrup Rasmussen">Poul Nyrup Rasmussen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Prime Minister of Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President of Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Meri" title="Lennart Meri">Lennart Meri</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President of Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milan_Milutinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Milutinović">Milan Milutinović</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Serbia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Serbia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon"><img alt="Gabon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Gabon" title="President of Gabon">President of Gabon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia"><img alt="The Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Sana B. Sabaly, <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Gambia" title="Vice-President of the Gambia">Vice-President of the Gambia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine" title="Oskar Lafontaine">Oskar Lafontaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Leader of the Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantinos_Stephanopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinos Stephanopoulos">Constantinos Stephanopoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President of Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Kozo Zoumanigui, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Guinea)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Guinea)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Bernardo_Vieira" title="João Bernardo Vieira">João Bernardo Vieira</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Guinea-Bissau">President of Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ha%C3%AFti" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Haïti">President of Haïti</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See"><img alt="Holy See" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Bishop <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tauran" title="Jean-Louis Tauran">Jean-Louis Tauran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States" title="Section for Relations with States">Secretary for Relations with States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Roberto_Reina" title="Carlos Roberto Reina">Carlos Roberto Reina</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">President of Honduras</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_G%C3%B6ncz" title="Árpád Göncz">Árpád Göncz</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President of Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vigdis_Finnbogadottir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigdis Finnbogadottir">Vigdis Finnbogadottir</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President of Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati" title="Ali Akbar Velayati">Ali Akbar Velayati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">John Bruton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Ireland">Prime Minister of Ireland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ezer_Weizman" title="Ezer Weizman">Ezer Weizman</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President of Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Luigi_Scalfaro" title="Oscar Luigi Scalfaro">Oscar Luigi Scalfaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Konan_B%C3%A9di%C3%A9" title="Henri Konan Bédié">Henri Konan Bédié</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Ivory Coast">President of Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita" title="Noboru Takeshita">Noboru Takeshita</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan of Jordan">Hassan, Crown Prince of Jordan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Kazakhstan)" title="Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Kazakhstan)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guntis_Ulmanis" title="Guntis Ulmanis">Guntis Ulmanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President of Latvia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elias_Hrawi" title="Elias Hrawi">Elias Hrawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President of Lebanon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Momolu_Sirleaf" title="Momolu Sirleaf">Momolu Sirleaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Liberia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Liberia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nikolaus_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein">Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Otmar_Hasler" title="Otmar Hasler">Otmar Hasler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Liechtenstein">Prime Minister of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Brazauskas" title="Algirdas Brazauskas">Algirdas Brazauskas</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lithuania" title="President of Lithuania">President of Lithuania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Princess_Jos%C3%A9phine-Charlotte_of_Belgium" title="Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium">Joséphine-Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Luxembourg">Prime Minister of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Branko_Crvenkovski" title="Branko Crvenkovski">Branko Crvenkovski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">Prime Minister of Macedonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Oumar_Konar%C3%A9" title="Alpha Oumar Konaré">Alpha Oumar Konaré</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Mali">President of Mali</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Mifsud_Bonnici" title="Ugo Mifsud Bonnici">Ugo Mifsud Bonnici</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">President of Malta</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania"><img alt="Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cheikh_El_Avia_Ould_Mohamed_Khouna" title="Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna">Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mauritania)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mauritania)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cassam_Uteem" title="Cassam Uteem">Cassam Uteem</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mauritius" title="President of Mauritius">President of Mauritius</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Gurr%C3%ADa" title="José Ángel Gurría">José Ángel Gurría</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)" title="Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco"><img alt="Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Rainier III, Prince of Monaco">Rainier III, Prince of Monaco</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Sidi Mohammed, Crown Prince of Morocco</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Nujoma" title="Sam Nujoma">Sam Nujoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Namibia" title="President of Namibia">President of Namibia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">Secretary General of NATO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Beatrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Queen of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wim_Kok" title="Wim Kok">Wim Kok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahamane_Ousmane" title="Mahamane Ousmane">Mahamane Ousmane</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Niger">President of Niger</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Bruntland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gro Harlem Bruntland">Gro Harlem Bruntland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman"><img alt="Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Alawi_bin_Abdullah" title="Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah">Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Ministry_(Oman)" title="Foreign Ministry (Oman)">Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aftab_Shaban_Mirani" title="Aftab Shaban Mirani">Aftab Shaban Mirani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine"><img alt="Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="President of the State of Palestine">President of the State of Palestine</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_Boettner" title="Luis María Ramírez Boettner">Luis María Ramírez Boettner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Paraguay)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Paraguay)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Prime Minister of Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani">Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Emir of Qatar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Naina_Yeltsina" title="Naina Yeltsina">Naina Yeltsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Russia" title="First Lady of Russia">First Lady of Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Jean-Bernard Mérimée, Ambassador of San Marino to France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Abdulaziz_Al-Assaf" title="Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Assaf">Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Assaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia)">Minister of Finance</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Senegal" title="President of Senegal">President of Senegal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michal_Kov%C3%A1%C4%8D" title="Michal Kováč">Michal Kováč</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">President of Slovakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Janez_Drnovsek" class="mw-redirect" title="Janez Drnovsek">Janez Drnovsek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Prime Minister of Slovenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahdi_Muhammad" title="Ali Mahdi Muhammad">Ali Mahdi Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President of Somalia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baphethuxolo_Nzo" title="Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo">Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Minister of International Relations and Cooperation">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Gong Ro-myung, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (South Korea)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain" title="Queen Sofía of Spain">Sofia, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister of Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Kadirgamar" title="Lakshman Kadirgamar">Lakshman Kadirgamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Sri Lanka)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ogi" title="Adolf Ogi">Adolf Ogi</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Swiss Confederation</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnassingbé Eyadema">Gnassingbé Eyadema</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Togo">President of Togo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President of Ukraine</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">President of the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III of the United Kingdom">Charles, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of United Kingdom">Prime Minister of United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Ramos_Trigo" title="Álvaro Ramos Trigo">Álvaro Ramos Trigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_foreign_relations_of_Uruguay" title="List of ministers of foreign relations of Uruguay">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdallah_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Abdallah Saleh">Ali Abdallah Saleh</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yemen" title="President of Yemen">President of Yemen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><img alt="Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Miyanda" title="Godfrey Miyanda">Godfrey Miyanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Zambia" title="Vice-President of Zambia">Vice-President of Zambia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_ministers_during_presidency">Prime ministers during presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Prime ministers during presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, François Mitterrand has had the most prime ministers during the regime of the 5th Republic. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Prime minister </th> <th colspan="2">In office </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Pierre Mauroy</a></td> <td>1981</td> <td>1984</td> <td>Socialist </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a></td> <td>1984</td> <td>1986</td> <td>Socialist </td> <td>The youngest PM since <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a> (37 years old) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></td> <td>1986</td> <td>1988</td> <td>RPR </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a> of the Fifth Republic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a></td> <td>1988</td> <td>1991</td> <td>Socialist </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a></td> <td>1991</td> <td>1992</td> <td>Socialist </td> <td>First female prime minister </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Pierre Bérégovoy</a></td> <td>1992</td> <td>1993</td> <td>Socialist </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a></td> <td>1993</td> <td>1995</td> <td>RPR </td> <td>Second Cohabitation </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_secrecy">Medical secrecy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Medical secrecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his death, a controversy erupted when his former physician, Claude Gubler, wrote a book called <i>Le Grand Secret</i> ("The Grand Secret") explaining that François Mitterrand had false health reports published since November 1981, hiding his cancer. François Mitterrand's family then prosecuted Gubler and his publisher for violating <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality#Medical_confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">medical confidentiality</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urba">Urba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Urba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Urba consultancy was established in 1971 by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> to advise Socialist-led <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">communes</a> on infrastructure projects and public works. The <a href="/wiki/Urba_affair" title="Urba affair">Urba affair</a> became public in 1989 when two police officers investigating the <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> regional office of Urba discovered detailed minutes of the organisation's contracts, which showed a division of proceeds between the party and elected officials. Although the minutes proved a direct link between Urba and corrupt payments to politicians, an edict from the office of François Mitterrand (even though he himself was listed as a recipient) prevented further investigation. The François Mitterrand election campaign of 1988 was directed by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Nallet" title="Henri Nallet">Henri Nallet</a>, who then became <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (France)">Justice Minister</a> and therefore in charge of the investigation at the national level. In 1990 François Mitterrand declared an amnesty for those under investigation, thus ending the affair. Socialist Party treasurer <a href="/wiki/Henri_Emmanuelli" title="Henri Emmanuelli">Henri Emmanuelli</a> was tried in 1997 for corruption offences, for which he received a two-year suspended sentence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wiretaps">Wiretaps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Wiretaps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1982 to 1986, François Mitterrand established an "anti-terror cell" installed as a service of the President of the Republic. This was an unusual set-up since such law enforcement missions against terrorism are normally left to the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Police">National Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Gendarmerie" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gendarmerie"><i>Gendarmerie</i></a>, run under the cabinet and the Prime Minister, and under the supervision of the judiciary. The cell was largely staffed by members of these services, but it bypassed the normal line of command and safeguards. Three thousand conversations concerning 150 people (7 for reasons judged to be contestable by the ensuing court process) were recorded between January 1983 and March 1986 by this anti-terrorist cell at the Elysée Palace. In one of its first actions, the cell was involved in the "<a href="/wiki/Irish_of_Vincennes" title="Irish of Vincennes">Irish of Vincennes</a>" affair, in which it appeared that members of the cell had planted weapons and explosives in the Vincennes apartment of three Irish nationals who were arrested on terrorism charges. Most markedly, it appears that the cell, under illegal presidential orders, obtained <a href="/wiki/Wiretap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiretap">wiretaps</a> on journalists, politicians and other personalities who may have been an impediment to François Mitterrand's personal life. The illegal wiretapping was revealed in 1993 by <i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i>; the case against members of the cell went to trial in November 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It took 20 years for the <i>affaire</i> to come before the courts because the instructing judge <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Vallat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Paul Vallat (page does not exist)">Jean-Paul Vallat</a> was at first thwarted by the <i>affaire</i> being classed a defence secret, but in December 1999 the <i><a href="/wiki/Commission_consultative_du_secret_de_la_d%C3%A9fense_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale">Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale</a></i> declassified part of the files concerned. The judge finished his investigation in 2000, but it still took another four years before coming on 15 November 2004 before the 16th chamber of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_correctionnel_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunal correctionnel (France)">Tribunal correctionnel</a> de Paris</i>. Twelve people were charged with "atteinte à la vie privée" (breach of privacy) and one with selling computer files. Seven were given suspended sentences and fines and 4 were found not guilty. </p><p>The affair finally ended before the <i>Tribunal correctionnel de Paris</i> with the court's judgement on 9 November 2005. Seven members of the President's anti-terrorist unit were convicted and Mitterrand was designated as the "inspirator and essentially the controller of the operation."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court's judgement revealed that Mitterrand was motivated by keeping elements of his private life secret from the general public, such as the existence of his illegitimate daughter <a href="/wiki/Mazarine_Pingeot" title="Mazarine Pingeot">Mazarine Pingeot</a> (which the writer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Edern_Hallier" title="Jean-Edern Hallier">Jean-Edern Hallier</a>, was threatening to reveal), his cancer which had been diagnosed in 1981, and the elements of his past in the Vichy Régime which were not already public knowledge. The court judged that certain people were tapped for "obscure" reasons, such as <a href="/wiki/Carole_Bouquet" title="Carole Bouquet">Carole Bouquet</a>'s companion, a lawyer with family in the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Edwy_Plenel" title="Edwy Plenel">Edwy Plenel</a>, a journalist for <i>Le Monde</i> who covered the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i> story and the Vincennes Three affair, and the lawyer Antoine Comte. The court declared "Les faits avaient été commis sur ordre soit du président de la République, soit des ministres de la Défense successifs qui ont mis à la disposition de (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Prouteau" title="Christian Prouteau">Christian Prouteau</a>) tous les moyens de l'État afin de les exécuter" (translation: these actions were committed following orders from the French President or his various Defence Ministers who gave <a href="/wiki/Christian_Prouteau" title="Christian Prouteau">Christian Prouteau</a> full access to the state machinery so he could execute the orders) The court stated that François Mitterrand was the principal instigator of the wire taps (l'inspirateur et le décideur de l'essentiel) and that he had ordered some of the taps and turned a blind eye to others and that none of the 3000 wiretaps carried out by the cell were legally obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 March 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal in Paris">Court of Appeal in Paris</a> awarded a symbolic €1<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in damages to the actress Carole Bouquet and €5000 to Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Beau" title="Jean-Michel Beau">Jean-Michel Beau</a> for breach of privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The case was taken to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, which gave judgement on 7 June 2007 that the rights of free expression of the journalists involved in the case were not respected. </p><p>In 2008 the French state was ordered by the courts to give Jean-Edern Hallier's family compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rwanda">Rwanda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Rwanda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Role_of_France_in_the_Rwandan_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of France in the Rwandan genocide">Role of France in the Rwandan genocide</a></div> <p>Paris assisted <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>'s president <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a>, who was assassinated on 6 April 1994 while travelling in a <a href="/wiki/Dassault" class="mw-redirect" title="Dassault">Dassault</a> <a href="/wiki/Falcon_50" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 50">Falcon 50</a> given to him as a personal gift of François Mitterrand. Through the offices of the 'Cellule Africaine', a Presidential office headed by François Mitterrand's son, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Mitterrand" title="Jean-Christophe Mitterrand">Jean-Christophe Mitterrand</a>, he provided the Hutu regime with financial and military support in the early 1990s. With French assistance, the Rwandan army grew from a force of 9,000 men in October 1990 to 28,000 in 1991. France also provided training staff, experts and massive quantities of weaponry and facilitated arms contracts with Egypt and South Africa. It also financed, armed and trained Habyrimana's Presidential Guard. French troops were deployed under <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Turquoise" title="Opération Turquoise">Opération Turquoise</a>, a military operation carried out under a United Nations (UN) mandate. The operation is currently the object of political and historical debate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombing_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior">Bombing of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bombing of the Rainbow Warrior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="France–New Zealand relations">France–New Zealand relations</a></div> <p>On 10 July 1985, the <i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Warrior_(1955)" title="Rainbow Warrior (1955)">Rainbow Warrior</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> vessel, was in New Zealand preparing to protest against French nuclear testing in the South Pacific when two explosions sank the ship, resulting in the death of freelance photographer <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pereira" title="Fernando Pereira">Fernando Pereira</a>. The New Zealand government called the bombing the first terrorist attack in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1985, French Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hernu" title="Charles Hernu">Charles Hernu</a> was forced to resign after New Zealand authorities arrested <a href="/wiki/DGSE" class="mw-redirect" title="DGSE">DGSE</a> (French intelligence services) agents who confessed to planting the explosives and later pleaded guilty. </p><p>On the twentieth anniversary of the sinking, it was revealed that François Mitterrand had personally authorised the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral Pierre Lacoste, the former head of the DGSE, made a statement saying Pereira's death weighed heavily on his conscience. Television New Zealand (TVNZ) also sought access to the court video recording hearing where two French agents pleaded guilty, which they <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/TVNZ_wins_court_battle_to_screen_Rainbow_Warrior_court_footage" class="extiw" title="n:TVNZ wins court battle to screen Rainbow Warrior court footage">won a year later</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President of the French Republic: 1981–1995. Reelected in 1988. </p><p><b>Governmental functions</b> </p> <ul><li>Minister of Veterans and War Victims: 1947–1948</li> <li>Secretary of State for Information: July–September 1948</li> <li>Secretary of State for Presidency of Council: 1948–1949</li> <li>Minister of Overseas and Colonies: 1950–1951</li> <li>Minister of State: January–March 1952</li> <li>Minister for Council of Europe: June–September 1953</li> <li>Minister of Interior: 1954–1955</li> <li>Minister of State, minister of Justice: 1956–1957</li></ul> <p><b>Elected positions</b> </p><p><i><b>National Assembly of France</b></i> </p><p>Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>: 1946–1958 / 1962–1981 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1981). Elected in 1946, reelected in 1951, 1956, 1962, 1967, 1968, 1973, 1978. </p><p><i><b>Senate of France</b></i> </p><p>Senator of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>: 1959–1962 (resignation, reelected member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a> in 1962). Elected in 1959. </p><p><i><b>General Council</b></i> </p><p>President of the General Council of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>: 1964–1981 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1981). Reelected in 1967, 1970, 1973, 1976, 1979. </p><p>General councillor of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>: 1949–1981 (resignation). Reelected in 1955, 1961, 1967, 1973, 1979. </p><p><i><b>Municipal Council</b></i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mayor_(France)" title="Mayor (France)">Mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Chinon_(Ville)" title="Château-Chinon (Ville)">Château-Chinon (Ville)</a>: 1959–1981 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1981). Reelected in 1965, 1971, 1977. </p><p><a href="/wiki/City_council_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="City council (France)">Municipal councillor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Chinon_(Ville)" title="Château-Chinon (Ville)">Château-Chinon (Ville)</a>: 1959–1981 (resignation). Reelected in 1965, 1971, 1977. </p><p><b>Political function</b> </p><p>First Secretary (leader) of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a>: 1971–1981 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1981). Reelected in 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979. </p><p>From 1962 to 1964 and, again, from 1969 to 1971, he was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient de France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1987, Mitterrand was also the first French president to receive a representative of that organization at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/160px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg/80px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg/120px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg/160px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite" title="Ordre national du Mérite">Ordre national du Mérite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Francisque" title="Order of the Francisque">Order of the Francisque</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armes_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_(Ordre_du_Seraphin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Armes_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_%28Ordre_du_Seraphin%29.svg/170px-Armes_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_%28Ordre_du_Seraphin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Armes_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_%28Ordre_du_Seraphin%29.svg/255px-Armes_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_%28Ordre_du_Seraphin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Armes_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_%28Ordre_du_Seraphin%29.svg/340px-Armes_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_%28Ordre_du_Seraphin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>François Mitterrand <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a> of the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Seraphim">Order of the Seraphim</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle" title="Order of the Aztec Eagle">Order of the Aztec Eagle</a> (19 October 1981)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a> (1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a> (1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland" title="Order of the White Rose of Finland">Order of the White Rose</a> (1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a> (1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>: Grand Cross of the National Order (20 May 1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Lion" title="National Order of the Lion">National Order of the Lion</a> (22 May 1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>: Grand star of merit for services rendered to the Republic (June 1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Lebanon)" title="Order of Merit (Lebanon)">Order of Merit</a> (1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Republic</a> (July 1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: Grand Collar of the Order of Mohamed (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Burundi" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Burundi">National Order of the Republic</a> (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Valour" title="Order of Valour">Order of Valor</a> (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>: Grand Cross of the Cameroonian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Cameroon)" title="Order of Merit (Cameroon)">Order of Merit</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>: Grand Cross of the National Order (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mono" title="Order of Mono">Order of Mono</a> (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Great_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Yugoslav Great Star">Order of the Yugoslav Great Star</a> (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>: of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_(Tunisia)" title="Order of the Republic (Tunisia)">Order of the Republic</a> (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>: Grand Cross of the Order of Independence (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Grand Cross, Special Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit</a> (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Falcon" title="Order of the Falcon">Order of the Falcon</a> (12 April 1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya" title="Order of Ojaswi Rajanya">Order of Ojaswi Rajanya</a> (2 May 1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_San_Marino" title="Order of San Marino">Equestrian Order of San Marino</a> (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">Order of Infante Dom Henrique</a> (29 September 1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Order of Saint Olaf</a> (1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint-Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint-Charles">Order of Saint-Charles</a> (1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Royal Order of Seraphim</a> (11 May 1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali" title="Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali">Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>: Grand Cross of the Order of a Thousand Hills (1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Unity_of_the_Nation" title="Order of the Unity of the Nation">Umayyad Order</a> (1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">National Order of the Southern Cross</a> (1985)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Leopard" title="National Order of the Leopard">National Order of the Leopard</a> (1985)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>: National Order of Merit (1985)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Star of the Republic of Indonesia">Star of the Republic of Indonesia</a> (1986)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator_General_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Order of the Liberator General San Martín">Order of the Liberator San Martín</a> (6 October 1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>: Grand Cross with Diamonds of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Order of the Sun of Peru">Order of the Sun</a> (10 October 1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Liberty" title="Order of Liberty">Order of Liberty</a> (28 October 1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>: Dignitary of the Order of the Great Star of Djibouti (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>: Member First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Oman" title="Order of Oman">Order of the Sultanate of Oman</a> (1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Sikatuna" title="Order of Sikatuna">Order of Sikatuna</a> (11 July 1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Savior</a> (1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Order_of_Merit" title="Hungarian Order of Merit">Hungarian Order of Merit</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Civil_decorations_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil decorations of Pakistan">Nishan Order</a> (21 February 1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a> (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator" title="Order of the Liberator">Order of the Liberator</a> (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Madagascar" title="National Order of Madagascar">National Order</a> (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a> (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Gold_Lion_of_the_House_of_Nassau" title="Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau">Order of the Golden Lion of the House of Nassau</a> (1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: 1st class with chain of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Three_Stars" title="Order of the Three Stars">Order of the Three Stars</a> (15 May 1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a> (1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Order of Merit of the Republic</a> (1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Virtuti_Militari" title="Virtuti Militari">Military Order of Virtuti Militari</a> (1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281997%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281997%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281997%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281997%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281997%E2%80%932011%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281997%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa" title="Grand Order of Mugunghwa">Grand Order of Mugunghwa</a> (1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>: Collar of the Order of the Republic (18 October 1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Good_Hope" title="Order of Good Hope">Order of Good Hope</a> (1994)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Order of St. John Malta</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>: Posthumous Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a> (1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vexillology_and_heraldry">Vexillology and heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Vexillology and heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FanionMitterrand1982.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/FanionMitterrand1982.svg/170px-FanionMitterrand1982.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/FanionMitterrand1982.svg/255px-FanionMitterrand1982.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/FanionMitterrand1982.svg/340px-FanionMitterrand1982.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Presidential_standard_of_France" title="Presidential standard of France">Presidential standard</a> of François Mitterrand</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>President François Mitterrand had chosen a tree, half oak half olive-tree, as a symbol for his presidential flag.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>President François Mitterrand received from King <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden">Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden</a> a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> linked to the reception of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Order of the Seraphim</a>, which reproduces this symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-Seraf_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seraf-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span></span>/</a></span></span> <small>or</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>-/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/68\/En-us-Francois_Mitterrand_from_France_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.oga\/En-us-Francois_Mitterrand_from_France_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Francois Mitterrand from France pronunciation (Voice of America).oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/En-us-Francois_Mitterrand_from_France_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.oga/En-us-Francois_Mitterrand_from_France_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Francois_Mitterrand_from_France_pronunciation_(Voice_of_America).oga" title="File:En-us-Francois Mitterrand from France pronunciation (Voice of America).oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>)/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fʁɑ̃swa<span class="wrap"> </span>mɔʁis<span class="wrap"> </span>adʁijɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>maʁi<span class="wrap"> </span>mit(ɛ)ʁɑ̃,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span>moʁ-]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a5\/Fr-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand.ogg\/Fr-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Fr-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand.ogg/Fr-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand.ogg" title="File:Fr-François Mitterrand.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a share of the popular vote in the first presidential round, the Communists shrank from a peak of 21.27% in 1969 to 8.66% in 1995, at the end of Mitterrand's second term.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Mitterrand" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Mitterrand">"Mitterrand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mitterrand&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DMitterrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Mitterrand">"François Mitterrand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FFran%25C3%25A7ois%2520Mitterrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4769950/deces-1990-1999-csv.zip">"Fichier des décès – années 1990 à 1999"</a> [Death file – years 1990 to 1999] (in French). National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fichier+des+d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s+%E2%80%93+ann%C3%A9es+1990+%C3%A0+1999&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Statistics+and+Economic+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Ffichier%2F4769950%2Fdeces-1990-1999-csv.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tiersky, Ronald. <i>François Mitterrand: A Very French President</i>. 2003, Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 38–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrisafis2016" class="citation web cs1">Chrisafis, Angelique (5 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/05/francois-mitterrands-love-letters-to-secret-mistress-to-be-published">"François Mitterrand's love letters to secret mistress to be published"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008125655/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/05/francois-mitterrands-love-letters-to-secret-mistress-to-be-published">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand%27s+love+letters+to+secret+mistress+to+be+published&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Chrisafis&rft.aufirst=Angelique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Foct%2F05%2Ffrancois-mitterrands-love-letters-to-secret-mistress-to-be-published&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810011156/http://www.france24.com/en/20140809-swedish-politician--french-president-mitterrand-son-illegitimate/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Okay, François Mitterrand was my dad,' Swedish politician reveals"</a>. France 24. 9 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20140809-swedish-politician--french-president-mitterrand-son-illegitimate/">the original</a> on 10 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Okay%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand+was+my+dad%2C%27+Swedish+politician+reveals&rft.date=2014-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20140809-swedish-politician--french-president-mitterrand-son-illegitimate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Péan-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Péan_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Péan_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_P%C3%A9an" title="Pierre Péan">Pierre Péan</a>, <i>Une jeunesse française</i> (biography on Mitterrand), p.23–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rousso" title="Henry Rousso">Henry Rousso</a>, <i>Le Syndrome de Vichy</i>, p.365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacouture" class="citation book cs1">Lacouture, Jean. <i>Mitterrand, une histoire de Français</i>. éd. du Seuil, "Points". p. 46/48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitterrand%2C+une+histoire+de+Fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pages=46%2F48&rft.pub=%C3%A9d.+du+Seuil%2C+%22Points%22&rft.aulast=Lacouture&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiersky2003" class="citation book cs1">Tiersky, Ronald (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiHLZQ6XtzEC"><i>François Mitterrand: A Very French President</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742524736" title="Special:BookSources/9780742524736"><bdi>9780742524736</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025120803/https://books.google.com/books?id=LiHLZQ6XtzEC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand%3A+A+Very+French+President&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=9780742524736&rft.aulast=Tiersky&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLiHLZQ6XtzEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Short" title="Philip Short">Short, Philip</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_aqtAAAAQBAJ"><i>Mitterrand. A Study in Ambiguity</i></a>. London: Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-9189-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-9189-5"><bdi>978-1-4481-9189-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130174441/https://books.google.com/books?id=_aqtAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitterrand.+A+Study+in+Ambiguity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4481-9189-5&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_aqtAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitterrand1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mitterrand, François (1996). Jacob, Odile (ed.). <i>Mémoires interrompus</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+interrompus&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Mitterrand&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean1998" class="citation book cs1">Jean, Lacouture (1998). <i>Mitterrand : une histoire de Français</i>. Paris: Editions du Seuil. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782020307383" title="Special:BookSources/9782020307383"><bdi>9782020307383</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40398759">40398759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitterrand+%3A+une+histoire+de+Fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Editions+du+Seuil&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40398759&rft.isbn=9782020307383&rft.aulast=Jean&rft.aufirst=Lacouture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">reprinted in <i>Politique I</i>, in 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Belot in <i>La Résistance sans De Gaulle</i>, éd. Fayard, 2006, et Henry Rousso in <i>l'Express</i> n° 2871, du 13 juillet 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Lacouture, <i>Mitterrand, une histoire de Français</i>, op. cit., pp. 75/79 et Franz-Olivier Giesbert, <i>François Mitterrand, une vie</i>, éd. du Seuil, "Points", 1996, pp. 77/79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Péan, <i>Une jeunesse française</i>, op. cit., pp. 217/218 et Jean Lacouture, <i>Mitterrand, une histoire de Français</i>, op. cit., p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">a photograph taken at this meeting is on the cover of Pierre Péan's book. Marcel Barrois is in the photo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasbert-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glasbert_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"autumn 1943", from: Franz-Olivier Giesbert, François Mitterrand ou la tentation de l'histoire, Éditions du Seuil, 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-004591-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-004591-5">2-02-004591-5</a>, chap. 5, p.49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Pierre-Bloch" title="Jean Pierre-Bloch">Jean Pierre-Bloch</a>, <i>De Gaulle ou le temps des méprises</i> (pp. 216/218) "C'était sur notre ordre que François Mitterrand était resté dans les services de prisonniers de Vichy. Lorsqu'il avait été proposé pour la francisque, nous avions été parfaitement tenus au courant; nous lui avions conseillé d'accepter cette "distinction" pour ne pas se dévoiler".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Attali, <i>C'était François Mitterrand</i>, Fayard, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1995" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (17 July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/17/world/chirac-affirms-france-s-guilt-in-fate-of-jews.html">"Chirac Affirms France's Guilt in Fate of Jews"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207075618/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/17/world/chirac-affirms-france-s-guilt-in-fate-of-jews.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chirac+Affirms+France%27s+Guilt+in+Fate+of+Jews&rft.date=1995-07-17&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F07%2F17%2Fworld%2Fchirac-affirms-france-s-guilt-in-fate-of-jews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35188755">"France opens WW2 Vichy regime files"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109073634/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35188755">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=France+opens+WW2+Vichy+regime+files&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-35188755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais/interventions/discours_et_declarations/1995/juillet/allocution_de_m_jacques_chirac_president_de_la_republique_prononcee_lors_des_ceremonies_commemorant_la_grande_rafle_des_16_et_17_juillet_1942-paris.2503.html">Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413170546/http://elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/francais/interventions/discours_et_declarations/1995/juillet/allocution_de_m_jacques_chirac_president_de_la_republique_prononcee_lors_des_ceremonies_commemorant_la_grande_rafle_des_16_et_17_juillet_1942-paris.2503.html">Archived</a> 13 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Président de la république</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacqueschirac-asso.fr/fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Allocution-Vel-dhiv.pdf">"Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>jacqueschirac-asso</i> (in French). 16 July 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724134623/http://www.jacqueschirac-asso.fr/fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Allocution-Vel-dhiv.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jacqueschirac-asso&rft.atitle=Allocution+de+M.+Jacques+CHIRAC+Pr%C3%A9sident+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+prononc%C3%A9e+lors+des+c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monies+comm%C3%A9morant+la+grande+rafle+des+16+et+17+juillet+1942+%28Paris%29&rft.date=1995-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacqueschirac-asso.fr%2Ffr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F02%2FAllocution-Vel-dhiv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/macron-hosts-netanyahu-condemns-anti-zionism-as-anti-semitism/2017/07/16/dfba544a-ca1f-40f9-82e6-98575393798c_story.html">"Macron hosts Netanyahu, condemns anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201185333/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/macron-hosts-netanyahu-condemns-anti-zionism-as-anti-semitism/2017/07/16/dfba544a-ca1f-40f9-82e6-98575393798c_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Macron+hosts+Netanyahu%2C+condemns+anti-Zionism+as+anti-Semitism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmacron-hosts-netanyahu-condemns-anti-zionism-as-anti-semitism%2F2017%2F07%2F16%2Fdfba544a-ca1f-40f9-82e6-98575393798c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40622845">"Israel PM mourns France's deported Jews"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143331/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40622845">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Israel+PM+mourns+France%27s+deported+Jews&rft.date=2017-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-40622845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/17/france-macron-denounces-state-role-holocaust-atrocity-paris-1942">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'France organised this': Macron denounces state role in Holocaust atrocity"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Associated Press. 17 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024143216/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/17/france-macron-denounces-state-role-holocaust-atrocity-paris-1942">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27France+organised+this%27%3A+Macron+denounces+state+role+in+Holocaust+atrocity&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjul%2F17%2Ffrance-macron-denounces-state-role-holocaust-atrocity-paris-1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2017" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Russell (17 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/world/europe/macron-israel-holocaust-antisemitism.html">"Macron Denounces Anti-Zionism as 'Reinvented Form of Anti-Semitism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128202318/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/world/europe/macron-israel-holocaust-antisemitism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Macron+Denounces+Anti-Zionism+as+%27Reinvented+Form+of+Anti-Semitism%27&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmacron-israel-holocaust-antisemitism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Péan, op. cit., p. 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Péan, op. cit., pp. 309/310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpress.fr/info/france/dossier/mitt/dossier.asp?ida=418472">Patrick Rotman et Jean Lacouture, "le roman du pouvoir"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230243/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/france/dossier/mitt/dossier.asp?ida=418472">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>L'Express</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz-Olivier Giesbert, <i>François Mitterrand, une vie</i>, p. 94. "François Mitterrand avait réussi à mettre sur pied un véritable réseau de renseignement dans les camps. Grâce aux prisonniers de guerre, nous avons pu prendre connaissances d'informations, parfois décisives, sur ce qui se passait derrière les frontières"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On 12 July 1944 <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Schumann" title="Maurice Schumann">Maurice Schumann</a> (la voice of the Free French) recounted this event on BBC radio.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Lacouture, <i>Mitterrand, une histoire de Français</i>, op. cit., pp. 97 et 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franz-Olivier_Giesbert_1996,_p._100-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franz-Olivier_Giesbert_1996,_p._100_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franz-Olivier_Giesbert_1996,_p._100_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz-Olivier Giesbert, <i>François Mitterrand, une vie</i>, éd. du Seuil, 1996, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles de Gaulle, <i>Mémoires de guerre – L'Unité : 1942-1944</i> (tome II)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Péan book pp. 364/365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Lacouture, <i>Mitterrand, une histoire de Français</i>, tome 1, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Lacouture, Mitterrand, une histoire de Français, éd. Seuil, 2000. The book is quoted on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabriquedesens.net/Robert-Antelme-signataire-du">La Fabrique de sens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010230744/http://www.fabriquedesens.net/Robert-Antelme-signataire-du">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuras" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Duras" title="Marguerite Duras">Duras, Marguerite</a>. <i>Entretiens inédits François Mitterrand –</i>. Sonores.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entretiens+in%C3%A9dits+Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand+%E2%80%93&rft.pub=Sonores&rft.aulast=Duras&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9meaux_%26_Associ%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frémeaux & Associés (page does not exist)">Frémeaux & Associés</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9meaux_%26_Associ%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Frémeaux & Associés">fr</a>]</span>, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.livrets&content_id=2087&product_id=834&category_id=69">en ligne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807030431/https://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.livrets&content_id=2087&product_id=834&category_id=69">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lepoint-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lepoint_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/les-guillotines-de-mitterrand-31-08-2001-56908_20.php">"Les guillotinés de Mitterrand – Le Point"</a>. lepoint.fr. 31 August 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150822195101/http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/les-guillotines-de-mitterrand-31-08-2001-56908_20.php">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+guillotin%C3%A9s+de+Mitterrand+%E2%80%93+Le+Point&rft.pub=lepoint.fr&rft.date=2001-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepoint.fr%2Fpolitique%2Fles-guillotines-de-mitterrand-31-08-2001-56908_20.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrmymple2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Dalrmymple, Theodore (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161029050022/http://www.newenglishreview.org/Theodore_Dalrymple/A_Battle_of_Algiers/">"The Battle of Algiers"</a>. <i>The New English Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newenglishreview.org/Theodore_Dalrymple/A_Battle_of_Algiers/">the original</a> on 29 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+English+Review&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Algiers&rft.date=2015-03&rft.aulast=Dalrmymple&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglishreview.org%2FTheodore_Dalrymple%2FA_Battle_of_Algiers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton1987" class="citation news cs1">Paxton, Robert O. (28 June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE4D9173BF93BA15755C0A961948260">"The Mitterrand Mystery"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223204430/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE4D9173BF93BA15755C0A961948260">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Mitterrand+Mystery&rft.date=1987-06-28&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B0DE4D9173BF93BA15755C0A961948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span> [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tiersky, Ronald. <i>François Mitterrand: a Very French President.</i> Page 30. Lanham, Maryland; Rowman and Littlefield; 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2010" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Mishra" title="Pankaj Mishra">Mishra, Pankaj</a> (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2010/12/20/101220crbo_books_mishra?currentPage=all">"Staying Power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828080633/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2010/12/20/101220crbo_books_mishra?currentPage=all">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Staying+Power&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farts%2Fcritics%2Fbooks%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2F101220crbo_books_mishra%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">René Rémond</a>, <i>Notre siècle</i>, 1988, Fayard, p.664 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x4t3wo_congres-d-epinay-1971-francois-mitt_news">"Congrès d'Epinay (1971)"</a>. <i>Dailymotion</i>. 22 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223075715/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x4t3wo_congres-d-epinay-1971-francois-mitt_news">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2017</span>. <q>Celui qui n'accepte pas la rupture avec l'ordre établi, avec la société capitaliste, celui là, il ne peut pas être adhèrent du Parti Socialiste.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dailymotion&rft.atitle=Congr%C3%A8s+d%27Epinay+%281971%29&rft.date=2008-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymotion.com%2Fvideo%2Fx4t3wo_congres-d-epinay-1971-francois-mitt_news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2015" class="citation web cs1">Birch, Jonah (19 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/08/francois-mitterrand-socialist-party-common-program-communist-pcf-1981-elections-austerity/">"The Many Lives of François Mitterrand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323130713/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/08/francois-mitterrand-socialist-party-common-program-communist-pcf-1981-elections-austerity/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=The+Many+Lives+of+Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2015%2F08%2Ffrancois-mitterrand-socialist-party-common-program-communist-pcf-1981-elections-austerity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miroirs.ironie.org/socialisme/www.psinfo.net/elections/president/1981/index.html">"Élection présidentielle de 1981"</a>. Miroirs.ironie.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628193727/http://miroirs.ironie.org/socialisme/www.psinfo.net/elections/president/1981/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89lection+pr%C3%A9sidentielle+de+1981&rft.pub=Miroirs.ironie.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiroirs.ironie.org%2Fsocialisme%2Fwww.psinfo.net%2Felections%2Fpresident%2F1981%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichart, Alexandre (2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeeh.it/articolo?urn=urn:abi:abi:RIV.JOU:2015;1.11">French Monetary Policy (1981–1985), A Constrained Policy, between Volcker Shock, the EMS and Macroeconomic Imbalances</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629113231/http://www.jeeh.it/articolo?urn=urn:abi:abi:RIV.JOU:2015;1.11">Archived</a> 29 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Journal of European Economic History</i>. ISSN 0391-5115, 44(1), pp. 11–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombard1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lombard, Marc (April 1995). "A re-examination of the reasons for the failure of Keynesian expansionary policies in France, 1981–1983". <i>Cambridge Journal of Economics</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.cje.a035318">10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=A+re-examination+of+the+reasons+for+the+failure+of+Keynesian+expansionary+policies+in+France%2C+1981%E2%80%931983&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E372&rft.date=1995-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.cje.a035318&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Socialism, the State and Public Policy</i> in France edited by Philip G. Cerny and Martin A. Schain</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mitterrand's France</i> Edited by Sonia Mazey and Michael Newman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vail2009-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vail2009_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail2009" class="citation book cs1">Vail, Mark I. (2009). <i>Recasting Welfare Capitalism Economic Adjustment in Contemporary France and Germany</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-967-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-967-5"><bdi>978-1-59213-967-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recasting+Welfare+Capitalism+Economic+Adjustment+in+Contemporary+France+and+Germany&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-967-5&rft.aulast=Vail&rft.aufirst=Mark+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Contemporary France: Politics and Society Since 1945</i> by D. L. Hanley, Miss A P Kerr, N. H. Waites</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-minitel-idINBRE85S0HB20120629/">"French bid "adieu" to Minitel, the France-Wide Web"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=French+bid+%22adieu%22+to+Minitel%2C+the+France-Wide+Web&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-france-minitel-idINBRE85S0HB20120629%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt,_V.A.1996" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, V.A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0kxrOXYMPQC"><i>From State to Market?: The Transformation of French Business and Government</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55553-1"><bdi>978-0-521-55553-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611055253/https://books.google.com/books?id=C0kxrOXYMPQC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+State+to+Market%3F%3A+The+Transformation+of+French+Business+and+Government&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55553-1&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+V.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0kxrOXYMPQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1998-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1998_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, W. Rand (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leftsdirtyjobpol0000smit"><i>The Left's Dirty Job: The Politics of Industrial Restructuring in France and Spain</i></a></span>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leftsdirtyjobpol0000smit/page/102">102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7189-4"><bdi>978-0-8229-7189-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Left%27s+Dirty+Job%3A+The+Politics+of+Industrial+Restructuring+in+France+and+Spain&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7189-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=W.+Rand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleftsdirtyjobpol0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google6-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google6_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearce,_D.2009" class="citation book cs1">Bearce, D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66kzw2jUQ4cC"><i>Monetary Divergence: Domestic Policy Autonomy in the Post-Bretton Woods Era</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02309-7"><bdi>978-0-472-02309-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617174511/https://books.google.com/books?id=66kzw2jUQ4cC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monetary+Divergence%3A+Domestic+Policy+Autonomy+in+the+Post-Bretton+Woods+Era&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-472-02309-7&rft.au=Bearce%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D66kzw2jUQ4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The French Socialist Party: Resurgence and Victory</i> by D. S. Bell and Byron Criddle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">France during the socialist years by Gino Raymond</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google3-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google3_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoskyns,_C.1996" class="citation book cs1">Hoskyns, C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rjRu4M-zfH8C"><i>Integrating Gender: Women, Law and Politics in the European Union</i></a>. Verso. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-078-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-078-8"><bdi>978-1-85984-078-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603224733/https://books.google.com/books?id=rjRu4M-zfH8C">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrating+Gender%3A+Women%2C+Law+and+Politics+in+the+European+Union&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-078-8&rft.au=Hoskyns%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrjRu4M-zfH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>European Welfare Policy: Squaring the Welfare Circle</i> edited by Vic George and Peter Taylor-Gooby</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CorbettMoon2002-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CorbettMoon2002_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbettMoon2002" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Anne; Moon, Bob (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3U6wnRjX7cC&pg=PA96"><i>Education in France: Continuity and Change in the Mitterrand Years 1981–1995</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-03568-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-03568-9"><bdi>978-0-203-03568-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604003500/https://books.google.com/books?id=v3U6wnRjX7cC&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+France%3A+Continuity+and+Change+in+the+Mitterrand+Years+1981%E2%80%931995&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-03568-9&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Moon%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3U6wnRjX7cC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The French Socialist Experiment by John S. Ambler</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The French Socialists in Power, 1981–1986</i> by Patrick McCarthy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google4-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google4_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-uyZw8e8XAC">"New Scientist"</a>. <i>New Scientist Careers Guide: The Employer Contacts Book for Scientists</i>: 29. 21 April 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610113351/https://books.google.com/books?id=S-uyZw8e8XAC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist+Careers+Guide%3A+The+Employer+Contacts+Book+for+Scientists&rft.atitle=New+Scientist&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1988-04-21&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-uyZw8e8XAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambafrance-uk-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ambafrance-uk_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPSI" class="citation web cs1">PSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104074531/http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Education,11798">"Education – France in the United Kingdom – La France au Royaume-Uni"</a>. ambafrance-uk.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ambafrance-uk.org/Education,11798">the original</a> on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+%E2%80%93+France+in+the+United+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+La+France+au+Royaume-Uni&rft.pub=ambafrance-uk.org&rft.au=PSI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fambafrance-uk.org%2FEducation%2C11798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/-/-/ce-qui-a-change">"Ce qui a changé"</a>. 6 April 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ce+qui+a+chang%C3%A9&rft.date=1998-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanite.fr%2F-%2F-%2Fce-qui-a-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000691992">"Loi n°82-683 du 4 août 1982 ABROGATION DE l'ART. 331 (AL. 2) DU CODE PENAL;EN CONSEQUENCE, LES ACTES IMPUDIQUES OU CONTRE NATURE COMMIS AVEC UN MINEUR DU MEME SEXE (HOMOSEXUALITE) NE SERONT PLUS PUNIS DE PEINES CORRECTIONNELLES - Légifrance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+n%C2%B082-683+du+4+ao%C3%BBt+1982+ABROGATION+DE+l%27ART.+331+%28AL.+2%29+DU+CODE+PENAL%3BEN+CONSEQUENCE%2C+LES+ACTES+IMPUDIQUES+OU+CONTRE+NATURE+COMMIS+AVEC+UN+MINEUR+DU+MEME+SEXE+%28HOMOSEXUALITE%29+NE+SERONT+PLUS+PUNIS+DE+PEINES+CORRECTIONNELLES+-+L%C3%A9gifrance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3FcidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000000691992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000691739">"Loi n° 82-526 du 22 juin 1982 relative aux droits et obligations des locataires et des bailleurs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+n%C2%B0+82-526+du+22+juin+1982+relative+aux+droits+et+obligations+des+locataires+et+des+bailleurs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3FcidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000000691739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google5-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google5_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields,_J.2007" class="citation book cs1">Shields, J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eGJAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-86111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-86111-8"><bdi>978-1-134-86111-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801163348/https://books.google.com/books?id=7eGJAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+France%3A+From+P%C3%A9tain+to+Le+Pen&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-86111-8&rft.au=Shields%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7eGJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Death of Politics: France under Mitterrand</i> by John Laughland <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_B.2008" class="citation book cs1">Winter, B. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hijabrepublicunc0000wint"><i>Hijab and the Republic: Uncovering the French Headscarf Debate</i></a></span>. Syracuse University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hijabrepublicunc0000wint/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5132-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5132-1"><bdi>978-0-8156-5132-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=French+Spy+who+sank+Greenpeace+ship+apologises+for+lethal+bombing&rft.date=2015-09-06&rft.aulast=Willsher&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2015%2Fsep%2F06%2Ffrench-spy-who-sunk-greenpeace-ship-apologises-for-lethal-bombing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XX/215-284.pdf">"Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two states and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Reports of International Arbitral Awards</i>. <b>XX</b>: <span class="nowrap">215–</span>284, especially p 275. 30 April 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527193734/http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XX/215-284.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Analytical+Study+on+Housing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffra.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffra_uploads%2F247-FR_Housing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-securite-sociale-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-securite-sociale_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501082739/http://www.securite-sociale.fr/L-allocation-de-rentree-scolaire-est-versee-sous-conditions-de-ressources-pour-chaque-enfant?id_mot=67">"Le portail du service public de la Sécurité sociale / L'allocation de rentrée scolaire est (...)"</a>. securite-sociale.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.securite-sociale.fr/L-allocation-de-rentree-scolaire-est-versee-sous-conditions-de-ressources-pour-chaque-enfant?id_mot=67">the original</a> on 1 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+portail+du+service+public+de+la+S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+sociale+%2F+L%27allocation+de+rentr%C3%A9e+scolaire+est+%28...%29&rft.pub=securite-sociale.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.securite-sociale.fr%2FL-allocation-de-rentree-scolaire-est-versee-sous-conditions-de-ressources-pour-chaque-enfant%3Fid_mot%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google8-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google8_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnovation,_C.E.R.1997" class="citation book cs1">Innovation, C.E.R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7N3QP75Q9wC"><i>Implementing Inclusive Education</i></a>. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264155893" title="Special:BookSources/9789264155893"><bdi>9789264155893</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430131626/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7N3QP75Q9wC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Implementing+Inclusive+Education&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789264155893&rft.au=Innovation%2C+C.E.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY7N3QP75Q9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>France since 1870: Culture, Politics, and Society</i> by Charles Sowerine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century</i> by Donald Sassoon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Mitterrand Years: Legacy and Evaluation</i> edited by Mairi Maclean</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadró2004" class="citation book cs1">Padró, Fernando Francisco (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bT-3laKFEUsC&q=poverty+in+france+1981-1995&pg=PA149"><i>Statistical Handbook on the Social Safety Net</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573565165" title="Special:BookSources/9781573565165"><bdi>9781573565165</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320051336/https://books.google.com/books?id=bT-3laKFEUsC&q=poverty+in+france+1981-1995&pg=PA149">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Handbook+on+the+Social+Safety+Net&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=9781573565165&rft.aulast=Padr%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbT-3laKFEUsC%26q%3Dpoverty%2Bin%2Bfrance%2B1981-1995%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2001" class="citation book cs1">OECD (17 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cajWAgAAQBAJ"><i>Innovations in Labour Market Policies The Australian Way: The Australian Way</i></a>. OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264194502" title="Special:BookSources/9789264194502"><bdi>9789264194502</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801215830/https://books.google.com/books?id=cajWAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovations+in+Labour+Market+Policies+The+Australian+Way%3A+The+Australian+Way&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2001-07-17&rft.isbn=9789264194502&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcajWAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne Northcutt. "The domestic origins of Mitterrand's foreign policy, 1981-1985." <i>Contemporary French Civilization</i> (1986), 10#2 pp 233-267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rwanda-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rwanda_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2730430.ece">Mitterrand's role revealed in Rwandan genocide warning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706182535/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2730430.ece">Archived</a> 6 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 3 July 2007. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinyon2009" class="citation news cs1">Binyon, Michael (11 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716101355/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6829735.ece">"Thatcher told Gorbachev Britain did not want German reunification"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6829735.ece">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Thatcher+told+Gorbachev+Britain+did+not+want+German+reunification&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft.aulast=Binyon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle6829735.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/7205deb83bfcbf95e04db04fb3a27e48">"Slovenian, Croatian Leaders To Visit Bonn To Discuss Recognition With AM-Yugoslavia, Bjt"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. 29 November 1991 [November 29, 1991].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Slovenian%2C+Croatian+Leaders+To+Visit+Bonn+To+Discuss+Recognition+With+AM-Yugoslavia%2C+Bjt&rft.date=1991-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F7205deb83bfcbf95e04db04fb3a27e48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESI-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESI_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=74">Beyond Enlargement Fatigue? The Dutch debate on Turkish accession</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426011550/http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=74">Archived</a> 26 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, European Security Initiative 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Hoef2014" class="citation journal cs1">van Hoef, Yuri (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amityjournal.leeds.ac.uk/">"Friendship in world politics: Assessing the personal relationships between Kohl and Mitterrand, and Bush and Gorbachev"</a>. <i>Amity: The Journal of Friendship Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305142747/https://amityjournal.leeds.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amity%3A+The+Journal+of+Friendship+Studies&rft.atitle=Friendship+in+world+politics%3A+Assessing+the+personal+relationships+between+Kohl+and+Mitterrand%2C+and+Bush+and+Gorbachev&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=van+Hoef&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famityjournal.leeds.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">sueddeutsche.de 10 September 2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/deutsche-einheit-fuer-thatcher-war-deutschland-eine-gefaehrliche-kroete-1.28579">Für Thatcher war Deutschland eine gefährliche Kröte</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401112103/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/deutsche-einheit-fuer-thatcher-war-deutschland-eine-gefaehrliche-kroete-1.28579">Archived</a> 1 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">spiegel.de: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,719608,00.html"><i>Mitterrand forderte Euro als Gegenleistung für die Einheit</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127081144/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,719608,00.html">Archived</a> 27 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; spiegel.de 27. April 1998: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-7870401.html">Dunkelste Stunden. – Der Kanzler öffnet die Akten über die deutsche Einheit. Die Dokumente zeigen: Frankreich hat das schnelle Ende der Mark erzwungen.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723171709/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-7870401.html">Archived</a> 23 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; spiegel.de 2. März 1998: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-7833746.html">Weg ohne Wiederkehr. – Hinter der Fassade ihrer deutsch-französischen Freundschaft haben Helmut Kohl und François Mitterrand erbittert um Einheit und Euro gerungen, wie jetzt neue Dokumente aus dem Kanzleramt zeigen.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803112202/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-7833746.html">Archived</a> 3 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">spiegel.de 8. May 2012: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/euro-struggles-can-be-traced-to-origins-of-common-currency-a-831842.html">Operation Self-Deceit: New Documents Shine Light on Euro Birth Defects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509184543/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/euro-struggles-can-be-traced-to-origins-of-common-currency-a-831842.html">Archived</a> 9 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061117230046/http://helios.univ-reims.fr/Labos/CERI/Mitterrand_et_la_democratie_en_Afrique.htm#UN%20DISCOURS%20DE%20CIRCONSTANCE">François Mitterrand et la démocratie en Afrique, huit ans après</a>, by Albert Bourgi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_de_recherches_internationales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre de recherches internationales (page does not exist)">Centre de recherches internationales</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_recherches_internationales" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre de recherches internationales">fr</a>]</span> (CERI) (mixed study unit with the <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a>, dependent of the <i><a href="/wiki/Fondation_Nationale_des_Sciences_Politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques">Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques</a></i>) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/B0100_-fiche22sommets.pdf">Les 22 premières conférences des chefs d'Etat de France et d'Afrique</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203100948/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/B0100_-fiche22sommets.pdf">Archived</a> 3 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on French government website – URL accessed in January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc-iep.univ-lyon2.fr/Ressources/Documents/Etudiants/Memoires/detail-memoire.html?ID=310">Le discours de la Baule et le pluralisme en Afrique noire francophone. Essai d'analyse d'une contribution à l'instauration de la démocratie dans les états d'Afrique noire d'expression française</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084136/http://doc-iep.univ-lyon2.fr/Ressources/Documents/Etudiants/Memoires/detail-memoire.html?ID=310">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1993–94 <a href="/wiki/DEA_(former_French_degree)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEA (former French degree)">DEA</a> <i>mémoire</i> of Félix François Lissouck, under the direction of Paul Bacot, held in the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques">Political Studies Institute</a> (IEP) of Lyon. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShilts1987" class="citation book cs1">Shilts, Randy (1987). <i>And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic</i>. Stonewall Inn Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312241353" title="Special:BookSources/9780312241353"><bdi>9780312241353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+the+Band+Played+On%3A+Politics%2C+People%2C+and+the+AIDS+Epidemic&rft.pub=Stonewall+Inn+Editions&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780312241353&rft.aulast=Shilts&rft.aufirst=Randy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630182945/http://discours.vie-publique.fr/notices/857015500.html">"Allocution de M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+police+fran%C3%A7aise+d%C3%A9ploie+ses+grandes+oreilles%2C+30+mai+2007&rft.pub=News.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.fr%2Factualite%2Fsociete%2F0%2C3800002050%2C39369829%2C00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les oreilles du Président</i> de <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Pontaut" title="Jean-Marie Pontaut">Jean-Marie Pontaut</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A9rome_Dupuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jérome Dupuis (page does not exist)">Jérome Dupuis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>, 1996. <i>Les mots volés</i> de <a href="/wiki/Edwy_Plenel" title="Edwy Plenel">Edwy Plenel</a>, Stock, 1997. <i>Le Journaliste et le Président</i> de <a href="/wiki/Edwy_Plenel" title="Edwy Plenel">Edwy Plenel</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2007/03/13/ecoutes-de-l-elysee-carole-bouquet-et-jean-michel-beau-indemnises-en-appel_882658_3224.html">"Ecoutes de l'Elysée : Carole Bouquet et Jean-Michel Beau obtiennent réparation en appel"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i> (in French). 13 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806084102/https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2007/03/13/ecoutes-de-l-elysee-carole-bouquet-et-jean-michel-beau-indemnises-en-appel_882658_3224.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Ecoutes+de+l%27Elys%C3%A9e+%3A+Carole+Bouquet+et+Jean-Michel+Beau+obtiennent+r%C3%A9paration+en+appel&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fsociete%2Farticle%2F2007%2F03%2F13%2Fecoutes-de-l-elysee-carole-bouquet-et-jean-michel-beau-indemnises-en-appel_882658_3224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpress.fr/info/quotidien/actu.asp?id=9840">"Carole Bouquet victime des écoutes de l'Elysée"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230431/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/quotidien/actu.asp?id=9840">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Express_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Express (France)">L'Express</a></i>, mardi 13 mars 2007, 18h19; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.news.yahoo.com/13032007/290/carole-bouquet-retablie-comme-victime-des-ecoutes-de-l-elysee.html">"Carole Bouquet rétablie comme victime des écoutes de l'Elysée"</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, PARIS (Reuters), mardi 13 mars 2007, 17h03, cité par <i>Yahoo! News</i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i>, 17 mars 2007 cité dans <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agoravox.fr/article.php3?id_article=20952">"Les écoutes de l’Élysée" : la cour d’appel de Paris à l’écoute ... d’une nouvelle civilisation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126101419/http://www.agoravox.fr/article.php3?id_article=20952">Archived</a> 26 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/AgoraVox" title="AgoraVox">AgoraVox</a>, le média citoyen</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.-B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2008/07/25/01016-20080725ARTFIG00385-ecoutes-de-l-elysee-l-etat-devra-indemniser-la-famille-hallier-.php.">Écoutes de l'Elysée : l'État devra indemniser la famille Hallier</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, 25 juillet 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3226,36-671207@51-671291,0.html">Greenpeace, vingt ans après : le rapport secret de l'amiral Lacoste</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050712021238/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3226,36-671207@51-671291,0.html">Archived</a> 12 July 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>, 10 July 2005 (Subscription) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainton1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Painton, Frederick (30 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120183028/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959987-1,00.html">"France "Criminal, Absurd . . . and Stupid" – 30 Sep. 1985"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959987-1,00.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=France+%22Criminal%2C+Absurd+.+.+.+and+Stupid%22+%E2%80%93+30+Sep.+1985&rft.date=1985-09-30&rft.aulast=Painton&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C959987-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706181503/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article542620.ece">"François Mitterrand ordered bombing of Rainbow Warrior, spy chief says"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. 11 July 2005. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand+ordered+bombing+of+Rainbow+Warrior%2C+spy+chief+says&rft.date=2005-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle542620.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/tvnz-wins-right-to-screen-rainbow-warrior-trial-tapes/UARC5KY3TACDH6N4BNXG4KIAHQ/">"TVNZ wins right to screen Rainbow Warrior trial tapes"</a>. <i>NZ Herald</i>. 26 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZ+Herald&rft.atitle=TVNZ+wins+right+to+screen+Rainbow+Warrior+trial+tapes&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Ftvnz-wins-right-to-screen-rainbow-warrior-trial-tapes%2FUARC5KY3TACDH6N4BNXG4KIAHQ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Lefebvre2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Denis Lefebvre (1 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-la-chaine-d-union-2008-2-page-78.htm">"Jacques Mitterrand (1908-1994) ou la séduction communiste"</a>. <i>La Chaine d'Union</i> (in French). <b>44</b> (44). <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a>: <span class="nowrap">78–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fcdu.044.0078">10.3917/cdu.044.0078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Chaine+d%27Union&rft.atitle=Jacques+Mitterrand+%281908-1994%29+ou+la+s%C3%A9duction+communiste&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fcdu.044.0078&rft.au=Denis+Lefebvre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-la-chaine-d-union-2008-2-page-78.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Jacques Mitterrand, né en juin 1908 à Bourges, aurait eu cent ans cette année. Il a été Grand Maître du Grand Orient de France à deux reprises, en 1962-1964 et 1969-1971."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/histoires-d-info/histoires-d-info-1987-francois-mitterrand-est-le-premier-president-a-recevoir-officiellement-des-franc-macons-a-l-elysee_2059573.html">"Histoires d'info. 1987 : François Mitterrand est le premier président à recevoir officiellement des franc-maçons à l'Elysée"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Francetvinfo.fr" class="mw-redirect" title="Francetvinfo.fr">Francetvinfo.fr</a>. 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Histoires+d%27info.+1987+%3A+Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand+est+le+premier+pr%C3%A9sident+%C3%A0+recevoir+officiellement+des+franc-ma%C3%A7ons+%C3%A0+l%27Elys%C3%A9e&rft.pub=Francetvinfo.fr&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Freplay-radio%2Fhistoires-d-info%2Fhistoires-d-info-1987-francois-mitterrand-est-le-premier-president-a-recevoir-officiellement-des-franc-macons-a-l-elysee_2059573.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "En mai 1987, François Mitterrand est le premier président de la République à recevoir officiellement le Grand Orient à l'Elysée."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/2FCAC832EC1349C6B09803DBF6C105D3.pdf">"Одликувања"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Službeni list SFRJ</i> (in Macedonian). <b>XL</b> (53): 1235. 5 October 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slu%C5%BEbeni+list+SFRJ&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0&rft.volume=XL&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=1235&rft.date=1984-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slvesnik.com.mk%2FIssues%2F2FCAC832EC1349C6B09803DBF6C105D3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp%7Cissue:UB_00064_19831216%7Cpage:7%7Cquery:%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD">"Обогаћивање садржаја сарадње"</a>. <i>Borba</i>: 7. 16 December 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borba&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1983-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fistorijskenovine.unilib.rs%2Fview%2Findex.html%23panel%3App%26%23124%3Bissue%3AUB_00064_19831216%26%23124%3Bpage%3A7%26%23124%3Bquery%3A%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514205800/http://svowebmaster.free.fr/drapeaux_France_presidents.htm">"Flags of President of the Republic"</a>. Svowebmaster.free.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://svowebmaster.free.fr/drapeaux_France_presidents.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flags+of+President+of+the+Republic&rft.pub=Svowebmaster.free.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsvowebmaster.free.fr%2Fdrapeaux_France_presidents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seraf-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seraf_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debatthuset.com/forums/showthread.php?t=12637">Heraldry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112104958/http://www.debatthuset.com/forums/showthread.php?t=12637">Archived</a> 12 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the Order of the Seraphim</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bell, David. <i>François Mitterrand: A Political Biography</i> (Polity, 2005).</li> <li>Bell, David S. "The Essence of Presidential Leadership in France: Pompidou, Giscard, Mitterrand, and Chirac as Coalition Builders." <i>Politics & Policy</i> 30#2 (2002): 372-396.</li> <li>Bell, David S. "François Mitterrand: the President as 'Political Artist'." in David S. Bell and John Gaffney, eds. <i>The Presidents of the French Fifth Republic</i> (2013): 136+</li> <li>Bell, David. <i>Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France</i> (2000) pp 149–74.</li> <li>Cogan, Charles. "Mitterrand, France, and NATO: the European transition." <i>Journal of Transatlantic Studies</i> (2011) 9#3 pp: 257–267.</li> <li>Cole, Alistair. <i>François Mitterrand: A Study in Political Leadership</i>, London, Routledge, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07159-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07159-3">0-415-07159-3</a>.</li> <li>Friend, Julius W. "François Mitterrand: All Sins Forgiven?." <i>French Politics and Society</i> (1996): 28–35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42844530">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Friend, Julius Weis. <i>Seven Years in France: François Mitterrand and the Unintended Revolution, 1981–1988</i> (Westview Press, 1989).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Laughland" title="John Laughland">Laughland, John</a>. <i>The Death of Politics: France Under Mitterrand</i> (1994).</li> <li>Maclean, Mairi, ed. <i>The Mitterrand Years: Legacy and Evaluation</i> (1998), essays by experts.</li> <li>Ross, George. "Machiavelli Muddling Through: The Mitterrand Years and French Social Democracy." <i>French Politics and Society</i> (1995): 51–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42844466">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Ross, George, Stanley Hoffmann, and Sylvia Malzacher, eds <i>The Mitterrand experiment: continuity and change in modern France</i> (Oxford University Press, USA, 1987).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Short" title="Philip Short">Short, Philip</a>. <i>Mitterrand: A Study in Ambiguity</i>, London, Bodley Head, 2014; published in the United States as <i>A Taste for Intrigue: The Multiple Lives of François Mitterrand</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Tiersky" title="Ronald Tiersky">Tiersky, Ronald</a>. <i>Francois Mitterrand: a Very French President</i> (2003)</li> <li>Wilsford, David, ed. <i>Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary</i> (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 323–32</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" class="extiw" title="commons:François Mitterrand"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">François Mitterrand</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Inauguration_du_Grand_Louvre">Louvre inauguration speech by Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitterrand.org/">François Mitterrand Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1676950,00.html">French President Poll (01/2006)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=19960129&s=singer">"Mitterrand's Legacy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050227113947/http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=19960129&s=singer">Archived</a> 27 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1996) in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(U.S._periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation (U.S. periodical)">The Nation</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France,_revue_de_l%27%C3%89tat_nouveau" class="extiw" title="fr:France, revue de l'État nouveau">Source of quoted article</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?73731">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2038#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly of France</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Gillot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Gillot (page does not exist)">Roger Gillot</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>'s 3rd district </b><br />1946–1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehan_Faulquier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehan Faulquier (page does not exist)">Jehan Faulquier</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehan_Faulquier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehan Faulquier (page does not exist)">Jehan Faulquier</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>'s 3rd district </b><br />1962–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bardin" title="Bernard Bardin">Bernard Bardin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Lejeune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Lejeune (page does not exist)">Max Lejeune</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_Ministers_of_Veterans_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French Ministers of Veterans Affairs">Minister of Veterans and War Victims</a> </b><br />1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mayer" title="Daniel Mayer">Daniel Mayer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mayer" title="Daniel Mayer">Daniel Mayer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_Ministers_of_Veterans_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French Ministers of Veterans Affairs">Minister of Veterans and War Victims</a> </b><br />1947–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Maroselli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Maroselli (page does not exist)">André Maroselli</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Coste-Floret" title="Paul Coste-Floret">Paul Coste-Floret</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Overseas_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Overseas France">Minister of Overseas France</a> </b><br />1950–1951 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacquinot" title="Louis Jacquinot">Louis Jacquinot</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Martinaud-Deplat" class="mw-redirect" title="Léon Martinaud-Deplat">Léon Martinaud-Deplat</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1954–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(France)" title="Ministry of Justice (France)">Minister of Justice</a> </b><br />1956–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edouard_Corniglion-Molinier" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Corniglion-Molinier">Edouard Corniglion-Molinier</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> </b><br />1981–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of France">Senate of France</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Doussot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Doussot (page does not exist)">Jean Doussot</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a> </b><br />1959–1962 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Beno%C3%AEst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Benoîst (page does not exist)">Daniel Benoîst</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Savary" title="Alain Savary">Alain Savary</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_French_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the French Socialist Party">First Secretary of the Socialist Party</a> </b><br />1971–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Prince of Andorra</a> </b><br />1981–1995 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mart%C3%AD_i_Alanis" title="Joan Martí i Alanis">Joan Martí Alanis</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)#Honorary_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">Honorary Canon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbasilica of St. John Lateran">Archbasilica of St. John Lateran</a> </b><br />1981–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of 7</a> </b><br />1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of 7</a> </b><br />1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Invocation Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Europe" title="College of Europe">College of Europe</a> </b><br />1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_France" title="Template:Presidents of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_France" title="Template talk:Presidents of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_France310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_France" title="List of presidents of France">Presidents of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> (1848–1852)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (page does not exist)">1848–1851</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte">fr</a>]</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> (1870–1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Adolphe_Thiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Adolphe Thiers (page does not exist)">1871–1873</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Adolphe_Thiers" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Adolphe Thiers">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Patrice_de_Mac_Mahon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Patrice de Mac Mahon (page does not exist)">1873–1879</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Patrice_de_Mac_Mahon" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Patrice de Mac Mahon">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Jules Grévy (page does not exist)">1879–1887</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Jules Grévy">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadi_Carnot_(statesman)" title="Sadi Carnot (statesman)">Sadi Carnot</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Sadi_Carnot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Sadi Carnot (page does not exist)">1887–1894</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Sadi_Carnot" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Sadi Carnot">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Jean Casimir-Perier</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jean_Casimir-Perier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Jean Casimir-Perier (page does not exist)">1894–1895</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Jean_Casimir-Perier" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Jean Casimir-Perier">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Faure" title="Félix Faure">Félix Faure</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_F%C3%A9lix_Faure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Félix Faure (page does not exist)">1895–1899</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_F%C3%A9lix_Faure" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Félix Faure">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Émile Loubet</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_%C3%89mile_Loubet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Émile Loubet (page does not exist)">1899–1906</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27%C3%89mile_Loubet" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Émile Loubet">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Armand Fallières</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Armand_Falli%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Armand Fallières (page does not exist)">1906–1913</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Armand Fallières">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Raymond Poincaré (page does not exist)">1913–1920</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Raymond Poincaré">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deschanel" title="Paul Deschanel">Paul Deschanel</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Paul_Deschanel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Paul Deschanel (page does not exist)">1920</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Paul_Deschanel" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Paul Deschanel">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Alexandre_Millerand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Alexandre Millerand (page does not exist)">1920–1924</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Alexandre_Millerand" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Alexandre Millerand">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Gaston_Doumergue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Gaston Doumergue (page does not exist)">1924–1931</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Gaston_Doumergue" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Gaston Doumergue">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Paul_Doumer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Paul Doumer (page does not exist)">1931–1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Paul_Doumer" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Paul Doumer">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Albert_Lebrun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Albert Lebrun (page does not exist)">1932–1940</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Albert_Lebrun" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Albert Lebrun">fr</a>]</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> (1947–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Vincent_Auriol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Vincent Auriol (page does not exist)">1947–1954</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Vincent_Auriol" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Vincent Auriol">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Ren%C3%A9_Coty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of René Coty (page does not exist)">1954–1959</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Ren%C3%A9_Coty" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de René Coty">fr</a>]</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> (1958–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Presidency of Charles de Gaulle">1959–1969</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alain_Poher" title="Alain Poher">Alain Poher</a></i> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Georges Pompidou">1969–1974</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Georges_Pompidou" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Georges Pompidou">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alain_Poher" title="Alain Poher">Alain Poher</a></i> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (page does not exist)">1974–1981</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of François Mitterrand">1981–1995</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de François Mitterrand">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jacques_Chirac" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Jacques Chirac">1995–2007</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy">2007–2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="Presidency of François Hollande">2012–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Emmanuel_Macron" title="Presidency of Emmanuel Macron">2017–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Acting presidents are denoted by italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_justice_of_France_since_1790395" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_justice_(France)" title="Template:Ministers of justice (France)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_justice_(France)" title="Template talk:Ministers of justice (France)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_justice_(France)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of justice (France)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_justice_of_France_since_1790395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(France)" title="Ministry of Justice (France)">Ministers of justice</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> since 1790</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until the<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of<br />National Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marguerite-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Duport-Dutertre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marguerite-Louis-François Duport-Dutertre (page does not exist)">Duport-Dutertre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Duranton" title="Antoine Duranton">Duranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Joly" title="Étienne de Joly">de Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Joseph_Garat" title="Dominique Joseph Garat">Garat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Gohier" title="Louis-Jérôme Gohier">Gohier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Victor_G%C3%A9nissieu" title="Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu">Génissieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Mathieu_Lambrechts" title="Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts">Lambrechts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques-R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" title="Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Joseph_Abrial" title="André Joseph Abrial">Abrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Ambroise_R%C3%A9gnier" title="Claude Ambroise Régnier">Régnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Nicolas_Henrion_de_Pansey" title="Pierre Paul Nicolas Henrion de Pansey">de Pansey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dambray" title="Charles Dambray">Dambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques-R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" title="Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Boulay_de_la_Meurthe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Boulay de la Meurthe (page does not exist)">de la Meurthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Pasquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois" title="François Barbé-Marbois">Barbé-Marbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dambray" title="Charles Dambray">Dambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Pasquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercule_de_Serre" title="Hercule de Serre">de Serre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Denis,_Comte_de_Peyronnet" title="Pierre-Denis, Comte de Peyronnet">de Peyronnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie,_comte_Portalis" title="Joseph-Marie, comte Portalis">Portalis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Bourdeau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Bourdeau (page does not exist)">Bourdeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Antoine_de_Courvoisier" title="Jean Joseph Antoine de Courvoisier">de Courvoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Chantelauze" title="Jean de Chantelauze">de Chantelauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">de l'Eure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M%C3%A9rilhou" title="Joseph Mérilhou">Mérilhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Barthe" title="Félix Barthe">Barthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Persil" title="Jean-Charles Persil">Persil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jean_Pierre_Sauzet" title="Paul Jean Pierre Sauzet">Sauzet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Persil" title="Jean-Charles Persil">Persil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Barthe" title="Félix Barthe">Barthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Girod_de_l%27Ain" title="Amédée Girod de l'Ain">de l'Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Teste" title="Jean-Baptiste Teste">Teste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Vivien" title="Alexandre-François Vivien">Vivien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Martin_du_Nord" title="Nicolas Martin du Nord">du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_H%C3%A9bert" title="Michel Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Cr%C3%A9mieux" title="Adolphe Crémieux">Crémieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bethmont" title="Eugène Bethmont">Bethmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_de_Saint-Georges" title="Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges">de Saint-Georges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Corbin" title="Eugène Corbin">Corbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Daviel" title="Alfred Daviel">Daviel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Abbatucci_(politician)" title="Jacques Pierre Abbatucci (politician)">Abbatucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_de_Royer" title="Ernest de Royer">de Royer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Alphonse_Delangle" title="Claude Alphonse Delangle">Delangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Duvergier" title="Jean-Baptiste Duvergier">Duvergier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Grandperret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Grandperret (page does not exist)">Grandperret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Cr%C3%A9mieux" title="Adolphe Crémieux">Crémieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Ernoul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Ernoul (page does not exist)">Ernoul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octave_Depeyre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octave Depeyre (page does not exist)">Depeyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Tailhand" title="Adrien Tailhand">Tailhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Martel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Martel (page does not exist)">Martel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie" title="Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie">de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Pelletier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Le Pelletier (page does not exist)">Le Pelletier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Le_Royer" title="Philippe Le Royer">Le Royer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Cazot" title="Jules Cazot">Cazot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Humbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustave Humbert (page does not exist)">Humbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dev%C3%A8s" title="Paul Devès">Devès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Martin-Feuill%C3%A9e" title="Félix Martin-Feuillée">Martin-Feuillée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dem%C3%B4le" title="Charles Demôle">Demôle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mazeau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Mazeau (page does not exist)">Mazeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Ferrouillat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Ferrouillat (page does not exist)">Ferrouillat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Edmond_Guyot_Dessaigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean François Edmond Guyot Dessaigne (page does not exist)">Dessaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Th%C3%A9venet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Thévenet (page does not exist)">Thévenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ricard" title="Louis Ricard">Ricard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Develle" title="Jules Develle">Develle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Eugène Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Dubost" title="Antonin Dubost">Dubost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Eugène Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Trarieux" title="Ludovic Trarieux">Trarieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ricard" title="Louis Ricard">Ricard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Darlan" title="Jean-Baptiste Darlan">Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Milliard" title="Victor Milliard">Milliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lebret" title="Georges Lebret">Lebret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Monis" title="Ernest Monis">Monis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Vall%C3%A9" title="Ernest Vallé">Vallé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chaumi%C3%A9" title="Joseph Chaumié">Chaumié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Edmond_Guyot_Dessaigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean François Edmond Guyot Dessaigne (page does not exist)">Dessaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9odore_Girard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théodore Girard (page does not exist)">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Perrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Perrier (page does not exist)">Perrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cruppi" title="Jean Cruppi">Cruppi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antony_Ratier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antony Ratier (page does not exist)">Ratier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bienvenu-Martin" title="Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin">Bienvenu-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bienvenu-Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Bienvenu-Martin (page does not exist)">Bienvenu-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Péret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nail" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Nail">Nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Lhopiteau" title="Gustave Lhopiteau">Lhopiteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Bonnevay" title="Laurent Bonnevay">Bonnevay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Colrat" title="Maurice Colrat">Colrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Lefebvre_du_Prey" title="Edmond Lefebvre du Prey">du Prey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antony_Ratier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antony Ratier (page does not exist)">Ratier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Renoult" title="René Renoult">Renoult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">de Monzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Renoult" title="René Renoult">Renoult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Colrat" title="Maurice Colrat">Colrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucien Hubert (page does not exist)">Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Péret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ch%C3%A9ron" title="Henry Chéron">Chéron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_B%C3%A9rard" title="Léon Bérard">Bérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Renoult" title="René Renoult">Renoult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gardey" title="Abel Gardey">Gardey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Penancier" title="Eugène Penancier">Penancier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dalimier" title="Albert Dalimier">Dalimier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Raynaldy" title="Eugène Raynaldy">Raynaldy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Penancier" title="Eugène Penancier">Penancier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ch%C3%A9ron" title="Henry Chéron">Chéron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L%C3%A9mery" title="Henry Lémery">Lémery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pernot" title="Georges Pernot">Pernot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_B%C3%A9rard" title="Léon Bérard">Bérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Rucart" title="Marc Rucart">Rucart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Auriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Campinchi" title="César Campinchi">Campinchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Rucart" title="Marc Rucart">Rucart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_S%C3%A9rol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Sérol (page does not exist)">Sérol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Fr%C3%A9micourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Frémicourt (page does not exist)">Frémicourt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Alibert" title="Raphaël Alibert">Alibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Joseph Barthélemy">Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gabolde" title="Maurice Gabolde">Gabolde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">Cassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Abadie" title="Jules Abadie">Abadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Menthon" title="François de Menthon">de Menthon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of<br />the French Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Menthon" title="François de Menthon">de Menthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Henri_Teitgen" title="Pierre-Henri Teitgen">Teitgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie" title="André Marie">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lecourt" title="Robert Lecourt">Lecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie" title="André Marie">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lecourt" title="Robert Lecourt">Lecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Martinaud-D%C3%A9plat" title="Léon Martinaud-Déplat">Martinaud-Déplat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ribeyre" title="Paul Ribeyre">Ribeyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Hugues" title="Émile Hugues">Hugues</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Michel_Gu%C3%A9rin_du_Bosq_de_Beaumont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Michel Guérin du Bosq de Beaumont (page does not exist)">De Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Temple (page does not exist)">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Corniglion-Molinier" title="Édouard Corniglion-Molinier">Corniglion-Molinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lecourt" title="Robert Lecourt">Lecourt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Michelet" title="Edmond Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Chenot" title="Bernard Chenot">Chenot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Foyer" title="Jean Foyer">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joxe" title="Louis Joxe">Joxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Capitant" title="René Capitant">Capitant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marcel_Jeanneney" title="Jean-Marcel Jeanneney">Jeanneney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Taittinger" title="Jean Taittinger">Taittinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lecanuet" title="Jean Lecanuet">Lecanuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Guichard" title="Olivier Guichard">Guichard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Peyrefitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Faure" title="Maurice Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Badinter" title="Robert Badinter">Badinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Cr%C3%A9peau" title="Michel Crépeau">Crépeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albin_Chalandon" title="Albin Chalandon">Chalandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Arpaillange" title="Pierre Arpaillange">Arpaillange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nallet" title="Henri Nallet">Nallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Vauzelle" title="Michel Vauzelle">Vauzelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9haignerie" title="Pierre Méhaignerie">Méhaignerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Toubon" title="Jacques Toubon">Toubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Guigou" title="Élisabeth Guigou">Guigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marylise_Lebranchu" title="Marylise Lebranchu">Lebranchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Perben" title="Dominique Perben">Perben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Pascal Clément">Clément</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachida_Dati" title="Rachida Dati">Dati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Alliot-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mercier" title="Michel Mercier">Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_Taubira" title="Christiane Taubira">Taubira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Urvoas" title="Jean-Jacques Urvoas">Urvoas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">Bayrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Belloubet" title="Nicole Belloubet">Belloubet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Dupond-Moretti" title="Éric Dupond-Moretti">Dupond-Moretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Migaud" title="Didier Migaud">Migaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Darmanin" title="Gérald Darmanin">Darmanin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Socialist_Party379" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E3265B; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Socialist_Party" title="Template:French Socialist Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Socialist_Party" title="Template talk:French Socialist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Socialist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Socialist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Socialist_Party379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)"><span style="color:white;">French Socialist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E3265B; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_French_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the French Socialist Party"><span style="color:white;">First Secretaries</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Savary" title="Alain Savary">Alain Savary</a> (1969–1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">François Mitterrand</a> (1971–1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> (1981–1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Pierre Mauroy</a> (1988–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a> (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a> (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Emmanuelli" title="Henri Emmanuelli">Henri Emmanuelli</a> (1994–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> (1995–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> (1997–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martine_Aubry" title="Martine Aubry">Martine Aubry</a> (2008–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlem_D%C3%A9sir" title="Harlem Désir">Harlem Désir</a> (2012–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Cambad%C3%A9lis" title="Jean-Christophe Cambadélis">Jean-Christophe Cambadélis</a> (2014–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rachid_Temal" title="Rachid Temal">Rachid Temal</a> (<i>ad interim</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Faure" title="Olivier Faure">Olivier Faure</a> (2018–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E3265B; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France"><span style="color:white;">Prime Ministers</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Pierre Mauroy</a> (1981–1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a> (1984–1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a> (1988–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a> (1991–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Pierre Bérégovoy</a> (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> (1997–2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Jean-Marc Ayrault</a> (2012–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Valls" title="Manuel Valls">Manuel Valls</a> (2014–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Bernard Cazeneuve</a> (2016–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E3265B; color:white;;width:1%">Presidential candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002</a>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Hamon" title="Benoît Hamon">Benoît Hamon</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E3265B; color:white;;width:1%">Presidential primaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1995_French_Socialist_Party_presidential_primary" title="1995 French Socialist Party presidential primary">1995</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_French_Socialist_Party_presidential_primary" title="2006 French Socialist Party presidential primary">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_French_Socialist_Party_presidential_primary" title="2011 French Socialist Party presidential primary">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_French_Socialist_Party_presidential_primary" title="2017 French Socialist Party presidential primary">2017</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_French_Socialist_Party_presidential_primary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 French Socialist Party presidential primary (page does not exist)">2021</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primaire_pr%C3%A9sidentielle_socialiste_fran%C3%A7aise_de_2021" class="extiw" title="fr:Primaire présidentielle socialiste française de 2021">fr</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primarias_presidenciales_del_Partido_Socialista_de_Francia_de_2021" class="extiw" title="es:Primarias presidenciales del Partido Socialista de Francia de 2021">es</a>]</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E3265B; color:white;;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Democratic_and_Socialist_Left" title="Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left">Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Socialist_Union_of_the_Resistance" title="Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance">Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Republican_Institutions" title="Convention of Republican Institutions">Convention of Republican Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Clubs_for_the_Renewal_of_the_Left" title="Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left">Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Socialist_Groups_and_Clubs" title="Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs">Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Populaire_(French_newspaper)" title="Le Populaire (French newspaper)">Le Populaire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E3265B; color:white;;width:1%">National congresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfortville_Congress" title="Alfortville Congress">Alfortville Congress</a> (May 1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux_Congress" title="Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress">Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress</a> (July 1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Epinay_Congress" title="Epinay Congress">Epinay Congress</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Congress" title="Grenoble Congress">Grenoble Congress</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pau_Congress" title="Pau Congress">Pau Congress</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nantes_Congress" title="Nantes Congress">Nantes Congress</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metz_Congress" title="Metz Congress">Metz Congress</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil_Congress" title="Créteil Congress">Créteil Congress</a> (January 1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valence_Congress" title="Valence Congress">Valence Congress</a> (October 1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bourg-en-Bresse_Congress" title="Bourg-en-Bresse Congress">Bourg-en-Bresse Congress</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Congress,_1985" title="Toulouse Congress, 1985">Toulouse Congress</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lille_Congress" title="Lille Congress">Lille Congress</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rennes_Congress" title="Rennes Congress">Rennes Congress</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arche_Congress" title="Grande Arche Congress">Grande Arche Congress</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Congress" title="Bordeaux Congress">Bordeaux Congress</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bourget_Congress" title="Bourget Congress">Bourget Congress</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A9vin_Congress" title="Liévin Congress">Liévin Congress</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brest_Congress" title="Brest Congress">Brest Congress</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Grenoble_Congress" title="Second Grenoble Congress">Second Grenoble Congress</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dijon_Congress" title="Dijon Congress">Dijon Congress</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Congress" title="Le Mans Congress">Le Mans Congress</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reims_Congress" title="Reims Congress">Reims Congress</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Congress,_2012" title="Toulouse Congress, 2012">Second Toulouse Congress</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poitiers_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poitiers Congress (page does not exist)">Poitiers Congress</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Poitier" class="extiw" title="fr:Congrès de Poitier">fr</a>]</span> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aubervilliers_Congress" title="Aubervilliers Congress">Aubervilliers Congress</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villeurbanne_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villeurbanne Congress (page does not exist)">Villeurbanne Congress</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Villeurbanne" class="extiw" title="fr:Congrès de Villeurbanne">fr</a>]</span> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille_Congress_(2023)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marseille Congress (2023) (page does not exist)">Marseille Congress</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Marseille_(2023)" class="extiw" title="fr:Congrès de Marseille (2023)">fr</a>]</span> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E3265B; color:white;;width:1%">Parliamentary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_group,_associated_(National_Assembly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist group, associated (National Assembly)">Socialist group, associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_and_Republican_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist and Republican group">Socialist and Republican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E3265B; color:white;;width:1%">Former factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aubryists" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubryists">Aubryists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desires_for_the_Future" title="Desires for the Future">Desires for the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_(France)" title="Socialist Left (France)">Socialist Left</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidential_candidacies91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Presidential_candidacies91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidential candidacies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1965_French_presidential_election112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_1965_French_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 1965 French presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_1965_French_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 1965 French presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_1965_French_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 1965 French presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_1965_French_presidential_election112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965 French presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">UNR</a>; incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Republican_Institutions" title="Convention of Republican Institutions">CIR</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lecanuet" title="Jean Lecanuet">Jean Lecanuet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">MRP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour</a> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9s_Tixier-Vignancour" class="extiw" title="fr:Comités Tixier-Vignancour">CTV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marcilhacy" title="Pierre Marcilhacy">Pierre Marcilhacy</a> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_lib%C3%A9ral_europ%C3%A9en" class="extiw" title="fr:Parti libéral européen">PLE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Barbu" title="Marcel Barbu">Marcel Barbu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_left" title="Miscellaneous left">miscellaneous left</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1974_French_presidential_election112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_1974_French_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 1974 French presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_1974_French_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 1974 French presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_1974_French_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 1974 French presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_1974_French_presidential_election112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">1974 French presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">FNRI</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">UDR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Royer" title="Jean Royer">Jean Royer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlette_Laguiller" title="Arlette Laguiller">Arlette Laguiller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">LO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont" title="René Dumont">René Dumont</a> (<a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">FN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Muller" title="Émile Muller">Émile Muller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(France)" title="Social Democratic Party (France)">MDSF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Krivine" title="Alain Krivine">Alain Krivine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League_(France)" title="Revolutionary Communist League (France)">FCR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Renouvin" title="Bertrand Renouvin">Bertrand Renouvin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste" title="Nouvelle Action Royaliste">NAF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Sebag" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Claude Sebag">Jean-Claude Sebag</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Federalist_Movement" title="European Federalist Movement">MFE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_H%C3%A9raud" title="Guy Héraud">Guy Héraud</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">European federalist</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1981_French_presidential_election112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_1981_French_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 1981 French presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_1981_French_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 1981 French presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_1981_French_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 1981 French presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_1981_French_presidential_election112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 French presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">UDF</a>; incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Marchais" title="Georges Marchais">Georges Marchais</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brice_Lalonde" title="Brice Lalonde">Brice Lalonde</a> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_d%27%C3%A9cologie_politique" class="extiw" title="fr:Mouvement d'écologie politique">MEP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlette_Laguiller" title="Arlette Laguiller">Arlette Laguiller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">LO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Cr%C3%A9peau" title="Michel Crépeau">Michel Crépeau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">MRG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Michel Debré</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_right" title="Miscellaneous right">miscellaneous right</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-France_Garaud" title="Marie-France Garaud">Marie-France Garaud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_right" title="Miscellaneous right">miscellaneous right</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguette_Bouchardeau" title="Huguette Bouchardeau">Huguette Bouchardeau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Unified Socialist Party (France)">PSU</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1988_French_presidential_election112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_1988_French_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 1988 French presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_1988_French_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 1988 French presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_1988_French_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 1988 French presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_1988_French_presidential_election112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988 French presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>; incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">UDF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">FN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lajoinie" title="André Lajoinie">André Lajoinie</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Waechter" title="Antoine Waechter">Antoine Waechter</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(France)" title="The Greens (France)">LV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Juquin" title="Pierre Juquin">Pierre Juquin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_left" title="Miscellaneous left">miscellaneous left</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlette_Laguiller" title="Arlette Laguiller">Arlette Laguiller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">LO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lambert" title="Pierre Lambert">Pierre Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party (France)">MPPT</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_European_Council170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_European_Council" title="Template:Presidents of the European Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_European_Council" title="Template talk:Presidents of the European Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_European_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the European Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_European_Council170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">Presidents of the</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman-in-Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman-in-Office">President-in-Office</a><br />(1975–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Cosgrave" title="Liam Cosgrave">Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anker_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Anker Jørgensen">Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lynch" title="Jack Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Cossiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Haughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dries_van_Agt" title="Dries van Agt">Van Agt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anker_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Anker Jørgensen">Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Poul Schlüter">Schlüter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">FitzGerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Santer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Lubbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Lubbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Cavaco_Silva" title="Aníbal Cavaco Silva">Cavaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen" title="Poul Nyrup Rasmussen">Nyrup Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene" title="Jean-Luc Dehaene">Dehaene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Dini" title="Lamberto Dini">Dini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">Bruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Kok" title="Wim Kok">Kok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Juncker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Klima" title="Viktor Klima">Klima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Lipponen" title="Paavo Lipponen">Lipponen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Persson" title="Göran Persson">Persson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen" title="Anders Fogh Rasmussen">Fogh Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Simitis" title="Costas Simitis">Simitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_Ahern" title="Bertie Ahern">Ahern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Peter_Balkenende" title="Jan Peter Balkenende">Balkenende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Juncker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%BCssel" title="Wolfgang Schüssel">Schüssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Vanhanen" title="Matti Vanhanen">Vanhanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%B3crates" title="José Sócrates">Sócrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirek_Topol%C3%A1nek" title="Mirek Topolánek">Topolánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Fischer_(politician)" title="Jan Fischer (politician)">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Reinfeldt" title="Fredrik Reinfeldt">Reinfeldt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Permanent President<br />(since 2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Van Rompuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Tusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa" title="António Costa">Costa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1950 <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951 <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952 <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954 <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1955</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957 <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959 <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1962</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1965</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1968</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1971</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972 <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973 <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1974</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1975</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978 <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979 <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1980</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981 <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1983</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1984</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1985</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989 <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990 <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994 <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996 <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998 <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001 <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003 <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007 <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008 <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013 <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018 <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020 <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022 <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023 <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">the Ukrainian people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024 <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16183" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grands_Projets_of_François_Mitterrand107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grands_Projets_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="Template:Grands Projets of François Mitterrand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grands_Projets_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="Template 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href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Economy_and_Finance_building" title="Ministry of the Economy and Finance building">Ministry of the Economy and Finance building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Tjibaou_Cultural_Centre" title="Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre">Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grands_Projets_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand#Centre_International_de_Conferences" title="Grands Projets of François Mitterrand">Centre International de Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Reagan_Mitterrand_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Reagan_Mitterrand_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Reagan_Mitterrand_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Reagan_Mitterrand_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Reagan_Mitterrand_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Reagan_Mitterrand_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_Villette" title="Parc de la Villette">Parc de la Villette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arche" title="Grande Arche">Grande Arche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2038#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4654" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2038#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4654" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2038#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118582887">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50000412">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11916320z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11916320z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00450229">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mitterrand, François"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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